ee ee eee ewer. 


a I ee er 
ira es = AO Ge LY ears 2 


a reel 


ent iee 


FSF SS LE PRESET i LRBTENS TIES te oS Oe 


es 
pase et ae A 


See en, serene ten en eee pS Segre ee aS rr Se eR SR Yen eet RE ne 8 REE b SIP Sept aeeseney 
~ ere —~- ~ - ee a - == a ee . E ore 3 





eu 


Pk “as 
- HANS: 













































































































































































































































































CENTRAL CIRCULATION BOOKSTACKS 


The person charging this material is re- 
sponsible for its renewal or its return to 
the library from which it was borrowed 
on or before the Latest Date stamped 
below. You may be charged a minimum 
fee of $75.00 for each lost book. 

Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons 
for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from 


the University. 
TO RENEW CALL TELEPHONE CENTER, 333-8400 


UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 









































Yoo SAP aN 
Am 






















































































S, 4 
Ee 

oo 

wG il 


TSS 






















































































+ 


OF ILLINOIS 





THE UNIVERSITY 





















































































































































































































































he Al 























Return th 








e the 
A 


elow 
on all overdue 


1s made 


hy 
° 
mt 
Q 
=) 
wh 
ao 
o 
ira) 
ie Ye) 
es) 


€ stamped b 


nm 
pair 


atest Dat 
arge i 


l 


i 


Library 


of I 


ae 
























































5 


bail 


























































































































DOANE ROBINSON'S 


Encyclopedia of South Dakota 


FIRST EDITION 





Published by the Author 
PIERRE 


1925 









COPYRIGHT BY DOANEZROBINSON, 1925 

ae WILL A. BEACH PRINTING COMPANY _ 
: rh | PRINTERS AND BINDERS | 

i SIOUX FALLS 

¢ 


“<7 


iat Ie oe i ae sae 


Sobinson 


SLs 5 


fenera| 


DEDICATION 





South Dakota, my South Dakota, for half a cen- 
tury my homeland! I have loved you as a father 
loves his own; your abounding plains, your mighty 
rivers, your glorious mountains, and your purling 
brooks are all mine; the flowers bloom on the prairies 
and perfume the summer breezes for me; the spicy 
breath of your forests is for my benediction. From 
your infancy I have adored you. I was present when 
the territorial chrysalis was broken; it was my privi- 
lege to assist at the induction of the young State; all 
the way it has been my joy to serve you. With pride 
I have observed every step in your progress; with 
zeal I have sought to crown you with garlands more 
beautiful than those adorning another commonwealth; 
with fervor I have prayed that your future may be 
great, noble and beautiful. My South Dakota, as the 
end approaches, before my ashes are committed 
to the kindly protection of your clay, I am hoping 
with a mighty hope that I may in some way be help- 
ful in bringing to you the good distinction of your 
high merit. To you, my South Dakota, I dedicate 
my humble work. 

DOANE ROBINSON. 


286094 


Foreword . 


The desire to leave readily available to the people 
of South Dakota the information I have collected has 
prompted the preparation of this encyclopedia. In 
this I have necessarily gone beyond my special field 
and have adopted the work of other laborers in 
technical and scientific matters in. which I have no 
special training. In those fields I have attempted only 
to include popular statements condensed from the 
more elaborate work of the scientists, not attempting 
the technicalities that would interest the sophisticated, 
but to give in a simple way the things thought to be 
of interest to the layman. 


The most perplexing problem has been to deter- 
mine the limit to place upon personal sketches. I have 
included only those who have some special distinction, 
for it would be manifestly unfair to include one 
worthy citizen and exclude another of equal merit. 
Even of those who have rendered special service I — 
have lacked space and information to include all. 


I am under special obligation to Mr. Javan B. 
Irvine, who has with exacting care checked the accu- 
racy of every statement by the best available authority. 
Dr. C. C. O’Harra, Dr. Freeman Ward, Dr. Harry C. 
Severin and Prof. W. H. Over have given me much 
valued assistance. 


Only the test of actual use will prove the practi- 
cal utility of the work. I hope to live to make any 
revision found necessary by this test. 


Pierre, May 1, 1925. 


ABBREVIATIONS 


Abbreviations in common use in 
South Dakota, together with special 
abbreviations used in this encyclo- 
pedia: 

Alt. Gannett’s “Dictionary of Alti- 
tudes in the United States.” 

Annapolis. U.S. Naval Academy. 

Audubon. “Audubon and his Journ- 
als.” Scribner. 

b. born in. 

B., C. R. & N. Burlington, Cedar 
Rapids & Northern Railway. 

B. H. Black Hills. 

B. H. M. Black Hills Meridan. 

Biog. “Memorial and Biographical 
Record,” Ogle. 

B. & M. Burlington and Missouri 
River Railway. 

Brackenridge, Henry M. “Bracken- 
ridge’s Journal.” (Karly Western 
Travels, Vol. V.) 

Bradbury. “Bradbury’s 
(Early Western Travels, 


Travels.” 
Vok ty.) 


Brief. Hist. “Brief History of South 
Dakota.” (Doane Robinson’s School 
History.) 

Burlington. Burlington and Mis- 
souri River Railway. 

Cedar Rapids. Burlington, Cedar 


Rapids & Northern Railway. 
Chittenden. ‘History of the Ameri- 
can Fur Trade of the Far West.” 
C., M. & St. P. Chicago, Milwaukee 
& St. Paul Railway. 


C.& N. W. Chicago and Northwest- 
ern Railway. 


Code. South Dakota Revised Code 
of 1919. 
Coll. Collections, Historical (with 


name of State.) 

Coues. “History of Lewis and 
Clark’s Expedition,” by Elliot Coues. 

Coursey. “Literature of South Da- 
kota,” by O. W. Coursey. 

D. A. C. Dakota (Territorial) Agri- 
cultural College. 


Dakotan. 
(Magazine). 

D. T. Dakota Territory. 

Eth. Reports of the Bureau of 


“Monthly South Dakotan” 


“American Ethnology. 


Const. Constitution of South Da- 
kota. 

Ex. Bul. Bulletins of the South Da- 
kota Experiment Station. 

Fur Trade. Chittenden’s “History of 
the American Fur Trade of the Far 
West.” 

Gannett. “The Origin of Certain 
Place Names in the United States,” 
by Henry Gannett. 

Geo. Bul. Bulletins of the South 
Dakota Geological and Natural History 
Survey. 

Geo. Circ. Circulars of the South 
Dakota Geological and Natural His- 
tory Survey. 

G. N. Great Northern Railway. 


Great Northern. Great Northern 
Railway. 

Hist. “South Dakota Historical Col- 
lections.” 

Hist. Minn. Folwell’s “History of 
Minnesota.” 


Hist. Minn. Co. Bailey’s “History of 
Minnehaha County.” 

Ind. Reports of the Commissioner 
of Indian Affairs. 

Kingsbury. “History of Dakota 
Territory,’ by Geo. W. Kingsbury. 

Larpenteur, “Forty Years a Fur 
Trader on the Upper Missouri,” by 
Charles Larpentuer, edited by Elliott 
Coues. 


Laws. The session Laws of South 


Dakota. 

L. & C. Lewis and Clark. 

Lewis and Clark. “The Original 
Journals of Lewis and Clark,” edited 
by Reuben Gold Thwaites. 


Ludiow. “Report of a Reconnais- 
sance in the Black Hills of Dakota, 
made in the Summer of 1874,” by Wil- 
liam Ludlow. 

Maximilian. ‘‘Maximilian’s Travels 
in North America,” edited by Reuben 
Gold Thwaites. 

Milwaukee. Chicago, Milwaukee and 
St. Paul Railway. 

Mines. Bulletins of the South Da- 
kota School of Mines. 

Minneapolis. Minneapolis and St. 
Louis Railway. 


M. & St. L. 
Louis Railway. 


Minneapolis and St. 


n. footnote. 

N. N. I. S. Northern Normal and 
Industrial School, Aberdeen. 

Northwestern. Chicago and North- 
western Railway. : 

Place Names. “Origin of Place 
Names in Nine Northwestern States,” 
by W. H. Stennett. 

P. M. Principal Meridian. 

Robinson. ‘History of South Da- 
kota,” by Doane Robinson, 2 vols. 
1904. 


St. Louis. Minneapolis and St. Louis 
Railway. 

S. D. South Dakota. 

S. D. (preceded by a number, thus 
“12, S. D.’) South Dakota Supreme 
Court Reports. 

S. D. S. C. A. & M. A. South Da- 
kota State College of Agriculture and 
Mechanic Arts. 

S. L. Session Laws. 

Smithsonian. Reports of the Smith- 
sonian Institution. 


Soo. St. Paul, Minneapolis and 
Sault Ste. Marie Railway. 
Steamboat. “Early Steamboat Navi- 


gation on the Upper Missouri,” by H. 
M. Chittenden. 

So. Dak. South Dakota. 

Tallent. “The Black Hills, or the 
Last Hunting Ground of the Dakotas,” 
by Annie D. Tallent. 


Ter. Territory. 
U. S. D. University of South Da- 
kota. 


U. S. G. S. United ‘States Geologi- 
cal Survey. 

West Point. 
emy. 


U. S. Military Acad- 


The Encyclopedia 


Abbott, Alfred J., 1844-1917; pioneer 
of Bon Homme; member, legislature, 
1868. 


Abbott, W. G., 1860- ; Waubay; 
born at Milford, Delaware, March 
27th; came to South Dakota in 1894; 
engaged in stock raising and farm- 
ing; member, town board; member, 
legislature, 1909. 


Abbreviations. 
Volume. 


Abear Creek, a north branch of the 
Cheyenne River in Western Dewey 
_ County. Named after Mr. Herbert, 
brother-in-law of Narcisse Narcelle. 
The French pronunciation of Herbert 
sounds like Abear. 


Abel, Edward L., 1860- se DOr 
at Springfield, Illinois, Nov. 19; edu- 
cated, Southern Illinois Normal Uni- 
versity; lawyer and banker; practiced 
at Bridgewater, McCook Co., from 
1887; mayor, 3 terms; State Senator, 
1903, 1905; moved to Huron, 1905; 
lieutenant-governor, 1913. 





Robinson, 1519. 


Aberdeen. Chief city of northern 
South Dakota and county seat of 
Brown County; was founded in 1881, 
immediately due to the- construction 
of the Milwaukee and Northwestern 
railways in that year, which induced a 
great homestead settlement in that 
region. It was named for Aberdeen, 
Scotland, by Charles H. Prior, land 
commissioner of the Milwaukee rail- 
road. It is the division headquarters 
of the Milwaukee for the coast line 
and James Valley divisions. The 
Great Northern enters the city from 
the northeast and the St. Louis passes 
through to its northern terminal at 
Leola. It is an important point on 


See page 4 of this. 


the National Yellowstone Trail (from 
Plymouth Rock to Pugets Sound). The 
city has extensive wholesaling inter- 
ests and is an important distributing 
point for agricultural machinery. The 
Tri-State Fair holds its annual expo- 
sition here. It is the seat of St. 
Joseph’s (Catholic) Hospital and sev- 
eral private hospitals. The Northern 
Normal and Industrial School, a state 
supported Teacher’s College, is one 
of the most important and most large- 
ly attended educational institutions 
of the state (q. v.) Population, see 
Census. The “Daily American” and 
“Daily News” are morning and even- 
ing newspapers, respectively. The 
“Dakota Farmer,’ an important farm 
publication, is published from an ex- 
tensive establishment located in Aber- 
deen. 


Aberdeen Convention. Aberdeen, be- 
ing located not far from the 46th par- 
allel’ of North latitude (the proposed 
line of division) was not enthusiastic 
for the division of Dakota Territory, 
having a latent hope that should the 
territory come in as one state, she 
might be made the capital. After the 
disappointments following the consti- 
tutional conventions of 1883 and 1885, 
some citizens feeling that it was bet- 
ter to get statehood without division 
rather than to wait indefinitely for ad- 
mission, called a convention of those 
favorable to one state, which met at 
Aberdeen in December, 1887 and 


‘' adopted resolutions praying Congress 


(@B 


for immediate admission without di- 
vision. The convention met with the 
strong disapproval of a majority Of . 
the people in the southern portion of 
the territory and nothing came of it. 
But at the time the “one state conven- 
tiow’ was deemed of great moment. 


Abert. ‘See Albert Lake. 


Abild, George 


Abild, George, 1876- ; Pukwana; 
Brule Co., born at Wakonda, S. Dak., 
June 5th; engaged in farming; mem- 
ber, legislature, 1925. 

Aborigines. So far as is now known 
the aboriginal inhabitants of South 
Dakota were various tribes of Indians 
of the Caddoan, Shoshonie and Siouan 


groups. The known tribes were Aric- 
kara, Comanche, Kiowa, Cheyenne, 
Omaha, Ponca and possibly Iowa. 


These will be treated under their trib- 
al names. There is evidence that this 
region has been inhabited for many 
centuries. 


Abrasives. South Dakota has con- 
siderable resources in the materials 
for abrasives; these, in the order of 
quantity, are quartz, corundum and 
garnet. The quartz most practicable 
for use is found chiefly in the Black 
Hills; corundum is secured by process 
from the alumnia of the shales,: and 
the supply is inexhaustible. Garnet 
is found in limited quantities in the 
Black Hills. 


Academy. The academy has not 
flourished in South Dakota for the rea- 
son that public high schools supply the 
educational facilities formerly offered 
by academies. The Catholics, Con- 
gregationalists and Presbyterians have 
at times maintained independent acad- 
emies, some of which still prosper 
and will be treated under their re- 
spective names. Academies were 
formerly maintained in connection 
with the several denominational col- 
leges, but have been abandoned in 
_recent years. 


Academy is a village in northern 
Chas. Mix County; Ward Academy is 
located there. 


Academy of Science, South Dakota. 
An organization of men trained in 


Accord and Satisfaction 


science to promote scientific informa- 
tion; organized at Aberdeen, Nov. 22, 
1915, with 103 charter members, chief- 
ly instructors in science at the insti- 
tutions of higher learning. The mem- 
bership has since been much extended 
and somewhat popularized. It holds 
annual meetings (usually in connec- 
tion with some of the institutions of 
learning) for the discussion of scien- 
tific papers. 

Acclimatization is and has been an 
important element in the development 
of South Dakota as affecting people, 
animals and plants. The better part 
of a generation has been necessary 
for the population to adapt itself to 
the climatic conditions; animals 
brought from warmer and more humid 
climates require time to adjust them- 
selves to the new conditions; and the 
success of agriculture and horticul- 
ture depend to a considerable degree 
upon securing acclimatized seeds and 
plants. This is especially true of: cer- 
tain fruit trees and corn. Through 
acclimatization dent corn, which in the 
early experiences of farmers was de- 
pendable only in the extreme south- 
ern portion, is now fairly dependable 
throughout the State. 


Accommodation Party. One who has 
signed an instrument as maker, draw- 
er, acceptor or indorser, without re- 
ceiving value therefor and for the pur- 
pose of lending his name to some 
other person; he is liable on the in- 
strument to a holder for value not- 
withstanding such holder had knowl- 
edge at the time of taking it that he 
was only an accommodation party. 





Code, 1773. 
Code, 1705 ete. 
Accord and Satisfaction. An accord 
in South Dakota is an agreement to 


accept in extinguishment of an obli- 


Negotiable Instruments in 


Accountancy 


gation something different from that 
to which the person agreeing is en- 
titled. Acceptance by the creditor of 
the consideration of an accord ex- 
tinguishes the obligation and is called 
satisfaction. 





Code, 784-787. 

Accountancy. Public accountants 
are required to possess definite quali- 
fications as follows: Citizenship, 22 
years of age, education Equal to high 
school course and to pass an examina- 
tion in accountancy before the State 
Board, which consists of the public 
examiner, executive accountant and in- 
surance commissioner. 
countants are required to give a bond 
in the sum of $5000. to the state. 





Code, 10095-10106. 
Accountant. See Executive Account- 
ant and Accountancy. 


Ackerman, Henry, 1875- ; Her- 
reid; born in Russia, September 30th; 
came to Yankton, 1886; engaged in 


mercantile business and farming; 
county commissioner, Campbell Co., 
four years; member, legislature, 1923, 
1925. - lai 


Acme is a discontinued P. O. in the 
southern part of Butte County. Its 
shipping and banking point is Newell. 


Acquiescance. In law one who ac- 
quiesces in an error has no right to 
object to it. 


Code, 47. 


“Across the Wheat” is Will Dill- 


man’s first book of verse. It is no 
longer obtainable. 
Act of the Legislature. An act is 


a proposition enacted into law. A pro- 
posed law is a bill. Legislatures ex- 
press their conclusions through acts 
and resolutions. A resolution can con- 


Accredited ac- - 


Adoption 


tain no legislative act. That is, un-, 
der South  Dakota’s’_ constitution 
laws cannot be made by resolution. 





Const., Art. 3, secs. 17-23. 

Ada is a village in the southern part 
of Perkins Co. Its banking point is 
Chance , and shipping point, Faith. 
Population, see census. 


Adelaide, is a discontinued P. O. in 
northern Spink County. Its banking 
point is Conde. 


Adjutant General. The executive of- 
ficer of the military establishment of 
the State and the connecting link be- 
tween the State and federal establish- 
ments. All military records of the 
State are kept in his office and he is 
the purchasing and disbursing agent 
of the establishment. His present 
headquarters are at Aberdeen. The 
supply depot and arsenal are located 
at Pierre. 

The adjutant generals of South Da- 
kota have been: 

Eugene H. Huntington, Webster, 1889- 

93. ‘ 

George H. Silsby, Mitchell, 1893-97. 

H. A. Humphrey, Faulkton, 1897-1901. 
Sylvester J. Conklin, Clark, 1901-1905. 
Charles H. Englesby, Watertown, 

1905-13. 

William A. Morris, Redfield, 1913-19. 
William A. Hazle, Aberdeen, 1919- ; 
See Militia; National Guard. 


Administrative Re-organization. See 
Efficiency Survey. 


Admission of South Dakota. See 


South Dakota, Admission of. 


Adoption. The county court has 
jurisdiction in matters of the adoption 
of children. Any adult person may 
adopt any minor child, if he be ten 
years older than the child, if the child 
consent and its parents (if living) con- 


Adulteration 


sent; provided that husband or wife 
cannot adopt a child without the con- 
sent of the other. The child may take 
the surname of the person adopting it. 
After adoption the child stands in the 
same relation to the person adopting 
it as if it were a child of his blood. 


Code, 201-211. 
Adulteration. The adulteration of 


any food product, drug or oil is pro- 
hibited by law. 


Code, 7805-8 

Adventist Church. See Religion. 

Agar is a village in northern Sully 
Co. Named for Mr. Agar, the town- 
site man of Onida, S. D. Market town 
for rich farming region. Population, 
see census. 

Agate. A variety of quartz which 
is generally diffused in the glacial de- 
posits as well as in the native rock 
of the Black Hills. It is not in com- 
mercial quantities, but occasional 
specimens of great beauty are found, 
such as moss-agate. 

Agency. Any person competent to 
contract may appoint any other per- 
son his agent; the agent may do noth- 
ing in excess of the express author- 
ity conferred upon him by his prin- 
cipal, but within that authority he may 
do anything his principal might do; 
the public must acquaint itself with 
the extent of the authority of an 
agent with whom it does business; the 
agent must keep his principal inform- 
ed of his acts; the acts of one not 
authorized may be ratified so as to 
make the relation of principal and 
agent complete; ordinarily an oral ap- 
pointment of an agent is sufficient for 
all purposes except to perform some 
act which the law provides shall be 
done in writing, in which case an 
agency must be created by a writing; 
an agent may disobey his instructions 


Agriculture 


in the interest of his principal where 
he has not time or opportunity to 
communicate with him. ~ 


Code, 1244-85 


Agriculture. From immemorial time 
the Arickara Indians practiced agricul- 
ture in the Missouri Valley of central 
South Dakota, cultivating corn and 
vegetables, which supplied an import- 
ant portion of their subsistence. Their 
methods were crude and not extens- 
ive, but by irftensive cultivation they 
secured excellent results. Their chief 
implement was a hoe or spade made 
of the shoulder-blade of a_ buffalo. 


They understood the value of fertiliza- 


10 


tion and employed it, using the refuse 
of their tables, manure from their 
horses and buffalo-dung gathered from 
the prairies. The Indians defeated 
their enemies, birds and insects, by 
living constantly in’ their garden- 
patches. Children with small wil- 
low boughs drove out the grasshop- 
pers. Their principal products were 
corn, beans, pumpkins and squashes. 
To a more limited extent the Sioux 
cultivated corn and gardens. About 
the fur-posts gardens were cultivated 
and at Fort Pierre the traders main- 
tained a considerable farm upon an 
island in the river, which still bears 
the name given it then, Farm Island. 
Sufficient corn was produced by trad- 
ers and Indians to support a small 
mill at Ft. Pierre. In a small way 
farming was pursued by the settlers 
at Sioux Falls after 1857 and at Sioux 
Point, in Union County; but there was 
no extensive farming until the Indian 
lands lying between the Big Sioux and 
the Missouri were opened in July, 
1859, and an agricultural population 
began settling upon them. From that 
date agriculture has been the chief 


industry of the State. Beginnings 


Agriculture 


were small and progress was slow and 
discouraging, due to the unfamiliarity 
of the farmers with climate and soil, 
and especially because of the insect 
pests that hovered over the small 
fields. Under date of January 1, 1868, 
a Territorial legislative committee up- 
on agriculture presented a statistical 
report. (House Journal, 1867-8, p. 316) 
which stated that the largest area cul- 
tivated by one farmer was thirty 
acres. 

For several years, ending about 
1876, grasshoppers of the species pop- 
ularly known as the army locust were 
very destructive, so that a score of 
years passed from the first agricultur- 
al settlement before farming was up- 
on a safe basis. The Dakota boom 
was born of the great financial de- 
pression of 1873 and became active 
from 1877 onward, when a great pop- 
ulation rapidly spread over the region 
east of the Missouri, chiefly engag- 
ed in farming. These settlers con- 
sisted of farmers from the Middle 
West, clerks, craftsmen and laborers, 
many of whom were inexperienced in 
agricultural pursuits. In the early 
years crops yielded abundantly. Small 
grains, chiefly wheat, were the main 
dependence. Contemporary with the 
reaction from the boom, a series of 
dry years came, the farming industry 
languished and many gave up in de- 
spair. At the date of admission to the 
Union agriculture in South Dakota 
was in a low state. During this per- 
-jod the co-operative creamery was in- 
troduced and in nearly every commun- 
ity one was established. Dairying be- 
came an important feature and was 
dependable, if not profitable. In the 
southern portions of the State corn 
was found to be a safe and profitable 
crop and its cultivation was greatly 
extended. This led to the introduction 


11 


Agriculture 


of pork-production, which has since 
been one of the important features of 
agriculture in the State. To a more 
limited extent farmers in the corn sec- 
tion fed beef-cattle. At the beginning 
of the new century South Dakota 
awoke to the consciousness that the 
per capita value of her agricultural 
products was greater than those of 
any other State, and with the excep- 
tion of a very few years she has since 
maintained this pre-eminence, ~ 
Through the acclimatization of seed 
and varieties and improved methods 
of cultivation, corn-growing has spread 
over the State and has become the 
most important and profitable crop 
produced. The introduction of alfalfa 
has added to the diversification of ag- 
riculture and has made farming de- 


‘pendable in every section. 


Since agriculture is the chief indus- 
try, the State from the beginning has 
endeavored to protect and encourage 
the business, until recently chiefly 
through the activities and extension 
work of the State College of Agricul- 
ture and Mechanic Arts. Some of 
these activities are through scientific 
experiments and demonstrations, seed 
testing, propagation of hardy alfalfa; 
maintenance of sub-stations for experi- 
mentation at Cottonwood, Eureka, 
Highmore and Vivian; endowment of 
annual corn and grain shows; the 
publication of bulletins for popular 
distribution, pertaining to agricultural 
problems; purehase and distribution 
of approved hog cholera serum; as- 
sisting the horticultural society, poul- 
try exhibitions, and the butter makers 
association; a dairy expert, a state en- 
tomologist to combat destructive in- 
sects; an animal health laboratory; 
a soil survey; an agricultural and 
home economic extension: and for 
county supervision by co-operation in 


Agriculture 


providing county agents to serve the 
farming public in their peculiar prob- 
lems. The State likewise maintains 
a Department of Agriculture, which 
includes a livestock sanitary board, 
a bureau of marketing, and numerous 
other helpful activities; the State also 
sponsors the State fair, which is chief- 
ly an agricultural exposition; the in- 
surance of crops from damage by hail; 
and the provision for rural credits. 
For the fiscal year of 1924 there was 
paid from the State treasury the sum 
of $1,512,718.28 for the protection of 
agriculture. 


From the one crop methods of pio- 
neer days South Dakota has widely 
diversified her agrciulture and to a 
considerable extent has adopted in- 
tensive methods. The following are 
the more important cereal produc- 
tions: 


1. Barley 


Barley is a standard and dependable 
crop, which came into wide cultiva- 
tion thirty years ago and has main- 
tained an equable production since. 
Under the prevailing practice this har- 
vest precedes that of other grains, and 
it is left longer in the shock, where it 
receives weather-stains that reduce 
the grade, but do not injure the grain 
for feeding purposes. The crop of 
1924 was 22,428,000 bushels valued at 
$14,353,000. 


ae 


This chief crop in our agriculture 
has been grown in South Dakota from 
time immemorial. It was the main de- 
pendence of the Arickara Indians; and 
many of their traditions, customs and 
ceremonials had to do with the culti- 
vation and harvesting of corn. The 
utmost care was taken in the preser- 
vation of seed and an Arickara would 


Corn 


12 


Agriculture 


starve before he could be prevailed 
upon to eat “the mother ear,” as the 
seed corn was called. Among the early 
homesteaders it was only an incident- 
al crop. As late as 1900 it was 
thought that only small flint varieties 
could be grown in the northern coun- 
ties; but careful breeding and accli- 
matization has made the dent vari- 
eties fairly dependable in every sec- 
tion. The following statement of the 
development of corn prdouction is 
from the U. S. Census and the find- 
ings of the U. S. Department of Agri- 
culture: 


Production 

Acres (bushels) 

TSSOn were ts ec aete te 90,852 2,000.864 
1890 accisd }-cyemt oe 753,309 16,572,798 
TOGO Se tee, ter eee 1,193,163 32,316,110 
LOL OSes Sea 2,037,658 55,558) aan 
199 Oe ace ee pees 2,756,234 69,060,782 
1921....(Dept. Agriculture) 111,336,000 
1922....(Dept. Agriculture) 110,038,000 
1923....(Dept. Agriculture) 145,176,000 
1924....Dept. Agriculture 99,990,000 


3. Flax 


Is extensively grown upon soil new- 
ly broken, the amount of new break- 
ing largely determining the acreage 
of the crop in each year. It is of fine 
quality, climate and soil being well 
adapted to it. It does not suffer from 
‘wilt’ here as in some sections. The 
yield for 1923 was 2,417,000 bushels 
bringing $5,249,000. In 1924, 4,299,000 
bushels were produced, valued at 
$9,586,000. Thirty years ago an ex- 
tensive market was found for flax 
fibre chiefly for upholstery, and many 
“flaxbrakes,’ were set up, some of 
them quite pretentious manufactories, 
but the business has dwindled to the 
point of extinction. 


4. Oats 


Have been a leading field crop from 
pioneer days. The government figures 
for 1924 indicate 98,050,000 bushels, 
valued at $39,220,000. 


Agriculture 


5. Rye 

Is a small crop of secondary import- 
ance. Both spring and fall rye are 
grown. In 1923, 6,417,625 bushels were 
marketed outside the State bringing a 
return of $4,492,337.50. The U. S. 
government’s figures for 
2,956,000 bushels valued at $3,015,000. 


6. Wheat 

Until recent years wheat was the 
main money-producing crop of the 
State, being extensively produced in 
all sections. The cultivation of wheat 
has steadily declined in the ratio of 
the increase in the value of land. As 
a ready resource for the pioneer home- 
steaders it was most available, but 
has given way to more _ intensive 
farming. The pioneer farmers grew 
only spring varieties, but in more re- 
cent times winter wheat has been cul- 
tivated with success; yet the main crop 
grown is still of the spring variety and 
about equally divided between the soft 
and durum strains. In 1924 South Da- 
kota produced 1,120,000 bushels of 
winter wheat, worth $1,400,000 and 
33,018,000 bushels of spring wheat, 
worth $41,272,000. 


fw Say. 

Grass and hay are among the most 
valuable products of the State. There 
is no way in which the value of pas- 
turage in dollars can be determined, 
but it clearly is fundamental in agri- 
culture and prosperity. Before settle- 
ment the vast pastures’ attracted 
many millions of buffalo to them, and 
since settlement the produce of the 
open range has ever been one of the 
dependable and very important re- 
sources. Production figures however 
are applied by the government crop 
experts only to the made hay. In 1924, 
4,189,000 tons of wild hay were re- 
ported, valued at $33,931,000. This 


1924 are 


mend it; 


Agriculture 


product has many qualities to com- 
stock thrives upon it and 
to butter globules it imparts a strength 
and firmness that is conducive to that 
granular quality so desirable in the 
best product. 


8. Alfalfa 


This valuable forage plant was in- 
troduced into South Dakota in the 
spring of 1881 by the late Captain Seth 
Bullock, who obtained the seed from 
Utah and planted it upon his Red 
Water ranch near Belle Fourche. The 
meadow from the first planting is still 
vigorous. In the spring of 1882 Frease, 
Henry & Company secured 100 pounds 
of seed from. Chicago, which was sold 
in small quantities to ranchers in the 
vicinity of Rapid City, and from that 
time has been under cultivation in 
that region. In 1882 George Scott, 
now of Couer D’Alene, Idaho, visited 
Colorado and brought back, at the re- 
quest of Samuel Moore, 100 pounds 
of alfalfa seed, which Mr. Moore plant- 
ed in the spring of 1883 upon land 
broken the previous year. It is still 
yielding good returns. From these 
beginnings the plant gradually spread 
to the farms of the Black Hills region, 
and about 1900 began to be cultivated 
in the eastern sections of the State. 
At about that time Prof. Niels E. Han- 
sen, of the State College, began to 
interest himself in alfalfa and through 
co-operation with the Federal Depart- 
ment of Agriculture was dispatched to 
the native habitat of the plant in Asia 
and secured seed there of hardy va- 
rieties which have been found well 
adapted to conditions in this region. 
Little difficulty is now encountered in 
obtaining good fields. Under fair con- 


‘ditions three crops annually are pro- 


13 


duced for hay or one crop of hay and 
the later growth ripened for seed. In 


Agriculture 


the central and western portions of 
the State the seed crop is found prof- 
itable and all conditions are well 
adapted to production. Western -Da- 
kota alfalfa-seed is sold throughout 
America. The federal census of 1920 
reports 462,231 acres and 763,316 tons 
of alfalfa hay. The acreage has been 
much expanded since. 





Autograph letters of Captain Seth Bul- 
lock and Samuel Moore, in files, Depart- 
ment of History. Interview with John 
B. Frease by Charles B. Taylor, April 21, 
192589 | A4blistory obeAlialta se bya Cnaries 
C. Haas, M.S., in files, Department of 
History. S2Bulletins 294) 233) i463 ea Wiss: 
Experiment Station, Brookings. 


9: 


This industry. developed from small 
beginnings, when the single cow of 
the homesteader was staked out in the 
rich grasses of the prairie before the 
home shack, to a position of great im- 
portance. In the days of the reaction 
from the “Dakota boom,” those farm- 
ers who clung to their lands found 
in dairying a dependable resource in 
every time of stress. About 1890 a 
system of co-operative creameries was 
established throughout the State and 
dairying assumed a place in the econ- 
omy of the State which it continues 
to occupy. The single limitation upon 
it is the difficulty of employing men 
sufficient to develop it to its possi- 
bilities. The co-operative creameries 
filled an important place in their day, 
but many of them passed, and butter 
is either manufactured by modern pro- 
cesses upon the farm or else the 
cream is sold directly to manufactur- 
ers, who assemble it in central plants 
from long distances. For illustration, 
much of the cream produced in the 
Cheyenne Valley is made into butter 
at Mitchell or Sioux City. The Fed- 
eral census of 1920 shows 10,267,171 
pounds of butter made upon farms 


Dairying 


14 


Agriculture 


in South Dakota, 13,615,089 pounds of 
butterfat and 3,681,313 gallons of 
cream sold. The value of dairy pro- 
ducts reported to the census was 
$16,812,347 for the calendar year 1919. 


10. Clover 


Is an introduced forage plant. Both 
the red field clover and the white 
clover, or trefoil, are successfully 
grown. Clover has not become a 
standard forage crop because of the 
abundant supply of wild hay. It is 
grown, however, to a considerable ex- 
tent as a soil crop and to maintain 
the nitrogen in the soil: The white 
flowered sweet clover is rapidly com- 
ing into good repute for pasture and 
forage, some farmers ranking it above 
alfalfa. The yellow flowered sweet 
clover is too bitter for stock food. It 
grows everywhere as a weed, but has 
rendered a fine service in the’ innocula- 
tion of the soil with the bacteria essen- 
tial to the successful growth of alfalfa. 


1f: 


The live stock industry, involving as 
it does a large investment as well as 
many conveniences in the way of 
buildings and fences, was slow to de- 
velop, notwithstanding the induce- 
ment of unlimited and free pasturage. 
However, there was a steady develop- 
ment of cattle, swine and sheep grow- 
ing upon the homesteads throughout 
the pioneer period. The most exten- 
sive and most picturesque promotion 
of stock growing was upon the other- 
wise unoccupied ranges west of the 
Missouri. In the beginning of this 
industry, shortly after the settlers 
reached the upper Missouri Valley, 
cattle ranging was the chief industry 
and the beasts were turned loose with- 
out shelter or care to drift where they 
willed, taking the chance of surviv- 


Livestock 


Agriculture 


ing the rigors of winter; in the sum- 
mer they were rounded up by cow- 
boys and sorted out by the brands 
they bore. Calves were branded ac- 
cording to the mother-cow they ap- 
peared to follow. This was a hazard- 
ous business, very profitable if the 
winters were favorable, but the herds 
were likely to be wiped out if the win- 
ter was a rigorous one with deep and 
crusted snow. With the coming of 
the homesteaders statutes were enact- 
ed establishing a herd law, which 
made every owner responsible for his 
live stock and any damage they might 
inflict upon the property of another; 
this was the end of free ranging and 
of the range industry as previously 
conducted. A more humane method 
was thereafter pursued, herds were 
kept under control, shelter provided 
for bad weather, and hay cut to tide 
over inclement periods. At the same 
time the live stock upon farms stead- 


Agriculture 


ily increased until it is by far the great- 
est money producer of the State. For 
the fiscal year of 1924 the railroads 
operating in the State carried to mar- 
kets beyond the State line -the follow- 
ing live stock produced in South Da- 


kota: 

IrOrSe Shame MDGS. crcck, aces uene 23,940 head 
CCE etre sercars seta chess 525,207,590 pounds 
Elo es £5 a. a es se 823,663,560 pounds 
SGC Dacia vis oes deuae ols fies 30,349,920 pounds 


11. Sheep 
Sheep and wool growing have been 
pursued from the first agricultural set- 
tlement. About 1865 Governor New- 
ton Edmunds brought a number of 
sheep into the Territory, stocked his 
own farm and supplied them to the 
settlers. They are particularly healthy 
and prolific here; but the business has 
been uncertain because of shifting 
tariff protection, and has not been fol- 
lowed largely. In 1920 we had 843,696 
sheep and the wool crop was 3,999,149 

pounds, worth $2,165,251. 


12. Census Stiatistics (1920) 
The federal census of 1920 gives the following statistics pertaining to agri- 


culture in South Dakota: 


MNCL INTO SUE ICI eer. cate eters eite) cieieis as, cnretei ce) ol eal ese te; Rieaee ees, « iar eo. 6 «\s aliehaneé sei gip.3) oles 636,547 
PMc CMO VODA LEV COLAL INCL St cietsts a ccla eS 6% o pig's ala eia a ele lols cha stale lene © medals aye epee 74,637 
mT Tea TMC) DMM CETCEINS (oct retake co cas nies eridishere la: che <6 VEN DoF too. cra: crocs er Std alel cre © Gals ee elena 6 74.637 
Saree CVOS LIT eS LaLGe a. Fete othe Metal Cpa ois a 0 oc, 6 ekae otc oie p PGA 0's Mullefild COKE eae sys 49,195,520 
Rees STN Mm rcail 111 ete ct eet See het ns isd a MT he ono Ree ce ka cc ete Sera ai ait Beal wo lelie x ae ahe sl ete « & 34,636,491 
RP MMLTENO TO VCC LATO. Atte LATING cccrs, ails cha: oce-oyece ShaMerh or a hai aoe atte: a ataes sce vig et our auod ote 18,199,250 
eee MTS TTT) SMee eee PORE See eee ENS. os, cg teclate ees sete crche:s Spd) Sfopeiese eaaas) © 4) sue'e - .6 536,183 
meee em re) PMP AT INN Sok] TAT Sains Ol teas) aie’ wna sis: ene). cys Surya eda is svens, « Scie ele e846 4, ea 464.1 
PMOL onl Proved: ACLOS /IMGLALINIS te xc dies < cre SN EiedS © eI SIO UE oa ood st edel e enelitdele ts Sha’ 243.8 
eed omnia Lletel ety PP ODELCY: tichen dice chet» Gok sce. oe Skousiredee Shs votes) dhe a coue ee) saab ane dpietiopege™ous $2,823,870,212 
Se ROR VIOREL OACIe LALIT! « olchenc o's) ¢ ois (alae 6.0¥a slic ofa one ao CMUGER Oo (tr enenena oheib old seh $37,835 
Average value of farms, per acre...... Pearse PN cane eee ire ey ay mene em $81.53 
area at amet) Uh ee reesei echl<” tareu a Mich s) Sats Laie ls oie. ois ses. 0 chat e659 o78's ig) a suit avecerd esse es $64.42 
Mer naeODeraALed, Dyes CUCIT: OWNELS  1..c oelc.c «0s tebeiutdl lee bitaids ofa « ald ochetela’. chats 47,815 
DOL COUND Vp ITl ATLA L Oe o artis ae coe. ole, © «mera ope sie lc ee cleat ave: one clmeig s0,6 o aye 781 
RUPE OTIE LATO OY, COMA CS Sic c.5 scene, oie ls,6. cpevthere eoterel o Sere eR eteAel chats e's sel ata s sate’s eMaere 26,041 
PaO TUCO LS 7 Peeaeren Cee tet Se aeAm et ere ee tec oto teat, bth Sievavena) a ate a a sie o Wielp We vo eqenee dl dpe, eye 12,269 
eens ince OMNIS oT) Cymer se aE eee PIE Eh cog ure kg six wis vite suse eioosi ceecacdet Mite a elars 7,891 
NOEL CSTE AUS) COGN RONG cc eraer ate tahe. a OTe SS ho ead oh ahe: so 8 / HOT in alate Shebotetets: dietelidle oWO) adele Ehkete 5,328 
Domestic animals Number Value 
RGD SOS Mette. ccd emanel ©. cpeeacspeCRUse 2s) eee ecbobalic. asia eo ene-« 817,058 $ 57,051,132 
(CORMIER eee riers G30 Se Se i, eS 3 Ue es A 2,048,157 119,980,683 
SH OVEVESO). 5, Siete. pee SOS ene aR ke ee ee a ee 843,696 10,635,258 
SHUTS at sae RPS peryttn. ies Sr NEARS orc ONee 5, Cerone ewer od ana 1,953,826 42,997,699 
eect SL LATIN ANIIMNAIS 0.2 Sevececle so Gelle o 8 oe gles « & 232,364,625 
Poultry and Bees: 
Berta COLON a... etd - c @ AGNaTs ERT D ELE cio vickons = 6,968,088 $ 6,126,335 
NE Vs Ore) Meal Weare ea lad © OP GP el aime KF o's pire os 11,114 qT, 
Acres Bushels 
Oieé, 2 abet ar ee eae Sa re BO eo rine 2,756,234 69,060,782 
Sid ART NS en ee a cdorcc cereal crnle arene whe Bie oh ec salanctany.” 1,839,089 51,091,904 


Agriculture Agriculture 


Number Value 

AAC Ct: A PPR) a ato Gy oo Sei Sen eins Re CUA ara re Toe 3,891,468 31,086,995 
Barley 225 4s octane a ee CL renee aero cence mere 754,929 12,815,768 

nA: Sid AE TAR eae ets Cit is Otel O aad ho che, yl Gece 9p She 463,132 4,111,543 
Buckwheat cco chs csenaheue mas ME le tor tceme de eu erates: tens cle remeace 35006 28,825 
Winmer and "SPElt Zeige ces thoes chs eens tees 79,688 1,451,018 
Beans 927 ho5 Slo oe te ae ee det eee oe eee toe 816 4,553 
Pla xseed 2% eros eos one ete caer tee ie Coes cote co 159,234 1,109,308 . 
Fiaty ws ele. Sa he ei eed: Mies e-rea dar toe: 5,071,747 tons 4,996,846 
POtATOES. ids ols cs sc alesse a sae o eeee renee Te corona: Seer 58,180 bush. 2,863,186 


13. Marketings (1924) 


For the year ending June 30, 1924, the following shipments were made from 
South Dakota to markets outside of the State. 


Bushels Value 
Wihea tips.s6 Ace carton fei wet ole chet iertnte soes aoe 27,404,494 $22,197,640.14 
(Broitisl Mata RA eae ee NAD sity Gadi enon Saghy 4 aaa see 35,826,364 18,629,709.28 
Matserhae res Fic Gel oy Sha Ad bees GS ale adeaetote re alia. « cs ares 28,355,842 8,790,311.02 
Ba Pl ey year fae tons: onsets Matsa sus Yoke aehatabey Ole ekate ne eaueten ects tetaions 10,525,551 4,210,220.40 
15d MOL tA NER Npclng BBN i Wie vemee eT 8 1,707,110 * 836,483.90 
aes bist ie sfc,> 1D veal WEL» aon Sa 768,316 1,598,097.28 
POPAE ROS os ss sa vig teeta Tae Hl ee ee 1,814;827 907,413.50 
TRY ME ie eB cies ce Nd Dalal OES ee ME. Ran Titede Mamet tons 37,061 259,427.00 
Horsesvand smules sey ice eeckeie chetenelahes-. sakeneeee head 23,940 2,035,000.00 
LIE wo CS aR ANE i to py APR AS Serta ey Gendt pounds 525,207,590 36,764,000.00 
Hoga se isiy ld tees are ees Oe Be pounds 823,663,560 61,774,000.00 
SSH CCU 7 ge) acces akin Beant a side toe Mer iate Taha teiete, a teacnene pounds 30,349,920 2,883,000.00 
All-oth er’ products Shipped hs ion is athens os trees 30,000,000.00 
Total marketed -beyond” Stateline. <\.4°. ~ sw aities = ancl so $190,885,302.52 
Same*for, 1923 aro is. Jee Rosie tote, Ene ie. 5 a aie Peres nee 175,893,929.30 
Gain! for ‘year > oa. Hele acd bole Sain Pe I, 01g ee Siete eee anne arte: ae ene $ 14,991,373.22 
14. Agricultural Bulletins 8, Drinking waters of Dakota. 1888. 
The following Bulletins have been 9. Corn. 1889. 
issued by the U. S. Experiment Sta- 10. Germination of frosted grain. 
tion in connection with the State Col- 1889. 
lege of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, 11. Small grain. 1889. 
Brookings: 12. Forestry. 1889. 
1. Notes on the growth of trees in 15. Department of entomology. 1889. 
the college grounds. 1887. 14. The sugar beet. 1889. 
2. Department of agriculture and 15. Forestry. 1889. 
experiment station. 1888. 16. The sugar beet 1890 
3. Arbor Day: Why to plant, what’ 17. Small grain. 1890. 
to plant, how to plant. 1888. 18. The cut-worm. 1890. 
4. Announcements and reports of 19. The sugar beet. 1890. 
progress of work in the departments 20. Forestry. 1891. 
of Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture 21. Small grain. 1891. 
and Entomology. 1888. oe Injurious insects. 1891. 
5. Garden notes, with table of met- 23. Forest trees, fruits and vege- 
eoroligical observations. 1888. tables. 1891. 
6. Meteorological tables, May-No- 24. Corn. 1891. 
vember (1888), to accompany garden 25. Glanders. 1891. 
notes and other reports of field ob- 26. Strawberry, sand cherry and or- 
servations. 1888. chard notes. 1891. 
7. Notes on small fruits, the or- 27. Sugar beet in South Dakota. 


chard, and ornamental plants. 1889. 1891. 


16 


Agriculture 


28. Irrigation. 1891. 

29. Forestry and fungi. 1891. 

30. Department of entomology. 1892. 

31. Department of meteorology. 
1892. 

32. Forestry. 1892. 

33. Botany: loco weed, rattlebox, 
ergot. 1893: 


34. The sugar beet. 1893. 

35. Fungous diseases, insect pests, 
fungicides and insecticides. 1893. 

36. Scab, lumpy jaw and anthrax. 
1893. 

37. Tomatoes. 1893. 

38. Feeding wheat to hogs. 

39. Milk tests and 
tables. 1894. 

40. Native and 
plants. 1894. 

41. Artesian waters of South Da- 
kota.- 13895. 
- 42. Squashes. 1895. 

43. Native trees and shrubs. 

44, Forestry. 1895. 

45. Forage plants. 1895. 

46. Building creameries and organi- 


1894. 
comparison 


introduced forage 


1895. 


zation of co-operative creameries. 
1896. 

47. Tomatoes, beans, onions. A 
cheap hot house. 1896. 


48. Potato scab. Three injurious in- 
sects. 1896. 

49, Shallow artesian wells of South 
Dakota. 1896. 

50. Fruit culture. 1897. 

51. Forage plants for South Dakota. 
Silos and silage. 1897. 

52. Irrigation in South Dakota. 1897. 

53. Forestry in South Dakota. 1897. 

54. Subsoiling. 1897. 

55. Feeding sheep in South Dakota. 
1897. 

56. 
1898. 

ME 

58. 
1898. 


Sugar beets in South Dakota. 


Four injurious insects. 1898. 
Moisture investigations for 1897. 


17 


Agriculture 
» 


‘59. Forage and garden crops in the 
James River Valley. 1898. 

60. Millet. 1898. 

61. Forage and garden crops in the 
James River valley. 1899. 

62. Sugar beets in South Dakota. 
1899. 

63. Pig feeding 
1899. 

64. Ferns and flowering plants of 
South Dakota. 1899. 

65. Root-killing of apple trees. 1899. 

66. Drought-resisting forage plants 
at the co-operative range experiment 
station, Highmore, S. D. 1900. 

67. Watermelons and muskmelons in 
South Dakota. 1900. 

68. Vegetables in South Dakota. 


in South Dakota. 


1900. 
69. Native and introduced forage 
plants. 1901. 


70. Drought-resistant forage. experi- 
ments at Highmore, S. D., for 1900. 
1901. : 

71. Speltz vs. Barley—a comparison 
of the food value of speltz and bariey 
as a single grain ration for fattening 
sheep. 1901. 

72. Ornamentals for South Dakota. 
1901. 

73. Variations 
tests. 1902. 

74. Drought-resistant forage experi- 
ments at Highmore substation. 1902. 

75. Treatment of smuts and rusts. 
1902. 

76. Study of northwestern apples 
1902. 

77. Macaroni wheat in South Da- 
kota. 1902. 

78. Preliminary report on the fring- 
ed tape worm of sheep. 1903. 

79. Crop rotation for South Dakota. 
1903. 

80. I. Lamb feeding. 
sheep on grass. 1903. 


in cream and milk 


II. Fattening 


Agriculture 


81. I. Pasture and forage plants for 

South Dakota. 1903. 

II. Feeding dairy cows. 

III. Flies. 

IV. Artesian waters of South Da- 
kota. 

V. Some destructive insects. 

VI. Elements of prairie horticul- 
ture. 

82. Macaroni wheat. Its milling and 
chemical characteristics. 1903. 

83. Millet for fattening swine. 1904. 

84. Report of investigations at the 
Highmore station for 1903. 1904. 

85. Early garden peas. 1904. 

86. Fattening range lambs. 1904. 

87. The western sand cherry. 1904. 

88. Breeding hardy fruits. 1904. 

89. Preliminary experiments with 
vapor treatments for the prevention 
of stinking smut of wheat. 1904. 

90. Fankage and other by-products 
for pigs;' shrunken wheat for swine. 
1905. 

91. Co-operative vegetable tests in 
1904; peas, beans, sweet corn, cab- 
bage. 1905. 

92. Macaroni wheat: its milling and 
chemical characteristics and its adap- 
tion for making bread and macaroni. 
1905. 

93. Plums in South Dakota. 1905. 

94. Alfalfa and red clover. 1906. 

95. The treatment of nail pricks of 
Horse’s Foot. 1906. 

96. Forage plants and cereals at 
Highmore sub-station. 1906. 

97. Speltz and millet for the pro- 
duction of baby beef. 1906. 

98. Crop rotation. 1906. 

99. Macaroni or durum wheats. 
continuation of bulletin 92.) 1906. 

100. The value of speltz for the pro- 
duction of beef and pork. 1907. 

101. Forage plants at the Highmore 
sub-station, 1906. 1907. 


(A 


18 


Agriculture 


102. Evergreens for South Dakota. 
190%: 

103. Breeding hardy strawberries. 
1907. 

- 104. Raspberries, 
dewberries. 1907. 

105. Stock food for pigs. 1908. 

106. Sugar beets in South Dakota. 
1908. 


blackberries and 


107. Sheep scab. 1908. 

108. New hybrid fruits. 1908. 

109. Rusts of cereals .and other 
plants. 1908. 

110. Progress in variety tests of 
oats. 1908. 


111. A study of South Dakota but: 
ter, with suggestions for improve- 
ments. 1909. 

112. The killing of mustard and 
other noxious weeds in grain fields by 
the use of iron sulphate. 1909. 

1138. Progress in variety tests of bar- 
ley. 1909. 

114. Digestion coefficients of grains 
and fodders for South Dakota. 1909. 

115. Report of work for 1907 and 
1908 at Highmore sub-station. 1909. 

116. Acidity of creamery butter and 
its relation to quality. 1909. 


117. Sugar beets in South Dakota. 
1909. 

1185 Corns 1910; 

119. Fattening lambs. 1910. 

120. Progress in variety tests of al- 
falfa. 1910. 

121. Sugar beets in South Dakota. 
1910. 

122. Creamery butter. 1910. 

123. Milk powder starters in cream- 
eries. 1910. 

124. Progress of grain investiga- 
tions, 1903-1910. 1910. 

125. Fattening steers of different 
ages. 1911. 

126. Alkali soils. 1911. 

127. Breeding and feeding sheep. 
1911. 


Agriculture 


128. Progress in wheat investiga- 
tions. 1911. 

129. Growing pedigreed sugar beet 
seed in South Dakota, 1910. 1911. . 

130. Some new fruits, originated 
from the native sand cherry and plum 
in the department of horticulture, 
Brookings, S. D. 1911. 

131. Scabies (mange) in cattle. 1911. 

132. Effects of alkali water in dairy 
products. 1912. 

153. Alfalfa as a field crop in South 
‘ Dakota. 1912. 

134. More winter dairying in South 
Dakota. 1912. 

135. Trials with millets and sorgh- 
ums for grain and hay in South Da- 
kota. 1912. 

136. Fattening pigs. 

137. Wintering steers. 

138. Hog cholera. 1912. 

139. Soil and crop and their relation 
to state building. 1912. 

140. Selection and preparation of 
seed potatoes in the season of 1912. 
1913. 

141. Co-operative tests of alfalfa from 
Siberian and European Russia. 1913. 

142. Sugar beets in South Dakota— 
results to date. 1913. 

143. Roughage for fattening lambs. 
1913. 

144. Preliminary report on the milk- 
ing machine. 1913. 

145. A report of progress 
fertility investigations. 1913. 

146. Some varieties and strains of 
wheat and their yields in South Da- 
kota. 1913. 

147. The effect of alkali water on 
dairy cows. 1913. 

148. Corn silage and mill products 
for steers. 1914. 

149. Some varieties and strains of 


1912. 
1912. 


in soil 


oats and their yields in South Da- 
kota. 1914. 
150. Weeds. 1914. 


19 


Agriculture 


151. Trials with sweet clover as a 
field crop in South Dakota. 1914. 

152. Testing and handling dairy pro- 
ducts. 1914. 

153. Selecting and breeding corn for 
protein and oil in South Dakota. 1914. 

154. The pit silo. 1914. 

155. Selection and preparation of 
seed potatoes—size of seed pieces, and 
bud variation. 1914. 

156. Kaoliang, a new dry land crop. 
1914, 

157. Hogging off corn with and with- 
out rape. Kaoliang for pork produc- 
tion.. 1914. 

158. Proso and kaoliang as_ table 
foods. 1915. 

159. Progress in plant breeding. 
1915. 


160. Silage and grain for. steers. 
1915. 

161. Winter grain South Dakota. 
1915. 


162. First annual report of Vivian, 
S. D., experiment and demonstration 
farm. 1915. 

163. Comparative yields of hay, 
from several varieties and strains of 
alfalfa, at Brookings, Highmore, Cot- 
tonwood and Eureka. 1916. 

164. Making Butter and Cheese on 
the farm. 

165. Corn Silage for Lambs. 

166. Milking Machines. 

167. Transplanting Alfalfa. 

168. Breakfast Foods. 

169. Flax Culture in South Dakota. 


170. Quack Grass Western 
Wheat Grass. 


bp at 

172. Grasshoppers and their control. 

173. Sugar Beets in South Dakota. 

174. Sorghums for forage in South 
Dakota. 

175. Role of Water, in Dairy Cow’s 
Ration. 


and 


. Pasteurization of Cream. 


Agriculture 


176. Potato Culture in South Da- 
kota. 

177. The Sheep. 

178. Injurious Corn Insects. 

179. Emmer in South Dakota. 

180. Root Crop Culture. 

181. Corn Culture in South Dakota. 

182. Corn Silage for Beef Produc- 
tion. 

183. Barley Culture in South Dakota. 

184. Yields from two systems of 


Corn Breeding. 

185. Ice on the Farm. 

186. Corn Families of South Dakota. 

187. Influence of length of wheat 
heads on resulting crop. 

188. Relative value of feed proteins 
for dairy Cows. 

189. Corn and Millet Silage for fat- 
tening Cattle. 

190. Webspinning Saw Fly of Plums 
and Sand-cherries. 

191. Water as a limiting factor in 
the growth of sweet clover. 

192. Rations for pigs. 

193. Soybeans in South Dakota. 

194. Acme Wheat. 

195. Feeding Dairy Cattle. 

196. Potatoes in South Dakota. 

197. Milk Testing in Practice. 

198. Influence of Pure Bred Dairy 
Sires. 

199. Sunflower silage for 
Smutted corn silage for cows. 

200. Winter Wheat in South Dakota. 

201. Some Experiments with Spring 
Wheat in South Dakota. 

202. The Chinch Bug. 

203. Pasteurization of Market Milk 
in the Glass Enameled Tank and in 
the Bottle. 

204. Varieties of Corn for South Da- 
kota. 

205. 

206. 

207. 


steers. 


20 


Akeley, Lewis A. 


208. Flowers Every Day in the Year. 

209. 

210. 

Agor, Hugh, 1892- ; Aberdeen; 
born at St. Paul, Nebraska, August 
18th; lawyer; came to Aberdeen, 1916; 
served in World War; State Senator, 
1925. 

Agricultural College. See State Col- 
lege of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, 
under Education 19. 

Aikens, Frank R., 1855-1916; native 
of New York; veteran lawyer of Can- 
ton and Sioux Falls; member, legis- 
lature, 1887, 1889: last associate judge 
of the territorial court for the Sioux 
Falls district, and first judge of the 
second circuit, 1889-1903. 





Hist., Minn. Co., 433. 

Ainsworth, Cephas W., 1840-1908; 
born at Flackville, New York, April 
9th. He managed reform schools at 
Lancaster, Ohio, Jamesburg, New Jer- 
sey, Hldora, Iowa, and Plainfield, Ind- 
jana, before coming to Dakota Ter- 
ritory; in 1888 became superintendent 
of the Reform School at Plankinton, 
now the State Training School. He 
was very successful in his work and 
had the faculty of effecting real re- 
reforms in incorrigible children. Be- 
ing a republican in politics he was 
displaced at Plankinton during the 
democratic regime in 1899. Died at 
Oak Park, Chicago, Feb. 17, 1908. 


Ajax is a village in southern Pen- 
nington County. Named for a Greek 
hero in Homer’s Iliad. Its banking 
point and P. O. is Hermosa. 

Akaska is a town in central Wal- 
worth Co. Market town for a rich 
farming region. Population, see cen- 
sus. 

Akeley, Lewis A., 1861- ; born 
Clarendon, New York, Feb. 22; A. B., 
U. of Rochester; studied in Liepsic; 


Alabaster 


professor S. D. U. since 1887 Dean 
College of Engineering. 


Alabaster. A very fine gypsum (sul- 
phate of lime) which is found in the 
Black Hills. It has not been exploit- 
ed. 


Alabaugh Canyon. North side of 
Cheyenne River in central Fall River 
‘County. 


Alamo is a village in northern Wal- 
worth County. Banking point and P. 
O. is Java. 


Albee is a town in central Grant 
County. Market town for a rich farm- 
ing region. Population, see census. 


Albert Lake is in northeast corner 
of Kingsbury County and lapping over 
into Hamlin Co. The name is a cor- 
ruption of the original. It was nam- 
ed by John C. Fremont in 1838 for 
Colonel J. J. Abert, Chief of the Topo- 
graphical Engineers, U. S. Army. 


Albright, Gov. Samuel J., 1829-1913; 
native of Ohio; veteran of Mexican 
and Civil Wars; Editor of “St. Paul 
Pioneer,” 1856; chief clerk, Minnesota 
House of Representatives, 1857; was 
a member of the Dakota Land Com- 
pany (q. v.) and came to Sioux Falls, 
in 1858; on July 2, 1859, he established 
the “Dakota Democrat,” the first news- 
paper published in the Dakota coun- 
try. That year he was chosen gover- 
nor of the provisional government, but 
declined to qualify and was chosen 
speaker “of the legislative assembly. 
He was in St. Louis when the war of 
1861 came on, enlisted at once and 
served throughout the war, but did 
not return to Dakota. He was a man 
of marked ability and high character. 

Alcester is a town in northern Un- 
ion County. Founded in 1879 by the 
Western Town Lot Company. Named 
for Colonel Alcester of the British 


21 





Algebra 


Army. Market town for a rich farm- 
ing region. Population, see census. 
“The Union,” founded in 1879, is its 
newspaper. 


Aldershot is a village in central 
Meade County. Its shipping and bank- 
ing point is Faith. 


Aldrich, Irwin D., 1864- ; born at 
Quincy, Olmstead Co., Minnesota, June 
3; came to Dakota in 1881 and grew 
up on a homestead in Grant County; 
educated at the State College, with 
post-graduate year at Cornell Univers- 
ity. Superintendent of Schools, Grant 
County, 1895-1899; owner and editor, 
“Bigstone Headlight,” 1900-21; State 
regent of education, 1901; secretary of 
board of regents, 1901-10 and 1914-20; 


State commissioner of immigration, 
1920- 
Coursey: )oWho's SWho lime Sabian Vs 
4, 


Alexandria is a city and county seat 
of Hanson County. Market town for 
a rich farming region. Population, see 
census. “The Herald,’ founded in 
1878, is its newspaper. 


Alfalfa. 


Alfalfa Growers Association, West- 
ern South Dakota. A voluntary organ- 
ization of the alfalfa growers of the 
Black Hills region, effected in Febru- 
ary 1914 upon the promotion of 
Charles C. Haas, (q. v.) John L. Burke, 
president; Charles C. Haas, vice-presi- 
dent; Charles B. Hunt, secretary, and 
Charles Ham, treasurer. The organ- 
ization did much to extend the culti- 
vation of alfalfa and to stabilize the 
market for seed. 


See Agriculture, 8. 





Autograph letters of Captain C. V. 
Gardner, John L. Burke and Charles B. 
Hunt, in files department of history. 


“Algebra, The Elements of.” <A text 
book of elementary algebra by Dr. 


Alice Lake 


George Lilley (q. v.) former president 
of Dakota Agricultural College. 


Alice Lake is 
County. 

Alien. Aliens may own real proper- 
ty and take it by succession in South 
Dakota. ‘‘No distinction shall ever be 
made by law _ between resident 
aliens and citizens in reference to the 
possession, enjoyment or descent of 
property.” 


in northern Deuel 





Const. Artic6,=see> 14.4: Code, sec. ahi. 
Alkali. This is the popular name 


for the mineral salts of the soil which 
are found in varying quantities 
throughout the State. In some locali- 
ties the soil is so strongly impregnat- 
ed as to injure and even defeat vege- 
tation. When moisture is abundant, 
and there is fair drainage, the alkalis 
do not appear to be injurious; but in 
undrained basins in dry periods they 
render the soil unproductive. They 
frequently cover the earth with a 
white efflorescence. 
some samples produced the following: 


SUIPhatescor UM Cia cs ac. ae = epee eee tos 5.60 
SulphnaterOlosOd ait sie ae. ee tee Se 43.40 
Sulphate of ammonia and iron...... 3.20 
Insoluble wmMateer ieee eee ees 44.00 
NIOISTUT Ee cI LOSS 2. an) epee amare a ome 


Experience has proven that drainage 
of these alkali basins and thorough 
cultivation, with the addition of hum- 
us, makes the earth especially pro- 
ductive. 





Geom Bulls cl. 485: 
Alkali is a discontinued P. O. in 


southeastern Meade County. “P. O. 
and shipping point is Sturgis. 


Alkali Creek rises in eastern Law- 
rence County and runs down through 
Meade Co. to Belle Fourche River. 

Allen is a village in northern Ben- 
nett County. Shipping and banking 
point is Interior. Population, see cen- 
sus. 


An analysis of 


bho 
bh 


Allen’s Expedition 


Allen, A. C., 1864- ; born in Wi- 
nona Co., Minn., Jan. 2; in Moody Co., 
Dakota, since April, 1878; engaged in 
farming; member, legislature, 1903. 

Allen, C. W., ; Martin, Ben- 
nett Co.; born in Noble County, Indi- 
ana; member, legislature, 1913. 

Allen, George P., 1870- ; Strool, 
Perkins Co.; born at Wheaton, Ili- 
nois, September 4th; came to Dakota 
in 1880; engaged in farming, stock 
raising and banking; held various 
township offices; member, legislature, 
1923, 1925. : 

Allen, James M., 1832- ; born in 
Ohio; pioneer of Sioux Falls, 1857; 
later, pioneer, Black Hills. 

Allen, Joseph, 1825- ; born in 
England; educated at Battersea Col- 
lege; member Wisconsin legislature 
1867; located in Dakota 1873; survey- 
or; member constitutional conventions 
1883 and 1885; representative in Terri- 
torial Legislature 1889. 


Allen, W. B., 1892- ; born and 
lives at Woonsocket, Sanborn Co., S. 
Dak., September 21st; engaged in 


banking; served in World War; mem- 
ber, legislature, 1921, 1928. 

Allen’s Expeditiion. In the summer 
of 1844, Captain James Allen, of the 
First Regiment of U. S. Dragoons, ac- 
companied by four officers and 52 
men, made a military reconnoissance 
into Dakota from Fort Des Moines and 
return. They came up the Des Moines 
river to Lake Shetak, near Tracy, Min- 
nesota, and thence went west’ through 
“the hole in the mountain” at Elkton 
aud on to the Sioux River, near Brook- 
ings, thence down the Sioux, to a 
point about east of Jefferson, whence 
they turned sharply east to the Des 
Moines River. It was purely an en- 
terprise of exploration in the interest 
of knowledge. They reached the Big 
Sioux on September 10th. They reacn- 


Allison, Edwin H. 


ed Sioux Falls on September 13th and 
the river being at flood they were 
greatly impressed with the cataract. 
They left the river as above stated on 
Sept. 20th. The report is the first 
of consequence pertaining to the Sioux 
Valley and was important, but in no 
way sensational. 





Hist., IX, 347. 

Allison, Edwin H., 1847-1919; native 
of Michigan; veteran of -Civil: War; 
settled on Pease Creek, Charles Mix 
County, 1867; married a Brule Sioux 
girl and became a scout for the mili- 
tary; his most notable service was 
negotiating the surrender of Sitting 
Bull, 1881. He published the story 
under the title “Surrender of Sitting 
Bull.” 


Allowances. 
ances. 


“All the Year Round” is a book of 


verse by Elaine Goodale Eastman (q. 
Weds 


See Expense Allow- 


Alluvium. The term applied to sedi- 
ment transported by rivers and spread 
over submerged lowlands. This alluy- 
ium forms exceedingly fertile flood- 
plains bordering rivers. Along the 
Missouri, James and Sioux Rivers, as 
well as many other streams, there are 
vast areas of such fertile soil, usually 
sub-irrigated and adapted to all culti- 
vated crops and meadows, especially 
to alfalfa. 


Altitudes. 


Altenow, F. A. 


Alpena is a city in northeastern Jer- 
auld County. Market town for a rich 
farming region. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Journal,’ founded in 1883, 
is its newspaper. 


Alsen is a discontinued P. O. in 
northern Union County. P.O} and 
banking point is Beresford. 

Alseth, Charles A., 1883- ; born 


near Lake Preston, Kingsbury  Co., 
November 26th; grad., Yankton Col- 
lege, 1910; engaged in banking busi- 
ness, Lake Preston; first assistant 
clerk of the House in the legislature, 
1915; State Senator, 1917, 1919, 1921 
and 1923. 

Alseth, John L., 1856-1917; born in 
Norway; pioneer of Volga, Brookings 
Co.; member of legislature, 1901. 


Altamonti is a town in northern 
Deuel County. Founded in 1880 by the 
Western Town Lot Company. Named 
because of the hilly country surround- 
ing it. Population, 1920, see census. 


Altamont Lakes. This group con- 
sists of four lakes known as Coteau 
Woods, East Coteau, South Coteau and 
West Coteau, located near Altamont, 
Deuel County. 


Altenow, F. A., 1861- ; st. Law- 
rence; born in Germany, November 
23rd; came to Hand County, Dakota 
in 1882; engaged in real estate and 
farming; member, legislature, 1921. 


The following table of Altitudes is taken chiefly from ‘A Dic- 


tionary of Altitudes,” by Henry Gannett, and published by the Federal Geo- 


logical Survey in 1899. 


To this has been added the altitude above mean sea 


level of most of the rairoad stations founded since the dictionary was pub- 
lished, as obtained from the engineering departments of the several railroads; 
with some inland places supplied by the State engineer’s office and the low 
water-levels of the Missouri River, from the Chief of Engineer’s map of 1889. 
Generally the altitude is for the top of the rails in front of the depot; but 


in some instances it is at other points in the town. 


It will be noted that wide 


differences may obtain in altitudes within the same town, as at Pierre, where 


Altitudes Altitudes 


the depot level is 1440, (old depot) and the weather bureau in the federal 
building is 1575. Consequently it must be remembered that all levels given 
must be referred to the bench mark in that town: 


CADETS SI See cc H eee eT Oe ahs eee: cate 1300 Cavour 2.0 Eee GS EE, See ee 1311 
DAVEE) ae eee OS ee mE ch Fly oe Nin Fe Boerne c 1845 Centervilles: . Suki, ooocsus: oie of Zils. selon ener 1229 
AID CCA c/o Sock ee CO Ee ree ee 1184 Chamberlain 6 ..°0%.. <a. 2 ee eee 1363 
PI GGSUR Ton, sass. cs eee eats: ieee 1346 Chelsea”). 4 (ech lh oi2ees 2 eee 1344 
ALOXANGL a PMs eT Wie tee rok es cle teres 1352 Cheyenne, JG@s ec ss « sienca heen ee 2141 
JANG OLet et: ee PRESS fe eet ct re, eee Cree oy 1319 Claremont. .3 S70. Uli. es nee 1302 
PA ELTVION Lome ee ete See ee ctete eke ete tee, ereearete 1834 Clark! eo. ide deed Oi SRC 1789 
AmnNeErS Eee eye elcsa me Sal steteicteke « tcete ie 1312 Clear Tuake .4.. 3.60 ses ee oe 1800 
EATIGO VOL MI eke, coe tustee tc taater oo Pelciss cine caee ee aalLO Columbia’... wots. soso ete eh ee ce 1295 
Anthony 2... eee eee eee eee eens 4978 Colome«...... 01 «sss» « «oe 2285 
ADDIODY Migie's- abis caine tehe Hier tae L711, Conde .. oie vc.com © oo 0 ob ee 1313 
ATOATIOT OL es Ete carete ete a ere aeeeeL etek ee eks 3557 Corona: ..6 21 ee Ser. Oa eee 1173 
ATECNEITNG a yis asc his wares ¢ tebe hae aes sie 3676 = COTSICA ook ows ede « ccwseucin Rubino one 155 
ALEVIC OS ha esi sick oe ee ee x eae eae 4798 ‘Cottonwood °.........+10 5 eee 2414 
ALHNEtONn! :15-5). . wikis Syste vielen inte BEE Pee 1846 .Crandon) .)eseeks ).ane eee 1305 
AATINOGUL eo co cccckhe seis ccs ie 2s erie fe eeeneneae 1521 Cresbard «cic. « cc cwebes soe ee 1448 
ALProw head ke ee es sean 2593 Creston 1) 6.008%. OPE eee 2529 
RA SD OMY os. SM cee nae cue cdeIe alee nel seeinket ces 1296 @roCK ers cus chc cécnciels ae oS ee 1781 
EATEITO [ten atte el chee ce crate eiete he. a eeatee sats 1296 Crook Tower”). 2). eee 7140 
A TAP OLA Tei. nc Sao Cad ate ta wou acpeeeuain poaae es ens 1630 Crow: Creek....4.ia... hse ee 1383 
ES LUIGH eter atone cast etelcis hie otensr ieachetene Vener eters 1471 Crow Peak. 2... «00 cn nee 5772 
Bancrott wer. Oe Beene chee ee ae 1561 Grovnhill 5.0 2S eee ee eee 6153 
IS SUS OS? pote hates cea ekslin Ontos cede een eeomeee ace 2420 Crystal Carve, ss, ¢.rcisx oe agi cke beeen 4230 
ESRAMT ING SR seta & > wcke > es weg 1301 Custer 5.4 S.. iw. on eee 5303 
BeVtrle eg lOURtAIT ee aieehcse ws pets cas nied etes 4431 Custer. “Peak! #.e).2=" 4 See 6812 
BESTE UttCe ates ok oie ore ote ee elites b curmerens 4422 [DY hi Ce ee eR Ae ae. 2238 
Belvidere (Reet ro eh redone nas Epon cteneds sue 2308 Date bc. 228 2. See eee 1328 
Belles OUrCIIC a cris bs eaercde sien -deae taal at sions 3050 Davis (occ ee ee eee 1253 
PGHACIATO toon has Rg ers ee eS one ia ere 1497 Deadwood (o\4c0.. CPSs ee 4533 
TSSNESTOLr Geet aac s Sie eke ite tore ele ees tt ae 1505 Dell. Rapids <:.).:5 cist reccse tenon can 1489 
IBGE 26 — o ek -fotodaky shealit o. ceokboneuegs teehee a 5853 Delmont os oe ai seg toes ee 1488 
BISSEONGs He. eedeecla a hens wieke este letetets tare 979 Dempster 322m. oo. ce ie eee 1666 
Bijou Pills 0a. TE anes oleate 1281 “De Smet. .....0< 2s cane eee 1726 
Teg es Ral le ate id thks anand aie AMPED, oid Aca ene 3494 Doland» (ck. ones tek Se eee 1355 
{S3hchon heel eae Ra wee REA Pak Ie es tA 1621 DraPer, os. heels « cts aa daleeets lee 2230 
Banesteelyiocu'< restate -fovere epebencaaeb vole ates 2009 Dumont 2. oO. on es ws ol ie ee 6195 
SOULS Bi favctoke Siete. ci eh ekes vie.c ebseciehaieres [eter ote 1338 DUPE © 2s: acts elec eh ee 2359 
OW Cte Aor nccc eae as sch, 1s Coleratea tenets tomererers 1995 Durham” (ee eo ee ote ache aon meee 1936 
Box ld ere ees te 5 re Re cere cretion 3033 Hagle Butte... 0:0... +. duces eseqeueenenee nee 2415 
AV AGLE Ys Mie ee ae beraenes: sie; oka she seerste ie iateae eles 1796 Bakin oo. oo a a cies che oe sistener ett ene age 
ESAT a operstcas "ciel cise sve oe eave o aReteuete erakes 1819 Bast Hlrod’ . ii... oP ee eee 1818 
Bramiptona te ele et fae ce ees 1291 Mast Pierre@s.s < c «.< ais cists 1460 
SPAT CONSE ereeee, Seo xe eoRe ars iow ad te uent telus ake ous is 1309 Hast Sioux Falls s.\) 2. on see 1323 
SDOTE GAY Sete ee ee ee cca ane 3160 Hdgemont wooo... cece leben eee Rant as: 
Bren chord me, neste chat i te he etn aka ttae 1300 eae ean a ve ches chore «- ccrereiel ater hee ane 1525 
Bride ew atGre civ. soteis este stake ons ences onerets 1420 Blk Creek s ceiiss ss joe coheene oe 4841 
BPESEG likes” Sr cee Ee chee. CR eae LAD FOU Metae.. sisi aus aie woe lo. eee eee 6423 
Britton coke oe ee he te te ae net a 1354 BIK Point 22 ache oi. Seeds. oe EU27 
Broadland (reece hekikdole ok tots ce pelos LO ates; mene MI re Eh 1751 
IBTOOKINE'S, etic scaeis ose eiegoncrelekerene er cneteusners 1636 Hilm “Creek... .\ 0.0.05 been cee 3359 
Browns Ville: c/s. ee eee ae 5502 BIMOres! of. a e8s neve wl a ce 5216 
UB 4 1c b U6) 2? ee ML eT ER Airy Cote PMY CEM mie ores 1640 LD) gels re ee ee 1867 
BEV ATIC ice acre coc te See State anna Saatens one 1844 Hnglewood . 7.0/5) hens nee eee 5591 
Bienes, Vastas wlodecid«: opaet re be me = es ois are 3742 Brskine. ...00 0050.5 5 ae 3815 
Buf alG cGy costes phclecciehe us. trete leis tener cee 3257 FOP WIM, "Secs sae: el aiencten cei eeeee «isle cay duntepeel 
BUrbankea eck, semen tel ccneiee tesa herr oe 1142 Bsmond | ie Sie. wea ws pe en eee 1433 
Buren os ye Se, He eee cee ns 1296 BEstelline 2215 Shin a, 1659 
PSU GC aieeet pagans AN eae ein oe 2251 PCH AT os cons. cac ore ateie Raine tones ee 1345 
ES UEKINGY Ocecteis, coc. skeet ec cuetete ston cnenee keer 1748 BHurekar s/s. aon te ee eee . 1884 
Bushnellix etree ieee Hoc SReh Bek 1694 Hairfaxys See. eee eee eee Joe se 
154) (0 (ci Gee LE ECR TS CES On OOM DoS A Bae 1820 HAIN VIEW | oie G a. e's ee te ee Oe ogs Se 
EV ROT eA. ee ete a oe eee eee 1489 MPaith weeks? Se 1S eee P2597 
CB GII A Crsse eb iedksas tas oe hae Ca eee eee 2166 Farmingdale | 5 ..c:.0% «lon 0% ape 2776 
CRRISLOLES sts 4 we «aca oie a miate cteeiets eee recreates 1455 Paulkton 900. 220.4. 3 5 eee ae oe 1595 
Canming 32h. .6 sick Rasa aise hee 1653:; Fawn lake, «cod ....h=3teteee oe az1eRs 
LOH Vey SB aN eye a OO GO Sc oS Bee 1527 OPM y © este snes wlalepeo-5 ohevoleee sion raneneee 1300 © 
CantON 2c ese rece reese cece cee ceeees 1244!) Wiresteel te. Rae Ro 2 2842 
Capa ce Te ee aleyens win ¢i/p js ple 6 a,6 © 5 Plens p78 Le 1774 Blandréeatt wis os okeviveieie ee ty eee .1565 
Caputa wee reser ese re cece eeecees 2908") ‘Wiorenes” so... se tee eee Me es. 
Carby le: ti, kGivate wees idee able ~Serohie sa 1697. .Porestburg) os. «26 asl i 1231 
(SAPE TE Or sc penal reuaccha te tate pene eee nee 1438 HOrrest ville o's. fo vcesee cvs cit cuevonc 2 eee 1868 
GAStIOWOOGs:. 2.56 EPO Race ee 1685% t Fort Pierre 5. Oa ae eee 1437 


2+ 


Altitudes 

REEL HLOTIDISOT, | hiss ooo < «Ui a mech clos, 1383 
Re one aS ee ee 1381 
POR TOLT RMS let ee hg 1296 
Seer ET re eS ie ee IB YAl 
DE STIE ME 8.505069. Ve cee ee 1511 
Memeeterateree Oe Oe. 2948 
DEIN Phe ede vcr 5. 5 ante ee isan 
MIME N etl). as oe ce rk. ee 1853 
is nc be Sa ie i eee ee cn 1484 
sO a ae i er irre LOT 
te tne eo Sho ee Ped Mats: 1494 
RO oe a osha cic ects seks CLE 2082 
or > a I ie gi a ane RS Ty 1683 
te. ce es SS ee Te Ps 1996 
DePreRe PN TOMMUAININ iS veshs oo he She es? 5222 
Ree eee Sek re es RU oe! 1914 
MIME Sh oo! oa Sew he's CUO 1304 
a ee SS ee foe ako, MEE 2210 
tee N TE PS Oe oe oo do hws OD: 1742 
igiedyayt il a eee patel ahs Penets. 4.:2 a alters tak 1857 
SU EITMME SSC hark Oe oct se re Oe ene. Ooh 1323 
Beem Veer OG Ie oO) oe sb ohne Cow cE 7242 
IE eo gsc 62oy o.6's wiate mires B22 1801 
RRR PI Kod oa. a sk ew a ole a BEG 1426 
ED AeMIUST CME ee Ai seis Sees eras «vd bors ERE 1564 
EeePC VON. Est. ors oc cece caccs « ss hide 3440 
MURR IEEOE aith Sick noes wet Od ake. elo seek 1765 
ECS: 5 go 8 Ea Ree ee re ee 1301 
MEUM ace oa cer cw nk kus 8 bi biategin 1812 
2 Caria ale SBE Dg sg ae he ee an ee 1672 
TELE ACER ae Aparna mikes 3278 
Pere eae to oe. hs oc ts es cet 2206 
IRE Bes ia Sera aicr i oo, OF uty sak alg 1890 
IMO os loxse aries a: eae a. Mbenahehe chingeens 4982 
LACS RCO R Ea Ale ae ee on a Sea Sem 1849 
Tae Ve ay ke) SE ee ee ee a eee Red 1339 
TERS HOSHE'S BS cay Sppe a A s  g"  e  aet 1795 
POTS Ol Mir os. Pelee yeca alone. «55s o% sia ele. cc 3647 
LF LDSITORES? tg SE PR ee a Rn a 1901 
EMER INIRE TUES SE ds scalars elet cia ciel s 6 sichacee 3443 
Pau WVEMEMENECN AMMEN PE oe) See ccs: cece cre A ccd. toe ace 1302 
ELUMGHIY Avice. Bla a ORO na aire 1888 
a elE Cl are erty. Cor ues et i chehess eG Srna bee 1564 
MCE T IMEI EPs sce S80 vs ise ie cand coe 1219 
iSISSWEUP OVE) | tyne a a ei oe 1307 
SUT EIEN? «0: G2 ORE en ae ae Ae pe aa 1266 
RULIO IMIS one ol Sk es occ ene ote eee 1285 
Soe "Sas ASR ea ine ae 2a 2622 
[ORCS gece ele teait Bate eee ene ne mee mPa Pie ire ae 2381 
a eCE MEME coe ce eee cared aad do Scorce ea wo ete 2168 
ATIC eo. soe lok ko ls Fete. tue 6870 
LIPS YSISES EEN i> “aise 2 See ee Ree arnt sone 1530 
ROME mer err tc at tl Sets sed Pee er rag re 1365 
CIAL Sime eevee. oe Sf ns oan AL i 2 wpdal: 1401 
MERGE oho GIGI CIR non meee ce 4443 
TCP OLE CEOe te ot ak oP. ces be OPS 2402 
BITE SMe or Sea S02 o63 Saou de dc ensue ele eae ee eke ata 1193 
LEMOS) AES as eee ee me ON er 1312 
DEES LN Gees. Ss) ordcee vis stk atu dilasl dae 1366 
Pee COSTA MEET, Aa ark 5 gi's'c: ba -% oo Witalad wuske 2 CheToe 1114 
HUIS: | SS Ai Oe a ee i Le bree Once 1720 
_JOIYESF ais ch Os Don ene Ons rare 3888 
ELOISE sate acca, Gia icc. pw ee dae eae 2457 
1S SERA 2YS9 Fare oe A ee A, 1766 
PTLD O Saal LAAN O§ so, sues hee, s o.e\ars.o.fle BGS 1714 
LSLSTIGITOTD. «2s os ie i ae sna eh are A 2358 
SIPING TIO CHEATS oUsNa tis ge ciats: cable < Bales 1687 
USS As Re ae RI eer ani tr 1829 
TCL GTMMn 7. area ec « shetoue feta eaele Ate 2 295 
rele Meee ce cn uci cin dic Suapevecoulh-« sfoueie 1b tua 1788 

ie MME oh Godt ister e's. circ love aia des emtiars (cte,.et a 4989 
RTA Me of toa) sok et ea satya 6 slew. 1362 
PER OMPATIOCOS Mao idcicc Wesiune tae tie 1471 
Meee COS TOM mere eh, mci. cele cts cake ieteee Li2e 
CCARDERVED | A con ck CEE te RP Rao RC Ra sO a Asya! 
UIE INO CMB sc enero reac var ciekc ate cane otere et ans 1372 


25 


Altitudes 
aT UE ere cares gt Oe AE Oe ae 2395 
Ee PRAIA eee it ooo iacae Co hee See 1945 
POCO Beste sieteheleuees © ccc eee ee 5087 
te SEY h b> OG don RR ee ae cat OR AS 1548 
BOOOMNOU Gen oe cca y had ake SaaS ee 1956 
IMOMIMOUTE sociated ee oe ee 2585 
TSQNTIO KS tee Ache ar Sone cd eee eee 1354 
LLCOIA Martech estate en eee eee Oe are 1587 
LISSCCT Vill Gin pees Cae Meee alc aerate 1381 
Ta CCT OETY Saye cicctadote at ehecch Mele, of slat aster eat one 1300 
ittlen Crows. Piss seus vconen i. Asoc ee 5389 
LAL CISe ee Laer ae el eee aes oe ee 1311 
Eee VI SSO Bite eel oo otk a Ooicba ns setae 5500 
TONeC YT LTES* LidicGys 2 Fes oe eae 6 chee Ree 1882 
Nookout.Peakiniany hee a4 > aero bit. creetiois 4478 
MOTT Ete eNOS or ct char cael wt Wok tae! ss a srrel ce ate 4697 
TIOW LY ak Ses oc a eo wale ale eel e aie 1867 
Aiieatr Mikael Ces See ee ee Pe ee ee 1685 
LCE OOKS © Hep chet er ot re. td or of here SPerae, oe ea etace 1108 
Meimtosh a ts Sai eet pas era onto os es 2276 
VION ra LIT a carer oy ciienas rei cain cure ete seek et chowsds 2002 
Witt] 1 S@ tl cee op elat of chclia a cvever crs ciate e «+ dkaxatenes 1669 
VE AOS OD oh LiciIcO sie otaa alereneislenakal’ ols) sse,ece 1594 
IVES TIGHGN LCT Mme lot siehcs a el sis, elerclae: ©, sie Ghee’ 1542 
IVE OMAN oR Peta eo Teo esse! 0-0. 6 oa enn 1811 
WEAN SE GOIOE sprericrs ais shevens ols rone exe) ole sealecs . 1300 
WEAPICCEA. tee chore cee ae cae ahs ta S ah busta a 3495 
AVE TUG We ol attest sien ale ciaaal a! cASMads cas Sout etyeite< 1447 
IVER TVA Th awe scotiehs cite ca ceaaies elereLe GF cars ot eh ouain 1657 
NLA WWI ES DIATIS SP acer att a, ses cis) sheet one areh Sat oe 2816 
VE AT SEC)s ates Cee sfonay acon ip dis aseweWon en ciueae fe’. el ckcketie 5190 
IVI CHELUTN Sees crater hg de ote, Sie tekancha,etefeb nae arapene ors 1156 
WES CTS Berth ci dicts wahete- cs, data siete dante ote 2020 
DVT OLE tee ooo, 2 eek) «outa ais. aley er alas atone ote 1297 
MVE OT VANiEE TS otto sche Oe ao ao crayeteis ote aia eee 3396 
AVE TATIONS aeons ate? Sina e, 6 POs, pee a wicca: sie ances 1325 
BPO et tee eras caaic, arash cuepes akanuk on cule or Serra 5059 
IVI Testy. ccs hcl a over eee, Se Pence 1878 
VED DATGe uta hae <b ars aden aM ie) so eebeie yous 1148 
VER gun cee cre ola, cite cae otek x © dines cnet 1640 
AATF GT a Sher ae ee ch eie eee an wo ele ay ePe tials 1587 
VEDI OW lian Stele: oral ucnskete tale cele cial cae! eae-ce chaners 1200 
VEL IDDM eta rcca tess sisi aeetaisishel claiels s ebeehcns - 1432 
Minneksiitare, 55 jas Balers onaiete eu ost eae 4161 
AVEDA ITO AW acces. cle eeer ete ah piesa 'elepos, eos See oe 1447 
WEIR SOL ee ULL oer eanates ate eteceke 4s ors eros helLic 
NETH Clba ai eee Sie «. «aie hak haa Ere 1312 
IMGDLIGS EC)... <%.6 man oes a6 ae cert as 1657 
MONITOSEs, 2 5 Saks wad ox wes Sete eyes os 1474 
WLOPETSEO Will citinnataehectatans is eaenner ses) .. 2240 
MVROSS LIE Tia s o renter aR ahone aha Torre tar Shas cat ot creme aes rs Fal! 
NVI UG ERM ou ohn ve claberkes ahaa a Glas ola cheiahays 4720 
VE UY hl rte) ans sta ts'g op ae eae hela te OE bers 2a 
UNV 010 Cisne o-oie) onset cicada ond attal shoe srceahacele > ahch eas 1362 
PML DLC Stes depekey sielicccuens laveupvaye a acd. evans, acofal cheats 1791 
INGO WNGELT KK Bila ch eccamels Vehitione wuale Roi aut oiumecar seine 1308 
ING Wellies o Betin.< ate. sth dias 2 achatieeroras, mae 2820 
INGEST Ce wesc to oa tans as ois oto a ene eee Paes 2855 
INMOM EN VALLE sie iacics o5 Oe oe als, ge ohare caeee 1299 
INO Wi Te ee 5 aie reese Rios cathe Setalctorettes 1965 
CS COMA tay ardca dad ad es aoe ataxeist aie 1388 
WOKS UOTNS oc ceve ls cies kines et de IER Eo, Shoe Tre 2356 
OVA hana gs 5 ke ot cate. fe es 1721 
COUN Tal eon canstacs av cuditcchen gat erate w areeeee sis chratetool 
Chnaidaier ae.ctes too « cee ee ok ieee 1876 
OTC Wal Vik ora ie etc Sete thio eke tite x, athe. Nhl Races 1306 
Oriented dtc oS ae cus abe 1599 
Orr Valle esc he a ae eee ae See 5337 
DIS CAOIA Be ae cbt onellai state cote avs snd he eeneaeaee 1453 
WaT) eet tatints: cys ous at One Stel at cAnte rote Renee 201 1 
IPA CUOLA he hart wets 6 Pewee ee oe: - .4459 
aT SAG Oa ve. cyan. Oise Phone sled hie ck ie MO 1447 
POAT KCY = 5 e Ritee et Ss fis bot as beds chet 1349 
SAL STON cracnerereret sis a crete eee ee ee ee 1400 


| Altitudes 


IPEMDINAy octets ache chee otatae ote ee eke een 1500 
Pennine ton gave... See bon camel rer se rshars 4955 
ZOU saree ty abet ats ne pi eater een oaE ae anatet sere 5400 
IP DiI D =. oe ee), Se ede eee toe 2159 
Piedmont , uct Me eee tets ie eeensee 3460 
FI CRDONE ii a.cjsiescieus areas ero te eee 1512 
STOTT Ce cite, o ciens iets ne eect nee ence eon 1441 
gO Ee ot: meee yan at er toe Cie AAT ip a eh 1302 
Be ranikinitonigeetss solace eee ee eee 1528 
ACG aeere tye ey obs wv ahak a cre als Leet oouemateie ks eieeG 1597 
LUE: Oxo Sve ee reais a 1a) sRakete be anclalee ekoirs 4736 
WP ONTISS Sodese esate ae ote sels ee iade crlak mre 1599 
lei gia hats hm et eae nee ty ee ety oO Cb eke cae eC 6430 
POL CUP USE. fcks odes causatiecsne Seusada ss eee anal 5321 
PO WO IY sce deter Hel ol choleieee okt enea cecas ave sie Eanes 2051 
Presnore srciscals ols ae Sace & oe tars anise enero 1764 
PTECSEGOIU taht chcrs soe hereheacmatice Chose dosuareetteneceneiane 1696 
BIN SIS 7 fica heke abe tes ated aueastenstiswsiem menes ci eereneee 4879 
PTOMMISG (tert hatch eolliy os cecrehewel caciiare) averse arene LGZs 
PrOVO ea hho ls! cl at eabanntove (ote sattva cl hte eee 3710 
a Waele oo sb ack cha took Ma teneben ou sitcRewor arene rcniens 1546 
BAUME Y ee dt ahah SUS bac Bc Rae eee 1306 
COMTAT IV eer os elect ale talobeteteherclalshenss Meee beteeet ene 3861 
COUPATIV ae hick Sc icnd oe. dy Sein a ona aremencce MOmene 2607 
TREATMON Ae coed od ia dee foie dea ade ee MERCER 1801 
Rana ISM Oor te. nih pocdetenoccssachonetenate ee reaeione 1226 
ine woke Calg 0) 4 Wb cee wy eae Ram AU OAH oo ete oma fe 7, 1300 
ELL VL LLG: ton tay ehhh cl cuemanen Mae ereteaaea ts Seer ne np 
jaar Wevte as Grr & ct A OE PRT) Ses ton er +so228 
EX raya es SW, Ch Oe ah ee Oe a bean Prarletal oteb oven ot oF 1494 
Na er ented S35 FS 23:5 Sols is Gla acing wets VaR etre 1458 
A CNOGS ODS.) i.e or, Oe hohe lsdoovebodausnale eiete 2467 
Rene MBN V1 ls Vo a8 s Called sacala¥ailelicnsbaletoesve Me atone 5631 
Bee Tele ES. 6H .te cle aa eradie die alates) dee 1731 
RALIANI CERES CONF. OL L lorketoncieberrene aie 1780 
PRT CIMION CY tah ol satel his! hanste tenet Wencbshesan< teen 1393 
FELON IN ONO -EEIMT t./ ny os cee sina ohare eee 6060 
PUTER EVILS Weta cl grates cial cstebehotalteb se omewen a-ak Meee 2363 
ROCKTON! O35 ide dic o stersvench ietererereia eee 5227 
IRYOXS INE WAN ae i Peg eno cee res 1394 
FEROS COC ath hares oa) a aiet crane Gonceenemetons oboe lL S26 
TLOUSS CA be 6.6 -boooecest és «bw cleteRarneec eae 1427 
TROY CIA eG ch arcnard anoles lowell seen ee ie a el 
ERAELO LD UA Bee ait ais 515) on sctorisictove cca: « Metione eee 1301 
RUT LOG Sistas so hisclcl SS ahd archer accaenemeee mn cee nee 4498 
ROU NINES CWA Ceri.) ric onpeicnee erenoneneeeeirs 1203 
SERA TILES cyl ck ete ct ove nner onemenewen te eenTaa eae 2116 
SS Ce ETE WTOTICE <5), Cabsieveren ive atau cues eet Net 1580 
ILO TTB wesarel ag B55 oi did: st'el ovarian ollohamare ele aha eee 1520 
PSUS CTI Cah sche ck fh Meher dioln eae ee eee 1303 
DEBT CHG ecaia ease Fates oe ei eee 2812 
SCOLARAL Ge ss ee a eee a eee 1347 
DE TIOCE, Wo oe 5 ature etahe vel ine Batam tate ae 1911 
SyReiiield sir sakes alsule oe eo ee 1300 
POREOU TRI i663 oie 2's ala uss depo ee 1496 
EE VOU SG LEG? i Fuhr «i ana ol ere nr er oe 4592 
SGU S- IA chess eh uke cet lee 1400 
(tt AS Ed ee eee Ne rman AT gy i 1517 
nn) tL CUES gee Pa gn Seearay MRE AB LAGS ea). Tj 1327 
STEMI UR «ash eg aX alg con sary wie) ah chia thet 3647 
ppoaniion Poni. iF. <s 5d ees. ee 5773 
PAOTIOGE. oe ool ner oct He akteic ee A 1387 
purring) Greolss ss. si boos ee 3282 
MOTINSTOIOS 6 0.5. Os cate pao ee 1234 
Gait Ord. 4.h..psicoheeetenatemeb ek oan cist oklomen coe weiees 2404 
SEGKNGYi«S.,Geieee nt betty o cin s avace. ox eee 1636 
Strats@or d.-vc Power Meee! rk ener el snauahore cere 1303 
DCEATLOR bs a atid soorenead wie howe al al ele ane ane 1592 
LUPE IS ein, care haya dared ora ace a ieta acd at cee 3452 
SUTIN Bie te wis) oer Ses oa cls 2000 
PDE DOL 6 nS ciotele ates aoe Cree eee 1341 
FRatan Karger ci tol. ie ehicnte ste 3 te ee eee 2210 
PROT Y Sot we dete sie A GA we Chote ee ae 6164 
PEC TY AE CARs cee apc os ba eee ee eee 7070 


gt) 


Altitudes 
"P@tON™ |. ere ob ic le ace terehetetaie sea ena SN oe 1523 
Thunderhawk. 2.7.30. )e% ste etn eee ee 2585 
TUTOR Po Sele oc 5 vote loneh ea ee 3580 
Timber Lake *..'.).°. 7s cee ene enna 2163 
TOIStOY” (.\c'. "sts elcle stele) ec eue) etmiteleleen staan 1918 
TOrOntoO  °s°.%s/sce%sie wc be ctaeen aucteete nine an nn 1994 
Trent “ost 22 ee ee eo ee ee 1502 
Als) ce EMME Teme A 1885 
Tulare cis.s sXe 6 sane ee ene a enemas Onan aisles 
i Reb bat Re) 4 OR ER EET 1323 
eT yndall icc evens. « otetele eee 1418 
Tyndall -J@. so. ss ss. a oele she otehene ene 1362 
Underwood oa. a's as he < ac eee 2845 
Uta en ie ese ee ie eae 1387 
Valley Springs 2°... <1 :sistels ola tenennenen 1395 
Man. Meter 0... 0 ccs sae el eels anne 1696 
Werdon 2.0 ene ooo seve cn eee 1304 
Vermilion. .... <<... + 0 « s.< 0, «cee eee nena 1150 
MADOP ES. in oc ols, & +, cxocs,.0 000.0 sage pe Jet eee nen 1308 
MiASBNN A %s, 6.6.0.5 .0.4.0 sud of eye, 0600 1837 
VEIAS | oe beckon elses ae. bie ohn, 9 3 A 1480 
Wire i ocak hw toe ene, © cnt eee 1341 
Wir gwiniad spo. siwse ce bob olcheve gin area tae area 1750 
VAVABN © osc ccsieccnsuon's cua deePoneyckelen mena eee 1895 
MOL e Ss. 0:4 oie wrens 6 cca cnenle one 1636 
G0) bh WA REE rn eA eo 1181 
Met 2 0ts) eere  e A 1442 
W akon a. io: .c.+o-eapusrahiey st eneleusionet oneyie nanan 1393 
Wakpalas sis iiss cvwe 6 ecdioie »-clhleuneeneaeaane 1638 
Wall «8 cr:ciiai geetora etetnarenel ot eerie Wate tu anna 2713 
"Wallace - «.) si ce cee sve: Setictiateie ealarenat Gna anaaeean 1785 
Warner: ~ sci Rote fone Siae we 2 eee 1301 
Warren” Peale -h.rao osha telecon.) on ae 6900 
"W Asta sr Pa cb ore oliet et attensl st a) uginnEaEnEn 2320 
Watertown “2: 52342224 (%% < 4s 0 eee 1735 
Watertown > JG)... 80. Ais eee 1604 
Watauga os oe Oe olal se. ola tene) os! ol eee eee 2254 
Waubay oo fo os ot ee 1813 
WAVERLY oil aie cs aie ce ote a Utne anne 1992 
Webpster oc oo oie cs fe vi one, deen eee 1842 
Wecota 2 incu d SSOSe ee eee 1558 
Wendt sin fe Oo a ee ee 1592 
Wessington:. 2.2.) 2c cc eee 1419 
Wessington Springs .2.. «pee 1605 
Westport if ies ooo ee taco 
Weta 055.008 IS Tick he eee << ou 
Wetonka hc ss sc dscisnecsteaene Gee eee 1472 
WHITE » 6 vee sc cc oe etn ee etoile tt ee 1778 
White “Bake: i... scien ten areteeee 1646 
Whitewood... i. csccue oakis eee 3623 
Wihitewood “Tus ..°..'i5 ears bie oe eee 1694 
Willow. lakes: ..../0¢ se ere tne eee 1786 
Wilmot, sc scsc cs elete we ue ote aie aieree eee 1196 
IWHISOMN. ss sie soa ae eo % 0 She elie ee 1366 
Windy Butte «...... sis cs ce beeen 3563 
TPWIMMer ous os on eco o © bi che CueieEe ae Ieee 1964 
IWOISCY x a aye». «0:6, 65 0.0 aieietee een ane 1353 
WAtEOM | oh oce catsuerecaaee anak ses eee ee 1991 
Woodville». 2.0535 2s, catst cee 5934 
Woonsocket. . . sc«s Js sas ee 1308 
Wiorthin ge. <2: ccs shen « 45 ater 1364 
PY Uy ovo op veces eeu dd srles’e: ios ah os che se 1340 
VAN KtOn ais ck, dos 5 acs ea ole ee siesta 200 
WG Faicatush loin e onck wi ao cece ee He1365 
Missouri River 
(Standard Low Water) 

North ‘Line; “Ss ‘Divers... 52 eee 1563 
Ashley ‘Island. so. Se oe Ce eee 1538 
Mouth; Grand) Ret ...225 25222 eee 1534 
Mouth) Moreau (Ree. 2232474 eee ee LO18 
Morest "City “2 Ao ee eee 1498 
Mouth, Cheyenne’ > R242... ee 1462 
Oane ened fo Pe ee ee 1429 


Cc 


Alum Creek 


EOS UT OS PO NGS ae Fah chd ois Aliocd dew ia oie. 6. exe 1416 
Brow ek napelle (Cr.0)), ose. ae eae. 1398 
Meguete CGICiNne Cri... oul <a be iw © wo 1374 
PEs eeCITOTLOSOM thar ss be ee ee 1342 
GhiaimDeriaiti te $ 36H oe aes. 3.8. bead iat. . 1325 
Wabor ec el ONS sik toc | Ses ae he rr er ee 1315 
TS PCR CaM EP ESCs E> Se Gt A ae a nna ee ee 1263 
WL KEREI ETE, pe Sane fe a a a eal i ea 1255 
Ree tl aee ise. ot pial. e's oR ee eBeLEN 1237 
SYREN IGA S TENG BON Se eae Oe a a ae 1194 
(CE EISILE (09) Goals cn dan we ek, NS ee A aie a 1164 
SEY CT et, JF th ere te: 1085 


- Alum Creek is a branch of the Chey- 
enne River in southwestern Fall River 
County. 


Aluminum. All clays and shales 
have varying percentages of alumi- 
num. The Pierre shales, which cover 
an area of more than 30,000 square 
miles in South Dakota to an average 
depth of 1000 feet have an average 
of 21 percent of alumina (AIl?O*) or 
more than 400 pounds of the oxide to 
the ton. These shales are exposed all 
along the valley of the Missouri Riv- 
er, above Big Bend, in South Dakota, 
located where they may be handled 
‘directly into refineries situated along 
the stream. 

An average of numerous analyses 
cf the Fort Pierre shale gives the fol- 
lowing results: 


“SONG tous AY nea ae AAG Se eas oN Be ee 61.53 
INMATE Oe RS ee ee ae ee er oe 20.74 
PACU UT Co Satias MN wie de Sc ce bias hapte- tole Shee cre aie 4.01 
Ne Cobia iitts Staci Mods Oaldaleins tia 12 
“CUETO TS Be pM Sua. Pepi Rao re eae ee te 26 
DNV Teee We Pe he let Pe ok cee eee a aks 12.08 


Great difficulty has been encounter- 
ed by chemists in separating the 
alumina from the silica these elements 
having affinity for each other. The 
Bureau of Mines announces the dével- 
opment of a process for the separa- 
tion of alumina from clays and shales 
by which “it should be possible to 
manufacture aluminum oxide at a cost 
to compete with the usual Bayer pro 
cess for treating bauxite.” 

The Bureau of Mines process ‘s as 
follows: 

1. The shale 
sulphuric acid. 


is decomposed w:th 


27 


American Fur Co. 


2. The sulfated material is dissolv- 
ed in water. 

3. The water solution of alumi-+ 
num sulfate is filtered. 

4. The aluminum sulfate is purified. 

5. The purified solution is evapo- 
rated and crystalized. 

6. The crystalline hydrate is dried. 

7. The aluminum sulfate is calcin- 
ed and the oxides of sulfur recovered 
for re-use. 

The essentials for this process are— 

Shales in quantity where they may 
be inexpensively handled. 

Great power. , 

Cheap electric current. 

Abundant sulphides. 

This combination of essentials is 
found upon the Missouri in South Da- 
kota as it is not elsewhere. Shales of 
high alumina content, in inexhaustible 
quantity; vast power to be developed 
from the stream; electric current from 
such power; sulphides now wasted, 
readily accessible from the copper 
mines of Montana. Aluminum in 
quantity is regarded as the most hope- 
ful outlook for a substitute for lumber 
as our forests become exhausted. 

A by-product of aluminum manu- 
facture from shales would be 1200 
pounds of coarse glass building blocks 
per ton. 

Report of Oliver C. Ralston upon re- 
sults of experiments of Bureau of Mines 


Research Laboratory at Berkeley, dated 
Sent. 30, 1924, in files Department of His- 


tory. 
American Creek, so named by Lewis 


and Clark; rises near Pukwana and 
runs down to the Missouri River at 
Chamberlain. 

American Crow Creek, so named by 
Lewis and Clark; a short stream in 
eastern Lyman County falling into the 
Missouri River at Oacoma, 

American Fur Company. John Jacob 
Astor had traded as the American 


American Horse 


Fur Company for several years and 
Apr. 6, 1808, he secured a charter for 
the corporation from the state of New 
York. Under it he extended his busi- 
ness to the extremes of the continent. 
The Pierre Chouteau and Company op- 
erations and many other subsidiary 
concerns were associated with him in 
the trade. He had individuals, part- 
nerships and corporations associated 
with him upon partnership terms. 


American Horse. A chief of the Og- 
lala Sioux. After breaking Red Cloud 
of his chieftainship in 1882, Dr. Mc- 
Gillicuddy made American Horse chief 
of the Smoke band, that is of the band 
of Old Smoke, made famous in Park- 
man’s “Oregon Trail.” His father, of 
the same name, was killed in the Bat- 
tle of Slim Buttes. 


American Horse Creek. A western 
affluent of Yellow Medicine Creek in 
eastern Washington County. 


American Island is a fine island in 
the Missouri River, granted to Cham: 
berlain for recreation purposes by 
the U. S. in its “‘enabling act” creating 
the State of S. D. The Chamberlain 
Country Club has its clubhouse and 
golf course on it. Fort Recovery, 1822, 
was located upon the south end of it. 


American Legion. See Legion A. 


Amherst is a village in western cen- 
tral Marshall County. Market town 
for a rich farming region. Popula- 
tion, see census. “The Advance,” found- 
ed in 1915, is its newspaper. 


Amidon, Joseph B., 1801-1862; was 
born in Connecticut; was among the 
first to bring his family into Dakota. 
When Minnehaha County was created 
and organized by the legislature of 
1862 he was made county judge. He 
was killed August 25, 1862, by hostile 
Indians while making hay, at about 


28 


Anderson, Andrew S. 


the present site of the penitentiary in 
Sioux Falls. His son, a lad of fifteen, 
was killed at the same time. 


Robinson, I, 204. 


Ammonites. A plate-shaped shell of 
the Cretaceous, having very complicat- 
ed sutures. They are found generally 
in the western portion of the State, 
varying in size from two inches to 
twelve inches or more in diameter. 
They have beautiful pearly spots upon 
them. 

“Among the Sioux” is a story of the 
missionary enterprises in Minnesota 
and South Dakota, by Rev. R. J. Cres- 
well (1906). 

“Among the Sioux of Dakota” is a 
study of conditions among the Sioux 
by Captain D. C. Poole, of the 22nd 
regiment of Infantry, U. S. Army, who 
served as agent to the Spotted Tail 
Sioux, 1869-70. The agency was at 
Whetstone Creek, near Fort Randall 
(1881). 


Amphibians and_ Reptiles. See 
Fauna. 

Amsden, C. S., 1856- ; born at 
Janesville, Wisconsin, March 26th; 


came to South Dakota in 1878, locat- 
ing on a homestead in Grant County; 
engaged in farming, livestock ship- 
ping and insurance; State Senator, 
1905, 1909, 1911, 1913, 1915, 1917, 1919, 
1921, 1923 and 1925; P. O., Milbank. 


Anderson, A. B., 1848- ; Brandt; 
born in Norway, Nov. 3rd; came to 
Minnesota in 1861 and to S. Dak. in 
1878, locating in Deuel County; engag- 
ed in farming and fancy stock rais- 
ing; county treasurer, 1890; State Sen- 
ator, 1905. 


Anderson, Andrew S., 1877-1924; 
Beresford; born in Clay County, May 
23rd; engaged in farming and breed- 
ing of thoroughbred cattle; secretary 


e 


Anderson, David 


of Alsen Creamery Company for 15 
years; State Senator, 1911, 1913, 1915. 


Anderson, David, 1860- ; born at 
Bellefontaine, Ohio, May 19th; in Ard- 
more, Fall River Co., since 1894; en- 
gaged in mercantile and ranch busi 
ness; State Senator, 1917. 


Anderson, Elmer W., 1868- ; born 
at Mankato, Minnesota, April 17th; 
came to South Dakota in 1902, locat- 
ing on a farm in Clark County; engag- 
ed in farming; member, legislature, 
eeiteetvic, 1915, L91T, 1919; member 
of State Budget Board in 1919 and 
1921; State Senator, 1923, 1925; P. O., 
Willow Lakes. 


Anderson, Frank, 1870- ; born at 
Lanesboro, Minnesota, October 18; ed- 
ucated at Windom Institute and North- 
ern Indiana University and Law 
School; states attorney, Day county 
six years; regent of education, 1914- 
1919; judge Fifth Circuit, 1919-1921; 
judge Supreme Court, 1921-25. 


Anderson, George F., 1877-. ; Veb- 
len, Marshall Co.; born at Minneap- 
olis, Minn., August 16th; came to 
Britton, South Dakota in 1898; engag- 
ed in banking, real estate and farm- 
ing; member, legislature, 1919; State 
Senator, 1921. 4 


Anderson, Henry B., 1859-1925; born 
in Sweden, September 15th; located in 
Davison County in 1883, filing on a 
homestead; county cOMmissioner, 1888- 
1896; county auditor, Davison County, 
1899-1908, 1905-7; State Auditor, 1911- 
foe ey. Mitchell: 


Anderson, John Q., 1866- ; Cham- 
berlain; born at Lea Grange, Mis- 
souri; came to South Dakota in 1881 
and located at Mitchell; engaged in 


farming; member, legislature, 1901; 
Presidential elector, 1904; State Sen- 
ator; 1925. 


29 


Andes Lake 


Anderson, John S., 1850- * born 
at Ljunga, Sweden, April 7th; came 
to Yankton in 1870; engaged in farm- 
ing and stock raising near Watauga. 
Corson Co., since 1910; member, legis- 
lature, 1915. 

Anderson, L. M., 1880- ; Fred- 
erick; born in Cass County, Indiana, 
June 14th; came to Brown County, S. 
D., in 1883; engaged in farming; mem- 
ber, legislature, 1917. 


Anderson, M. G., 1858- ; porn in 
Fillmore County, Minn.; settled in 
Brookings County, S. Dak. and later 
moved to Campbell County, where he 
engaged in farming and stock raising; 
county commissioner, several years; 
member, legislature, 1905. 


Anderson, O. D., 1858-1922; Corsica; 
born at Falun, Dallarna, Sweden, April 
Ist; came ta Douglas Co., Dakota, 
1883; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; member legislature, 1899, 
1907; State Senator, 1909, 1911. 


Andes Creek rises in Simson Lake 
at the center of Grandview township, 
Douglas County and flows directly 
south to Lake Andes. 


Andes Lake is 10 miles long and 
about one mile wide, lying in the 
northeastern part of Charles Mix 
County. It is a fine fishing and sum- 
mer resort. The evolution of the name 
of the lake, which is also the name of 
the county seat of Charles Mix County, 
(located upon it), is “interesting. 
Kighty years ago ae trader named 
Handy located upon the river near the 
present White Swan, and the bend in 
the stream nearby was called Handy’s 
Point; five or six miles distant was 
the lake which was also called 
Handy’s Lake. The French trappers 
and traders did not sound the H in 
his name but called him Andy and in 
the early records the lake came to be 


Andrews, Charles E. 


called Andy’s lake. The evolution in- 


to Andes was easy. 


Andrews, Charles E., 1861- T= 
ley; born in Clark County, Illinois, 
Aug. 7th; came to Turner Co., Dakota 
in 1872; engaged in farming and live- 
stock business; member, legislature, 
1905, 1907; State Senator, 1909. 


Andrus is a village in southwestern 
Bon-Homme County. P. O., is Spring- 
field. 


“Andover is a town in central Day 
County. Market town for a rich farm- 
ing region. Population, see census. 
“The Gazette,” founded in 1883, is its 
newspaper. 


Anemone. Many species of the ane- 
mone abound in South Dakota, the 
best known of which is the pulsatilla 
hirsutissima, which has been adopted 
as the Floral Emblem of this State. 
Throughout its history there has been 
uncertainty about the precise defini- 
tion of this species, which is 
commonly known as the_ pasque- 
flower; this uncertainty crept into the 
statute appointing it the State flower, 
in which it was called anemone patens 
(Chap. 219, Laws, 1903). The revis- 
ers of the Code of 1919 call it pulsa- 
tilla hirsutissima (sec. 5065). Prof. 
William H. Powers, librarian of the 
State College, has collected some in- 
teresting material from the earliest 
botanists who visited the Missouri Val- 
ley and their difficulties with this ane- 
mone: Thomas Nuttall and Fred. 
Pursh were botanists in the same field, 
rivals and a little jealous. They in- 
dulged in many differences of opinion. 
Pertaining to the State Flower, Mr. 
Powers excerpts the following from 
their works: “(Pursh 2, p. 385).” Nut- 
tall names it anemone ludoviciana, its 
habitat ‘commencing near the confiu- 
ence of the Platte River and the Mis- 


30 


Ant 


souri; on gravelly hills, flowering 
about April. Clematis hirsutissima.”’ 
Mr. Powers then condenses a long 
note by Nuttall in which he disputes 
Pursh’s classification and in which he 
attempts to distinguish between the 
anemone and clematis. He says Lin- 
naeus was mistaken in calling the 
plant anemone patens. Britton, Brown 
and Miller agree that pulsatilla patens 
is equivalent to anemone patens. Nut- 
tall shows quite conclusively that the 
plant, being covered by soft, dense, 
silky pubescence, can in no proper 
sense be said to be hirsute. Legally, 
at least in South Dakota it is pulsa- 
tilla hirsutissima, all other names hav- 
ing been repealed by act of the legis- 
lature. 

Angling. Except in the Missouri 
River, the law permits fishing for 
game fish only by angling. See Game 
and Fish. 

Angostura Project. An _ irrigation 
project upon the Cheyenne River in 
Fall River County, surveyed and plan- 
ned by Homer M. Derr, State Engi- 
neer in 1912. It is proposed to water 
about 100.000 acres by this project. 


Animals. See Fauna. 


Annapolis (Maryland) is often used 
to denote the U. S. Naval Academy 
there. See Naval Academy. 

Annual Review of the Progress of 
South Dakota. A pamphlet publica- 
tion of the Department of History, 
giving a compendium of the activities 
of the State, together with general 
conditions and productions. This has 
been published at the close of each 
year beginning with 1901. 

Ant. Many varieties of these intelli- 
gent insects are indigenous to South 
Dakota, but it is believed that but one 
species is peculiar to the _ section. 


Ant, Winged 


These were first described by John 
Bradbury, the English naturalist, who 
ascended the Missouri River in 1811. 


When in the vicinity of Pierre, on . 


June 5th, Bradbury says: “I had for 
some time past noticed. on the decliv- 
ities circular spaces about six or seven 
feet in diameter, wholly divested of 
every kind of vegetation and covered 
with small gravel. The frequent oc- 
curence of these this day attracted 
my more particular attention and I 
found they were caused by a large 
species of black ant, hundreds of 
_ which were running in every direction 
with astonishing activity. On finding 
a beetle, I put it in the center of one 
of these areas, when it was instant- 
ly seized by those nearest to it. For 
a short time the ants were dragged 
along with ease; but by some _ un- 
known and surprising faculty the in- 
telligence was immediately spread 
throughout the whole space. The ants 
ran from every direction toward the 
center and in a few seconds the poor 
beetle became completely overpower- 
ed. Bradbury does not distinguish 
these ants by any name, but they are 
found for a long distance near the 
Missouri in South Dakota and are not 
seen elsewhere. Neighboring colonies 
are at enmity and if a member of 
one trespass upon the domain of an- 
other he is immediately seized and 
cut to pieces and carried to the outer 
edge of the area and cast away. They 
do not appear to be cannibalistic. 
Ant, Winged. One of the annoy- 
ances of the early explorers and set- 
tlers of South Dakota and adjacent 
regions was swarms of stinging, wing- 
ed ants, which appeared at times in 
the late harvest period and frequent- 
ly made it impossible to work in the 
open. They were large black creat- 
ures about one-half the size of the 


31 


Antelope 


honey bee and they would literally 
fill the air like a great cloud. They 
did not travel rapidly and could be 
escaped by flight. In the grain stack- 
ing season-they would gather about a 
stacking place and drive off the work- 


men. Father Peter J. DeSmet, in the 
“History of Western Missions and 
Missionaries,’ recites an experience 


that he had with these pests when up- 
on a trip to the Bad Lands of South 
Dakota in August, 1845: “One day I 
found myself the object of attack of 
a swarm of winged ants. They came 
upon me with such furious impetu- 
osity that in a few moments I was 
totally covered. I waved my hand- 
kerchief about my head and soon got 
my horse to leave far behind us this 
phalanx of black insects which filled 
a space of about a quarter of a mile.” 
They have not been observed for many 
years and seem ‘to have entirely dis- 
appeared. 

‘Antelope. When white men first 
came into South Dakota antelope or 
pronghorn were very common and in- 
habited every section; but they have 
gradually disappeared before civiliza- 
tion. For many years they have been 
protected by law and are increasing 
in numbers. There are numerous 
bands along Grand, Cheyenne and the 
Little Missouri Rivers. The U. S. 
government by an act of 1924 has set 
aside ten sections of land in the cen- 
ter of Slim Buttes range, in Harding 
County, and in co-operation with the 
State park board is establishing an 
enclosure in which will be confined the 
remaining wild herds, supposed to 
comprise several hundred head. At- 
tempts to establish them in the State 
game park in the Black Hills have 
been only partially successful. They 
are prairie animals and not adapted 
to the confinement of the mountains. 


‘4 


Antelope Creek 


Antelope Creek rises in northwest- 
ern Day County and runs southwest 
into Mud Creek. 


Antelope Creek (so named by Lewis 


and Clark) rises in eastern Stanley 
County and runs down to the Missouri 
River ten miles below Pierre. 


Antelope Creek rises near the Ne- 
braska line in Todd County and flows 
north to the Keya Paha River. 


Antelope island in the Missouri Riv- 
er, is at the mouth of Antelope Creek, 
ten miles below Pierre. 


Antelope Lake is four miles south 
of Webster, Day Co. 


Antihrax is a virulent disease affect- 
ing cattle and communicable to men 
by innoculation. It has at intervals 
been epidemic in portions of South 
Dakota. See Live Stock Sanitary 
Board. 


Anthropology. In its restricted scien- 
tific sense, as pertaining to the amti- 
quity of mankind in South Dakota, 
no great progress has been made. Prof. 
W.H. Over, curator of the South Dakota 
University Museum, has made a con- 
siderable collection of skeletons and 
skulls, found in such condition as to 
indicate that they have been deposit- 
ed for many centuries. Archeological 
remains likewise point to an ancient 
occupancy of the soil; but the study 
of the subject has been too slight to 
justify any definite conclusions. 


Anti-Discrimination Acts. In South 
Dakota law every person, firm or corp- 
oration doing a general business in 
the State, with selling or buying es- 
tablishments in different localities, is 
bound to buy and sell-at the same 
price, transportation costs considered 
at all of such establishments. If, for 
the purpose of injuring competitors, 
discriminating prices are made at any 


32 





Apple 


of these establishments, such person, 
firm or corporation is guilty and may 
be punished by fine and imprison- 
ment. 


Code,. 4365-6. 

Anti-Monopoly Party. A result of the 
Granger movement in 1874 was devel- 
oped in an anti-monopoly party, which 
held a convention at Elk Point, August 
20, 1874. After some deliberation it 
nominated W. A. Burleigh for Con- 
gress; they failed in an attempted fu- 
sion with the Democrats, who were 
in convention at the same time and 
place. 


Antlers is a village in northern Pen- 
nington County. Post-office is Pac- 
tola. 


Apex is a village in southeastern 
Lawrence County. Post-office is Rou- 
baix. 


Apland, Albert N., - ; Cen- 
terville, Turner Co.; member, legisla- 
ture, 1903, 1905. 


Apland, Henry, 1860- ; born in 
Norway; came to South Dakota in 
1886; dealer in grain; school officer 
and road overseer; member, legisla- 
ture, 1909, 1911; P. O., Hooker, Turner 
Co. 


Appellate Procedure. See De Land’s 
“Trial Practice and A- P.” 


Apple. As will be observed from the 
catalogue of ferns and flowering 
plants, several members of the apple 
family are indigenous to the State. 
There has been no extensive planting 
of apple orchards, although fair suc- 
cess has been secured from such trees 
as have been planted and cultivated 
with care. There is an annual pro- 
duction of about 250,000 bushels. The 
life of apple trees here seems limited 
to about 25 years. In 1878 Mr. L. A. 
Alderman, of Hurley, planted a quar- 


Appleby 


ter section of land near that place to 
apples, which soon came into bearing 
and for about twenty years thereafter 
were very profitable. The success has 
been chiefly with summer and autumn 
varieties. For some unexplained rea- 
son winter varieties produce a crop 
that matures for autumn use. Condi- 
tions in the Black Hills are more fay- 
orable than upon the prairies and 
there is some commercial orcharding 
there to meet local demands. 


Appleby is a village in southeastern 
Codington County. Founded in 1884 
by the Western Town Lot Co. Named 
for the inventor of the Appleby Twine 
Binder, in recognition of the value his 
machine would be to the farmers of 
Dakota. Post-office is Watertown. 

Arbor Day. A day appointed by the 
Governor, during the planting season 
of each year, to encourage the plant- 
ing of trees. The designation of such 
a day was first proposed by J. Sterling 
Morton, of Nebraska, in 1872 and was 
at once popular. It has since been 
observed in Dakota Territory ana 
South Dakota. Through proclama- 
tion the people are enjoined, upon the 
day designated to plant and protect 
trees; and the schools, to instruct the 
children in the love of trees and 
shrubs and how to plant and cultivate 
them. The day was first observed in 
Dakota, April 24, 1886, upon the proc- 
lamation of Governor Gilbert A. Pierce, 
who said, in part: “The one requi- 
site to make the land the equal if 
not superior of the most favored re- 
gions of the earth, is the growth of 
forest and ornamental trees. The 
wide prairies need them. They are a 
protection and ornament. They are 
a direct and material addition to the 
value of the land and will in a few 
years become a source of constant 1n- 
come. They will grow while you sleep. 


33 


Archeology 


They will add to your wealth while 
you rest. No investment will pay 
better, both in a material sense and 
that satisfaction which is the growth 
of pleasant surroundings. Let every 
public place be made to blossom like 
the rose, adorned by nature’s purest 
and loveliest ornaments which shall 
grow and flourish like the cedars of 
Lebanon,—like ‘a tree planted by the 
waters, that spreadeth out her roots 
by the river and shall not see when 
heat cometh, for her leaves shall be 
green.’ ’—(Jeremiah 17:8) . 


Archeology. Though the material 
remains of ancient peoples are not 
profuse, South Dakota has an arche- 
ology that is interesting, instructive 
and important. There are human re- 
mains, the ruins of habitations and 
fortifications, of flints, implements and 
utensils. It is the common belief that 
these are the remains of the an- 
cestors of the Indians occupying the 
region when white exploration began; 
but of this there is no certain proof. 
The human remains of ancients are 
clearly of people strongly resembling 
modern Indians. The remains of hab- 
itations are of earth-covered houses of 
the general form of those occupied in 
historic times by Arickara, Mandan 
and other sedentary tribes. The flints 
are finely executed arrows, spears, 
knives and tanning instruments, and 
are generally distributed. The imple- 
ments are usually of bone and consist 
of hoes, fishhooks, awls and needles. 
The utensils are of clay, well shaped 
and substantial, Fortifications are us- 
ually located upon points well calcu- 
lated for defense and are laid out with 
good engineering sense to make them 
easily protected. They consist of deep 
ditches and there are indications that 
they were stockaded. While most of 
these remains are near the Missouri 


Archeology 


River, they are also found at remote 
points. The remains of a pottery and 
its necessary kilns were found near 
old Fort Sisseton by Captain A. J. 
Comfort, U. S. Army and his account 
is published in the “Smithsonian Re- 
port” for 1871. Mr. A. Barrandt de- 
scribes very remarkable ancient re- 
mains that he found in Lincoln Coun- 
ty, Dakota Territory, in the “Smith- 
sonian Report” for 1872. At many 
places there are figures placed upon 
prominent points as memorials. These 
are mosaics of boulders to represent 
serpents, birds, animals and human 
beings. A very important fortifi- 
cation of unknown history, but be- 
lieved to have been built by the Aric- 
kara, is located eight miles east of 
Pierre, on the north side of the Mis- 
souri River. It is upon a high terrace, 
having an altitude three hundred fifty 
feet above the river level and em- 
braces within its enclosure one hun- 
dred thirty acres of nearly level land. 
The admiration of military engineers of 
the present day is excited by the man- 
ner of its construction. A fine spring 
of water is within the entrenchment. 
It must have been invulnerable to any 
enemy not supplied with siege guns. 





Dakotan, I, 110. ‘‘Boulder Mosaics” in 
Hist eV 1620732 Vill bE: 
“The. Haystack Mound” 

“This mound, one of the finest speci- 
mens of archaelogical remains in the 
northwest, is situated in Lincoln 
county, near the west fork of the 
Little Sioux of Dakota or Turkey 
creek, nearly eighty-five miles north- 
west of Sioux City. It is situated on 
a fine bottom, and is 327 feet in length 
at the base on the northwest side, and 
290 feet on the southeast side, and 120 
feet wide. Its sides slope at an 
angle of about 50 degrees; and it 
is from 34 to 41 feet in height, the 


34 


Archeology 


northeast end being the higher. To 
the summit, which is from 26 to 33 
feet wide, there is a well beaten path. 
It is composed of calcined clay, which 
by burning has become hard and of a 
dark brick color. ‘Toward its base, 
on the northeast side, there is a large 
portion of the side built of soft sand- 
stone and limestone, which were prob- 
ably extracted from the large hill ly- 
ing about three miles and a half in a 
northwesterly direction, as I have 
found a large hole in the side hill par- 
tially filled up by the caving in of the 
bank. At first I thought that it was 
a spur of the main ridge of hill that 
had been isolated by the action of 
water which in former ages rushed 
down that valley, as the cut banks on 
both sides of the creek clearly indi- 
cate; but on closer examination I 
found that it was built of the above 
mentioned materials. What led to 
making a part of the mound with 
stone, I am at a loss to conjecture. 
While examining the mound, I discov- 
ered on its southeast side a hole which 
had all the appearance of a badger 
hole; it was about 18 feet from the 
base of the mound. I determined to 
ascertain whether it was a _ badger 
hole or some inlet which in the course 
of time might have been filled up by 
the falling debris. I accordingly had 
a hole dug and, after reaching a dis- 
tance of 23 feet horizontally, discov- 
ered a cavity which was found to con- 
tain a part of the vertebra of an elk, 
several bones, belonging probably to 
the same animal, and thirty-six broken 
fragments of pottery, together with 
a pile of ashes and about half a bush- 
el of charcoal, and charred wood. This 
cavity was nearly circular, about 7 
feet in diameter, and 3% or 4 feet 
high. 


Archeology 


“T conjectured that at one time this 
cavity must have reached the summit 
of the mound, and consequently I or- 
dered that a hole should be dug as 
nearly as possible above it. After 
having dug to the depth of 9 feet, we 
‘came to within 2 feet of the cavity. 
Here we found several large sand- 
stones and a stick of oak, very well 
preserved, projecting over the top of 
the cavity. This stick was probably 
used as a suport for pots hung over 
the fire, for that the culinary art was 
practiced in this hole is clearly in- 
dicated by the ashes and bones strewn 
around. But how this hole got filled 
up, | am at a loss to determine. I am 
sanguine that if the mound was _ pro- 
perly explored some valuable relics 
of this industrious race of mound- 
builders would be found; owing to its 
being at a distance from the banks of 
the Missouri, and the generally travel- 
ed road, it has never been examined 
by any scientific explorer. From afar 
it resembles a haystack, and hence 
this name wds given to it by the emi- 
grant.” 





A. Barrandt in Report Smithsonian In- 
stitute 1872. 


Old Fortress near Pierre 


. Seven miles east of Pierre upon a 
high terrace, 300 feet above the sur- 
face of the river, lying in a triang- 
ular plateau between two deep gulch- 
es is a prehistoric earthwork, indi- 
cating the remains of a very sub- 
stantial and well engineered work 
of defense. The remains were care- 
fully surveyed by Dr. Delorme W. 
Robinson, in 1898, who mapped and 

‘ thus describes them: 


“The earth-works themselves are 
somewhat irregular, though almost 
circular in form, and inclose about 
one hundred and thirty acres. They 


35 


Archeology 


occupy the entire base of the triangle 
and conform largely to its irregular- 
ities, but are always extended when 
necessary so as to command the most 
accurate view of the slopes of the 
steep bluffs and the valley below. 
Laterally they approach near enough 
to the two gulches to defend their 
descents, and are pushed out here and 
there on promontories and encroach- 
ments towards the gulches, thus gain- 
ing a complete flanking position to any 
natural ascent to the works. Towards 
the acute angle of the triangle which 
points towards the prairie lands and 
away from the river, they extend along 
the gulches a sufficient distance to 
form a somewhat elongated circle, 
where at well fortified angles they 
cut the plateau across from gulch to 
gulch. The main parts of the fortifi- 
cations are a double line of earth- 
works consisting of an outer ditch, 
which is still plainly visible, and an 
embankment which follows the course 
of the ditch and internal to it, and 
which was evidently made by throwing 
the dirt inward to the center of the 
fortified inclosure. The ditch when 
dug, was probably from three to six 
feet deep and four to eight feet wide, 
the widest and deepest sections being 
at places where it approaches near 
the edge of the bluffs. Some portions 
of the embankment are scarcely vis- 
ible, but at stragetic points where the 
ditch is wide it is still three or four 
feet above the adjacent surface indi- 
cating a provision for a double line of 
defenders, the front line in the trench 
and the rear line above them and be- 
hind the embankment. To further 
strengthen the position, there are 
twenty-four pear-shaped loops, which 
extend outward from the outer line 
of the works from twenty to forty 


Area 


feet. The distance between these 
loops along the main line of works 
varies from one to one hundred and 
fifty feet. Their location is such that 
they not only overlook the slopes of 
the bluffs and gulches, but serve as a 
means of a perfect flank position in 
either direction along the main line. 
The earth-works of these loops are 
still three feet above the surface, in- 
side of them. About twenty feet 
from the slope of the bluffs upon which 
the earth-works are built, on the side 
facing the Missouri springs burst from 
a strata of gravel, from which flows 
an abundance of clear, cool water. 
Excavations have been made into the 
hillside, and large earthern bowls 
made by throwing the earth to the 
outer side. There are three of these 
excavations down the _ slope, which 
would indicate that a succession of 
pools formerly existed there. To 


Ardmore 


these springs there is a deep way cut 
through the hillside from the main 
fortification. Where the fortification 
approaches nearest the valley there is 
still a further projection of a narrow 
neck of land, which widens and rises 
higher as it lengthens toward the riv- 
er, until its elevation exposes the high 
earthworks and the surrounding hills. 
From its highest point the immediate 
surroundings and the entire valley of 
the Missouri, for miles can be seen.” 

A somewhat similar fortress is lo- 
cated near the mouth of Crow Creek, 
thirty miles north of Chamberlain. It 
is probable that each of these are the 
work of the Arickara. 


Ardmore is a town in southern Fall 
River County. Market center for a 
rich farming region and shipping point 
for live stock. “The American,” 
founded in 1909, is its newspaper. 


Area. The Agricultural Department of the United States has completed a 
report of the land area in acres of each county in this State, exclusive .of 
water surfaces and urban lands, as follows: 


MATINGSLT ONE bata cre tele sree aishol cheno 336,372.90 
PACU OLA Mie Wrecsterelem saciclie cc fs tenouthe 458,793.26 
Beadleae sare hon sis, de cle 805,709.05 
EFSU MECC: Lactose ts lees ee ceats aioe Re 762,698.19 
BODSELOUIMNE! fish & ss cee 368,217.46 
Brookings Fars... ke. See. See 508,587.10: 
JER W OS. a0b Oras NRE ERE Aes oo Be 1,104,274.75 
BUC eso ate aie hares 6 ees ee 532,242.62 
PRUE Bh Me oh ven cy =. 6 545 eae nee 309,745.80, 
BUCCe Mace tec ere oe os eee ee 1,449,440.78 
WaNipoell geomeks so wisi clecaet weete soe 489,374.53 
(GTAP ICS@LIR ores cae. eee (2e;01 1-25 
IAT KE? eNotes eee tee 618,472.18 
OV pete alent nr sf tend shies) 2 Suan 258,814.15 
@GodingtOnmact.. sce eee 438,700.12 
(SOTrSO Ir Seer erent 0 Riese her ee 1,606,296.87 
CI BTOT Pee e's Novevoncl cue sel channel ores 991,034.64 
DawiSOMW) ie. lone coe & See 278,891.68 

Va Beis ollev'd ietas: «sud sfoushs cacdire enone 669,797.69 
TDGULGI Meh eta cs ccatse once rotenone 399,774.71 
IWOWOY: Midis slit ictersis Siesdans Ghee 1,214.009.79 
TOUZIAG teks c ose cheese eee 279,898.81 
CIT TITAS Meets es terete ake ot acetenenebone 735,001.53 
ATA UV Claes sae -ancyct cant repens 1,120,746.08 
ARTEL LW re atta ate tose area ere areata eee 641,900.66 
(STATE Seeks ovale va Guee veces eieeReeekonon: 438,321.71 
GRCEOLY, wee so sk cals pn ee 665,500.42 
ELAG KON Me isthhe Secale one oe 1,171,555.02 
Jee blige oA RE Are ko ate A Se 328,394.46 
EUS CRS, te es ite be eee 919,349.20 
ELS TS OM Dees cocrctess hyo scie reat eronaione 277,461.79 
FRAT CING enters ce sienetetetoretare etree 1,712,713.37 


36 


495,980.23 





HUES So eS cers lates eee 

Hutchinsone 232.6. 50 eee 523,943.46 
Jol (i tw Me teNiGd meat aAISS Oo oon - 551,829.39 
JACKSON. hoe ote cin.e 2 > Meee 515,685.15 
JELaWl Gm cote aioe Cet eee 341,458.24 
J. OWES. pi ieads holst 2 0: ceclane ons ee 622. 671s 
Kingsvary %. oo. 8 Ae ee 524,446.71 
TSG ees Sincrenel shg aetingst eae 358,819.95 
Wren G qs ci 6 es eee ae 513,638.55 
LAn Colne Bs. eee 367,979.53 
LVM aNose canst hee, ee eee 1. OT2;921239. 
IMGOOOK eT Berle Ste ne 368,124.89 
MePherson® syiges csc eee 735,419.75 
Marsha Lo 9.0. ec cheese teeta 554,055.38 
Méa del tect oe. eee ee 2,225,971.50 
Mellette-. 3. sa do seu ee eee 837,125.73 
Miner. eon. Soe eee 363,714.15 
Minnehaha, i suiescoisae ee 514,538.17 
MOOGY 2. .teies's Be ce ote 331,810.58 
Pennine ton sey ici ee eee eee 1,784,590.21 
Perkins) s..48 . sugisrs «is “ee 1,848,157.50 
Pottery. Oy dees wis, eter. ee 567,437.92 
RODOLIS 75 fse) ald heels. 2 Se ee 695,531.84 
S@DDOLN® venketarke ete see eee 363,739.17 
Shannon’ ....05 .7ih tus Seen 614,471.76 
SIDR Wes etee che ae ee eee 964,056.16 
Stanley) ios satatetere seme Riera eee 961,197.15 
Sully serevecacue 6. eke ieee 674,080.92 
TOUG™ sie esc sherspeiice Greer reer 889,861.89 
AR ip ees icra gt! detiet. 6 eee oe 1,035,699.98 
"TOPRDEY _. Shissls. ctsietinein eee 395,953.50 
Wrton «Seo iat Oe 288,291.74 


C 


Areolite 


LINVAOE LIAM sets hee. ae acl bt elelle 468,472.11 
VOSA AUESTS 5. 56% oes sctle ole erate 681,591.66 
PV GUME URI G esl ele vc ie sre sss. 6 © 728,432.06 
SVCUM VO TIMM tere ef neh is «fos yell «fates obs 335,729.45 
MENG AG TIMMMEE, cHeefedo < Sisfadereo- acsl ole 1,260,327.00 

CME 1 Ee a8 et i REM oe 48,993,309.51 


Total area, State,....... 49,195,520.00 
Urban and water area... 202,211.00 


Areolite. See Meteor, Fort Pierre. 


Argentine is a village in northwest- 
ern Fall River County. Banking 
point is Edgemont and post-office is 
Dewey. 

Argyle is a village in the southwest- 
ern part of Custer County. Post-office 
is Pringle and banking point is Hot 
Springs. 

Arickara. (Also called Rees. See 
also Arickara Migrations; Wars). This 
tribe of Indians is of the Caddoan 
lingual group and is closely related to 
the Pawnee. Remains of their settle- 
ments are found from the Niobrara 
River along the Missouri Valley to the 
north line of the State. In earliest 
historic times they were chiefly settled 
in the central part of the State, be- 
tween the Big Bend of the Missouri 
and the Cheyenne River. They were 
visited by the Verendrye Brothers in 
March, 1743, at their fortified post 
near the present Fort Pierre. The set- 
tlement in the Pierre region was pro- 
tected by four strongly fortified posts, 
one at the site of Old Fort George, one 
at Medicine Butte, a third at Oahe and 
the fourth east of Hackberry Creek, 
eight miles below Pierre. These posts 
were maintained as places of refuge, 
but the people lived in homes among 
their gardens near the bank of the 
river, except when beset -by their ene- 
mies. About 1750 the Sioux began a 
warfare against them to drive them 
from their habitations and finally in 
August, 1794, they succeeded in driv- 
ing them from the central part of the 


37 


Arickara Migrations 


State after forty years of constant ef- 
fort. Upon leaving the central sec- 
tion the Arickara removed to Ashley 
Island, above Grand River and there 
made a new settlement, well fortified. 
Here they were found by Trudeau in 
1795 and they already had British 
traders residing with them, chiefly liv- 
ing upon the west bank of the Mis- 
souri, six miles above Grand River, 
but with their gardens on Ashley 
Island. In 1807 they refused to let 
Ensign Prior, return Big White, a 
Mandan chief who accompanied Lewis’ 
and Clark to Washington; and on 
Sept. 9, after a sharp battle, which 
resulted in three men killed and ten 
wounded, the Ensign was compelled to 
turn back to St. Louis without ac- 
complishing the object of his trip. 
June 2, 1823, the Rees attacked the 
trading party of General W. H. Ashley 
(q. v.) and killed thirteen men and 
wounded ten others. For this treach- 
ery Colonel Leavenworth led U. S. 
troops against them, destroyed their 
settlement ,and drove them from the 
region. They afterward settled with 
the Mandans and are now domiciled 
at Fort Berthold Agency, in North 
Dakota. See also War, 1, 3. 





History Arickara by Chas. HE. Deland. 
eich MEA silky 


Arickara-Mandan War, 
War. See under War, 1, 3. 


Arickara 


Arickara Migrations. How long the 
Arickara Indians lived upon the Mis- 
souri River in central South Dakota 
is a matter of speculation; but evi- 
dently for many generations. A dis- 
tinct growth of culture and artistic 
sense is apparent between their arti- 
facts buried at the bottom and those 
nearer the top of their kitchen dumps. 
It pre-supposes a very long period of 
time. There is evidence that they liv- 


Arkansaw 


ed as far south as the mouth of the 
Platte, in Nebraska, and perhaps fur- 
ther south and gradually worked 
their way up the Missouri. They 
claimed to be the main stock of the 
Pawnee people; a contention that finds 
some support in the Sioux name for 
them. They are called by the Sioux, 
Padani; but the Pawness of Nebraska 
are called Scili Padani; that is the 
Nebraska Pawnee are Pawnee with a 
qualification. The rational view is 
that this branch of the Caddoan people 
came up the Missouri and that the 
Pawnee withdrew to an inland region. 


Arkansaw. ‘The sobriquet of James 
Pooler, a desperado, who was shot to 
death by vigilantes at Pierre in the 
autumn of 1881. Arkansaw had at- 
tempted to shoot up the town, but was 
taken to the river by a posse of citi- 
zens and ordered to cross to the west 
side and not again to show himself in 
Pierre. He crossed over but soon re- 
turned in a drunken and dangerous 
condition. Warned of the approach 
of the vigilantes he ran jnto a clump 
of brush near the foot of Pierre street, 
whence he began to shoot. <A volley 
was shot into the brush and many bul- 
lets entered his body. 


Arlington is a city in the northeast- 
ern part of Kingsbury County. Found- 
ed in 1880 by the Western Town Lot 
Co. Named from Arlington, Virginia. 
Original name of this station was 
Nordland, named in honor of the many 
Scandinavians who had settled in these 
parts. Population, 1920, see census. 
“The Sun,’ founded in 1885, is the 
only newspaper. 

Armadale Island is a large wood on 
the James River in northern Spink 
County. It was the home of a Yank- 
ton band of Indians, the last chief of 
whom was Drifting Goose. Maj. Aber- 


38 


Armstrong, Moses K. 


crombie crossed the James at this 
point in 1856 and built a bridge there 
—doubtless the first bridge of import- 
ance in Dakota. 


Armored Cruiser. See South Da- 


kota, A. C. 


Armour is a city in central Douglas 
County and is the county seat. Mar- 
ket town for rich farming region. Ship- 
ping point for much live stock and 
produce. Population, see census. 


Armstrong; Burleigh vs. See Bur- 


leigh vs. Armstrong. 


Armstrong County. Created in 1883, 
unorganized. Named for Moses K. 
Armstrong (q. v.) Begins at north- 
west corner, section 19, townskip 12 
north, 25 east, B. H. M.; thence south 
to center of channel of Cheyenne Riv- 
er; thence easterly along center of 
channel of said river to the center of 
the channel of the Missouri River; 
thence up the Missouri along the cen- 
ter of the channel, to a point due 
east of the place of beginning; thence 
west along the south boundary of 
Dewey County to the place of begin- 
ning. The county is attached to Stan- 
ley Co., for judicial and taxation pur- 





poses. Area, 339,200 acres. Popula- 
tion, see census. 

Code, p. 142. 

Armstrong, C. H., 1875- ; Arling- 


ton; born at Reedsburg, Wisconsin, 
July 20th; engaged in farming ,stock 
raising and _ well-drilling; came _ to 
Kingsbury Co., South Dakota, in 1881; 
member, legislature, 1917. 

Armstrong, John, -1902; born in 
North Ireland; president, State Board 
of Agriculture; breeder of fine stock; 
pioneer of Kingsbury County. 


Armstrong, Moses K., 1832-1906; 
fourth delegate in Congress from Da- 
kota Territory; born in Milan, Ohio, 


‘Army Decorations 


September 19; graduate of Western 
Reserve. College; civil engineer; set- 
tled at Yankton, 1859; member of leg- 
islatures of 1862, 1863, 1866 and 1867; 
was speaker of the house in 1863 and 
president of the council in 1867; he 
was elected to congress in 1871 and 
served until 1875, after which he set- 
tled in the banking business in St. 
James, Minnesota, where he spent the 
remainder of his life. Perhaps his 
best service was to history. In 1866 
he published a brief history of Da- 
kota, and in 1901 under the title “Early 


Empire ‘Builders of the Great West,” . 


he republished it in an attractive vol- 
ume of 456 pages, including with it 
extensive correspondence he had writ- 
ten in the early days from Dakota 
to eastern papers, especially giving 
close up views of the first legislature. 


Army Decorations. See War, 13, 
Decorations. 
“Army, Ten Years in the U. S.” A 


valuable book by Augustus Meyers, a 
wealthy citizen of New York, who was 
a musician in Harney’s army at Fort 
Pierre, 1855 to 1857. The book mod- 
estly but faithfully records his exper- 
iences. The hard winter of 1855-56 
was spent in a cantonment on Peoria 
Bottom, northwest of Pierre. He was 


with Lyon in building Fort Lookout . 


and gives the only account of that en- 
terprise. 


TIS: pews Lol). 

Arneson, O. A., 1865- lig ag Bye ie 
born in Norway, December 26th; en- 
gaged in farming; in Hamlin Co., 
South Dakota, since 1881; county com- 
missioner; member, legislature, 1891; 
State Senator, 1899, 1909, 1911. 


Arnold Charles U., 1864- ; White; 
born in Olmstead County, Minn., De- 
cember 10th; in Brookings County 


ihe 


Artesian Wells 


since 1884; farmer and dealer in live 
stock; member, legislature, 1909. 


Arnott is a village in southeastern 
Hughes County. Banking and shipping 
point is Blunt. 


Arpan is a village in southern Butte 
County. Banking and shipping point 
is Nisland. 

Arrows. See Bows and Arrows; 


Flints. 

Arrowhead is a village in central 
Ziebach County. Banking point is 
Faith. 


Arrowhead Butte is a prominent 


butte in southeastern Perkins County. 


Art. Amateur art in the sense once 
known, whenevery lady of culture was 
supposed to be able to do something 
in the use of oils and water color 
and when the local teacher of art 
had her studio in every village has 
passed and even the distinctively Art 
Departments of the Educational insti- 
tutions are generally abandoned. State 
College alone appears to be the only 
institution of higher learning that con- 
tinues an instructor wholly devoted to 
art. There are however art classes 
in all of these institutions in which 
art appreciation is stressed; and ap- 
plied art in the direction of home dec- 
oration, and discriminating taste in 
dress are of first importance. See 
Capital, State, Art in. 

Art in the Capitol. 

Artesian Wells: Artesian wells 
have been a remarkable resource in 
South Dakota since 1881. The earlier 
wells were brought in in the following 
order: 


See Capitol. 


Y GNEKLONG ba) rae hes August 31, 1881 
Aberdeen. weet. 4 As March 15, 1882 
ADUOVOER SIE, times eae August 10, 1882 
AAG COT ae inten te oa ben wei. June 17, 1883 


January 25, 1886 


eee ee eee 


Artesian Wells 


There are several other wells prior 
to the one at Fort Randall; but that 
is included because an impression 
abounds that it was the first well. 

The water supply for these wells 
is found in the Dakota Sandstone 
which quite generally underlies the 
state as far east as the granite uplift 
at a line approximately fifty miles 
east of James River. This sandstone 
upcrops along the outer rim of the 
Black Hills and drinks up the run-off 
of that region. The up-crop dips rap- 
idly to the general level of the strata 
which is at about sea-level; the depth 
to it being generally determined by 
the altitude of the surface above the 
sea. Wherever this strata is pene- 
trated at a lower altitude than the 
rim of the Black Hills the water comes 
to the surface. The earlier wells had 
great force the water bursting forth 
with a head of 100 pounds or more 
to the square inch, and it was used 
for fire protection and for driving 
machinery. Generally it was used for 
city water supply and still is in some 
places, notably Aberdeen, 
Woonsocket and Yankton: With con- 
tinued drafts upon the supply the 
pressure is’ greatly lowered and 
some wells have ceased to‘flow. The 
present number of wells is unknown 
but there are many, estimated by 
the state engineer at approximately 
8,000. 

At the beginning the _ process 
was extremely slow and expensive, but 
jettying processes were invented by 
Peter Norbeck, since United States 
Senator and George Gilbourne, which 
have greatly expediated and cheapen- 
ed well drilling. The wells vary in 
size from 114 inch to 18 inches in di- 
ameter. 


- 64 feet. 


Redfield, . 


Artesian Wells 


The logs of no two wells are pre- 
cisely the same, although in quite 
close proximity, but in a general sense 
they .are alike. The differences are 
largely due to the erosion of the sur- 
face affecting the altitude of the 
region. The log of the first well drill- 
ed at Huron is perhaps typical of 
all east of the Missouri: Yellow clay 
13 feet; blue clay 76 feet, gray shale 
166, sand rock 7, gray shale 175, hard 
sand rock 10, gray and brown shale 
116, conglomerate, (mixed sand and 
shale) 51 feet, brown limestone 9, 
Dakota sandstone 65 feet, limestone 
This well when bored had a 
flow of 1500 gallons per minute and 
a pressure of 120 pounds to the square 
inch. 


THE YANKTON WELL (ASYLUM) 
Elevation above the Sea Level, 1285 feet 


143 

oo ae 

— Hy fore) 

Sa do 

Ae | A& 
Y ellow: JClay sreicuaus <eancesas sie Lee | 25 25 
Blue clay tare cso sce ce treet 30 55 
Chalk), J sic Meets 60 | 115 
Shale: .\.. > «ise si elaye +5 seach ee | 200 | 415 
Sandy clays. ..si ecu. otae eae | 185 | 600 
Water-bearing isand. .a8 se | 72 | 672 
| eee 
Total depth: .)...0°.7 204.5 Suen 


THE MILL WELL (YANKTON) 
Elevation above the Sea Level, 1190 feet 





1 + 
ao |g. 
2 | o3 
He | Ag 
Soi;.sand: and sravel. ssa. ae | 38 | 38 
Chalk-like(clays. .t:.a5 «<= | 62] 100 
Shale, 0: 2 iki. Sarak he eiiee <opeyenenen t, ¢260 18 2226 
Har GEV OCIS. 5 riers) - coer ctoul ora nee } AL 
SATO, Shs oa cuties" eke ace te ee | 34 | 164 
Shale... i \isi6@ 1. pike. eee | 65 | > 229 
San © vcs cis a acale saip (sip oon | 25 | 254 
Shale oi. 057 4) ea ik bs, eo eee | 185 | 389 
Sand .and rciay Fass. eee. oe 125 | 389 
Water-bearing sand ......... | 106 | 595 

| 

Total depth of well....... .|.. ieee 


Artesian Wells 


THE SCOTLAND WELL 
Elevation above the Sea Level, 1338 feet 








yee 
Sa lee 
=%3|2o 
Hs |Ok 
Sy Oe a Pr iranas 4 | 4 
Drift clay, yellow above and| | 
PAMMMETYGROIW. (nto «0.4.5 5 cies 5 20 2 0 | Ib 4 BE 
Chalk rock, white above and| | 
blue below (Niobrara) ...... 120 | 179. 
Blue shale (Fort Benton) ....| 80 259 
Gray and sand rock (Fort Ben-| | 
EON es See Sty Serenata a sh ohh ssf o af ein wl a,'0%s 100 | 359 
Blue shale (Fort Benton) ....| 40 | 399 
PALE ee te oe ee ek eee | 30 | 429 
pod ET ee ec ae ae ea | 385 | 464 
OPE oie ia eee s oie tenaleloce’'o dere | 30 | 494 
REECE sin ies sos oS iris «200 fonts bp. O07 
Water bearing sand rock ....| 28 | 535 
Reet TO rahi ae ss viele) Tedd le wiicl bi 5Srk . 587 


All between the Benton and quartzite 
may be considered Dakota. 


THE TYNDALL WELL 
HBlevation 1410 feet 





pe a 
On + 
22/98 
He |Om 
Sail!) ao, &e a ee one creas | 4 | 4 
POGMOW GIA coc cee c eet eens |} 40 {| 40 
Pee GION Wicd is eet ee wees b2UL. |) 216 
SUN EHUS sy Aran Ong meee we ac eMe nae mone Rear ses | 100 | 315° 
Moro. cock. (Niobrara) ve. | 7 | 322 
Shale (Fort Benton) ......... | 75 | 397 
Roe ONT iewe tet ccle eiers ye ss < 0.0.0 eis a/10 | 60 | 457 
PIC MMNEEL Acttyeterc's cts eres s srs s sia es 245 | 700 
Water bearing sand rock ....| 35 | hao 


“Stopped on quartzite.” ...| 


We may consider the last three strata 
as probably Dakota, though much of it 
is shale. 


THE LAYSON WELL 





Bight miles southwest of Tyndall. Ele- 
vation 1560 
mea | ad 
os n ar 
a2 log 
He |A& 
STi Oo} Re ieee | 3 | 3 
SY LLCIRVMNUC LED Needs ciekene ces) exepalsieleueveje 32 | 35 
Blue clay (partly drift) ...... 55 | 90 
EV EV UK O CK a; Siento. ls (Niobrara)| 280 | 370 
Very hard limestone........ | | 
eae (Niobrara)| 20 | 390 
Biack claves... (Fort Benton)| 14 404 
Very hard stone (Fort Benton) 1 405 
Light gray clay or shale.... | | 
5 eRe (Fort Benton)| 60 | 465 
Soap stone ....(Fort Benton)| 300 | 765 
Iron pyrites and tough clay...| 45 | 810 
Sandstone, partly water .... | | 
et, ale 6 aie a ete (Dakota)| 230 | 1040 
Coarse sand and gravel ..... | | 
MAN Sirangt 5B iclle hain: (Dakota)| 3 | 1043 
PIaTURStONe sut os» (Dakota)| 3 | 1046 
PSLACIE FOUN) Glin sis 0k ws (Dakota)| 27 | 1074 
Hard rock (made 1 foot and | | 
8 inches in 3 or 4 days)....| 2 | 1076 


Artesian Wells 


THE SALEM WELL 
Elevation, 1517 feet 


ttt 





' 
So |es 
a2 1 oo 
He |A 
ley ea a Ee CE eo ee ee 2 | 2 
Drift clay, yellow above and |- | 
luc DeloOwWw Fesracee ees. Sta ar On, Pe? GO 
OUCH PSeUN GER Arete ch ctetch het ete eter en se eis iee se SO 
STWR ay Vamerate eteue ona & sieves Sressaret os fe OOS |e LOD 
BORD t BtONG Hs Powe te ee ae oe 40 | 215 
Blue sand!) a5. 2% we (Dakota)| 5 | 220 
Blue shatters Go. ctica%shs (Dakota)| 2 | 222 
POUR IMIUAEUZICO I Wiens alee 25 | 247 
THE MITCHELL WELL 
Elevation 1316 feet 
1» 
$a |e 
= WY Ao 
ao |Vo 
Hs |A& 
ao ei aientle-svendsciateltnntehibetata pray 2 
SEU FIORE cSievate code ta tern terete ¢ voteras'|y © 40 
DIV eCING wees eee has cee ese ; 90 130 
Wihtiteesa nd” |. c6rs e cone wos | 40 | 170 
Blue shale ..o23s.428 (Dakota)| 115 | 285 
Iron pyrites and lime.(Dakota)| 1 | 286 
Sand rock, water ....(Dakota)| 29 | 315 
BING CIB pre 5 shea «ore (Dakota)| 34 | 449 
OPW BA Ped som © ain a 5 (Dakota)| 30 | 479 
Bhietsnaier sos sae s&s (Dakota)| 50 | 529 
Bara capped, TOCK: Fc... 5 wach’ 1 530 
aC PRs WALOE™ ncale on cies ag Men 18 548 
THE PLANKINTON WELL 
Elevation, 1521 feet 
1 
So lee 
rheot Oe 
So |%o 
Hs |AR 
BIA GK MlOAINI. Soler wetereer ale! « tlaiale 3 | 3 
Yellow clay (Drift and Fort | | 
bef (239) La WN Pe Ee | 223 | 226 
Chis lisen( NIODTaPR), Beas 2 fee eos 9 | 235 
Shale (Niobrara and _ Fort | | 
RS OTVLOIN) Bese ao ks wacale erste bs 6 6% | 303 | 538 
Sandstone m Water eres + -laaeies ss | 5 | 5438 
SHALSS et tho alans sate, sete (Dakota)| 197 | 740 
Sandstone, water ....(Dakota) 5 | 745 


Sioux Falls granite..(Dakota)| 85 | 8380 


Chamberlain Well.—Elevation, 1547 feet. 
Struck Dakota at a depth of 716 feet 
and bored into it about 70 feet. 


THE IROQUOIS WELL 
Elevation, 1403 feet 


wiRe, ro 

He |Am 
Blive 1OGais Sige no 5 Real a pega laenar | 2 
ESIUG™ CLA Vusea a ologersiopepaish qetsie’ Clete laze | 40 | 442 
Sa Stlet eee b. orcisansel resid «aed | 358 | 400 
Sandrrock,: ight, How. a. sieitals {| 2 | 402 
SS TENCE ciate at ai wis “aie ee nue ag atten ta | 198 | 600 
RL EN es EOE ocpbarne br a Wek ok RENO. yr ET | 248 | 850 
Sandsrock «HOW unt «ses doe gees 5 | 855 
SANGErOC CMO OW: ss cece anes 55 | 910 


Soft rock, probably shale ....| 190 | 1100 

It is uncertain how much of this should 
be called Dakota, probably that below 
850. 


Artesian Wells . 


THE HURON WELL 
Elevation 1251 feet 


a 
— 2 
cS n 
Hs 
Y QHOW, (\CIAY fies Sita Pepi | 13 
SSATUG CHOI y', ibizis wih lo fhe a pete cakeae te ce | 76 
GEST ANALG 52... sale abaus 4. vis eal | 151 
Hard iron rock and sand..... | bette 
GEAYy Sale ite ed a aslee se ¥ S | 175 
Haran sand) rOCK sees Bek wisi clelclere elo 
Shale, gray above and brown | 
WIGS WH: taletu nts sscretos wha se vig oats ee 
Conglomerate sand, shale, etc.| 51 
Gray -shale’< Jvet..G.th. fies eink 101 
Brown limestone, cap rock....| 10 
White sand ‘rock, flow ....... | 50 
Taran semarrock a... weds ek tee hae) 
White sand rock, flow .....: | 25 
Gray nie TOCE foc « es bone ss skaters | 55d 
Gtay shale Se ie5 oso eae eee oe tact 
Gray limestone: osoh0ee hae | ko 


THE MILLER WELL 
Elevation 1586 feet 


a 
mes 
re! na 
He 
DOM ClAye AO eS Ta Vy Clee cnenen te | 220 
PSIUIGS SUL ALO? Vea eens oc ganeen eee enereT: | 710 
Hard sand rock, iron pyrites ..| 45 
of eeeW Wey 5 ok Pe St Sicieate opcnneered ot Sc 130 
Hard sand rock, cap rock.... 6 
Sais POCIE oo Fadsia es Ue wens 5 
SAU OCI. NO NOW 2. . aes ae > | 29 


THE PIERRE WELL 
Elevation about 1450 feet 


vre 
22 
| 
a 
“Gumbo,’’ sandy clay and blue | 
CLA Van cere crespehe wae oye) oleae ol eaelg ene 12 
GEAY USTIATS. 6 eis eieininl ps re ego oleae | 20 
Blue shale, hard streaks of | 
TOG ci cerca. ae epider | 88 
Black) shale, cum sag ts oe ee es Pea) 
BIVEG TSAO Meas aie ren eredeue omen toeana enya) 
GQTAVESDAlG we Ss cose eastern | 145 
Blue limestone, very hard....| 3 
Dari Sr ays ha lGoiy tio ete ae | 132 
Dare erayeshale iy. .e% he a= site | 160 
BSG RSN AlCl Etc. cnt-neicheycekemenente kane eae 
Yellow (lime reek. icnteek soe Ss aa 5 
Blue shale, with streaks of | 
sand and rock below ...... | 275 
Sand-rock, white, main flow..| 20 
Slate, ght color. 172 2s t5 fe | . 22 





Depth 
Feet 


Depth 
Feet 


220 
930 
975 
1105 
Tit 
1116 
1145 


72 
92 


180 
250 
320 
465 
468 
600 
870 
710 
875 


1150 
1170 
1192 


Forty-two feet of this may be consid- 


ered Dakota. 


Artesian Wells 


THE HIGHMORE WELL 
Elevation 1900 feet. 





' Ber a 
cr ay 
ag |%2o 
Hs |O& 
Soil, clay..and) ‘gravel 22 | 240 | 240 
Biue* shale -124\'6-.%*.5 5 see | 500 | 740 
Hard gray shale and iron | | 
PYTItESH2A bY sis Ae eee | T5*"] aie 
Blue shale: 5.4.2. ..98 Sr aes | 271 | 1086 
Gray shale mixed with sand.| 224 | 1310 
Blue shale, capped with iron | | 
PYTItes*. 5.40). Ce ree See | 120 | 1430 
Sandstone, water, no flow....| 12 | 1442 
Sandy -shale* 24st a6 6 sean eee | 93 | 1535 
Hard sand cap roek..%-s.vsee f “2p S587 
Soft) sandstone; flow =... .-7eee |} 15 | 1552 


The Dakota is penetrated here 122 feet. 


THE HARROLD WELL 
Elevation 1800 





vr ae =| 
mn n te? 
a2) oo 
He |O& 
SOM aAriit se. Lees ce eee | 125 | 125 
Blue. clay. «. inca sams ss eee | 155 | 280 
LimMOStON@.s 3... cc.she. cs. apa ee 2| 282 
Shale, blue above and gray | | 
below, with streaks of lime- | ie 
SLOMG, Foie ce, ane 'a)0, alls hays sale Tegal ete 8 |. 550 
Black shale, sandy below..... | 190 | 740 
Shale, gray above, blue be- | | 
low, with streaks of lime...| 693 1433 
Lignite® {22h tee ion 2-1 1435 
Sandstone,:main flow .: 2.450 | 16 | 1451 
Brown shale &y> +. 1g we Beet ee 





Small flows at 1,000, 1,300 and 1,483 feet 
indicate the presence of sands at these 
levels. 


ANDOVER WELL ° 
Elevation 1505 feet 


i 





4% |g 
22 1R@ 
So Vo 
Hs |A& 
Soil tsandsand) clay. ieee | -45R)2 Sa5 
Blue: clay? drift, 22h “eps | S0s(0" 35 
Blue shale i. s2.s sce eee eee | 500 | 575 
Limiestonew teen oe: eden etree 15 | 590 
Shale, streaks of limestone...| 480 | 1070 
Sandstone, main flow ........ (6) 2085 


Artesian Wells Artesian 














E. Swann, driller, in scrap-book of T. 
C. Gage, Aberdeen; Letter of Gen. W. 
Hs Hart) WU. Ss A.) Pebs' 2657 1925 sto, Sen- 
ator Peter Norbeck, in files Dept. of 
History. 


From a fourth well, recently | 
completed, reported by Mr. | 
P. J. Stacy, beginning at | 
1,000 feet, below which he | 

| 


THE ABERDEEN WELL THE ABERDEEN WELL (Continued) 
Elevation 1300 feet sl, wae heraene gee es ch oad pRSRMMIRURIRRDETT Geared e* 
vps | id cq 
ees! La lar 
eae SN a B = © 
fen} oO 
Bas (Ag Saeed 
: Bluctshalegqutcia tae ase eae eatin a LOT? 
From No. 1, Pioneer Well— _ | | White sand-rock, third and } | 
MEMO UPL VIE. So wieyace os os 0.0 © Hoe ae As ea We Maine TO Wise ee eee ae | | 1100 
BERRA sls cicinlinit ans ae o's oo pitap, -o4 Conglomerate... <iedeh anise | 85 | 1135 
Shale ...--++s sees eee e seca | 400 | 494 Blue, shale sania aad dP Hess | 37 | 1172 
Iron pyrites and shale ..... | 10 | 504 Pink and white shale ...... becout. 1477 
ESIMEMESNALG Shona g cs Sale Sos whe wis eS Comme bo White sand-rock, no water| 34 | 1511 
mand, some water ........-- | 10 | 889 ‘tA TECheA Toes HOH Oh. et os |. 46 | 1257 
From No. 3— | BOAT 4540 ac use ees | 383 | 1290 
More sandstone ........... Poe SS Pe 
Sandstones and lignite ..... Sete eee Preliminary Report on Artesian Waters 
To sandstone, capped rock..| 4] 921 of a portion of the Dakotas by Nelson 
pee ove: oe GO eg Perey | o | ten H. Darton; U. S. G. S.; Professional Pa- 
poli Aig Likes eee ela nee he | 25 | 96 per 65 U. S. G. S., Professional Paper 32 
Sandy shale ....-.........| 32| 1016 U.S. G. 8. Darton, Yankton Press and 
Loose sandstone, main flow 50 | 1066 Dakotan, August 31, 1881; Letter of A. 
| 
| 
| 
| 


found a second flow in | 
Witte: SANGStONe ...%...%%.%'. 5 | 1000 


“Artesian Wells of a Portion of the Artesian is a city’in southern San- 
Dakotas,” by N. H. Darton, is an early born County. Market town for rich 
examination of the artesian basin. farming region. Population, see cen- 
Pub. by U. S. Geological Survey, No. sus. “The Commonwealth,” founded 
65, 1909. in 1901, is its newspaper. 





Art in the State Hospital. (See also Capitol, Art in the). Dr. Leonard C. 
Mead, when Superintendent, adopted the policy of surrounding the patients in 
the State hospital with every pleasing refinement calculated to soothe and 
cheer morbid minds and as the best medicine to restore them to a normal 
condition. To this end he provided much of the best attainable art. This 
was purchased from a fund created through entertainments given at the hos- 
pital, which of themselves were a large feature of the regenerative and cura- 
tive process; from the sale of fancy work produced by the patients and from 
gifts. This policy is being continued and extended by his successor, Dr. George 
S. Adams. The following catalogue of the art collection in the hospital was 
prepared and published by Mrs. Jennie M. Sanders, of the Armour Public 
Schools: 

Administration Building 


MEM onnaeeer ie eC HaAlt.) “CLODTOCIVCEION:): sia «jcjere. cieeerehadsceves 0 ales odoccuct sh aieiebevecs vale Gas Suanbaste Raphael. 
SRT UC MM eMetce Mat al Mere tte tte Seat haig Vateve’ «terete ais qiatale a 4a AED eee EN Shaheed pole a teeaet Raymond 
Pura LL CUR FUL Veli eters etce ict ots pte tena e Coke yp aakatustet oe’ poly laiie (osqele hth sbebehs ‘sy oh ANEEIRCLIRSEG oc endis abe Flavelle 
a NMEA SET LL TLS am NDT Lite rte csc oneu eee cine e. 30 sys) chs snting sy se Aetie..c) 8p daSas nadine a ¥acCkne cephsehaye wie hed ede a cede ete Mathews 


Woman’s Building 
(Chiefly Water Colors) 


1. Indian Village in Alaska........ SR oe Rae meee Nie ts toh ae eae ee ae tie tee Culmer 
PMS UVC CG erie, sitter thd Seana Ths, cake tagcha ca SUPE © alebaustsBe ern’ eo ote ena; aoe e eogetees eukre onan Ghierke 
Sema oT eC A Ue LCN LL TL Mannie a ele oT are) © a shraia; uch a iey eis ia) o's) ata a) sis) 610 ws ss sel o'e..8 5 wh qu ecepehsie Engley-Beek 
ERATE CRN CAHIAS (001 Ba ah ea* tat Oats stg te alata aa tetn sate arene ern’ G eis « 's 4 sp ddene” aaxcasie bg EK. J. Fenn 
Peet here eI DUT CS cise teak. cis oh) Sule @ Listetel shale 's inta's sheets eter e 8 mies 6 eo 20 serach ue ong) s Engley-Beek 
Me ENR IUISO Es UE eee Ne Matatataheta clcla a's ea missle aie view sla S's e's o 8 6's ¢ pied whe ss Engley-Beek 
PC OCinE VATA MeNCOTEL Ole ars aes sis teclae ace sis ee cnt Siatarele bau soeus we ouace et a. g mista ernie ee Engley-Beek 
eC SMRY EO Blt CU ee MCA R RRM items Cat fata tenet ototeteretetate's aire 6 che arene we 8 secs os wane te Engley-Beek 


9. Bringing Home, the:-Shetep dss ots 66a ass 6 0 8 os ples eben re ook nt ee J. Vassall 
10. -The Beginning: of Winters. oi. 00 ie Fe vce 05050 oso sw bile oieelsly oteieta iene G. Sether 
11..-Pensioners* on -Queen’s -Estate; Holland. 222 sn ents cise le oles terse een Engley-Beek 
12. Storm! Gathering on-the Clyde, Scotland: 2. sg iio ee cise siece so) slereus) s euenenenene Hngley-Beek 
13;-A *Plemish Milkmaid 050% ews vie eee ose ie ae eee ee eeepc Engley-Beek 
142 A> Quiet Canal; Venice, 2.05 2 oiinw o> + 0 + oho abe te hs ale > nee a Hngley-Beek 
15, Near -Ohantilly.. ramen cieuc stevsh<toe, aaiede s)» c eeeeey ta wen tebe ls uerc) = teiens tec siete emer ee Julian Garnier 
16,-Fishing Boats: off Hnglands% Fri. fe etn... vs ieanetnr ens yee eee ne Engley-Beek 
17. Mending ‘the? Nets: S208 Reise se we os oes bts ete e5 Oe a = oer nee Engley-Beek 
{Se The Contented. Motheriitoee. cack tc es ccte inte ceteris ole cicero e oti amen Peter Vanderwick 
1Ot -A GVenetian, Logelar.. gvcrs ores stewie are sche legeroke eieiiencd ey sores tenets) 5 01 che a tn menc aan enna Engley-Beek 
FOE Tne then OPest ol Site ele ale te etal ctetiancteceie Rete eo o cc's eiape’c tenes reratiet Cee reek alo caetci tet aes E. J. Fenn 
21) Sunset on, the; Moselles Wh ranees re. cyan ouste « eeikoutey ol suet a titanate siete felietae a emane Engley-Beek 
50h Wishing § Boats, “Venice. .lnssa oie Pe cs ce aes eae tes ae nears ate e eee Engley-Beek 
28>. A (Spring Day in -New, York Js nce fee wc ile ciate a eras etetels tats! ae en S. S. Sedgwick 
DAP Winters Twilight. cis cucieiale’e ots teil ieee elm e wise cpa te whi g's cle bnere os a50) ia lel cleat eae Bemish 
O65. Their’ Wvening Drink. 2.505 oe cos Se ee cin ae wie oui sln win intna wleltalin” slicla le Nes ete ae Bemish 
263 PheaGSurte +)... dais toes ope San ste ee ete ane atte RR George Howell Gay 
27, Twilight: in. New Sersey . we efsiies sat sts ensjee wie se aise whats lately Sieten@iet Ok x1 tenn Drisler 
98. ‘Acropolis, of the Desert..:.[. sfsjswaies af <)s cities Spe Metals fase cle etst bl el or otel eel ahem Culmer 
39. Near, Marblehead, «sss. °= lees < hie is Ca oo es a is Pol te Gwe George Howell Gay 
SO. Solitude; © Sivicecdce ccc c aca levees ous emus 0 ike opens. «eRe ace Pen eien one Pel obec coice ee eeeee team Neil Mitchell 
31, Purple “SDAGOWS 00's 3 « evsce.s ss wiles cic epson wie, STR MNEIs ore iets 0a Sis Ga etc) ele meen FF, M. Dixon 
82, On the Niles ss os te Se ior we sw et nln enya alata woo OPS HES tp nen gee Engley-Beek 
33, ‘Bréaking! Waves’. oc fs. o> sib loriire a bie ipe 6 + 01m on yoten ele ace|e Rbeceka ANAe perenne ee Raymond 
34: “Mechlin: -Cathedralir © seth sees, Sed wc Sorel erese f whelc ole cheats 0 feet et asa eee nm Hngley-Beek 
o5.4Day . Dreaming! cc. 5.4: a th ee EE 0 IBE 5 0 565 wee ie «: w orwneh due ie >. aii ene en A. Bussi. 
86. Anterior, qBelg im ys yeisses Ww sores aefe «Wie ke 0 > 0, ole he one se Geshe hue ate en Engley-Beek 
375 Old Cana), Belgium: i305. 's¢0 baie pista + seb ae lh 6 ses «pe + eee Engley-Beek 
os. New Wngland (Bari oe Gs 5 oe sss oa oc ai acale « athimdahs @ oitceks ay ce eee 2 J. C. Claghorn 
39 Falling  SDAGCOWS Pini Aye tote) pee asi feve lee 0 ae io 6 YR Te te ere tetas: Nate arctan te cae Drisler 
40. Holland. Mal. 2 oss a7 wl cet x pis’el wccce ves SURES ee ee S Se dc GIe ee oe Engley-Beek 
40s hep Olds Mill 236 oe hee. SR Eee taterede at ede dewers: sucueue cues ois stole eeckon aay aieae nee Edwin Lamasure 
42. Sheep; » (Drenthe, Holland) 2... 2 oh =. s.o oe teeter eee en ee mee Engley-Beek 
43% Off) ‘ther Calitorniai, Coast (ace theta: ss teeter Oe) ante hare Henry M. Cady 
44°68 ol1d i Comtortiv cs seinen ei ens PPI es Car eres emit Gye Mulholland 
45/Sunset,{ Ypres, Belgium: ..22 os. 5 cities @ \ ne QWehollosa Sicha ckalend okie etme nN eN ene ew cae Wngley-Beek 
46:, Waiting: forthe Wishing SBOAatS.rc1.eb-ncactess csteist > eeretets «0 etek cae cine cnet eee H. Saghers 
AT? Corn Sots thes ROA. cere oheretesate oy ol che ane se: mite ope retaielceeetietictle ems terete ca ee men an G. E. Colby 
48. Windmills; Jun... 6a5.4.5 bu) bist & sae be oo ie pareg. SiO eee eee ne Von Freeland 
49- civening’s -Duties .925/79s. PA. ~ cee cten, + «.eheieiccstevenetede > redeene pest kale seen enenamnnS Engley-Beek 
BOs. Wace Wiakers, "Venice es s t-.r..s, sis ce spe oye, slo .e we .oPake cucu tesa ove acta tee ene ee »,.. Mngley-Beek 
bl“ Dhe Distant, City. 45 FF Fes. SS. oR cha ot cde bere ete olehs, SNGNE Le eee se eat tea Engley-Beek 
how Moonliaht:, Arbutus: Rt.,48 aNd UAN asec. ose sbecelc aie saterenewoneieueheLieneweie ieee eee Engley-Beek 
hoanmaiter the Harvest. . sscthe a: cs, s\s:ere «etre steer aan Pe Engley-Beek 
547 Ruins ‘of? Old: Roman” Chateau, Frances? <i. aac «ales siete. eretenenene eee Engley-Beek 
HOswOUSTETIIZKs Canali. cio llemesuaue is ig. a's sous) cena cuentas cheaitenei ee Reale tee al ieee tere ern HWngley-Beek 
56.2Summit; Peak, ‘San Juan. <0 se ete es ee ore Oe ee ae ee ee Engley-Beek 
bi The, Loire..River, Pranc@2sd0 4c. ots cet te libacieisbeas Seen eis Gee eee Hngley-Beek 
58.Starehing Caps, Holland. it .. 2). .0% «,« sc o10, 6 ee scclnin ekere aie nae a ee Engley-Beek 
5oiJapanese: Island.) Re. oe, cle tae ete ne ee cece chen a eee ee een ee HWngley-Beek 
60; Woman Washing at Fountain, Hrance... a: ae ee oe ee eee Wngley-Beek 
GL. Neopolitan’ ‘Bread’ Vendert. oc cn. cre cscs crcusioteic ciate cia ete ete iceee entree Engley-Beek 
62,-Interior, “Santa, Marie ;Novelle;jltaly sj. aoe -vinieesan ieee enamel ae one Hngley-Beek 
G3..-Phe Arno River,  [taly.. ssc . se wssicteesiassy> «, « ccalecetone Scie Sine ce ee Hngley-Beek 
O42 Locka bay, Scotlandts.>: Roscoe ste ciatste cote ore cee ieee Be Ae rc: Hngley-Beek 
65. The Chateau on the Hill..... sis. ¢ Sabla srpelfepeun Beis ‘euieWe Bens Cobain Rex ace aan Engley-Beek 
66." Work “and Gossip. (France) vic vee s eles are e+ srs ch Ore tee ns archer Engley-Beek 
Gi The. Hower Girls . 2) sects os odes eee oie ote areceace ns fl ors ee ee DWngley-Beek 
GS." WAVE, -Belelitm: 5 oo wisinse 84. Sate senate a eke wes ee oe Engley-Beek 
69.: Interior, ‘Castle, Sussexvs eet toeeacr ce ee oe eee oe ee Engley-Beek 
7O.cMyening; After Shower. c.04 chess ck 4S irises oe ee Gene eee Warren Fisher 
(Leaaterior of. Church, St. “Justis vcore ae v wie wre nil ee halo pier a oie Engley-Beek 
ie Roins: of. .Monastary, Siena Ji.%-5.2 de.cs ose « sauces ces Rha cle ree Engley-Beek 
fpeiyeeig bing, Anchor, \..ssaereR eee ee eh eke he ee oe ee Engley-Beek 
in courtyard, Ancient) Brance.o- ecu. cr paseo UA, ee aro ee eee Paes Engley-Beek 
Supervisors Dining Room 
1.-A Path in the Woods « s:..< sc sigetin wi Benes Piette eae aee ale Ke Bemish 
4.2 A~ Gloripus > Evening ip... e's sa es « Gee oS een ale ats ciel One ee Bemish 
Mens’ Receiving Hospital 
Lin the”. Canal .% se.0 mikes o's ms din, 0cetelaneo wip oil WES Sie oe ei etc cee Engley-Beek 
ZzernnersCourt, “TurkiSh Haren sss tse ices cere chee ree ree eee ee Ciro Salvini 
Ssh teaMmet Of Wala... scien die wees obese Wie bk wee hie eee es ah ee Hngley-Beek 
Ane Loe? Cham’ Digger's e200. ccc a ere ccc ce tem lee ee Le hic ee H. Ghierke 
5. Volendam Fisherwoman, Holland...... Foleiae sie are (a's elie into lone satueneuedetatets is ieeaeaee Hngley-Beek 


Art 


Art 





eR eet Cy AT ONCE) Oo ETO, T) CG er stents se cpicd a, exo orc, ofc) ov oy 0 of oi okies on. er-olte: ener evict ol on ov atl abel «eh ord oat Eingley-Beek 
Se eT Gt A HOTELS UNS, SOLU G aly, naa. w beng: « ohM Ala poi slboel a. aatlat didi. 0 was wie WS ola ed Baby Engley-Beek 
I Net, ea ah ects a Pe gee ils case ela iw w Gee iio (aE NG, Wi-w Leite Caipesairy alas! Ghee Engley-Beek 
rs enc re aay il Mola insu < iaate Saas Wee We se ee as mM w Khe eter? Engley-Beek 
RE ERae SU OLE DS OULGD USIC Sie a. ix) aisles ai a ore oie 0 oie bo seule sa she ciel Sate S dawla) Halla w Engley-Beek 
Ieee Ta CeO — Fm er TRAVEL... nn sole sig citer eee ws wa ose ti taleis Sas giblale's Engley-Beek 
aman VOICES VME NV LS IVINS LOM icrar vite, scr cig <1 aha si attattel s. one © Utes steceleka ls eedtem a Sele Boa whale Hngley-Beek 
MILNE TEE CGT COTUANT ticie Fodec sis as oles, & susvepl'a cm duaneln Glan aywa.e o:G.6\s 9 44,008 4.> y 900s Engley-Beek 
EEE TSICIYS SISOU US Sc cre clon one ee nites Ses Seo i Care eae enie sweet eee als Engley-Beek 
MRE Cro OUST A seem Mads cieterere + Naceudtet. aeaborer eis) cial ple slalley3 ese, imo fellatio 40s Mulholland 
ra Lala el aial oy Goh price) Win) win: qhicion'n, dele; a, Gwe abate fal Bo etsaed > acisneaase oElsG@hA alle Hngley-Beek 
OT 8 SA A dis 5)? sein «6 6 4 Sin cle egw as Wp Bis Oe & aig 6lo'p o Si elalales Ole wets Hngley-Beek 
Tomiower sand beltry,. Notre Dame, Belgium. 5 <i. 5 15 <6 ke ogee Mare ote ape coe See tembs Engley-Beek 
AUD eT TC) LET OLMR tem ESPNS Scties sion sicher voc ausi rel t 's 8 so -e fe loc love, ove, o.4 o's) # epatbinrat he be Tas Hngley-Beek 
I NT TTC ho og aid 5 Nice oh coal a + simak’? 9 Abb die ere Gis euye%e wiecd 0 a0 0.00 Sead < & Hngley-Beek 
I  Teata Ce LEGMIES Pa IEE godt eis ia sy Sele ooh oF uel 26a alles inlbcenes alls) Casisince BaD ls doers Engley-Beek 
CHOCO MEL VEL? IWINCODSIN = .6eral. sc 286 oie sate ele ole 9 so aie eis og alelete) ms eels Howard Arnesley 
EO TCS GOL rd LIN EOLVGl sr (pan Lae costs! Meh once ote eudie cients letre she sigecs highs ansliotddteysilae aed H. Bruhn 
PMR VE TMV SITY IN See LET DIL COM wy aiat viene «Grell s3 os v0 8/4, eh e) e,si'e\'e! 9. ay'sh 6rd) oy es 8 aheliel'e, 0 f6,', ee Engley-Beek 
CAVERN CNL A LIONS) CH LATICG. telcisks oc oo 6 26 0 6 ed lense sobs h doles abe ohare cutis vecepomens Gites 3 Hngley-Beek 
Rie OEELICL ST EANCEs 6 nis swe ss she pus he she acs ocd apHews GAS He wed lalee © 4 Hngley-Beek 
EE PCC ers Siero cosh sia odin nels! ss s 8s ose asses bene ee Ses wee a Engley-Beek 
Poetcounsmil tue Carly Morning, Wate... < sys)o.5& pecs 6.510 8)e sete, 510 e405 ws aioe eels wi Engley-Beek 
IIE 80 LE UME Go os Pig aha ial eet ai) o's) aie. hv 0's Cm Ge ula w, 0,6, ony. dis 6.5.00, 0 alertile Wngley-Beek 
PIS Oats Ol WOVer,, Hmgland. . 5.5. sot. as cls wale Diese eo soso die ld as le es Engley-Beek 
Pe TOA VEL MNC Ws JCLSCY sistcictee cs chele she Gla the lole ds: coesere sas elope e's: aig. Walter J. Summers 
NN PMO ED CUT NT ANN MME Gece ees t once! cae. olin's, cd o's si cess) 8 siete cis ele €.e sis. «Sete ridthandiete’ « Wngley-Beek 
ee ete Aa PET OL TUCL Bare iste cs oete «os ns» sstefiatalels olay hace icc ss wo 4 re be Moke Slee Engley-Beek 
Pm TED ALSO TE TA MICE: eiketscs sisitichs Ghia ss -0 ic 6 ea 6 eras eid Sp gree afa sows soa 8 SOs Engley-Beek 
SEROTEC ST INON SEC UVOT: sy LN a dicave ccs: on ous aids apace 6 sip cobetololle ae leleusheue le elcdal’s Sv oseee o%s H. Bruhn 
ee TURP T tg TOT iy a nn. eae e+ es rule ik mnie wx ele ote wis oleae ways wie Wha <4 Hingley-Beek 
ee IA MCUBALETE Tae eV ints cee te eee eee e sais, ei ee wie. suelo o.cys + He eisgcite wis.6 ve Abe aaah Hugo Fisher 
er eP TERME C)TE Coes neeetetenarete chats Stirs eer erase ec cucr soe ohcet 5) ci ctr! citar ele ele. ob, si ax oi eub ier @ue i wise)’ fees I. Northcote 
Pe eee Ano MASSHCHIISCETS a sia tier. cmc ce gp eM ele anes cele sweecd duce Geo. Howell Gay 
Scat MES CME OP Meo cis airy oe veins OMA hohe cheek en ohimerte als 08 o).% oles © su yells, ns;gvaoe 8 wee Engley-Beek 
ail iMancil  SUpigh. STA ea by EW le GS oy 20 aan ee ea Pee Bere ernie Br An Engley-Beek 
Pee MACE TOTO ToT) Mer ee Pere E tie, Oh eG SOREN ANT ceaC ourer' 6) «oie 6d Stake, Woh, pf 5.8 hye oh 8 bbe ehenavones Hingley-Beek 
IL CUO TTT Ar tats; fas c ald Cah Rint ss « Sic bee SRS tele tS wore OS TOR wre Hngley-Beek 
44, New Emgland ...... Thali ci tGits «oa PREL CORONA EROUAALANERDET Gh nS I ne UP amenity NY BaP M. T. Griffin 
Fe aOR e Tot Wit usde cede Tatar crete oe cnet ahi eiiliavs: <'e.6 ete. wis schemes 40 eee eres is 6 Engley-Beek 
Pe ESTE TAS LV CNT CO Mrs ot ogee o cU 8 « SURI AT ec) ab eiedereicis sim sinclele bus bile o/ ois» ShbiR eh egte eens Engley-Beek 
POVELT TA SOR aS OLE CULL OI rarerlccs tte sistance. 6 ores s(t s.18 gealate siieide a pies. 0 Se eee nae 68% Engley-Beek 
PEST OG CIE CA CU OTT) a) UAT sc wocete SHe a 0» hos) oct nie, # ohare sore feet Sheahan UMNO ALS) Sno Hngley-Beek 
Pm eNO CATE NLA SSACHUSODLS COM tig ckepasige cima 3.) «a les si eros: e s:e) ala, eri ae rs =,.9 yo. 8 oubeens Flavelle 
Se ITECMTL TG ME LOU Stns oes Corte xia sc cin ef Sees PE ele aes fie odie We wile Bielee s Warren Fisher 
In Building 15 
MRL ES LEST PIS OLLEN Wan Use ete ne ee a sclera, lata te: aire. RGAE Pahl ote aie ae olaneeha he oe HIN 6 WAS ¥. M. Dixon 
SU Tamebieat eo ThIYD ae TU OL ATC oe el et iedtoh, «. «she. 0 15) ¥ gual i 5: OY "S (shed Skane OP, Wie Boe eh eye's C. Snyder 
PMY oT TiO TMM MTL OC ters, sie. cite, esheets o oucalls Sa eee aoe en eile Shas ara elle elo @ cle Se heh decedent KF. Girot 
SRN CALMT SON) eee een ye ats) are suelo Pa loreal en eBelec. s,s, sds dof» o¥e <<: Seo EsL eve, « "ecole feller SRLS -s, the, dale s K. M. Dixon 
MRED TRO UCN LCOS aac < ateuch nscale et ehel ie eee Cie Secale cues sie card ¢ easee Sagoo’. ote YY. M. Dixon 
CAMERA ETON Te LNVCLLIT ON Reeders tak. atalerah anaes sare Geel ahaa aun wy doa ote whine ou ereha dela chel a ele & F, M. Dixon 
Pent LCL WOTl I OOSGL AKC. 2. pheatemeas dsc olsie 6.0 Gis) dials clei ess chee olons eis aves otere.s W. E. Herbert 
RMP UTI TIT Tia Le Vertem ave se eke. cr eu eter e etssss ote aieche 1 Gaeta el ese shetaie si avens etek male fins abstre KF. M. Dixon 
STL CMT LLG vans aeyette nse Heo eee a OPE «0c. REPS deel whale od cae, iRNeCae & Brave eyolle Sites EH, .C. Irving 
lM EL om GLO VY tear ct reac icca sitists ciel Steve peal ect feta aueccls Selina © sous ti eael ee) sad ewe as ¥, M. Dixon 
AUTEM CA LET EU aR Na stals tala saPec te cbece ttn « sites, ihe steta ete ota ele elt akare Dall ota eS BK. M. Dixon 
aE RUMEN AEN SUM NGVO Kee eaten ee) career af cae nea ods oie bay sire. oii Seisa ch anbitee oh ais vas (olor ay wap baer’ elo ots. spielen eters KF. M. Dixon 
HNN ELON WEIS fora cua Sie cone sce Bice suela.s)eeje sales Br ceepide. opseue ch atatase 1M tek re vary ds Fhe F. M. Dixon 
A ELEC EPA DT Gue trees fly DS LOOUI sis cc sc asc ae eos GteRb le idl ue ere, cee leaks oh etal ahi d afore ene Harold Watson 
We ECGT aE ILU C Saletan te cack coerce cpt aegeta Weds: © 6) tudchans. aylspiaustole aris: cl. de ken oe, she ella a nee Uorayaden de A. Mathews 
MIEN OES TCL Owen Wels Pome ee cree caso! aig eee tate ce See Rcleieiars «ee cece te J. L. France 
ie Pemerce Cie SOP OUS MET LGee WiOOGUS share o FAbiGau ws atelels Cle cides Telale op eis oh Sue aaeearahls KF. M. Dixon 
PP MC HIIIC TM ECE LL CAL c, ctareeericbeterits siet ch otetete aia.c cds) ate feie, «5.518 s]aiie, oS ot osale ate: Wo as sae ag K. C. Irving 
CC aN L (HL TL OVS EA. Pt ES PRED oles. onlalh adios ol ot ou Potrhe nol hate paraRe dice waved Dae amet se naletels ¥, M. Dixon 
OME ST NEOTVIIN Cy cree Pate ritis a ec cre + no Kites « Mik DEER OM < OTS ne cotoatere. ties F,. M. Dixon 
net NEA MEARS ATIC, ey eae eA te, 5 acdc ods lle ain. c. 6 6 Mereje us. 0. 0.0 avieoie meee KF, Girot 
Pe OMA CT IOLO Wie arc: Seoicl an saene etoile: can, oe aolacs ace scuba ei diate! otis alot eh aol veka ace eh aoe ae FH, M, Dixon 
PMC MITISLILS sNMOO ccfensu the a cle siatcice re bie e: Gis, cial ov ohaler ane: EMT tte olka die etecd W. EH. Herbert 
Pera TTC MET LT COACCLLT INC SGIUS canes erectus er arty ineteie, or sage la ep.ans-neleceies © Gaiuguei she. «niga A. G. Kennedy 
ET RT ILe THEO OR cit fs cia cS fale IEE ec bh ed el boo seo Meorege wd «Mes C. C. Ingehart 
tPA LEU OLOLS CEN a ates euch ie intakes eich ac ones cles sp aneeemetearbolbyale acine cis wea OG at EK. M. Reynolds 
ERE TO CICO OE Tt ODLIET and a Mites! hath 1a AE atl oral cote tae. Mle oom netede Re clans aidse wroteon ees Fr, M, Dixon 
RO OMIEC OG Aris ClO WOOGSeitiehe tec lets. slollecnus +) ol Sy Sipietehadebcacts setae gisus S.4 es dlecoueh dae oh HH. C, Irving 
MTOM atts LO) INO Wie LCratat eet oetole eet aieta ecls erst eter sey alia c Se, shalele's Mo sve siaaee are 6 ¥, M. Dixon 


Artists Artas 
SOS New Tersey. COamts sa ccs recs ce vs lo te.ncado bed: oie se \e ru to Fete “5/0 tela tats Sp tute 6b ep ete ts ee W. FE. Herbert 
BAL Gathering Mist oc iiicconctshetecesscctataveny ahecsleheroveimreinnatas ehatnl athlete «5 ohm gant ein een F. M. Dixon 
B23. Rocky Shores... ics avtecdsstesetaw asst sabbes ty Eas eb he) Oe S. W. Hudson 
83, ThewWdge; of TRG Ores 5.5 celery 0: 5: ote 0) of wae orca eem at quer plat ab a! Ratatat ebsile’ cit ot ht F. M. Dixon 
34. The Gathering Misti d fie e, ieels, Hiisiaie. spar onereteteus) oyel-og oh che lohel eitet aie ts ieee ae mena IY. M. Dixon 
35. Amo Brvening fn Maines, oo oes occccie 0 us ooh hn te sh Oars abs: he aha ets ahh steele ener at a hat ve ¥. M. Dixon 
36) Phe Wind. Of the Wa yiekck oi crave wee oe seer ol ov oy oh ayukeh Sb Stioh pe otlatheal <oa eae RCL ce F. M. Dixon 
Private Collections at Hospital 
Owned by Dr. G. S. Adams 
i Hillisde- Near West: Hamptons ig oLeiti5'. fis oles cite’ ete tetaie > lee telat ieee en Carl Weber 
Poepnel Bish Peddler sans dee oaee hes BE Sr Ses Oar cae eae ae H. Ghierke 
S$ ThetOriental ‘Fruit Sellers... 25.0 cnc.4 s S2g cionce eieuc tour ates tacks oe ele couene nk ete enn Santini 
42° "Phe cA rab 6H Orsman wastes e405 saask ci tican cnelb ceabemeoceied eee hehe eh tn cents el oi cna aman Pngley-Beek 
Bi One the *SCheldts. 2.8 2. 5i8.5 2 A Geren ti wey fe lomo umineretttesls) areWocel + fete) an nc yee ana Joseph Braun 
G6: Homeward: Bound ss 5 ¥.2:55.4,5, 5. 6.5ib0s, 8 ene Ree Seted rake see tak ee cabins. ence cence neers Jan Bearvelt 
TeaMarine: *Preneh* Coast ies oo 24 Pe see Fae oes aie eae tee care et cae neg Hdward Mortimer 
SioNear | Chamtilly 62ers Oa te Sete boty cree oes iil EO ie cn atone tao eens ean Francis H,. Gide 
Ghs Marie... oko ks % tire Tete aca re ea ts he Ge To to Mo ne To bo Me Bote rotaPe ss het Oeics cone ee H. Dickenson 
TOS Winters Dwilight oss tes tote oeleke tedehetcactone nee i Safe ha bette eels Galea tebes slaketn teen nea D. Hasbrouck 
11s Onwithe . Coast sof «Normand yee 00 spared oicecolene pic aos ola aia eae tc rome tt he Tone ee Mulholland 
12S Misty ‘Mornings 25.55. se SRe Scie ae ee eee epee oe ent pe ee eee FY. M. Dixon 
13): Tandscape. «sis sh i. 0s sees bak SEVER ESO De ee eee ent eee C. R. Raymond 
WAS “TaN ASCAPe? ii vor ase caret ts se ots lade ts ainhclalislotetane hate letal ats ane lel ipyete lake el cqel anno me tant game aan a Bemish 
Owned by Elmer Aiken 
1; Spring,-(Tapestry) ofc aris a7.60 aed dA Sat Ades do aa oes eee Roland Clifford 
278 Wighis,: MOC Hs 6 Fo Aigo Nive ss we Seca eb bial alts \oh cliclonatiel elstee oitienica di tcl cai en ate neiee a H. Ghierke 
Be ME OOM MS be Fo- Sis tick arteh ae ocho cog otsahial nate at atic oh olen fie! tay al alnetecl tice ci che ont eee ie tenet ena H. Christie 
45; Scene ons luake: Geneva; + Coil) oi. ee Se. 5 Sha 5 eee sales one ene ae eee J. Bullock 
OoeMASHins FBOAtS ¥ ss w.5.0 cess Soups Ryo sbu Sl se A butte) obese eens CRU ete oe eee Engley-Beek 
GMinmthel BMirelight.~ 2 chins Peek om RaliceiG ls tee tetehete el ee eke cee Engley-Beek 


Artists. Several South Dakotans 
have won enviable positions in various 
phases of the field of art: 


Illustrators 


oe: 6 woe © 0,6 we Beh Se Dee fe Ce we ele we ee Oe os Ce ee ous elle use mainder oie: | raeiia Jae ee 


Harvey Dunn, born at Manchester 


is one of the notable magazine illus- 
trators. He was a student of State 
College, studied art in Chicago and 
has risen to a premier place in his 


IWngley-Beek 


eRe es ees id bi oi Om OE - Engley-Beek 


painter of portraits, landscapes and 
characters. Five portraits by him 
hang in the state gallery, and com- 
pare favorably with the best there, 
several of which are by masters of 
national fame. 

Mrs. Frances Cranmer Greenman, 
born in Aberdeen and reared there 
has become distinguished for her work 


profession. Ladies Home Journal in oil. Her home is in Minneapolis. 
April 1925. Creditable work in illustration, oil 
Hubert James Mathews, (Mathieu) and water color is being done by a 


is a student of Harvey Dunn’s and bids 
fair to surpass his renowned master. 
His work appears in Colliers, Saturday 
Evening Post, Ladies Home Journal 
and other periodicals of national cir- 
culation. He is a native of Brookings, 
a son of Prof. Hubert B. Mathews, of 
the chemistry department of State Col- 
lege. 
Painters 

Louis Janousek of Yankton is per- 

haps our most important resident 


46 


long list of amateurs. 


Sculptor 
Gilbert Riswold, born at Baltic, stu- 
dent of Lorado Taft has wide fame 
as a portrait sculptor, and is doing 
important work. 


Artas is a village in the northeast- 
ern part of Campbell County. Market 
town for rich farming region. Popu- 
lation, see census. 


Artichoke Creek 


Artichoke Creek rises in southern 
Potter County and runs west along 
the county line to the Missouri River. 


Artillery, 147th Regiment of. See 
War, 12; 15. 


Ashcreek is a village in southwest- 
ern Haakon County. Post-office and 
banking point is Cottonwood. 


Ashcroft is a village in northern 
Harding County. Shipping and bank- 
ing point at Camp Crook. 

Ash Gulch. An abrupt wooded ra- 
vine leading down from the Middle 
Coteau toward James River, in north- 
western Clark County. <A _ primitive 
‘andmark and resort for the Indians. 


Ash, Henry C., 1828-1909; native of 
Maryland; pioneer of Yankton 1859; 
kept first hotel there; father of Maj. 
Ben. C. (q. v.); member, territorial 
legislature, 1865, 1866; deputy U. S. 
Marshal, 1862-68; went to Black Hills, 


1876, and settled in Sturgis. See First 
White Woman. 

ist eo 410. 

Ash, Major Ben C., 1851- ; native 


of Indiana; came to Yankton with his 
parents in 1859; sheriff of Hughes 
County, 1882-86; agent, Lower Brule 
Indians, 1896-1900; long a deputy U. 
S. Marshal; located the Bismarck-Dead- 
wood trail in 1876; extensive cattle- 
man on the Moreau River in Perkins 
County. 





Robinson, II, 1849. 

Ashley, Rev. Edward, D. D., LL.D., 
1854- ; born in England; came to 
America 1873 and spent his life in 
missionary service, Protestant Episco- 
pal, among the Sioux Indians, chiefly 
along the Missouri River. He is joint 
author of the Dakota Hymnal and 
Dakota-English Service Book. 


. Ashley, Gen. William H., 1778-1838; 
a native of Virginia; settled in St. 


47 


Assaying 


Louis, Missouri, in 1805 and after ac- 
tively engaging in mining and other 
business and in the development of 
the militia, in 1822 he became presi- 
dent of the great Rocky Mountain Fur 
Co., trading to the Yellowstone River 
and the Rocky Mountains; upon the 
organization of the State of Missouri 
(1820) he became the first lieutenant 
governor and the general of the mi- 
litia; in June, 1823, while enroute to 
the Yellowstone, he was attacked by 
the Arickara at Ashley Island (see 
War, 3. Arickara). In 1827, having 
amassed a vast fortune, he turned his 
fur business over to Smith, Sublette 
and Jackson. He was a member of 
Congress, 1831-37. He was a very pop- 
ular man in Missouri and the most 
influential in Congress next to Sena- 
tor Benton. 





Hist., I, 245. Chittenden, 245-81. Houck’s 
“History. of Missouri,’’ ITI, 265. 


Ashley Island, just above mouth of 
Grand River. Former site of Arickara 
towns and farms. Named for Gen. 
W. H. Ashley (q. v.) of St. Louis. 
Recommended by Mead & Seastone as 
most feasible hydro-electric site on the 
Missouri River. 


Ashton is a town in northern Spink 
County. Market town for a rich farm- 
ing region and a shipping point of 
much farm produce and flour. Popu- 
lation, see census. “The Chronicle,” 
founded in 1894, is its newspaper. 


Assaying rock to ascertain its metal- 
lic content is an important process in 
all mining regions and gave employ- 
ment to many trained metallurgists 
in the Black Hills in the days of the 
gold boom. The business was unreg- 
ulated and consequently unprincipled; 
unqualified men engaged in it 
and brought >it into disrepute. The 
assistance of a reliable assayer, how- 


Assaying, A Manual of 


ever, is indispensable. The United 
States maintains an assay office at 
Deadwood. 

“Assaying, A Manual of” by Dr. 
Charles H. Fulton, former, president of 
the School of Mines. 


Assessment and Taxation. The as- 
sessed valuation of all property in 
1890 (statehood) was $110,000,000 and 
in 1924 it was $1,876,112,767, or an in- 
crease of 1605.5 per cent. The total 
sum received into the state treasury 
from taxation in 1890 was $335,922.84; 
in 1924 taxes produced to the state 
treasury $4,289,664, an increase of 
1176.9 per cent. In 1890 the per cap- 
ita tax paid into the state treasury 
was $1.02; in 1924 it was (approx.) 
$6.35, an increase of 522.5 per cent. 
There is no basis upon which the con- 
solidated taxes for all public pur- 
poses for 1890 can be ascertained; the 
consolidated tax for 1924 was $32,568,- 
923.26. See Wealth. 





Message of Governor Mellette, 1891; 
‘“‘Annual Review of the Progress of South 
Dakota, 1924.’ 


Astoria is a town in southeastern 
Deuel County. Founded in 1900 by 
the Western Town Lot Co. Was nam- 
ed from a town in Oregon which was 
named for John Jacob Astor, of New 
York City, who established a trading 
post there in 1811. Market town for 
rich farming region. Population, see 
census. 


Astorian Expedition in South Da- 
kota. Under direction of Wilson P. 
Hunt, in 1811 John Jacob Astor sent 
a party of sixty men with three boats 
up the Missouri River enroute to the 
mouth of the Columbia River, there to 
establish a Pacific depot for his con- 
tinental fur trade. The expedition en- 
tered South Dakota about May 16th. 
It was accompanied by John Brad- 


48 


Astorian Expedition 


bury, a notable English naturalist, and 
Thomas Nuttall, an English botanist; 
much of our early knowledge of the 
natural history of this region is due 
to the observation of these men. All 
of the way Hunt had been doing his 
utmost to outrun Manuel Lisa, who 
he knew was following him; Manuel 
on the other hand was straining every 
nerve to overtake the Astorians, that 
by their combined force they might 
the more safely pass through the 
Indian country. Hunt had passed the 
previous winter near St. Joseph and 
had started from there April 21st. 
Manuel left St. Louis April 12th. Thus 
at the start he was about 10 days be- 
hind Hunt. It was indeed a great boat 
race; but Manuel’s energy and exper- 
ience were too much for the Astor- 
ians and he overtook them at about 
the mouth of Chapelle Creek, 25 miles 
below Pierre, on June 3rd: the junc- 
tion was mutually advantageous. Hach 
party, however, was suspicious of the 
other and they had little in common 
until they reached the Arickara Ind- 
ians above Grand River on June 12th. 
There Lisa was of great service to 
Hunt and helped him to get horses 
and supplies to leave the river and 
go directly west to the Pacific via 
Grand River. The Astorians stayed 
at the Ree village at Ashley Island 
six days and on the 18th started 
west. They traveled up Wakpala Creek 
for three days and then turned south- 
west, striking Grand River on the 
23rd near the western line of Corson 
County, where they came upon a 
camp of Cheyennes and remained with 
them, trading horses and making a 
supply of buffalo meat until August 
6th, when they proceeded southwest- 
erly on the highland south of the 
south branch of Grand River acrogs . 
Slim Buttes and thus westward out 


Astor Interests 


of South Dakota. They were the first 
to write of Northwestern South Da- 
kota. 


Huist vs, als x, 196. 

Astor Interests. It is not easy to 
follow all of the organizations operat- 
ing upon the Missouri in the interest 
of the American Fur Company, con- 
trolled by John Jacob Astor, of New 
York. Among the more important 
were the Columbia Fur Company; 
Pierre Chouteau and Company and the 
Rocky Mountain Fur Company. 


Athboy is a village in Corson Coun- 
ty, thirty-seven miles southeast of 
Lemmon, which is its shipping point. 
Banking point is Meadow. 

Atherton, L. G., 1883- ; born at 
New Sharon, Iowa, April 11th; edu- 
cated at Universities of Iowa and 
Neb.; came to South Dakota in 1905, 
locating on a homestead in ‘Stanley 
County; returned to Iowa in 1906 and 
came to Madison, S. Dak. in 1911; en- 
gaged in farming; instructor in agri- 
culture at Madison Normal for eight 
years; State Senator, 1923, 1925. 


Athletic Commission. See Boxing. 


Athol is a village in western Spink 
County. Founded in 1881 by the West- 
ern Town Lot Co. Named for James 
Murray, second duke of Athol, Scot- 
land. Market town for rich farming 
region. Population, see census. 


Atkinson, General Henry, 1788-1842; 
born in North Carolina; captain, 3rd 
Infantry, U. S. Army, 1808; Colonel, 
1813; transferred to 6th Infantry, 1815; 
Brigadier General, 1820; in 1823 com- 
manded Dept. of the Missouri with head- 
quarters at St. Louis; visited the Da- 
kota country at head of Trade and 
Intercourse Treaty Commission, 1825; 
made treaties with all the Dakota 

bands and the Arickara. Four mili- 


49 


Attorney 


tary forts in the west were named 
for him, one of them near Omaha, 
Neb. See Celebrations, Atkinson, 
Mary H. 





Hist., I, 181, 245-6, 304, 433; Robinson, 
109-15. 


Atkinson, Ireneus, 1840- ; born in 
LaSalle, Illinois, December 7; located 
in Brookings county in 1880; veteran 
of Civil War; farmer; member of Ter- 
ritorial council, 1889. 


Atkinson, Mary Houston. First 
White child born in Dakota, at Fort 
Pierre, January 8, 1857, daughter of 
Edward Graham Atkinson and his 
wife, Harriet Leavenworth. She was 
thus the granddaughter of both Gen- 
eral Henry Atkinson and General 
Henry Leavenworth, who a generation 
earlier had been important in Dakota 
affairs. She is Mother Superior of the 
Sacred Heart Convent, Chicago. 


Attorney. No person may practice 
law in any court of this State who 
has not first secured from the sSu- 
preme Court a license so to practice; 
he must be 21 years of age, of good 
character and must have pursued a 
course of study in a reputable law 
school for at least thirty-six weeks in 
each of three years, and in addition 
must have the equivalent of a high 
school education. He must pass an 
examination under the supervision of 
the court; except that graduates of 
the Law College of the South Dakota 
University are admitted upon their 
certificates of graduation without ex- 
amination. Residents of other States 
who have been duly certified to prac- 
tice in such States may be admitted 
by a reciprocal arrangement with 
those States. A roll of all attorneys 
entitled to practice in the State is 
kept by the Clerk of the Supreme 
Court at Pierre. It is a misdemeanor 


Attorney General 


to attempt to practice without a legal 
certificate. An attorney must show 
respect. to the court and to counsel 
and maintain no action or defense 
that he does not believe legal and 
just, except defenses in criminal ac- 
tions; he must use only such means 
as are consistent with the truth and 
must never attempt to mislead the 
judge by any artifice or false state- 
ment; at every peril to himself he 
should maintain the confidence and 
secret of his client; he must abstain 
from all offensive personalities; must 
not encourage any action or proceed- 
ing from any motive of passion or in- 
terest and must never reject, for any 
consideration personal to himself, the 
cause of the defenseless or oppressed. 


Code, 5253-5282. 

Attorney General. The chief law of- 
ficer of the State is the attorney gen- 
eral, who represents the State in all 
litigation and is legal advisor to all 
State officials in matters affecting the 
public interest. His official opinions 
govern in the interpretation of law, 
until modified by the courts. The ter- 
ritorial attorneys general were: 


Alexander Hughes, Elk Point, 1883-4. 
George Rice, Flandreau, 1884-6. 
George S. Engle, Aberdeen, 1886. 
Charles F. Templeton, N. D., 1887-8. 
Tristam Skinner, N. D., 1889. 
Johnson Nickeus, Jamestown, 1889. 
The attorneys general of South Da- 
kota have been: 


Robert Dollard, Scotland, 1889-92. 
Coe I. Crawford, Pierre, 1892-96. 
Melvin Grigsby, Sioux Falls, 1897-98. 
John L. Pyle, Huron, 1899-1902. 
Albert W. Burtt, Huron, 1902. 
Philo Hall, Brookings, 1903-07. 

S. W. Clark, Redfield, 1907-11. 
Royal Johnson, Highmore, 1911-15. 
C. C. Caldwell, Sioux Falls, 1915-19. 
Byron S. Payne, Pierre, 1919-22. 
Buell F. Jones, Britton, 1923- 


Auditor, State 


At this time the attorney general 
has five assistant attorney generals, 
one of whom is assigned to be the ad- 
viser to the railway commission. 


Auctioneers. By South Dakota law 
an auctioneer has authority to sell 
at public auction property consigned 
to him, selling it only to the highest 
bidder for cash, except such articles 
as the owner specially offers upon 
credit; he warrants the article as pro- 
vided under Warranty. He has 
authority to deliver the article sold 
and collect the price. He binds both 
seller and bidder by his memorandum 
of sale. 





Code, 1286-7. 

Auditor, State. The auditor is the 
chief accounting officer of the State. 
All State fiscal matters come directly 
under his administration and all State 
money is paid out upon his warrant 
pursuant to a direct appropriation 
made by the legislature. The audit- 
ing of accounts is a technical. matter 
requiring the utmost care at every 
step. When a voucher comes into the 
auditor’s office it goes to the desk 
of the receiving clerk, who first ascer- 
tains that it has been properly approv- 
ed. The law provides who shall ap- 
prove the vouchers of each depart- 
ment and no voucher can be passed 
until it has such approval; for in- 
stance all vouchers of the insurance 
department must be approved by the 
governor. If properly approved it is 
then stamped with the official receiv- 
ing stamp of the auditor’s office. The re- 
ceiving clerk then goes carefully over 
the document to ascertain if it is 
properly verified and itemized and 
otherwise complies with the technical 
requirements of the statutes and is 
accompanied by the necessary re- 
ceipts for money expended. It then 


Auditor, State 


goes. to a second assistant who as- 
certains if it is drawn upon the prop- 
er fund and if all of its computations 
are correct. If drawn by one of the 
State institutions for supplies of any 
sort, a requisition for the items in it 
must have previously been filed and 
it now goes to the requisition clerk, 
who ascertains if all items -in the 
voucher have been properly requisi- 
tioned; it is now ready for the war- 


rant clerk, who gives the voucher a 


number identical with the serial num- 
ber of the warrant. The warrant is 
then drawn and goes to the auditor 
or his chief deputy, who signs and 
seals it. From the warrant desk the 
voucher goes to the bookkeeper who 
ascertains first that the credit is not 
overdrawn and then charges it up 
against the proper account and passes 
it to the recording clerk, who copies 
its items in full for printing in “the 
big black book,’ as the auditors re- 
port is called, in which any citizen 
can scrutinize any expenditure made 
by the State. It is then filed in num- 
erical order in the vault. Every 
voucher ever paid by the State can 
be examined there. 

Every employe is required to be 
alert to discover any defect and 
questions of law arise daily that are 
resolved by the auditor or are refer- 
red to the attorney general. During 
the fiscal year of 1924, about 90,000 
warrants were drawn, disbursing near- 
ly $20,000,000. There are eight em- 
ployees upon the staff, including the 
auditor. The auditor is charged with 
many ex-officio duties, the most im- 
portant of which is the collection of 
the gasoline tax, aggregating one mil- 
lion dollars annually. He is a mem- 
ber of the State board of finance, the 
State land board, of the capitol com- 
mission and of the State budget board. 


Audubon, John J. 


The auditors of Dakota Territory 
were: 


Justus Townsend, 1862-4. 
I. T. Gore, 1864-6. 

John Morris, 1868-70. 
William Shriner, 1870-72. 
Thomas J. Sloan, 1872-74. 
A. Sheridan Jones, 1874-6. 
John Sands, 1876-8. 

E. A. Sherman, 1879-81. 

L. M. Purdy, 1881-2. 
George L. Ordway, 1883-5. 
Ernest W. Caldwell, 1885-6. 
James A. Ward, 1887-9. 

J. C. McManima, 1889. 


The Auditors of South Dakota have 
been: 


L. C. Taylor, 1889-92. 

John EK. Hipple, 1893-96. 

H. BE. Mayhew, 1897-98. 
James D. Reeves, 1899-02. 
J. F. Halladay, 1903-06. 
John Hirning, 1907-10. 
Henry B. Anderson, 1911-14. 
James E. Handlin, 1915-18. 
Jay E. Reeves, 1919-22. 
Edward A. Jones, 1923-. 





Code; 5342-52; Laws, 1919, chap. 319. 


Audubon, John J., naturalist, 1780- 
1851; visited the Dakota region in 
summer of 1843, entering South Da- 
kota on the Missouri River, May 13 
and passing out up stream on June 
5th. He was accompanied by Edward 
Harris, John G. Bell, Isaac Sprague 
and Lewis Squires, all trained orni- 
thologists or naturalists. They were 
thus in South Dakota 22 days in the 
flush of spring-time. Returning, the 
entire month of September was spent 
in South Dakota. Hence they had an 
excellent opportunity to observe all of 
the spring and autumn birds of that 
period. A list of those found is inter- 
esting as a basis of comparison with 
the present bird population. 


Aurora 


Avocet Heron 

Bluebird Lark 

Bunting Yellow or grouncd 
Henslow’s finch 
Emberiza Meadow 

Chat, Y. breasted Prairie 

Coot Magpie 

Curlew, 1. billed Martin 


Dove 


Pelican, white 


Duck Pewee, least 
Black Pigeon 
Gadwell Prairie hen 
Spoonbill Raven 

Finch Rail, Virginia 
Harris’s Robin 
Lark Sandpiper 
Lazuli Bartram 
Lincoln’s Spotted 
Palida Swallow 
White crowne¢ Barn 

Flycatcher Cliff 
Arkansas Swan 
Say Tern, black 

Goose Thrush 

Grebe Red 

Grosbeak Wood 
Bene Troupial heac 
Blackheaded hed oe 
Evening Turkey 


Gull, B. headed 
Hawk 


Viero, Bells’ 
Warbler, b. and 


Cooper Whip-poor-wil 
Marsh Wren 

Night Woodpecker 
Pigeon R. head 
Sparrow R. shaft 


Aurora is a town in southeastern 


Brookings County. 
by the Western Town Lot Co. 
for the Latin word meaning ‘morn- 
ing,” “dawn; se: east. 


Founded in 1880 
Named 


Market town 


for rich farming region. Population, 
see census. “The Review,” founded in 
1917, is its newspaper. 


Aurora County. Named from senti- 
ment; created, 1879; organized, Aug. 
8, 1881; first settlers, J. Breidenbach 
and Oliver P. Ames on Firesteel Creek 
in 1879; Plankinton is the County seat 
and location of State Training (Re- 
form) School. A fine agricultural re- 
gion. Aurora County consists of town- 


Automobiles 


ships 101, 102, 103, 104 and 105 north, 
of ranges 63, 64, 65 and 66, west of: 
5th P. M. Area 460,160 acres. Popu- 
lation, see census. 


Code, p. 142. 


Autobiography of a Prairie Girl.” A 
vivid picture of life upon a homestead 
on the Vermillion River, by Eleanor 
Gates (Moore). See Gates. 


Auto Trails. See Highways. 


Automobiles. The first “horseless 
carriage’ to be brought into South 
Dakota was a Haynes electric driven 
“democrat wagon” exhibited at the 
State fair at Yankton in 1897 by Mont- 
gomery Ward & Company, secured 
for the occasion through the initiative 
of the editor of the Yankton Daily Ga- 
zette. An electric motor installed un- 
der the seat drove the car by chain 
transmission to the rear axle. The 
fair management advertised it as “The 
Wonder of the Century.” It operat- 
ed very satisfactorily and had the 
trick of turning around within the . 
length of the wagon. 

The following winter (1898) Louis 
Greenough, a hardware merchant of 
Pierre, ‘who was a _ steam-fitter by 
trade, and Harry Adams, a machinist, 
devoted their spare time to planning 
a horseless wagon, and by spring had 
the proposition fairly worked out and 
detailed plans made. At that time 
they were employed to install a two 
cylinder, internal combustion engine 
(manufactured by the Wolverine Ma- 
rine Engine Company, of Detroit) up- 
on the ranch of Charles K. Howard, 
at Smithville on the Cheyenne River. 
They concluded that that engine was 
best designed for their purpose, and 
Mr. Adams went to Detroit and had 
an engine built particularly designed 
for their horseless wagon.. A foundry- 
man at Elkhart, Indiana, built the 


Automobiles 


wagon for them and by mid-summer 
(Mr. Greenough having joined Adams 
in Indiana) they had an automobile 
in operation and running successfully. 
It was a strong wagon with seats for 
the driver and seven passengers; the 
engine tucked under the rear seat 
with chain transmission to the rear 
axle. They shipped it by freight to 
Pierre, intending to use it to trans- 
port passengers from Pierre to the 
Black Hills. When they arrived in 
Chicago it was necessary to transfer 
the machine across town from one 
depot to the other, which they did 
under its own power and the exhibi- 
tion created vast interest. They were 
offered a high price for their inven- 
tion, which they promptly refused. 
When they tried out the wagon at 
Pierre they found it unable to 
climb the hills on the Black Hills trail, 
the power being insufficient; but it 
ran steadily upon fairly level roads. 
They resolved to exhibit it at the 
fairs, hoping for profit in carrying 
passengers; but everywhere the 
authorities were hostile. At Mitchell 
they were not permitted to bring it 
within the corporation limits. They 
went on to Yankton and applied for 
license to exhibit it at the State Fair 
and to transport passengers from the 
city to the fair grounds, but this was 
refused. “The Press and Dakotan’’ 
voiced the general view when it was 
said, “It is a dead moral certainty that 
that infernal machine will frighten 
horses and endanger the lives of men, 
women and children.” Defeated at 
every turn, they shipped the wagon 
back to the foundry to have greater 
power put into it; but they had ex- 
hausted their resources and could go 
no further. 


In 1899 Harry C. Fenn brought a one 
cylinder Winton two passenger car to 


53 


Automobiles 


Sioux Falls and operated it there— 
the first practicable automobile owned 
in South Dakota. 

In January, 1899, Dr. A. D. Hard, of 
Wentworth, ordered a “Stanley Stand- 
ard Carriage, Stanhope, Model 1,” of 
the Mobile Company of America, for 
which he paid $650. f. o. b., Tarrytown, 
New York. It was not delivered to 
him until September, two months after 
the Fenn car reached Sioux Falls. It 
was destroyed by fire soon after. 

Thereafter automobiles came 
quite rapidly so that they were exhib- 
ited in every portion of the State east 
of the Missouri. There is no record 
of the number of motor vehicles until 
after the passage of the license act 
of 1913, which became effective, July 


in 


1, that year: 

Meme Cae orcad We Ne eitier oe nase ot dae aralece 14,437 
EL nee ee er ats tae er cro wt a oom Tne 20,929 
ASME Oe Sc re ee a ek aes 28,725 
AOE yeaa Pleas 2 toh OR eae a src iee emis 44,257 
a PS AY oa se A ng i a rea 67,154 
TL eee es Tose eh ea eof as bahar cia ps as 86,157 
DD Se eee Sok A. Ot Nt ol datas 104,157 
ORL De ae scien 2 Naa 120,395 
AED A eh, «ay atte ee sos abs 119,274 
eee on site eee cca aah a <a 132,704 
O24 mat cis in ec Ok pe ee eas 131,165 


The first automobile to be driven 
into the Black Hills from the Missouri 
River was a one-cylinder Cadillac, in 
April, 1905, by Senator Peter Norbeck, 
accompanied by Oscar W. Nicholson 
and Ole Iverson. The roads were wet, 
there were no bridges and the enter- 
prise was a trying one; from dawn to 
sunset they made but 88 miles; at the 
Cheyenne River three cowboys kindly 
attached their lariats to the car and 
putting spurs to their horses crossed 
the stream on a gallop, over a rocky 
bottom; but the machine was not in- 
jured. 

Motor vehicles are required to se- 
cure a State license and as evidence 
of the same bear numbers assigned 


Automobiles 


by the State conspicuously upon each 
vehicle. The license fee is in lieu of 
all taxation upon the vehicle. The 
money received is paid into the high- 
way funds of the state and counties. 
There were 131,165 motor vehicles li- 
censed in 1924. The numbers of the 
license plates for each county are ar- 
ranged by the following schedule, by 
which means it is easy to identify 
a machine. Observe that with the 
counties arranged alphabetically the 
license number is the number of the 
county in the alphabetical list plus 
one, down to Moody; 
end of the list the plate number cor- 
responds to the county number: 


AVEIDNGMM aN Gi ht ee eee eee 1-1000 
Minmehana oi; 5 ee ee eee 1A-1000 
AAU TIOLA: tah. 5 se Steaks Rae ea 2-1000 
PLGA IG a8 cree tek age eects 3-1000 
BGTUIOLL tec 5 oie dct Re Rice ame 4-1000 
BOTW EF OMMeC ois eee a ae 5-1000 
TAEOORINE A... < Ceeeemieaeee ee oe 6-1000 
PREO WL is a aeeac, o16 tue Cece Rte Gee _ 7-1000 
POETIC peices hee assre. 3,5, eee cnet hae 8-1000 
ALTE ALO <A, 0 a ele. a Ce eR ene ee 9-1000 
PIRI CLES nhc. cy om, 1ese.s ee 10-1000 
PRAT D PCL tok: . = vias cee oie 11-1000 
CeO Ar eS VEE Klee voc. G SMe eater eta 12-1000 
a fet lapels oes Se tie ae ee etna cane 13-1000 
ey ee cA. oe SR ee ee. eee 14-1000 
ModiNSLONs Ls. wee Bee oe tees 15-1000 
SOT RONG x .03 haere Mae dae ce Gene 16-1000 
SOUL ELBIT Wis os 6 ce res ck an eae enn 17-1000 
DIAVINOU fo os elie ok eee eee ee 18-1000 
DIY Ter oe ae wh Mees CN a ee 19-1000 
Deiuehtors Keouss SH) See Aa 20-1000 
DEWEY ice hee Diese ite 21-1000 
POU 218 6 ese 5 es ee et ee ee eee 22-1000 
TCL IAT Secon oeccacs es ee 23-1000 
Fall “Hiver . ose ee en eee 24-1000 
Palio (eh ae Gere eee ee 25-1000 
Grantees vik al oe eee 26-1000 
GECLOLY: pitentuks cutee eee 27-1000 
Pipa ROt yor oo oe ee ee ae oe 28-1000 
HSM \o. ot. see ee eee ee 29-1000 
Hand”. Fre eee cee 2 ee 30-1000 
Hanson. % nee eee eee 31-1000 
Harding. .trieste Bee es eH 32-1000 
Hushoes.. . jcc Ge ee es 33-1000 
Hutchinson - gases ae oe. eee 34-1000 
Hyde 67 eee ee See 35-1000 


thence to the 


54 


Aztec 





JACKSOD ..i.« ic cuss on iegal aeee eee 36-1000 
JeOrauld. , 2) »-<tas. «ee ee 37-1000 
JONES oc nies ws org ss 6s 6 See ee 38-1000 
Kingsbury’? 6.05.00. oe eee 39-1000 
Lake .o... ici. See. ee 40-1000 
La@wrence.. sisi’ Jes dead See 41-1000 
Lancolt. . --: sire «acs alee ae 42-1000 
LyMan. . 2 oc... vaste enn 43-1000 
MeCook. 3... 00S SS eee 44-1000 
‘ McPherson")... fos Sct eee 45-1000 
Marshall. . ea. <2 46-1000 
Made | op iveinsi: stake «jens ce ee 47-1000 
Mellette: ..... 25..4.5 eee 48-1000 
MiNeY ac. 6 cess comiee « ote 49-1000 
Moody 2}... .C Sool eee eee 50-1000 
Pennington! ss. . eve eee 51-1000 
Ferkins: dein io i hace 52-1000 
Potter sivas, ie beeeeee 53-1000 
Roberts 3... - «i secse-ckee eee 54-1000 
Sanborn «2.5.0 os. ec eee 55-1000 
Spink ‘0.0/0. 0. SS eee 56-1000 
Stanley « tjcniydiiins eft ee 57-1000 
Sulhyi ciel othe fee Oe es 58-1000 
TTiDD «clastila dais we igi ao oe 59-1000 
4b by ih :) reer Nn 60-1000 
Union “422 2 oa ao. . oe 61-1000 
Walworthivso. ci hill. S00 62-1000 
Yankton )..). .¢ite ds alee Ce 63-1000 
Ziebach |)... 28. ee ee 64-1000 


Austin, Horace J., 1837-1901; pioneer 
land surveyor; veteran, Dakota Caval- 
ry (1862-65); member of legislature 
in 1866-69, 1874, 1891. 

Austrians. According to the Census 
of 1920 there are 1,151 natives of 
Austria resident in South Dakota. 


Avalon is a town in southeastern 
Lawrence County. Banking point is 
Lead and post-office is Roubaix. 


Avance, a village in Meade County, 
17 miles southwest of Faith, which is 
its shipping and banking point. 


Avon is a town in western Bon 
Homme County. Market town for 
rich farming region. Population, see 
census. “The Clarion,” founded in 


1901, is its newspaper. 

Aztec is a village in southwestern 
Lawrence County. Post-office is 
Englewood. 


Babcock, Thornton N. 


Babcock, Thornton N., 1865- 7 
Watertown; born in Winona County, 
‘Minnesota, December 29th; came to 
Codington Co., 'S. D., in 1880; engaged 
in farming; member, legislature, 1923, 
1925. 


Bach, Christen J. (“Gus”) 1858- : 
born in Denmark; came to Dakota, 
1873; pioneer merchant and farmer in 
Centerville, Turner Co., 1884; went to 
Hurley, 1892; engaged in banking; 
member, legislature, 1889, 1891; com- 
missioner of school and public lands, 
1903-7. 





Robinson, II, 1480. 

Badger is a town in northeastern 
Kingsbury County. Population, see 
census. “The Review,” is its newspa- 
per. 


Badger. One of the animals native 
to this region. Is found generally 
Upper 

150 


to 
250 ft. 


Brule 
Formation 


Middle 


Oligocene 200 


400 ft. 


Lower Chadron 

0 Formation 
to 

180 ft. 


The Protoceras beds at the top are 
formations in which the chief fossils 
are the remains of the protoceras, a 
deer-like animal, found only in this 
region; the male had six horns and 
the canine teeth developed into long, 
wicked tusks. This bed is about 150 
feet thick, largely sandy, of fuller’s 


Bad Lands 


throughout the Sioux Valley and oc- 
casionally further west. 

Badger Lake is in northeastern: 
Kingsbury County. 

Bad Hair, a feasible power site on 
the Missouri River 12 miles below Mo- 
bridge. 

Bad Lands. The bad lands area ex- 


-tending along both sides of White Riv- 


er is so irregular that it would be 
difficult to define its extent—the main 
portion being confined within about 
thirty townships. In the vicinity of 
Wall the Northwestern railroad skirts 
along the northern edge of the region; 
the Milwaukee from Weta to the Chey- 
enne River runs directly through the 
heart of it. Within this area are pres- 
ent the Oligocene, Miocene and Plio- 
cene, but the more interesting regions 
are confined to the Oligocene alone. 
Dr. O’Harra gives the following sec- 
tion of the Oligocene: 


Protoceras 
Beds 


4 Fuller’s Earth 


Oreodon Beds 


Volcanic Ash 


Titanotherium 
Beds 


earth. Below the Protoceras' beds 
are the Oreodon beds in which 
the chief fossil is that of the 
oreodon, a cud-chewing pig. This 
formation is sometimes called the Red 
Beds. This formation, too, is chiefly 
of fuller’s earth, but the lower por- 
tion is in the volcanic ash. The oreo- 


Bad Lands 


don beds are about 80 feet thick. 
The Titanotherium beds (which are 
identical with the Lower Oligocene) 
are of varying thickness, at places 
very thin and at others up to 180 feet; 
the chief fossil is that of the bronto- 
therium and Titanotherium monsters, 
perhaps related to the modern rhin- 
oceros, but much larger. The forma- 
tion’ is composed of volcanic ash 
through which are box-like veins of 
chalcedony standing vertical; these 
veins are about a quarter of an inch 
thick and as the surface weathers 
these stick up in. quite regular squares 
six to eight inches across, and as the 
ash is carried away, they break up into 
small plates. 

The upper fuller’s earth portion is 
snowy white, while the base of the 
cliffs is frequently red; but white pre- 
vails throughout this region. 

The genesis of these bad lands is 
a matter of interesting speculation. It 
is a relatively young formation, ap- 
parently piled down upon the Pierre 
shale, north of the White River and 
the Niobrara River south of the White. 
It is suggested that perhaps when the 
Black Hills blew out, under the in- 
fluence of a northwest wind, a vast 
island of volcanic ash and fuller’s 
earth formed upon the old ocean south- 
east of the region of the great erup- 
tion, and was precipitated to the bot- 
tom in the order of its specific gravity. 
Thus in a relatively small area there 
was piled up on the bottom of. the 
ocean this island, which is now the 
bad lands. When the ocean drained 
away, White River carved a path 
down through it and small streams 
running down into White River have 
worn and carved what remains into 
the unique forms we now find, vary- 
ing all the way from the most beauti- 
ful imagery and artistic shapes to the 


Bad Lands 


most grotesque. This suggestion of 
the genesis seems very plausible un- 
til one comes to consider the char- 
acteristic fossils found in the varying 
beds, which predicate a wide range 
in time between the deposit of the 
volcanic ash and the piling of the ful- 
ler’s earth upon the top of it. In the 


picturesque language of Dr. O’Hara, 


56 


the ‘Badlands are the last piece of 
cake on the platter, doomed to be eat- 
en up by the voracious appetite of 
time.” 

The chief early explorations of the 
Bad lands, with scientific or semi- 
scientific motive were 


1847. Hiram A. Prout brought out 
the jaw bone of a titanothere which 
caused great interest among scientists. 


1348. Father DeSmet visited the 
region and wrote vivid descriptions of 
his observations. 


1849. Dr. John Evans, for the 
Owen Geological Survey. 


1850. Thaddeus A. Culbertson, in 
the interest of the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution. 


1853. Dr. Ferdinand V. Hayden, for 
the U. S. Geological Survey. He made 
subsequent trips in 1855, 1857 and 
1866. 


1870. Dr. O. C. Marsh, of Yale Col- 
lege, began intensive and systematic 
examination of the region and adopted 
improved means of preserving the fos- 
sils, as well as for articulating the 
parts of individuals. Thereafter, down 
to the present time, the region is 
thronged annually by scientists and 
sight seers. Very many institutional 
museums in America and abroad 
have collections of Bad land fossils; 
the most notable being in Peabody 
Museum, Yale University, in the 
Smithsonian Institution, in the Ameri- 
can Museum of Natural History (New 


Badus Lake 


York City) and in Princeton Univers- 
ity. 





For exhaustive studies of genesis of 
Bad Lands see Mines, IX, 53 et seq. 
Geol., XI, 34, 35 et seq. 


Badus Lake is a lake in Badus town- 
ship, northern Lake County. 


Bad River rises in eastern Penning- 
ton County and flows easterly through 
Jackson, Haakon, Jones and Stanley 
Counties to the Missouri River at 
Pierre. It is the “Teton River” of Lewis 
and Clark. 


Bagstad, Anna Amelia, 1876- : 
born at Yankton; graduate, Yankton 
College; student, Emerson College of 
Expression and New England Conserv- 
atory; professor of French and Span- 
ish, Pacific University, Oregon; writer 
of verses and translator of classics of 
- the modern languages. 


Bailey is a village in southwestern 
Hand County. Banking and shipping 
point is Miller. 


Bailey, Charles Olin, 1860- ; na- 
tive of Illinois; lawyer in Sioux Falls 
since 1887; graduate, University of 
Rochester; originated the use of the 
injunction in preventing labor strikes; 
leader of Minnehaha County bar since 
1887. 





Kingsbury, IV, 214. 
Bailey, Dana Reed, 1833-1901; born 


in Vermont; graduate, Oberlin Col- 
lege, Ohio; lawyer; in Sioux Falls 
from 1882; State’s attorney, 1890-95 


and county judge author, “History of 
Minnehaha County” (1899). 


Robinson, II, 1371. 

Bailey, Gilbert Ellis, 1852-1924; b., 
Springfield, Ill., April 27; at 12 years 
of age discovered the fossil ferns of 
Illinois; graduate, University of Mich- 
igan; was with General Miles during 
the Sioux Wars; was professor of 


bY. 


Ball 


chemistry, University of Nebraska; 
geologist of Wyoming, 1883-7; prof. of 
metallurgy, South Dakota School of 
Mines, 1888-9; removed to California, 
where since 1909 he was dean of the 
School of Geology, University of 
Southern California, Los Angeles. 

Bailey, Joseph Mead, Jr., 1864-1891; 
born in Illinois; brother of Charles O. 
Bailey; settled in Sioux Falls in 1885 
and in 1889 was made president of 
the Minnehaha National Bank, being 
then the youngest president of a na- 
tional bank ever chosen; in 1889 Gov- 
ernor Mellette appointed him territor- 
ial treasurer. 





Robinson, II, 1821. 
Bailey, Mark W., 1851-1878; native 


of Vermont; lawyer of Vermillion and 
Canton; member of legislature, 1877. 

Bailey, T. M., 1888- ; Sioux Falls; 
born in Sioux Falls, January 14th; ed- 
ucated at Univ., S. D.; engaged in 
practice of law; member, legislature, 
1921; State Senator, 1925. 

Baily Lake is in northern Clark 
County, near Julian. 

Bakersville is a village in central 
Custer County . Buffalo Gap, 18 miles 
southeast, is its banking and shipping 
point. 

Bald Mountain is a high spur of the 
Missouri Coteau in northwestern Hand 
County. 

Bald Mountain, at Terry, Lawrence 
County, altitude, 6800 feet. 

Baldwin, I. A., 1876- ; Went- 
worth; born in Milwaukee, Wis., Jan- 
uary 20th; came to Lake Co., S. D. 
in 1880; engaged in farming; register 
of deeds for four years; member, leg- 
islature, 1915, 1917. 

Ball is a village in eastern Butte 
County. Newell, 30 miles southwest, 
is its shipping and banking point. 


“Ballads of the Plains” 


“Ballads of the Plains,” a book of 
verse by Emily Sloan, of Belle 
Fourche. 


Baltic is a town in central Minne- 
haha County. Population, see census. 
“The Minnehaha,” founded in 1901, is 
its newspaper. 


Bancroft is a town in the northwest- 
ern part of Kingsbury County. . Popu- 
lation, see census. “The Register,” is 
its newspaper. 


Banks. The early settlers had no 
business that was attractive to bank- 
ers and consequently several years 
elapsed before any banks were es- 
tablished in Dakota Territory. Ap- 
parently the first bank was founded 
at Yankton in 1872 by Mark M. Par- 
“mer and Moses K. Armstrong, and 
was the next year (1873) nationalized 
and became the First National Bank 
of Yankton, an institution still in ex- 
istence. It opened for business upon 
February 5th of the year of its na- 
tivity. In the same year former gov- 
ernor Newton Edmunds, associated 
with Leighton Wynn, engaged in a 
private bank in Yankton. There was 
no bank in Sioux Falls until John D. 
Cameron opened one there in May, 
1874. The growth of the business was 
slow until the coming of the Dakota 
boom about 1879, when the settlement 
spread over the eastern part of the 
territory and every railroad town 
boasted one bank or more. ‘The law 
makers were not very censorious and 
there was little legislation affecting 
the business. The first session (1862) 
provided that limited partnerships, 
not general corporations, should en- 
gage in banking; but except for these 
negative provisions no law affecting 
banking was enacted until the Code of 
1877, which placed certain penal lim- 


itations upon banking; thus it was 


Banks 


made criminal to issue and have out- 
standing at any time bank notes in 
excess of the capital of the bank, or 
to give the endorsement of a bank to 
guarantee discounted notes in excess 
of the amount of loans and discounts 
of the institution, and for a bank of- 
ficer to overdraw his personal account. 
Thereafter there was no legislation 
affecting banking until 1887, when pro- 
vision was made for the assessment of 
bank stock for the purpose of tax- 
ation. With these simple legal re- 
strictions any one was free to engage 
in banking in Dakota Territory up to 
the date of its admission into the Un- 
ion. National banks were of course , 
under the rigid discipline of the na- 
tional banking act of 1863, as modified 
and strengthened from time to time. 
It was the common practice for in- 
dividuals to open private banks found- 
ed entirely on the personal credit of 
the proprietor and to transact busi- 
ness without let or hindrance from 
any authority or necessity for report- 
ing to any officer. In practice such 
banks sometimes had essentially no 
capital, and it was a common saying 
that anyone with ‘a front, a sign and 
a safe,” could engage in banking, and 
many did so. In those palmy days it 
was not good form to inquire into 
the past or the means of any new 


‘comer and such small deposits as any 


of the settlers had were readily en- 


58 


trusted to such a local banker. Many 
of these banks were mere brokerage 
shops. Money was scare and interest 
rates exhorbitant and for a time 
“scalawag banking” prospered. Nev- 
ertheless there were throughout the 
territory reputable bankers with 
ample capital and honorable methods 
and it is noteworthy that such banks 
are still continuing in business, sub- 
stantial and respected, while not one 


Banks 


of the hundreds of 
mains. 

In 1891 the second session of the 
South Dakota legislature enacted a 
State banking law (chap.81) and made 
the Public Examiner (an officer cre- 
ated in 1885 for the examination and 
checking of public officers) ex-officio 
superintendents of banks. The law 
made it an offense to continue to ope- 
rate private or corporate banks with- 
out re-organizing under this banking 
act. However private bankers did con- 
tinue in business for several years 
thereafter. About 1900 the last of the 
private banks disappeared and the law 
has been strengthened from time to 
time until it places in the hands of 
the superintendent of banks very large 
power for the direction of the banking 
business transacted in all banks other 
than National. 

In 1909 the legislature provided for 
the voluntary guarantee of deposits 
by banks organizing an association for 
the purpose, but it was not put into 
use. A mandatory bank guaranty act 
was passed in 1915, by which a de- 
posit guaranty fund was created by 
assessing all State banks one-fourth 
of one per cent upon their respective 
average daily deposits for the pre- 
ceding year. The funds so accumulat- 
ed are kept in special deposits in the 
banks paying them (subject to the 
check of the superintendent of banks) 
to pay depositors for any loss of de- 
pos-ts in such State banks. The gen- 
eral administration of the bank guar- 
anty law is in the hands of a com- 
mission consisting of three members 
appointed by the governor and the 
superintendent of banks, who is ex- 
officio chairman. Through this law 
the State does not directly guarantee 
deposits but is responsible for the 
proper administration of the guarantee 


“scalawags” re- 


Banks 


fund provided by the banks. It has, 
however, been extensively advertised 
that the State does guarantee 

bank deposits and many persons have > 
placed deposits in South Dakota banks 
upon the belief that the State is pledg- 
ed to make good any losses. This 
law had its first important test in the 
period of depression following 1920 
and it has been shown by experience 
that the fund is not sufficient ade- 
quately to protect the public in times 
of financial crisis. The banks of the 
State have had two periods of great 
depression. There are no adequate 
statistics covering the period follow- 
ing the crisis of 1893; but during the 
liquidation following a large number 
of banks were forced to suspend and 
the aggregate losses, though relative- 
ly small, bore with great hardship up- 
on the public. After this for more 
than a score of years the banks en- 
joyed great prosperity, marred only 
by the brief panic of 1907, when as 
a matter of precaution many resorted 
to limited payments for a short per- 
iod. During this time of prosperity 
there was a marked expansion of the 
number of banks, aggregate of capital 
and of deposits. The following table 
gives the combined deposits of all 
banks at about Sept. 1 in the years 


mentioned: 
POU ee ee ee $ 10,104,185.43 
THOU. Sac neers hs bas at 14,732,983.71 
i hey sta Ue 5 1 OR tat Se nea apa 34,759,699.68 
ROMA) Fike be. Sethi a eso ete (Eb ot ie 87,783,697.78 
pS Te Sealine aie ae ee 101,417,329.01 
L019 © (peak) P3eeis. .4Ve... (280,692 276.66 
At the peak in 1920 there were 558 
state banks and 131 National. In 
1925 there were active banks, state 


IP 


426; national 114. 

A special joint committee of the 
legislature of 1925 investigated and 
reported upon the banking situation 
in the state. The committee found 
that 147 banks whose deposits were 


Banks 


guaranteed by the depositors guar- 
anty fund had failed at various dates 
since 1920. The book resources of 
these failed banks were $43,000,000. 
About $3,000,000 had been paid to the 
depositors from the guarantee fund. 
The total deposits about $38,000,000. 
The legislature confronted by these 
conditions repealed the depositors 
guarantee law, but provided that the 
state banks shall pay the assessments 
for the guaranty fund for 1925. That 
the banking department shall proceed 
with all diligence to realize upon the 
assets of the failed banks and when 
in the opinion of the depositor’s ad- 
visory board, (created by the act to 
supercede the depositor’s guaranty 
commission,) the utmost has been se- 
cured from such assets, the money in 
the guaranty fund shall be pro-rated 
to the depositors of all closed banks, 
including any closed in 1925. Certain 
creditors of banks closed early in the 
period of depression, feeling that they 
have preference rights in the guaranty 
fund have brought action to abrogate 
the portion of the act which prorates 
the guaranty fund to all depositors of 
closed banks. Through the promotion 
of Mr. R. O. Richards the entire act 
has been referred to the voters at the 
election of 1926. 

Seventeen National banks also clos- 
ed in the period, the deposits of which 
have not been made public. These 
deposits were not within the state 
guaranty fund at any time. 

A provision passed the senate, but 
failed ia the house, submitting to the 
people a proposal to issue state bonds 
to pay the depositors in all failed 
state banks. 

The superintendents of banks since 
the creation of the office have been: 


Barberry 


T. BE. Blanchard, Mitchell, 1890-92. 
C. H. Meyers, Redfield, 1893-97. 
Maris Taylor, Huron, 1897-01. 

H. N. Cooper, Canton, 1901-03. 

G. Cc. Aurand, Bowdle, 1903-. 

E. E. Hemingway, Brookings, 1903-05. 
F. L. Bramble, Watertown, 1905-07. 
John L. Jones, Madison, 1907-13. 

J. L. Wingfield, Mitchell, 1913-17. 
John Hirning, Herreid, 1917-1925. 
Frank R. Smith, Platte, 1925-. 


The Depositors Guaranty Fund 
Commission since creation in 1915 has 
been Louis Jacobs, Lennox (resigned 
1920); William Hoese, Spencer; C. HH, 
Lien, Summit; M. Plin Beebe, Ipswich, 
who succeeded Jacobs. These were 
succeeded in 1925 by D. H. Lightner, 
Aberdeen; H. R. Kibbee, Mitchell; G. 
H. McGarrah, Dupree. The act of 
1925 converted the board to be the 
Depositors’ Advisory Commission, but 
the personnel was unchanged. 

Bankers AsSociation, State. A vol- 
untary organization of the bankers of 
the state, for recreation and discus- 
sion of matters of mutual interest. It 
was organized in 1891 and holds an- 
nual meetings at designated points 
in the state. 

Baptist Church. 

Baptist Creek is a small creek in 
eastern Clay County. 

Barbara is a village in northeastern 
McPherson County. Greenway, 2 
miles south, is its banking point and 
post-office. is 

Barber A. N., 1858- ; Esmond; 
born at Davis Junction, Illinois, May 


See Religion. 


- 16th; came to Kingsbury Co., Dakota, 


60 


in 1882; engaged in banking and real 
estate business; held various town- 
ship and county offices; member, leg- 
islature, 1911. 

Barberry was quite generally plant- 
ed for hedges and ornaments before 
it was discovered to be the harbor of 


Barkley, William 


black rust, the chief enemy of wheat 
growing. It is now being destroyed 
systematically by employees of the 
State Agricultural College. 


Barkley, William, 1864- ; Garden 
City; born in Donegal County, Ireland, 
September 15th; came to Clark Co., 
Dakota, in 1888; engaged in general 
farming; held various local offices; 
member, legislature, 1917. 

Barley. See Agriculture. 

Barnard is a village in the central 
part of Brown County. Market town 
for rich farming region. Population, 
see census. 

Barrett, C. Boyd, 1839-1915; born in 
Virginia; pioneer newspaper man and 
democratic leader of Brown County; 
veteran of the Confederate army 
the Civil War. 

Barron, Curtis H., 1869-1917; native 


in 


of Pennsylvania; lawyer, long in prac- 


tice at Ipswich, Edmunds Co.; legis- 
lator, 1895. 

Bartels, A. W., 1878- ; born at 
Nora Springs, lowa, November 29th; 
came to Gary, Deuel Co., Dakota in 
1879; engaged in real estate and farm- 


ing; member, legislature, 1915, 1917; — 


State Senator, 1919, 1921. 


Bartine, John G., 1870- seborn sth 
Marshall County, Iowa, Dec. 8; grad- 
uate, lowa State Normal School; set- 
tled in Oacoma, Lyman Co., 1892; 
states attorney, six years, in the time 
of the cattle rustlers and is the lawyer- 
hero of Boyles’ “Langford of the 
Three Bars;” county judge; member 
of legislature, 1909; senator, 1911, 
1913; judge, twelfth circuit, since 1921. 


Bartlett, Ara, appointed by Pres. 
Johnson, chief justice in 1865 to suc- 
ceed Philemon Bliss; his home was 
at Kankakee, Illinois. He served un- 
til 1869 and sat as chief justice in 


61 


Bates 


the first court assembled to hear ap- 
peals on July 6th, 1865. 

Bartling, William, 1880- ; born in 
Iowa; came to Hutchinson Co., South 
Dakota in 1889; engaged in farming 
and live stock raising; also is an auc- 
tioneer; held various township and 
school offices; member, legislature, 
1919, 1921; State Senator, 1923; P. O., 
Clayton. 


Base Lines. See Surveys. 


Basford, Orville S., 1848- ; born 
at Shelbourne, Vermont, August 29th; 
graduate from University of Vermont, 
1876; entered Methodist: ministry; in 
Redfield since 1880; postmaster there, 
1890-95; editor and publisher of the 
“Redfield Press;” State Insurance 
Commissioner, 1907-13. 





Kingsbury, V, 929: Robinson, II, 1690. 

Bass is a game fish, native in Big- 
stone Lake and some of the lakes of 
the eastern coteau and has been plant- 
ed and successfully propagated in 
other lakes and streams. 


Bassett, John C., 1864- Parsi! 
Killingly, Conn., Aug. 26; came to 
South Dakota 1888; president Aber- 
deen National Bank and director Fed- 
eral Reserve Bank for Ninth District. 


Batchelder, George A. Appointed by 
Grant to succeed Turney M. Wilkins 
as Secretary of Dakota Territory, 
1870-72. His wife was a sister of Han- 
nibal Hamlin, former vice-president. 
He published a very valuable sketch 
of South Dakota, chiefly based upon 
Armstrong’s History, but with an ex- 
cellent map, the only one of Dakota 
Territory at the period. 


Bates is a village in southeastern 
Hand County. Wessington, 20 miles 
north, is its banking and shipping 
point. 


Bates, Charles H. 


Bates, Charles H., 1850-1914; deputy 
U. S. land surveyor, 1873-1914; one of 
the early citizens of Yankton, 1869; 
married daughter of Henry C. Ash, 
1876. 





Biog., 1897, p. 256. 

Bates, Charles P., 1860-1923; born in 
New York; graduate, Genesee Wesley- 
an Seminary, Lima, N. Y., lawyer; 
went to Ipswich, 1883; to Sioux Falls, 
1885; city attorney, 1894-96, 1906-7; 
county attorney, 1897-1901 state sen- 


ator, 1909. 
Kingsbury, V, 1140. 
Bates, C. T., 1869- ; Stamford; 


born at Monticello, Iowa, November 
4th; came to South Dakota in 1905; 
engaged in farming and stock rais- 
ing; county commissioner of Jones 
County in 1919 and 1920; member, leg- 
islature, 1921, 1923. Elected Senator 
1924, but being appointed member of 
the State Highway Commission at the 
opening of the Session of 1925, did not 
serve in the Senate. 


Bath is a village in central Brown 
County. Market town for farming 
region. Population, see census, 


Baths. 
Hot Springs, Pierre and Capa and pub- 
lic baths are maintained at each place. 
The waters are deemed to possess 
therapeutic qualities; Hot Springs es- 
pecially is highly reputed as a health 
resort. See Hot Springs, Pierre, Capa. 


Batson, William Howard, 1881- ; 
born at Martinsville, Ohio,.- Sept. 18; 
Antoch College and University of 
Michigan; Professor of Education S. 
D. U. since 1919. 


Batterton, Joseph J., 1861- ; born 
at Berlin, Indiana, Aug. 24; LL.B. 
Drake University, 1883; judge Roberts 
county 1891-2; states attorney 1909- 
14; judge Fifth Judicial Circuit, 1923-. 


, or 


There are thermal waters at | 


62 


Battelship South Dakota 


Battle Mountain Sanitarium. See 


Tubercular Sanitarium. 


Battle Creek has its origin in the 
lake region about Madison and flows 
northeast through Lake Campbell and 
enters the Big Sioux River near Me- 
dary. 

Battle Creek rises in Pennington 
County and runs down through Cus- 
ter Co. to the Cheyenne River. 


“Battle of Shiloh.” The story of 
Shiloh by Judge Samuel Meek How- 
ard, 28th Illinois Infantry, a pioneer 
of Gettysburg, who came to Potter 
County as a member of the G. A. R. 
Colony in 1882; Mr. Howard fought 
at Shiloh and tells the story from 
personal information. 


Battles. The following list indicates 
the chief battles in Dakota Territory 
in which South Dakota citizens 
or Indians have been participants: 
Prior and Chouteau’s battle with the 

Arickara, 1807. 

Battle of Fort Manuel, 1818. 
Battle of Fort Meigs, Ohio, 1813. 
Battle of Whitestone Hill, Sept. 

1863." 

Battle of Kildeer Mountain, July 28, 

1864. 

Battle of Fort Phil. Kearney (‘“Mass- 

acre’), Dec. 21, 1866. 


3, 


Battle of Wagon-Boxes, Fort Phil. 
Kearney, Aug. 2, 1867. 
Battle of Little Bighorn, (“Custer 


Massacre’), June 25, 1867. 
Battle of Slim Buttes, Sept. 9, 1876. 
Battle of Wounded Knee, Dec. 29, 
1890. 
Battles of the Philippine insurrection, 
1899. Find list under War, 10. 
Battle of Chateau Thierry, 1918. 
Battle of St. Mihiel, 1918. 
Battles of the Argonne (Forest) 1918. 


See each of above under its name; 
see also Red Cloud; War, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 
12. 


Battleship South Dakota. 


See South 
Dakota, Armored Cruiser. j 


Bauer, John 


Bauer, John, 1855- F 
born in Newburk, near Odessa, South 
Russia; came to Yankton in 1894 and 
later moved to Eureka; engaged in 
the general merchandise and grain 
business; held numerous county of- 
fices; member, legislature, 1905. 


Beadle County, named for General 
W. H. H. Beadle; created, 1873; or- 
ganized July 9, 1880; Charles Miner, 
son of Capt. Nelson Miner, (q. v.) was 
first settler, on Pearl Creek, 1879; the 
State Fair and Huron College are both 
at Huron. Beadle Co. consists of 
townships 109, 110, 111, 112 and 113 
north, of ranges: 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 
and 65 west of 5th P. M.; area 800,000 
acres. 


Beadle, General William H. H., 1838- 
1915; native of Indiana; graduate of 
Michigan U.; served with distinction 
in the Civil War and rose to rank of 
brigadier general; came to Dakota as 
U. S. Surveyor General of the Terri- 
tory in 1869 and served until 1873; 
was six years superintendent of public 
instruction (1879-1885); was secretary 
of the codification commission of 1877 
and chiefly wrote the code of that 
year; his most important service was 
the promotion of the policy of with- 
holding the sale of school lands until 
‘a minimum of ten dollars per acre 
could be secured; wrote the constitu- 
tfonal provisions relating to school 
lands and devised the scheme requir- 
ing all funds to be loaned through the 
counties, which are held responsible 
for all funds loaned by them respect- 
ively; this plan has been incorporat- 
ed by Congress into the enabling acts 
of all States subsequently admitted; 
for his service a statue to his mem- 
ory has been placed in the capital at 
Pierre. He was president of the State 
normal school at Madison from 1889 


Eureka; . 


Beadle, Statue 


until his retirement in 1906, but con- 
tinued there as professor of history 
until 1912; Beadle County is named 
for him. See Beadle Prize; Beadle 
Statue. 





He wrote his memoirs which will be found 
in Hist. III, 87. Kingsbury, IV, 193; Rob- 
inson, I, 716; Coursey’s ‘“‘Who’s Who”, I, 
238, and ‘‘Biozgraphy of Gen. Beadle.” 


Beadle Prize is a prize awarded an- 
nually by the South Dakota Educa- 
tion Association, in commemoration of 
General William H. H. Beadle, to the 
citizens of South Dakota (product of 
our schools) who during the year 
makes the most important contribu- 
tion to knowledge; the prize is deriv- 
ed from an invested fund and may not 
exceed $100 each year. The governor, 
commissioner of public lands and pres- 
ident of the Education Association are 
the trustees in charge of the fund. 
The award is made by a committee 
consisting of the presidents of the 
Association, State University, State 
College, and two others chosen for 
terms of two years by the Associa- 
tion, one of whom must be a president 
of one of the denominational colleges. 
It has been awarded three times to 
the following persons: 


1920 to Miss Gertrude Young, Brook- 
ings, for the “History of Menno- 
nites in South Dakota.” 

1922 to Miss Carrol G. Green, Brook- 
ings, for “The Struggle of South 
Dakota to Become a State.” 

1923: to Walter William lLudeman, 
Vermillion, for “Studies in the Edu- 
cational History of South Dakota.” 
See Beadle Statue. 





Hint. ex 410 tlds oO LDA Oe: 

Beadle Statue. The statue of Gen- 
eral William H. H. Beadle in the State 
Capitol was provided through a fund 
promoted by the State Education As- 
sociation in 1909, by which the school 
children of the State contributed the 


- 


Bean, Jonathan L. 


sum of $4,656. The expense of con- 
ducting the campaign was $235. The 
committee in charge, consisting of the 
governor, superintendent of public in- 
struction and state historian, ex-officio, 
and two others selected by the Assoc- 
iation, contracted with Harry Daniel 
Webster (a young man who had from 
infancy resided in Sioux Falls and who 
had studied under Daniel C. French 
and acquired reputation as a sculptor) 
to design the life sized statue, which 
he carved from Tennessee Bond 
Marble, at a cost of $2,500. This left 
in the hands of the committee a sum 
whicn with accrued interest amounted 
to about $2500. Under the direction 
of the Association, General Beadle was 
paid a small monthly pension during 
the remainder of his life; and upon 
his death, in 1915, about two thou- 
sand dollars remaining became the 
foundation of the Beadle Prize Fund, 
which see. 





Hist., VI, 109. 

Bean, Jonathan L., a lieutenant of 
the regular army detailed as agent to 
the Sioux of the Missouri, 1830. He 
established the agency at Fort Look- 
out. Captain, 2nd Dragoons, 1836; re- 
signed, 1837. 


Beans. As garden: and farm crops, 
beans are _ successfully grown, but 
have not been relied upon as a main 
crop. According to the federal cen- 
sus of 1920 only 816 acres were grown 
in South Dakota, producing 4553 bush- 
els valued at $23,450. 


Bear. Black and Grizzly Bears were 
natives of South Dakota and were gen- 
erally found along the wooded streams 
and in the Black Hills. As a game 
animal they are easily followed and 
not being prolific breeders they soon 
disappear before civilization. It is 


64 


Beaver 


doubtful if any remain in a wild state 
in South Dakota. 


Bear Buttle, a striking landmark; a 
detached Butte located eight miles 
northeast of Sturgis, and reaches an 
altitude of 4422 feet above sea level. 
It was first described by Dr. Ferdi- 
nand V. Hayden, who visited it and 
scaled it on June Ist, 1854. In 1857 
Lt. G. K. Warren connected his sur- 
vey of the Hills with Hayden’s pre- 
vious observation. 


Bear Butte Creek rises in Lawrence 
County and running east, via Bear 
Butte, falls into the Belle Fourche 
River. 


Bear Creek is a southern affluent 
to the Moreau River in western Dewey 
County. 


Beardsley is a village in southwest- 
ern Hutchinson County. The banking 
point and post-office is Tripp, 6 miles 
east. 

Bear in the Lodge Creek, a consider- 
able stream rising in central Benneit 
County and flowing across Washa- 
baugh Co., into the White River. 


Bear’s Rib. A chief of the Hunk- 
papa who was killed at Fort LaFram- 
boise in June 1862, by hostile Sioux 
who opposed his policy of friendship 
for the whites. 





Hist., I,. 296, 366; IV, 22635°X17 160, Sage 
S8v 


VO 


Beasts. See Fauna. 


Beaver. Beaver were natives of all 
of the Dakota streams and the taking 
of them was the chief inducement to 
the great fur trade which centered at 
Fort Pierre from 1820 to 1860. There 
are no dependable figures as to the 
extent of the product in this field. 

In 1832 Jacob Halsey traded during 
the winter at the Arickara towns and 
there secured five packs of beaver; 


Beaver Creek 


this would equal four hundred skins, 
whose value was about $2,000. It was 
not unusual to put up forty or fifty 
packs of Beaver at Fort Pierre each 
spring; but the furs assembled there 
frequently came from long distances. 
A pack consisted of 100 pounds of fur, 
or about 80 skins, and fifty packs 
would indicate 4,000 animals taken. 
When the fur trade was given up in 
central: South Dakota about 1865 the 
beaver were nearly exhausted, but 
since have been materially augmented 
and beaver is a regular and remuner- 
ative product of the State. 


Beaver Creek is the little stream 
running down from Buffalo Gap to the 
Cheyenne River; the railroad runs 
along it. It rises above Custer and 
the Burlington Railroad traverses its 
upper waters for 12 miles between 
Custer and Pringle. 


Beaver Creek, a stream rising near 
the State line in western Lawrence 
County; it runs north to unite with 
Bear Creek to become Crow Creek 
and thence runs into Belle Fourche 
"River: 

Beaver Creek, rising in southwest- 
ern Minnehaha County cuts entirely 


across Lincoln County and enters the. 


Big Sioux River at Canton. South 
Beaver and Little Beaver Creeks enter 
it from the west, near its confluence 
with the Big Sioux. 


Beaver Dam Creek is a creek rising 
in Perkins County and running down 
to Cherry Creek. 


Beebe is a village in central Ed- 
munds County. Its banking point is 
Ipswich, 8 miles east. 

Beebe, James P., 1846- ; born at 
Sabula, Iowa, June 28th; came to 
Kimball, Brule Co., S. D., 1883; ope- 
rates 800 acre ranch; member, legis- 
lature, 1911. 


65 


Beet 


Beebe, Marcus P., 1854-1914; native 
of New York; pioneer of Edmunds 
County; banker and promoter at Ip- 
swich; a philanthropist; a regent of 
education at time of death. 


Hist., VII, 515. 

Beebe, M. Plin, 1880- ; born in 
Sandusky, N. Y., September 7th; son 
of Marcus P. Beebe (q. v.); came to 
Aberdeen, Dakota, 1883; grad., Univ. 
S. D., 1905; engaged in banking busi- 
ness at Ipswich; also attorney at law; 
State Senator in 1915. 


Beef. See Agriculture, 11, Live 
Stock. 

Beer. Prior to the adoption of State 
prohibition in 1916 beer was manu- 


factured in the State on a commercial 
scale by breweries at Sioux Falls and 
Yankton. The extensive plant of the 
Sioux Falls Brewing Company has 
been converted into a creamery and 
the plant of the Yankton brewery is 
used as a butter and egg depot. 


Bees, Honey, were not native to 
South Dakota, but they prosper here 
and have become an important inci- 
dent in our resources. They feed upon 
the native honey-bearing plants, on 
wild clover (which grows profusely 
everywhere) and upon the extensive 
fields of alfalfa. In 1920 bees were 
kept upon 1851 farms. There were 
11,144 hives producing 369,356 pounds 
of honey, worth $114,504. Bees are 
generally healthy, but a few years 
ago a scourge of “foul brood’ came 
upon them, leading to the organiza- 
tion of the bee raisers and the ap- 
pointment of an inspector under State 
law, who has succeeded in stamping 
out the trouble. 


Beet. South Dakota soil is epecial- 
ly adapted to the cultivation of beets. 
This is particularly true of the sugar 
varieties. Prof. James Shepard, form- 


Behnke, Julius E. 


er chemist of the State College, made 
extensive investigations pertaining to 
beet culture and analysis. Bulletins 
16, 19, 27, 56, 62 of the U. S. Experi- 
ment Station at Brookings, are devot- 
ed to the results of his experimenta- 
tion. All of them indicated a very 
high sugar content in the beets of 
South Dakota production. 

Sugar beets are a standard crop 
upon the Belle Fourche irrigation pro- 
ject. They find a market in the sugar 
factories of Nebraska and Colorado. 


Behnke, Julius E., 1848- ; Beres- 
ford; born in Prussia, Germany, June 
12th; came to Union County, Dakota, 
1871; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; held various township and 
school offices; member, legislature, 
1911. 





Biog., 1897, 154. 

“Belden, The White Chief.’’ This 
book (1870) is the autobiography of 
George P. Belden, who lived 12 years 
with the Yanktons and married into 
the tribe. It is an intimate story of 
tepee life, edited by Major James S. 
Brisbin, of the regular army. Belden 
finally came to his death at the hands 


of an Indian near Grand River Agency 


in 1872. 


Belding, John P., 1836-1917; native 
of New York; a captain in the Civil 
War; an early argonaut to the mining 
fields of Montana and a pioneer of the 
Black Hills; a member of the capitol 


commission of 1883 that located the. 


territorial capital at Bismarck; sheriff 
of Lawrence County and for a long 
period deputy U. S. Marshal for the 
Black Hills district. 


Belk, John T., 1860- 5) DOlILGaAk 
Ottawa, Illinois, August 22nd; came to 
Codington Co., Dakota, 1882; engaged 
in farming and stock raising; held 
various county and township offices; 


66 


Bells 


member, legislature, 1893, 1919, 1921; 
P. O., Henry. 

Bell, Samuel A., 1852- ; Britton; 
born in Hartland, Vermont, December 
28th; came to Marshall Co., Dakota, 
in 1883; in hardware business, 1890- 
1901; later, engaged in farming; city 
alderman; State Senator, 1907, 1909. 

Belle Fourche is a city in southwest- 
ern Butte County. Founded in 1890 
by the Pioneer Town Site Co. Named 
from the North Fork of the Cheyenne 
River, which was called Belle Fourche, 
meaning “beautiful fork,” by the early 
French explorers. Makes large ship- 
ments of live stock. Sheep and cattle 
feeding district. A government irri- 
gation project is located here. Popu- 
lation, see census. “The Bee,” found- 
ed in 1891, and the “Northwest Post,” 
founded in 1902, are its newspapers. 


Belle Fourche Project. See Irriga- 
tion. 
Belle Fourche River, (the north 


branch of the Cheyenne River) rises 
in eastern Wyoming and flows north 
of the Black Hills and falls into the 
Cheyenne. 


Bells. The first bell brought into 
Dakota was for use at Fort Pierre. It 
was of the dimensions of a small 
church bell and was mounted in the 
post upon the house of the “Bour- 
geoise.” It is preserved in the mus- 
eum of the Missouri Historical So- 
ciety at St. Louis. 

The first church bell was secured 
in Cincinnati by Rev. Charles D. Mar- 
tin, the Presbyterian Missionary, and 
brought to. Vermillion for the little 
Presbyterian church erected there in 
1859. Having doubt of the stability 
of the building to bear the weight, the 
bell was not mounted on the church 
but was placed on a platform of poles 
near the church door. Its. history 


Belvidere 


since the Indian Outbreak of 1862 is 
unknown. It was probably lost at 
that time or in the great flood of 1881 
which destroyed lower Vermillion. 
The bell in the old high school build- 
ing at Yankton, the first one in that 
city, was the bell of the steamboat 
“Tmperial,” destroyed by ice at Bon 
Homme Island in the winter of 1867. 
Judge Wilmot W. Brookings attach- 
ed the vessel for debt and out of the 
wreckage, among other things, res- 
cued the bell, which. he presented to 
the Congregational Church of Yank- 
ton. It was mounted upon the old 
capitol in which the church held its 
services. It was taken from the capi- 
tol and given to Yankton Academy 
and finally passed into the possession 
of the school board. It is still in use. 


Belvidere is a village in southern 
Jackson County. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Times,” founded in 1906, is 
its newspaper. 


Bemis is a village in western Deuel 
County. Population, see census. 


“Ben Blair’ is a novel of the Da- 
kota Cattle Country, by Dr. Will O. 
Lillibridge (q. v.). 


Benchmark is a village in Lawrence 
County. The post-office is Nemo, 5 
miles southeast. 


Ben Clare is a discontinued post- 
office in southern Minnehaha County. 
The banking point and post-office is 
Valley Springs, 4 miles north. 


Bend is a village in southern Meade 
County. The banking point is Rapid 
City, 21 miles southwest, and the ship- 
ping point is Box Elder, 13 miles 
south. — 

Bendon is a discontinued post-office 


in southern Brule County. The bank- 
ing point is Bijou Hills, 8 miles south 


67 


Bennett, Granville G. 


and the shipping point is Kimball, 15 
miles northeast. 

Benedict, Willis E., 1858-1917; native 
of Wisconsin; came to Canton in 1871; 


lawyer; pioneer of Hot Springs and 
Belle Fourche; represented Custer 
County in legislatures of 1899 and 
1901. 





Kingsbury, V, 746. 
Benefit. In law, one who takes the 
benefit must bear the burden. 





Code, 53. 

Benjamin, David, 1832-1914; native 
of New York; farmer; veteran of Co. 
A., First Dakota Cavalry. 


Bennett is a village in northern Pen- 
nington County. The banking point 
and post-office is Rapid City, 3 miles 
east. 

Bennett, Cassius C., 1856- ; born 
in Vermont, February 4; educated, 
Goddard Seminary, Barre Vermont; 
banker; came to Dakota Territory and 
settled in Pierre in 1883; State Sena- 
tor, 1895, 1903. Went to Oklahoma. 


Bennett, George P., 1864- ; born 
at Adrian, Michigan, April 12th; came 
to Rapid City, 1890; engaged in bank- 
ing, lumbering and mercantile busi- 
ness; State Senator, 1901, 1919, 1921, 
1923: 


Bennett, Granville G., 1833-1910; 
sixth delegate in Congress from Da- 
kota Territory; born in Butler County, 
Ohio, and educated there in the com- 
mon schools and academy; in his 
youth immigrated to Illinois, where he 
studied and practiced law; served for 
four years in the Civil War and was 
a member of the Illinois legislature, 
1865-1871; in 1875 President Grant ap- 
pointed him associate justice of the 
supreme court of Dakota and he was 
assigned to the Vermillion district; 
but when courts were organized in the 


Bennett, Rt. Rev. Granville Gaylord 


Black Hills he was sent there and held 
the first legal court in the Hills. He 
was elected to Congress in 1878 and 
after leaving Congress practiced law 
at Yankton and Deadwood. Father of 
Bishop Granville Gaylord Bennett. 


Bennett, Rt. Rev. Granville Gaylord, 
1882- ; BHpiscopal Bishop of Du- 
luth; born at Deadwood, Nov. 28; 
son of Gaylord G. (q. v.) educated U. 
of Nebraska and Seabury Divinity 
School, Fairbault, Minn.; elected 
bishop coadjutor of Minnesota, 1920. 


Bennett County. Created, 1911; or- 
ganized, 1912; named for John EH. Ben- 
nett (q. v.).. Begins on Nebraska state 
line at point dividing Pine Ridge and 
Rosebud Indian reservations; thence 
north along said boundary line to the 
township line separating townships 39 
and 40; thence west along said town- 
ship line to the 5th guide meridian; 
thence south along the 5th guide me- 
ridian to the Nebraska state line; 
thence east along said state line to 





place of beginning. Area, 750,720 
acres. 

Code, p. 142. 

Bennett County Agreement. See In- 
dian Treaties, 12. 

Benson, Lewis, 1873- © ; born in 
Norway, January 12th; educated at 


normal school, Valparaiso, Ind., and 
Drake Univ., Des Moines, Iowa, 1901; 
at Flandreau, S. D., since 1902; mem- 
ber, legislature, 1915, 1917, 1919; 
Speaker of the House in 1919; State 
Senator, 1923, 1925. 


Bentley, William S., 1868- ; Rap- 
id City; born in Ontario, Canada, Oc- 
tober 20th; came to South Dakota in 
1886; educated, State College, Brook- 
ings, and Detroit Medical Col.; physic- 
ian and surgeon, Gary, S. D., 1894- 
1903, “Rapid-.. - City, Go lolad45 sure 


68 


Berg, Otto C. 


geon to South Dakota _ Soldiers’ 
Home; 1903-06; mayor of Hot 
Springs in 1909; member, leg- 
islature, 1909, 1911; surgeon (major) 
with Fourth S. D. Infantry on Mexican 
border, 1916; ‘surgeon (major) in 
World War with 147th Field Artillery 
in France; field medical officer, U. S. 
veterans bureau, 1921-........ : 


Berdahl, Christian O., 1878- - 
born in Minnehaha County, Novem- 
ber 11; educated, Sioux Falls College 
and Caton Business Col., Minneapolis, 
Minn.; engaged in banking; mayor of 
Garretson, 1912-16; city auditor and 
member of city council; member, leg- 
islature, 1915, 1917, 1919, 1921; Speak- 
er of House in 1921; chief of engross- 
ing and enrolling force of the House, 
1925; bro. of Elmer U. Berdahl. 





Kingsbury, V, 452. 

Berdahl, E. U., 1889- : 
per, Minn., August 7; graduate Aug- 
ustana; Secretary Retail Merchants 
Association 1918-25; Secretary of Fi- 
nance under Administrative Reorga- 
nization act of 1925. 


Berdahl, John G., 1875- ; born 
Minnehaha County; A. B., U. S. D. 
1904; professor Augustana since 1904. 


Berg, A. L., 1871- ; born at Bal- 
tic, South Dakota, July 11th; educated, 
Augustana College, Canton; engaged 
at Baltic, Minnehaha Co., in farming, 
merchandising, and mutual insurance; 
held numerous township offices; mem- 
ber legislature, 1911, 1913; State Sena- 
tor, 1917, 4921, 


Berg, John, 1871- ; born Clay 
County, Feb. 16; educated U. S. D., U. 
Wisconsin; state engineer since 1919. 

Berg, Otto C., 1849-1905; Clerk of 


Courts, Spink County, 1894-1900; Sec- 
retary of State, 1901-1905. 


born Jas- 


Berg, O. K. 


Berg, O. K., 1862- ; born in Nor- 
way, January 10th; came to Lily, Day 
Co, <s. D., 1890; engaged in the hard- 
ware business; held numerous town- 
ship offices; member, legislature, 1911. 


Bergdorf is a discontinued post- 
office in northwestern McPherson 
County. The banking and shipping 
point and post-office is Ashley, North 
Dakota, 18 miles northwest. 


Beresford is a city in Union County 
(part of it in Lincoln Co.); founded 
in 1883 by the Western Town Lot Co.; 
named for Admiral Lord Charles 
Beresford, of England; the place in 
1873 was named Paris and had a P. O., 
Eli Ricard being P. M.; town has large 
planing mill. Population, see census; 
“The News” founded in 1883, and the 
“Republic” founded in 1894, are its 
newspapers. 





“Hist:, XI, 570. 

Bergren, W. L., 1871- ; Beresford, 
Union Co.; born in Clay County, S. 
Dak., January 18th; engaged in farm- 
ing and selling live stock; member of 
Beresford City council for eight years; 
member, legislature, 1915, 1917. 

Berkley is a discontinued post-office 
in southwestern Mellette County. The 
banking point and post-office is Win- 
ner, 12 miles northeast. 


Bernard, Ben,  ............ 2) task DOr... at 
Bonville, Canada; came ‘to Union 
County, Dakota, 1872; engaged in 


farming; chairman, town board, Jeffer- 
son; member, legislature, 1923. 


Berndt, Theodore, 1858-1915; born in 
Old Danzig, South Russia, August 
17th; came to Dakota in 1876; engag- 
ed in farming near Avon, Bon Homme 
Co.; member, legislature, 1903; State 
Senator, 1915. 

Berne is a village in northern Custer 
County. The banking point and post- 
office is Custer, 7 miles south. 


69 


Bibelheimer, John 


Berry, T. M., 1879- ; Belvidere; 
born in Paddock, Nebraska, April 23rd; 
came to Tripp County in 1901; engag- 
ed in ranching; member, legislature, 
1925. 


Berton is a discontinued post-office 
in northern Miner County. The ship- 
ping and banking point and post-office 
is Howard, 10 miles south. 

“Beryl” is a romance by Mrs. Aken 
Douglas (q. v.) of Fort Pierre. 

Bessler, William C., 1884- ; Sioux 
Falls; born in Sioux Falls, December 
18th; engaged in mercantile business 


and farming; member, legislature, 
291561917 511949; 
Best, C. W., 1865- ; Esmond, 


born at Pembroke, Maine, March 12th; 
came to Centerville, Turner Co., South 
Dakota in 1889; engaged in farming 
and stock raising; held township and 
school offices several times; in Beadle 
Co. since 1904; member, legislature, 
1917, 1919. 


Bettis is a village in central Davison 
County. The banking point and post- 
office is Mitchell, 6 miles east. 

Betts, A. H., 1846-1921; merchant 
and grain dealer. State Senator from 
Hanson County, 1895. 

Betts, Henry D., 1835- ; mer- 
chant; from New Hampshire; went to 
Vermillion in 1859; member, first ter- 





ritorial council, 1862. Left Dakota, 
1862. 

Hist. X, 421. 

Betts, Mark C., 1865- ; born in 


Onondaga County, New York, Dec. 
21st; came to Davison County from 
Michigan in 1882; member, legislature, 
1903, 1905; treasurer, Davison County, 
1923. 

Bibelheimer, John, ............ ee 
born near the Black Sea in Southern 
Russia; located in Walworth County 


“Bible Message for Modern Manhood” 


in 1890; county superintendent of 
schools, 1902; member, legislature, 
1907. 


“Bible Message for Modern Man- 
hood.”’ A biblical review by Rev. Craig 
S. Thoms, professor of sociology in 
the State University. 

Bickel, Thomas H.. ........... ena. 
born in Union County, Pennsylvania; 
came to Clark County, 1887; engaged 
in farming; held numerous township 
offices; State Senator, 1913, 1915. 


Bicklehaupt, Carroll Owen, 1888- 
; born Roscoe, South Dakota, De- 
cember 15; educated Northern Norm- 
al and Wisconsin University; served 
in France during World War; elec- 
trical engineer; vice president, in 
charge operations, Southern Bell Tel- 
ephone and Telegraph Company, head- 
quarters at Atlanta. 
Bicklehaupt, William G., 1865- : 
born at Cambridge, Wisconsin, Janu- 
ary 16; came to South Dakota 1887; 


president Dakota Central Tel- 
phone Company, Aberdeen. Father 
‘of Carroll Owen Boa owt 

Bielski, Richard A., 1880- ; Sioux 


Falls; born in Stevens Point, Wis. 
February 12th; came to Dakota in 
1882; engaged in banking business for 
several years, later practiced law; 
member, legislature, 1913, 1915. 


Biennial Legisiatures. Under the 
Organic Act annual. sessions of 
the legislature were provided for and 
such sessions were held for a period 
of forty days, beginning in December 
and ending in January. On March 3, 
1869, among the last acts of the John- 
son administration the Organic Act 
was amended to provide for biennial 
sessions. From that date the legis- 
latures of Dakota Territory and South 
Dakota have met biennially. 





Kingsbury, I, 509. 


70 


Big Mouth 


Bierce, J. W., 1860- ; Pukwana; 
born at Mercer, Pennsylvania, July 11; 
came to South Dakota in 1880 and en- 
gaged in farming and stock raising; 
member, legislature, 1905. 


Big Bend is a village in western 
Pennington County. The banking 
point is Rapid City, 18 miles east, and 
the post-office, Hisega, 1 mile east. 


Big Bend of the Missouri.. .See Mis- 
souri River, 1. 


Big Box-elder Creek, a western af- 
fluent of the Little Missouri River in 
Harding County. 


Big Buffalo Creek, in western Jack- 
son County, runs into Bad River. 


Big Cedar Island. See Chicot Island. 


Big Elk, a prominent chief of the 
Omaha, sucessor to the more import- 
ant Blackbird, at the height of his 
power at the beginning of the XIX 
century. He ranged into South Dakota 
and was at Trudeau’s post in 1794. 
He is best known for his funeral or- 
ation over Black Buffalo, the Minne- — 
conjou, made at the mouth of the Mis- 
souri July 14, 1815. 





Hist. II, 97; Drakes North American In- 
dians, 638. 

Bigelow, A. H., 1867- ; born at 
Buckley, Illinois, August 23rd; came 
to Lead, South Dakota in 1904; super- 
intendent of schools of Lead; presi- 
dent, South Dakota School Executives; 
member, legislature, 1911. 


Bigelow, Albert W., 1864- ; born 
in Winona County, Minnesota, April 
14th; came to Andover, Day Co., 1882 
and engaged extensively in farming; 
member, legislature, 1903. 


Big Mouth was a Brule Sioux Chief 
shot and killed by Spotted Tail in 
1869. 


Big Nasty Creek 


Big Nasty Creek is a northern tri- 
butary of Grand River in Harding 
County. 


Big Sioux River rises in the east 
coteau in northern Grant County and 
flows south to join the Missouri at the 
southeast corner of South Dakota. It 
is the eastern boundary of the State 
south of Minnehaha County. It was 
called by the Sioux the Thick Wooded 
River (Can-kasdata or “Split-wood 
River’). The falls in the river at 
Sioux Falls are ninety feet in a dis- 
tance of one mile. 





Hist. X, 96, 98. 

Big Springs is a discontinued post- 
office in northeastern Union County. 
The banking and shipping point and 
post-office is Alcester, 7 miles north- 
west. 





Hist. ox I< - 5711. 

Big Stone City is in northeastern 
Grant County. Situated on Big Stone 
‘Lake, which is 36 miles long and is 
a scenic summer resort. There is good 
fishing here. Has a large canning fac- 
tory, granite polishing works and brick 


yard. Population, see census. ‘The 
Headlight,’ founded in 1884, is its 
newspaper. 


Big Stone Lake is a widening in the 
Minnesota River, forms the eastern 
boundary of South Dakota throughout 
its length of thirty-six miles. It is an 
attractive lake with fine boating and 
fishing and a summer resort of note. 


Big Tom is a high mound on the 
State boundary line six miles south of 
Big Stone Lake—a notable landmark. 

Big White (Shakaka) 1758-1812; the 
Mandan chief who accompanied Lewis 
and Clark to Washington, where he 
was made a social lion in the winter 
of 1806-7. He possessed a fine phys- 
ique, and dressed in the long black 


vk 


Bilger, Frank W. 


coat and top hat of the period he was 
a striking figure. The next year, the 
attempt to return him to his people 
failed because of the hostility of the 
Arickara Indians at Ashley Island, and 
it was not until 1809 that he was final- 
ly landed at home. His experience 
with the whites was most gratifying 
and he resolved to return to live with 
them and was making up a party to 
accompany him when the war of 1812 
came on. The Gros Ventre were 
strongly pro-English and Big White, 
loyal to his American friends, de- 
claimed loudly in their favor. The 


Gros Ventre, perhaps incited to it by 


British traders, fell upon him and 
killed him, Nov. 28, 1812. See Arick- 
ara-Mandan War (under War, 1). 





Luttig’s Journal, 82; Chittenden, 119. 

Bijou Hills. An elevation of about 
1980 feet in the Coteau du Missouri 
in Southern Brule County. The hill 
was visited on August 25, 1801, by 
Perrin du Lac, who planted there a 
cedar post 20 inches square upon 
which he engraved his name, the date, 
and the words, “Sitis Cognoscendi’”’ 
and “Deo Naturea.” The hills were 
named for Louis Bissonet, of St. Louis 
(nicknamed “Mr. Bijou’) who in 1812 
built a trading post on the Missouri 
at the foot of these hills. 


Perrin du Lae, ‘‘Travels through the two 
Louisianas,” p. 54 and “Luttig’s Journal,”’ 
p. 58. 

Bijou Hills is a village in south- 
eastern Brule County. Its shipping 
point is Pukwana, 20 miles‘ north. 


Bilger, Frank W., 1883- ; born in 
Oakland, Iowa, October 10th; came to 
Ardmore, Fall River Co., 1909; en- 
gaged in practice of medicine, surgery, 
farming and stock raising; member, 
legislature, 1915. 





Biller, Bishop George, Jr. 


Biller, Bishop George, Jr., 1874-1916; 
born in London, Feb. 25; graduated 
Berkely Divinity School, Middletown, 
Connecticut; Consecrated Bishop of 
South Dakota, Sept. 18, 1912. 


Binder is a village in western Sully 
County. The banking and shipping 
point is Pierre, 35 miles southeast. 


Bingham, Kate Boyles, born at Oli- 
vet, Hutchinson Co., S. D. With her 
‘brother, Judge Virgil D. Boyles, of 
Yankton, author of a number of ro- 
mances, among them “Langford of the 
Three Bars,” “The Hoosier Volunteer,” 
“The Homesteaders,’ “The Spirit 
Trail,’ “A Daughter of the Badlands.” 
She was educated at Yankton College 
and her home is at Chamberlain. 


Biography. For works containing 
biographies of South Dakotans see Lit- 
erature of South Dakota, X. 


See Fauna. 


Birch. Thrives in the Black Hills 
but does not grow to great size. It 
is chiefly valuable for ornamental pur- 
poses. 


Birch, John R., 1859- 7. DOTA AL 
Hardanger, Norway, December 13th; 
came to Milbank, Grant Co., Dakota 
in 1883; engaged in farming; held 
county and township offices for many 
years; member, legislature 1913, 1915, 
1917, 1919; 19217 0F "On Albee; 


Bird, Francis William, 1874 -5 
Deadwood; born in London, England, 
November 25th; came to South Da- 
kota in 1909; mine operator; member, 
legislature, 1919. 


Biology. 


Birds. See Fauna, 2. 
“Birds of the West.” A little book 
of bird’ lore’ by +'Proft.. Charles BE. 


Holmes, an amateur bird lover; former 
superintendent of the city schools at 
Howard, S. D. 


72 


Bittern 


“Bird Woman.” A pretended story 
by James W. Shultz of Sa-ka-ka-wea, 
“the Bird Woman,” guide to Lewis and 
Clark, told by an old woman of the 
Shoshonie who is represented to have 
known the Bird Woman. It is his- 
torical fiction, in the main following 
the Lewis and Clark narrative, but 
aside from that having no historical . 
value. 

Births. See Vital Statistics. 

Bishop, W. K., 1874 -; born at 
Unionville, Iowa, March 4th; educator 
and farmer; teacher in public schools 
of Iowa and South Dakota for twenty 


years; supt. schools, McPherson Co., 
1917-20; State Senator, 1923; P. O., 
Leola. 


Bismarck Trail. When gold was 
discovered in the Black Hills in 1874 
one of the near approaches by rail was 
Bismarck and a stage and freight ser- 
vice was established and continued 
until 1880, when the Northwestern 
railroad, having been completed to 
Pierre, the business was transferred 
to the Fort Pierre trail. The trail was 
251 miles long to Custer, the original 
mining center. It entered South Da- 
kota in northwestern Corson. County 
and angled across Perkins, Meade, and 
Butte Counties. 


See Buffalo. 


Bison is the county seat in central 
Perkins County. The shipping point 
is Lemmon, 45 miles northeast. Pop- 
ulation, see census. “The Courier,” 
established in 1909, is its newspaper. 


Bison. 


Bitter Lake is in eastern Day County. 


Bitter Medicine Lake is in western 
Codington County. The waters are 
believed to have great medicinal vir- 
tue. 


Bittern, (Botaurus lentiginosus) 
common name of thunder pump, or 


Bixby 


shitepoke, a bird of the heron family; 
found in the grassy sloughs; feeds 
principally upon frogs; flesh, inedible. 
Bixby is a village in southern Perk- 
ins County. The banking and shipping 
point is Faith, 35 miles southeast. 


. Bixler, Burr F., 1848- oT DOL Sith 
Ohio, April 15; settled at Hitchcock 
1882; farmer; member territorial 


house 1889; State legislature 1889. 


Black Buffalo. Head chief of the 
Minneconjou Sioux at the beginning 
of the nineteenth century. He met 
Lewis and Clark at the Teton River 
(Bad River) and, though at first in- 
clined to hostility, he became friend- 
ly and entertained the explorers for 
several days. ‘When they returned in 
1806, he was down near Fort Randall, 
but they avoided him and did not stop. 
In 1807, he joined with the Rees in a 
war on the Mandan, and took part in 
the fight with Prior and Chouteau’s 
men when they were attempting to 
return Big White, the Mandan Chief, 
to his home; Black Buffalo was re- 
ported killed, but though badly wound- 
ed he recovered. He died during the 
peace council at the mouth of the 
Missouri in 1915 and was given a 
military funeral. The oration of Big 
Elk, the Omaha chief, over his body 
is one of the gems of Indian oratory. 
Black Buffalo was the great grand- 
father of Hump, notable in the War 
of 1876 and in the Messiah War. 





Tist. II, 96-7; IX, 562-6, 568, 570-1, 589; 
Brief Hist., 76; “Biography of North Amer- 
ican Indians’, by Samuel G. Drake, Book 
V. 137; “Journals of Lewis and Clark,” 
September 25-28, 1804; August 380, 1806. 


Blackburn, William Maxwell, D.D., 
educator, minister; born near Carlisle, 
Indiana, Dec. 30, 1828, died at Pierre, 
December 29, 1898; president of Pierre 
University; President, North Dakota 
University; thirteen. years Professor 


73 


Black Hills, The ~ 


of Ecclesiastical and Biblical History, 
McCormick Theological Seminary, 
Chicago. Author, “History of the 
Christian Church” and of many other 
books. 


Black Eagle. 


Black Hawk is a village in south- 
eastern Meade County. The banking 
point is Rapid City, 7 miles southeast. 


See Wamdesapa. 


Black Hills, The, are a mountainous 
area practically 100 miles north and 
south and 60 miles from east to west, 
in the southwestern part of South Da- 
kota. This region of great geological 
interest is an upthrust due to a tre- 
mendous convulsion which forced the 
crystalline rocks of the earth’s foun- 
dation high through the overlying stra- 
ta, which are folded back and in the 
subsequent eons eroded away. Thus 
every stratum may be studied as from . 
an open book. 

The Hills were probably first seen 
by white men by the Verendrye Bro- 
thers in January, 1743. They are not 
shown upon any map prior to that 
of Lewis and Clark, and the first 
known mention identifying them is in 
the Journal of Lewis and Clark for 
August 30, 1804. From the first the 
region was clothed with awe and mys- 
tery. Clark says, “A great noise is 
frequently heard in those mountains.” 
Thereafter the mountains were occas- 
ionally mentioned by writers upon the 
West and almost invariably with some 
suggestion of mystery. A _ tradition 
grew up'‘that they were rich in gold, 
but no foundation for the belief was 
ever discovered. In 1833 a party of 
seven adventurers came into the Hills 
from Laramie, remaining a year and 
discovering gold. The party was des- 
troyed by Indians near Spearfish and 
all record of it lost for more than 
fifty years. (See Thoen Stone). In 


Black Hills, The 


June, 1854, Dr. Ferdinand V. Hayden, 
a geologist of repute, visited Bear 
Butte on the eastern border of the 
Hills; and in 1857, Lieut. Gouverneur 
K. Warren (afterward notable in the 
Civil War) accompanied by Dr. Hayden 
and a military escort, passed along 
the western side of the Hills and 
crossed through them, via Harney 
Peak, and along the eastern side as 
far as Bear Butte. There was no 
further attempt at exploration until 
July, 1874, when Gen. Custer with 
his regiment of cavalry and a corps 
of scientists came down from Fort 
Abraham Lincoln, entering the Hills 
from the west side, passing through 
them, scaling Harney Peak en route, 
and discovering gold upon French 
Creek, near the present city of Custer. 
A minute record of this’ exploration 
was kept and the substance of it pub- 
lished in the “‘Report of a Reconnais- 
sance of the Black Hills of Dakota, 
made in the summer of 1874,’ by Cap- 
tain William Ludlow, chief engineer, 
Department of Dakota, U. S. Army. 


The report of Custer’s exploration 
created great excitment and a rush 
of gold hunters was precipitated; but 
the government intervened and at- 
tempted to keep the miners out until 
a treaty with the Indians could be ne- 
gotiated. Some, however, evaded the 
military and entered the Black Hills 
in the autumn of 1874. In the spring 
of 1875 the government sent Dr. Wal- 
ter P. Jenney, under a military escort 
in command of Col. Richard I. Dodge, 
to make a geological reconnaissance 
of the hills, and he substantially veri- 
fied the findings of Custer. In Sep- 
tember, 1875, the government assem- 
bled at Red Cloud agency all of the 
Indians claiming rights in the Hills, 
for the purpose of negotiating a treaty, 


74 


Black Hills, The 


but was unable to reach an agreement. 
After that the military withdrew all 
active opposition to miners entering 
the region and during the fall and 
winter following a large number (said 
to exceed 15,000) assembled, chiefly 
in the neighborhood of Custer. ' Gold 
having been discovered in Deadwood 
Gulch, a stampede to the diggings al- 
most depopulated Custer in the spring 
1876. Lines of transportation were 
established from Laramie, Sidney, 
Fort Pierre and Bismarck and the 
population grew rapidly, despite the 
protest of the Indians and the war 
of that summer (1876). A treaty re- 
linquishing the Hills was negotiated 
that autumn and proclaimed on Feb. 
27, 1877, giving legal status to the 
white population and _ establishing 
courts and orderly government. 


1. Harney Peak. 

As the result of a great upthrust of 
the archean rocks through the over- 
lying strata, Harney Peak, a vast pile 
of granite, rises in the central Black 
Hills to a height of 7,242 feet above 
sea-level. It is the highest point in 
America east of the Rocky Mountains. 
The following table from the Diction- 
ary of Altitudes (published by the 
U. S. Geological Survey) indicates the 
supremacy of Harney over any eastern 
rival. The highest points in the Ap- 
palachian system from North to South 
are as follows: 


Mount Katahdin, Maine 
Mount Adams, 


New Hampshire 


(White Mountains) .¢..3estgee 5,805 
Mount Marcy, New York (Adiron- 

Gacks} 1 cc). « «ssi eae ee 5,344 
Mount Guyot, Tennessee ........ 6,636 


Clingman Dome, Tennessee (Great 


Smokey ),:....j4.:<0% 43 aes ae 6,619 
Black Brother Peak, North Caro- 

Ling Peo os eee ee 6,619 
Harney Peak, South Dakota, 

Black + Hills2. «3822 Cr Gere 7,242 


Black Hills, The 


Not only is Harney Peak much the 
highest mountain east of the Rockies, 
but it is much nearer the central por- 
tion of the United States than any 
other mountain of consequence. Har- 
ney is 63 miles nearer St. Louis than 
any other mountain of its class; near- 
er Chicago by 154 miles and nearer 
St. Paul by 246 miles. The peak was 
located and named in 1855 by Gen- 
eral Gouverneur K. Warren when, as 
a lieutenant, he made a reconnais- 
sance of the Black Hills; but he did 
not ascend it. That honor belongs to 
General George A. Custer, who on Ju- 
ly 31, 1874, accompanied by General 
Geo. A. Forsyth, Captain William Lud- 
low, Mr. W. H. Wood, Dr. N. H. Win- 
chell and Prof. A. B. Donaldson, un- 
der escort of a company of cavalry, 
left the main camp of the expedition 
‘on French Creek (near the present 
city of Custer) and climbed nearly 
to the top; but they were unable to 
climb the sheer cliff of 25 feet at the 
summit. They wrote the names of 
the official members of the party upon 
a slip of paper, which they placed in 
an empty cartridge shell which they 
flattened wedge-shaped and drove in- 
to a cleft of the rock in a protected 
place—a valuable relic for him who 
shall some day find it. A spring of 
fine water bursts from the granite 
near the peak and the ultimate peak 
is now reached by a ladder; there is 
placed the cottage of an observer of 


the forest service, who goes up to. 


this retreat at the dawning of spring 
and remains until the snows of No- 
vember remove the likelihood of for- 
est fires. He is equipped with power- 
ful glasses and an automatic method 
of locating any fire he observes, send- 
ing out the alarm to the nearest ran- 


ger. Thus the loss from fire in the 


75 


Black Hills, The 


forest reserve is reduced to the min- 
imum. Of the unsurpassed view from 
the top, Captain Ludlow, engineer of- 
ficer of the expedition, says in his 
Report (which describes their ascent 
of the peak, pp. 14, 43-6): “The view 
was superb, extending over the inter- 
vening peaks and hills to a_ broad 
expanse of prairie from north by east 
round to southwest. The course of the 
forks of the Cheyenne could be dis- 
tinctly traced and a dim line visible 
to the southeast was even thought 
to be the hills of White River, fifty 
or sixty miles distant. Bear Butte, 
forty odd miles to the north, was again 
seen over the wooded ranges; and all 
but Inyan Kara of the principal peaks 
were in view.” 


Though laborious, the peak is not 
difficult of ascent by persons in good 
health. The best point of approach 
is from Sylvan Lake; a rustic path 
has been selected and slightly im- 
proved, by which the ascent can be 
made. Ponies are supplied for those 
who prefer that means; but usually 
the tourist prefers the stroll. The 
distance from the lake is three and 
one-L@if miles to the peak; but it 
appears further. It is recommended 
that the visitor take an entire day. 
for the enterprise, starting from the 
lake at a seasonable hour and en- 
joying the wooded defiles, the needles 
and other magnificent scenery as he 
proceeds. The way is beautified with 
countless wild flowers in season, and 
along the path may be found many 
crystals, specimens of rose granite 
and gem-stones. It is unwise to de- 
vote less than two hours to the ascent. 
For a greater portion of the distance, 
by following the circuitous ways, the 
rise is gradual; but as the top is 
approached it becomes more and more 


Black Hills, The 


difficult. The enjoyment of the sum- 
mit outlook is worth many times the 
effort. 

In September, 1924, Gutzon Borg- 
lum visited Mount Harney and pro- 
posed that heroic statues of Washing- 
ton and Lincoln be carved from the 
native granite near the top of the 
mountain. His suggestion is for busts 
silhoutted against the sky line, stand- 
ing upon the ledge from which they 
are carved, 200 feet high from waist 
to crown. As the Mountain is within 
the National Forest, Congress has 
granted permission to Carve these fig- 
ures and the State Legislature has 
provided for an authoritative organ- 
ization to promote the work. 


2. Needles 


These are a large group of granite 
spires of great height, buttressing Har- 
ney Peak. A State highway in the 
Game Park threads through these 
Needles. They were first described 
by Prof. N. H. Winchell, geologist of 
Gen. Custer’s exploring expedition of 
1874; and the serious-minded old sci- 
entist inserts a rhapsody in his report; 
they had left the main camp on French 
Creek, near Custer, en route to Har- 

ney Peak: “Upon ascending a ridge 
, a most magnificent prospect burst up- 
on us. To the northeast was the 
grandest sight I ever beheld. This 
was truly an Alpine view. Here was 
Pelion on Ossa. This was toward 
Harney Peak, only the top of which, 
as we supposed could be seen from 
our position. Very near us, and cut- 
ting off our view north, was a series 
of spindled rocks which, though mas- 
sive and imposing, proved to be mere 
pygmies to the giants of the same 
shape and character that rose in the 
distance. Rising almost as high as 
old Harney himself was a _ perfect 


76 


Black Hills, The 


nest of organ-pipe peaks whose sharp 
spindling tops immediately suggested 
the name Organ Peaks.” Prof. A. B. 
Donaldson, correspondent of the ex- 
pedition, said: “We never saw the 
like for rugged desolation. In this 
sublime cathedral of nature let Aeolus 
play in gentle summer zephyrs and in 
the winter let Boreas make the moun- 
tains tremble with the’ reverberating 
music from these tremendous col- 
umns.” 





Histen Vid, sow: 
Custer State Park 


The Mount Harney and Black Hills 
National Forests included 96 sections 
of school land, over which there was 
a natural conflict of jurisdiction be- 
tween the state and federal officers. 
Hon. O. C. Dokken, Commissioner of 
School and Public Lands, in 1906 be- 
gan negotiations for the exchange of 
these lands within the Forests for a. 
like amount of timbered lands out- 
side the reserve, and the matter was 
finally consummated by an agreement 
reached between Commissioner Brink- 
er, on behalf of the state, and the 
federal authorities by which the state 
surrendered its title to the lands in 
the Forests for 61,440 acres located in 
townships 3 and 4 south, 6 east; and 
two tiers of sections in 3 and 4 south 
and 5 east B. H. M. in Custer County. 
This tract is known as the “lieu 
lands.” This exchange was effected 
by filing the state’s title May 10, 1912. 
Already a proposal was under discus- 
sion to make a game preserve of 
these lands. In his report for the 
fiscal year ending June 30, 1911, Game 
Warden W. F. Bancroft said, “It has 
been urged by the national authori- 
ties that the state take such action 
as will establish a big game preserve 
in the Harney National Forest.” 


Black Hills, The 


Nothing however was done in the 
premises until February 1913, when 
Senator John F. Parks, of Custer 
County, .at the suggestion of Peter 
Norbeck, Senator from Spink, intro- 
duced S. B. 338 creating a state game 
preserve composed of all the lieu 
lands, and appropriating $15,000 from 
the game fund to fence-and stock 
the same with buffalo, elk and other 
big game. The bill passed the sen- 
ate by a unanimous vote but failed 
of the necessary two-thirds majority 
in the house. As a west river meas- 
ure Messrs. Granger and Leedom, of 
Stanley County strongly favored the 
bill. At the same time a temperance 
measure was pending in the house, 
and in a conference relating to the 
game park bill Mr. Norbeck suggest- 
ed that it might be possible to make 
an exchange of votes that would carry 
both through. Granger and Leedom 
set about to arrange the matter and 
were successful in inducing enough 
wet votes to go to the temperance 
measure to carry it and in consider- 
ation the temperance men put the 
Game Park Act through. 


In 1909 Mr. Norbeck visited the 
region and conceived the idea of a 
great State Park; early in 1914 he 
accompanied Governor Byrne and 
Game Warden Hedrick to. the park 
and thence forward planned to make 
the most extensive and attractive 
playground upon the continent, a pur- 
pose he has not at any time relin- 
quished. The game warden, as soon 
as the fence was finished began to 
assemble big game in the preserve; 
buffalo, elk, mountain sheep and ante- 
lope, the cost being defrayed by the 
game fund derived from the sale of 
hunting licenses. Thus matters stood 
until the end of the World War, when 
in his message to the legislature of 


77 


Black Hills, The 


1919, delivered fifty days after the 
armistice, Governor Norbeck said: 


“Sometimes to states, as well as 
individuals, come peculiar opportuni- 
ties which may be grasped to great 
and permanent advantage, or be al- 
lowed to slip away forever. It is a 
matter of rare good fortune that the 
state owns in Custer County a large 
body of land, commonly called the 
State Forest, or State Game Park. 
It is not in fact a State Park, being 
school land subject to sale at any 
time; and unless some action is taken 
it may within a few years pass into 
private hands. 


“The area is about eight by twelve 
miles in extent and is enclosed with 
an eight foot woven wire fence, forty 
miles long. It ranges from low hills: 
in the eastern part to high rugged 
mountains in the western part, with 
majestic peaks which rise to an ele- 
vation of five or six thousand feet 
and overlook the surrounding country 
as far as the eye can reach. Near by 
is Custer and Sylvan Lake. A few 
miles to the north rises Harney Peak, 
surpassing in height and grandeur any 
mountain the United States east of 
the Rockies. A few miles to the south 
is the great natural wonder, the Wind 
Cave and the summer resort of Hot 
Springs. 

“Here, already to our hand, is a 
beautiful natural park, in part heavily 
timbered, already fenced as a game 
preserve. The locality is famous for 
its many mountain streams in which 
trout abound. It contains a herd of 
about 250 elk, the original stock of 
which were transported from Yellow- 
stone Park. There are also numerous 
deer, small herds of buffalo and ante- 
lope and a colony of beaver. 


“The land was given by the Federal 
Government as ‘Lieu Lands,’ in place 
of school sections which, for certain 
reasons, could not,be delivered. It 
presents the peculiar opportunity 
which must be grasped promptly, if 
at all to create a permanent State 
Park, a place of scenic grandeur, an 
ideal recreation spot, and a home for 
the preservation of the fast disap- 
pearing wild animal life of the state. 


Black Hills, The 


“T recommend that a permanent 
State Park be created, under the sup- 
ervision of a Park Board, appointed 
by the governor without salary, to 
have entire control of the park. An 
annual appropriation should be pro- 
vided which will in the course of ten 
or twenty years, reimburse the school 
fund and preserve this place of natur- 
al beauty for the use and benefit of 
the people of this state. The taking 
of this land would not really be an 
expense to the state; the people of 
the state own it now; they would own 
it afterwards. It is merely a question 
of transferring the land from one de- 
partment to another. The appraisal 
would be made by the regular Land 
Appraising Board. 

“So far, it is a State Park in name 
only, and in danger of slipping out 
of our hands. It may easily and with 
little expense be made into an endur- 
ing monument of use and beauty for 
the enjoyment of this and succeeding 
generations.” 

Pursuant to this recommendation 
the Custer State Park was created to 
consist of the Lieu Lands and for 
the purchase of which two hundred 
thousand dollars was appropriated, 
and paid to the school funds. The 
Custer State Park Board was created 
by the same act, (Chap. 165 laws of 
1919) to serve without compensation 
and to consist of the governor and 
two other members appointed by the 
governor for the term of six years. 
In addition that session appropriated 
$10,000 for the construction of roads 
in the State Forests. Congress in 
1920 ceded to the state jurisdiction 
over 56,000 acres adjoining the Custer 
State Park, including Sylvan Lake and 
Harney Peak, as a game sanctuary, 
and in 1925 10,000 additional acres 
were added, makimg the total area of 
the park 127,440 acres. 

Governor Norbeck realized that if 
the people of the state were to secure 
the full benefit of the enterprise im- 
mediate and strenuous effort must be 


78 


Black Hills, The 


expended to develop the park and 
make its remote and rugged places 
accessible; he was chairman of the 
Custer Park Board, of the State High- 
way Commission and of the State 
Game and Fish Commission. He re- 
solved to draw upon all of the state’s 
resources under his control to carry 
out the important project. He ex- 
plored every portion of the park and 
with Mr. Scovile Johnson laid out and 
constructed the marvelous highway 
leading through the famous Needle 
district, conceded to be unsurpassed 
as a road building proposition. From 
the game funds the attractive Game 
Lodge was built. At the conclusion 
of his term as governor his successor, 
Governor McMaster, appointed him a 
member of the Custer State Park 
Board and he has since devoted his 
energy and fine executive sense to 
the further development of the Park. 
The highway system is being rounded 
out by the construction of the road 
over the deep gorge of French Creek 
and across Sheep Mountain to the 
Wind Cave National Park and Hot 
Springs. There are now two commod- 
ious and comfortable hotels. Camp 
sites are provided free to tourists and 
sites for summer cottages are avail- 
able to those who desire to pass the 
season. 

The appointed members of the Cus- 
ter Park Board since its creation serv- 
ing without compensation, have been, 
Enoch Norbeck, 1919-1921; John Stan- 
ley, 1919-........... ; Peter Norbeck, 1921- 


4. Caves 
There are many caves in the lime- 
stone formations of the Black Hills, 
at least three of which are important 
and highly interesting: 
Wind Cave, located in Section 1, 
town 6 south, range 5, east of the 


Black Hills, The 


Black Hills meridian, in Custer 
County; was discovered by Edward 
Petty, a herdsman working his cattle 
in the vicinity in 1881, who was 
attracted to it by the noise made by 
its inhaling and exhaling of the air. 
It has been explored to the extent of 
three miles, in which it reaches a 
maximum depth of 480 feet below the 
entrance. It contains many beautiful 
chambers highly decorated with stal- 
actites, calcite crystals, exposed ge- 
odes and open box work, as well as 
innumerable other beautiful and cur- 
ious formations. A government res- 
ervation, known as Wind Cave Park, 
surrounds it, containing 10,522 acres; 
it is in charge of a supervisor who 
has fenced it, supplied it with suit- 
able buildings, built fine roads and 
bridges and stocked it with buffalo, 
deer and other interesting animals. 
It is visited by 10,000 persons annually 
and interest in it is. rapidly growing. 

Jewel Cave, also a U. S. govern- 
ment reservation, is located in town 
3 south, 2 east, in Custer County, has 
been less exploited than Wind Cave, 
but is said to be quite its equal in ex- 
tent and beauty; it was discovered by 
Frank and Albert Michaud in 1905. 
It is easily accessible from the high- 
way leading from Custer to New- 
castle. 

Crystal Cave, in town 4 north, 5 east, 
in Meade County, near Tilford, was 
discovered in 1876, but not explored 
until after 1885. Unfortunately, the 
title to the property was in litigation 
until 1913, and while the case was 
pending the cave was robbed of many 
of its most valuable treasures. Seven 
miles of passages have been traced 
and plotted. 

5. Gold Discovery 

The oldest existing record of the 

discovery of gold in the Black Hills 


79 


Black Hills, The 


appears to be contained in the Thoen 
Stone, found at Spearfish in 1887, 
which states. that gold was found by 
a party of seven, who perished m 
1833-4. 

As early as 1855 rumors of gold in 
the Black Hills were current and these 
rumors were intensified with the pas- 
sage of time. When in 1876 the 
Deadwood placer was worked, a min- 
er’s axe. was found in the gravel, on 
bedrock. 

The first practicable discovery lead- 
ing to the present development was 
made by parties accompanying the 
military expedition under General 
George A. Custer in the summer of 
1874. This expedition approached the 
Hills from the north, passing down 
on the Wyoming side as far as Inyan 
Kara, thence entering the Hills pro- 
per. The first mention of gold hunt- 
ing was made by Capt. Ludlow, July 
27, in the remark, while upon Castle 
Creek: “The gold hunters were busy 
all day with pan and shovel,” but he 
makes no suggestion that they were 
successful. 

On July 29, with a good deal of dif- 
ficulty they got up out of the valley 
of Castle Creek and camped among the 
mica schist at the head of a little 
rivulet that ran toward the east and 
disappeared in a deep cleft in the 
rocks. The wagon-train worked all 
night getting up out of Castle Creek 


and did not reach the camp made by 


the pioneers until daylight, the 30th. 
They then proceeded 10 miles toward 
the southeast and camped on French 
Creek in Custer Park. The journals 
of Captain Ludlow and Dr. Winchell 
each tell precisely the progress and 
where each camp was made. The map 
accompanying the report also shows 
the location of each camp, dated. On 
July 30, Winchell says: “Gold seek- 


Black Hills, The 


ers who accompany the expedition re- 
port the finding of gold in the gravel 
and sand along this valley.” Ludlow 
makes no mention of gold on the 30th, 
but the opening of his journal next 
morning says: “The gold hunters re- 
doubled their efforts.” 

William T. McKay, a former mem- 
ber of the legislature, accompanied 
the expedition as an expert miner and 
also kept a journal. His entry for 
July 30 reads: ‘In the evening I took 
a pan, pick and shovel and went out 
prospecting. The first panful was tak- 
en from the gravel and sand obtained 
from the bed of the creek; and on 
washing was found to contain from 
one and a half to two cents, which was 
the first gold found in the Black Hills. 
Went down the creek about twenty 
feet and tried another pan which 
yielded about three cents worth of 
gold. Took it to headquarters and 
submitted it to Generals Custer and 
Forsyth, who were in high spirits at 
the result; in fact I never saw two 
better pleased generals in my life.” 
General Custer’s report was dated 
from the Camp on French Creek, 
“Wight and one-half miles southeast 
of Harneys’s Peak, Aug. 2nd 
Gold has been found in several places 
and it is the belief of those who are 
giving their attention to this subject 
that it will be found in paying quant- 
ities. I have upon my table 40 or 50 
small particles of pure gold in size 
averaging that of a small pinhead and 
most of it obtained from one panful 
of earth.” To his wife he wrote that 
evening, ‘“‘We have discovered gold 
without a doubt.” Prof. A. B. Don- 
aldson, formerly of the University of 
Minnesota, then a newspaper corres- 
pondent, also kept a journal, but made 
no reference to the finding of gold 
then. 


80 


Black Hills, The 


Richard Mathiesen accompanied the 
party as a sutler’s teamster. His home 
was in Yankton, to which he returned 
on September 16. The next day the 
“Press and Dakotan” stated that he 
had called at the office of that news- 
paper and told them of the enterprise: 
“As to the question of gold, he sub- 
stantiated all the reasonable accounts 
published and declares that the soil 
of Custer Valley is rich enough to 
afford $20 or $25 per day to the miner. 

With his own hands he mined 
and washed the yellow particles from 


the soil. He showed us a small speci- 
men.” It has recently been stated 
that Mr. Mathiesen was the actual 


first discoverer. It does not appear 
that he made such a claim when he 
returned home. 

Horatio N. Ross was also a miner 
accompanying the expedition. In 1875 
he returned to Custer and thereafter 
spent his life there, where he died 
about 1914. At Custer the _ tra- 
dition has grown up that Mr. Ross was 
the first discovered upon July 27. The 
date is undoubtedly a mistake, as the 
expedition was not in the vicinity un- 
til the 29th and did not reach French 
Creek until the 30th. There does not | 
appear to be any contemporary record 
indicating that Mr. Ross was the dis- 
coverer, but it is not impossible that 
he was. His friends at Custer have 
erected a monument to his memory 
as such discoverer. Mrs. Tallent, the 
historian of the Black Hills, writing 
in 1899, says only that “Mr. Ross was 
one of the mining experts accompany- 
ing Custer.” Father Peter Rosen in 
his work, “Paha Sapa,” published in 
1895, says, “The expedition of Gen- 
eral Custer was accompanied by H. 
N. Ross and William T. McKay in the 
capacity of guides and miners.” 


Black Hills, The 


George Bird Grinnell, nationally 
known, was the paleontologist of the 
Custer expedition of 1874. Writing in 
July, 1924, he says: “I always took 
it for granted that it was Ross or 
McKay or both together who found 
the gold in the Black Hills. I very 
clearly remember the day and place 
when it was announced that gold had 
been found and I always rather took 
it for granted that it was Ross who 
found it. Ai 


Dr. Grinnell submitted the matter 
to Captain North, his assistant in 1874, 
who replied: ‘Ross was the man 
who washed out the first gold. I re- 
‘member it as if it were yesterday. You 
and I stood right behind him when he 
did it. Ross and McKay had washed 
for gold on several creeks where we 
had camped; but before we got to 
Custer had gotten nothing.” 

Dr. W. P..Jenney says: “I was in- 
formed by A. H. McKay, one of the 
miners who accompanied the expedi- 
tion of General Custer, that Ross and 


himself failed to find gold in pros-. 


pecting on Castle Creek; but on a 
small branch in the north part of Elk- 
horn Prairie they obtained the first 
‘color’ of gold from the Black Hills, 
July 28, 1874.” 


This statement evidently was care- 
lessly written by Dr. Jenney. McKay’s 
name was William T. The statement 
is at variance with the note McKay 
made in his diary, July 30, 1874, and 
is at variance with all the other con- 
temporaneous testimony. The only 
circumstance in confirmation is that 
.on July 28, 1874, Custer actually was 
on Elkhorn Prairie. It might be fair- 
ly assumed that in writing his report 
Dr. Jenney relied upon his memory, 
which he refreshed by reference to 
Ludlow’s map. 


$1 


Black Hills, The 


In view of all the testimony it ap- 
pears to be a safe conclusion that no 
color of gold was found until the even- 
ing of July 30th, and at that time on 
French Creek Ross and McKay found ) 
“color” at about the same time. 


6. Gold Mining 

The discovery and production of 
gold was the first incentive to the 
settlement of the Black Hills. In the 
first enterprises the recovery of gold 
from placer invited the enterprise of 
the argonauts and all of the streams 
were diligently prospected with a 
view to locating and working placer 
mines, and reasonable returns were 
secured. Experienced miners, how- 
ever, from the first prospected to lo- 
cate the mother lode. The pursuit of 
this developed the fact that in the 
Black Hills the mother lode has been 
shot up from the Archean rocks 
through the overlying strata. Only 
one such upshot has been definitely 
determined, namely; the Homestake 
and tributary lodes in the vicinity of 
Lead, in the Northern Hills. 

The placers were worked by pan- 
ning, through sluices and to a limited 
extent by dredging with steam power. 
It is probable that the important plac- 
ers have been located and worked out, 
for every section has been minutely 
inspected. 


7. The Homestake Mine 

The Homestake lode was located in 
the autumn of 1876 by Moses Manuel, 
who held but a single mining claim 
of about twenty acres and soon dis- 
posed of his rights to L. D. Kellog, 
who proved to be the trusted agent of 
George Hearst and a group of capital- 
ists associated with him in San Fran- 
cisco. Manuel received $70,000 for his 
claim. He had named the location 
Homestake, and in 1877 when a com- 


Black Hills, The 


pany was incorpaerated under the laws 
of California for the development of 
the claim it was called “The Home- 
stake Mining Company.” This mine 
has a vast deposit of low grade ore 
averaging $3.67 to the ton. With a 
few brief intervals, due to fires and 
one strike, the mine has been in oper- 
ation for forty-eight years. Formerly 
about three thousand men were em- 
ployed, but improved methods and 
machinery have reduced the number 
to about two thousand. During the 
life of the mine four processes have 
been employed; all ore first passing 
through the stamps; the free gold being 
chiefly recovered by its affinity for 
mercury; in the former times a chlor- 
ination process was employed for re- 
covery of the gold escaping from the 
stamps, but in recent years the cy- 


Value of plant 
Less reserve for depletion 


Cash 
Accounts receivable 


Supplies, as per inventory 
Profit and loss 


eeeeee 


© eo tye «4 <6) 0 a 0.6 6 0 0 '6 6 0 @ (a © Bc. Ole © 


owe ee ge eee eee ep tee eo 8 ee 5b + 8 8 OP 8 OO ee Ce 0 © 8 8 ee 8 8 08 6 Be 6 C6 8 6 6 6s 8 8 ee o ere 


seeeeeeereceosr ee eer eee eee eevee eesseeeee eee eeeseseeeeseese eevee 


Black Hills, The 


anide process has been substituted for 
it. Some gold escapes the cyanide 
and is carried off in the slimes, which 
are given a special treatment; but 
some gold escapes the most scientific 
treatment yet developed. 

In 1924, 1,670,300 tons of ore were 
taken from the mine and treated pro- 
ducing, $6,126,349.99. On December 
31, there were 686,918 tons of ore 
broken down and remaining in the 
stopes and 15,815,118 tons were block- 
ed out, indicating a supply ample for 
ten years further operations of the 
present magnitude. The official report 
makes no suggestion as to the further 
resources of the mine in ore not yet 
prospected. The mine has been pene- 
trated to a depth of 2250 feet. The 
balance sheet of the Company for Jan- 
uary 1, 1925, is as follows: 


. -$29,350,809.72 





Liabilities 


Capital Stock (251,160 shares at $100.).. 
Outstanding drafts 
Accounts payable 
Unclaimed dividends 


8. Gold Production 


The following table gives the official 
statement of gold produced in the 
Black Hills in each year since the 


discovery: 

SG ike chen s chars bolus eerie at aes ee $1,200,000 
RSET Rites. Gree ale See ie soe ee 2,000,000 
ES US eee oe ohn Gch th ce buiin ate aan 2,250,000 
BST OD Matra: clrtecd a eiele ee ceases 2,500,000 
TSSOMG Ne. AOR Rs Pe) et Ge ee 2,650,000 
fhe yo Bay aN OS ee et Cee IOT EA Ee 2,550,000 
DBS On gies Skis > Heusen tutions were. ete 2,550,000 
LOSBe. geotis orc. chee’. RRO been 2,525,000 
Bho SPO AS a oun a a 2,575,000 
TSS aL OU Gees ee ae oes 2,750,000 
LSSGOr sn es des hie eee ae 3,250,000 
LSST, caecacs wiauerS ce terete Steet eee 3,420,000 
MOSS. (2 fa eee VRB cee eee oe 3,485,000 
ESSO Me otete se siete oe nee 3,550,000 


eee ee € 0 9 8 6 60.6 6 2 6 6 08 6 0 6 8 08 ee oe 8 © 6 ie Bee 6 6 6 8 0 eSe) 6.8) 8 Lee 


8,387,601.01 $20,963,208.71 
1,602,331.88 

309,910.96 

TAD, Ble. a 999,531.25 

oa sale PRGA ee 846.39 
CE SS BE, ee 585,488.88 
» oll pee ce 7c. US ae 981,519.18 
$25,442,837.25 

sie aié eco ah ek tne Ok ee eee $25,116,000.00 
iy th. At) Pane ee 230,099.60 
nee ibis hea Abs ote 6S ae 91,636.69 
5,100.96 

$25,442,837.25 

1860. 222. SPA ea 3,904,000 
ASDIN wit: . acceeragl ete 4,619,270 
1899 Wiiees ot cen ond cee ee 5,101,630 
URGE PRPs BA. ld Se 6,750,000 
1804 docs 6 Fao teak 1 ee 6,500,000 
1805 oon sd ciate 6,800,000 
1806 TG! . ee. Gio eee ee 775,000 
1897s .0b ie vah eae a 6,524,760 
1898 TAG) .602 19) Se ae 6,800,000 
1899. Lobe wa alan ee 7,000,000 
1900. °F fags s Soe ee 7,250,000 
1901.20. Aoeis ope ee 7,500,000 
1902 ecb ig ce ih ait eles ee 7,400,000 
1908. ee 0, Le 7,229'000 
1004 . wife diton saue e > ee 7,090,481 
1905... ec turn. toe 7,191,553 
19062: EGLO Be 6,986,900 
TDOT. nose? ss dose hickciep pa 4,138,189 
1908) eee eee 7,544,850 
1909 RIP ile, Wee aes 6,447,093 
1910. ins. cee eee 5,402,257 
1911 ey. ae eee 7,625,506 


82 


Black Hills, The 


Ge 8,035,598 
Bee FO VASIR ERR. ck RRL). 7,497,100 
yk, a aa ea 7,325,510 
Onn epee ganaderaeelaaag aaa 7,619,684 
SG Se ORS es eee 7,500,000 
Te oy 8 le i a ala 7,500,000 
DE eo hc ecatn va 6,700,000 
Pelee cle 5,000,000 
POSEN Ek fo 2,250,000 
OS nega 5,500,000 
Poser eee Ce reas: 6,664,000 


Gold in placer is found all the way 
from French Creek, in Custer County, 
to Spearfish; but the chief working 
mines are now in the northern Black 
Hills. 

9. Other Resources 

Other minerals and mineral products 
of the Black Hills are Copper, Iron,Man- 
ganese, Silver, Lead, Tin, Tungsten, 
Graphite, Mica, Spodumene. Reference 
is made to a special article on each. 

The region is covered with pine and 
spruce and lumbering is an important 
industry. See Lumbering. Through- 
out the hills are fine natural parks 
in which farming is successfully pros- 
ecuted. The region is a tourist resort 
of growing fame. See Summer Re- 
sort. Tourists and Camping. 

The Black Hills for ten years after 
settlement were remote and without 
railroad facilities. Transportation was 
by Stage Coach and Bull Trains. (See 
articles upon these subjects). The 
Chicago and Northwestern railroad 
reached the Black Hills, via Northern 
Nebraska, in 1886 and was completed 
into Deadwood in 1890. The Burling- 
ton and Missouri River Ry. reached 
Deadwood in 1891 and Spearfish in 
1892. 


“Report of a Reconnaisance of the Black 
Hills of Dakota made in the Summer of 


1874,” by Captain William Ludlow. ‘The 
Black Hills,” by Col. R. I. Dodge. Hist. 
VII, 554, 588. Kingsbury, I, 885; ‘‘Caves 
of the Black Hills,” by J. H. Johnson, in 
“Pahasapa Magazine,” June 1920. ‘‘Cus- 


ter’s Report”? (Hx. Doc., No. 32, 43d Cong., 
2d Sess). Tallent, 10. ‘‘Yankton Press and 
Dakotan,”’ Sept. 17, 1874. Letter of George 
._ Bird Grinnell, in files, Department of His- 
tory; Jenney’s “Report on the Mineral Re- 
sources: of the Black Hills’ 1876 (Ex. Doc., 
No. 51, 44th Cong., Ist. Sess.). Report of 
the Homestake Mining Company for 1924. 


$3 


Black Hills Trails 


“Black Hills, The.” By Colonel 
Richard I. Dodge, who commanded 
the escort of the Jenney Geological 
survey of 1875. It is a full and accur- 
ate description of the Hills at the 
time white men first entered them, in- 
cluding geography, geology and nat- 
ural history. 


“Black Hills Ballads:” 
verse by Robert V. Carr. 


Black Hills Base Line. See Surveys. 


“Black Hills, First White Woman in 
the’: A biographical sketch of Mrs. 
Annie D. Tallent, by O. W. Coursey, 
1923. 


“Black Hills, Forty Years Mining 
and Prospecting in the’: an interest- 
ing book setting out a life’s experi- 
ences in the Black Hills country. It 
is of much historical value. By Frank 
Hebart, of Hill City, 1921. 


Black Hills Meridian. 


A book of 


See Surveys. 


“Black Hills, or The Last Hunting 
Ground of the Sioux.” A history of 
the Black Hills, by Annie D. Tallent, 
the first White woman to enter the 
region. It is a valuable work, much 
of it the result of personal participa- 
tion. 





Coursey’s book, ‘‘The First White Woman 
in the Black Hilis.” 


Black Hills Normal 
Education, 17 (Spearfish). 


School. See 


Black Hills Trails. When the ar- 
gonauts first began to enter the Hills 
the chief trail was 201 miles from 
Cheyenne. . Another was established 
from North Platte (254 miles) and 
from the end of the Northern Pacific 
Ry. at Bismarck (251 miles). In the 
open season transportation was by 
steamboat to Fort Pierre and thence 
overland, 163 miles. The Cheyenne 
and North Platte business was soon 


Black Hills Treaty of 1876 


transferred to a shorter and better 
line from Sidney, Nebraska, and until 
the Northwestern reached Pierre in 
1890 the Sidney route was the favored 
one for winter. 


Black Hills Treaty of 1876. The 
commission, consisting of Geo.  W. 
Manypenny, Bishop Henry B. Whipple, 
Jared W. Daniels, Albert G. Boone 
and Newton Edmunds, met at Hotel 
Fontenelle, Omaha, formulated the 
treaty, and afterward carried it to 
the several reservations and secured 
the signatures of the head men. As 
it was immediately following the battle 
of Little Bighorn, a strong military es- 
cort accompanied them, and co-inci- 
dently the government took occasion 
to disarm and dismount the Indians. 
Under the circumstances, the Indians 
claim that they were compelled to 
sign under duress. The agreement 
was ratified by the treaty of 1889. 
Under this treaty the Indians relin- 
quished all claims to the Hills, and 
agreed to the building of roads through 
their reservations to connect the 
world with the Hills. In consideration, 
the government undertook the support 
of the Sioux until they became self- 
supporting. See Indian Treaties, 5. 





Kingsbury, I, 969; Ind., 1876, 334. 


Blackhorse Creek is a southern af- 
fluent to Grand River in. western Cor- 
son County. 


Black Moon. Hereditary chief of 
the Huncpapa Sioux and active in the 
period of the Custer battle on the 
Little Big Horn (1876). It has been 
frequently stated that he was killed 
in that battle, but it is not true. He 
went into Canada with the refugees 
and returning with Gall in 1880, died 
on the Standing Rock reservation. At 


Little Bighorn he voluntarily surren-. 


84 


Blain, T. P. 


dered the chief command to Gall, with 
whom he was and continued to be 
upon terms of close intimacy. 


Blackpipe Creek meanders along the 
line dividing Mellette and Washabaugh 
Counties and joins White River. 


Blacktail is a village in central Law- 
rence County. Named for the many 
black-tailed deer found near by. The 
banking point is Deadwood, 2 miles 
east. 

Blacktail Creek flows out of Fall 
River County into White River. 


Black Tomahawk. 
Black Tomahawk. 


See Waldron vs. 


Blackwell, Charles H., 1866- : 
born in .Hampden, Penobscot Co., 
Maine, October 16th; came to Spear- 
fish, Dakota in 1882; held numerous 
school and township offices; engaged 
in mercantile business at Fruitdale, 
Butte, Co.; member, legislature, 1913. 


Black and Yellow Trail. The auto 
trail from Chicago, through the Black 
Hills to Yellowstone Park. It enters 
the state east of Brookings and pass- 
ing through Huron and Pierre, via 
Rapid City, and through the Custer 
State Park. thence to Newcastle, Wy- 
oming. It was the first of the national 
trails to be organized through South 
Dakota. It is now graveled from the 
east line of the state to a point sey- 
eral miles west of Fort Pierre, Other 
sections west of Fort Pierre are under 
contract for graveling and it is the | 
purpose to completely gravel or oil 
surface it by the end of 1926. 


Blaha is a village in northern Bon 
Homme County. The banking point 
is Scotland, 8 miles northeast. Popu- 
lation, see census. 


Blain, T. P., 1868-1918; born at Kank- 
akee, Ill.; came to Ashton, Spink Co., 


Blair, Henry H. 


1882; engaged in banking and lumber 
business; member, legislature, 1905. 


Blair, Henry H., 1839-1911; veteran 
of the Civil War; pioneer of Elk Point; 
county judge; county treasurer and 
State regent of education. 


Blake, Ambrose Barnum, 1887- ; 
born at Wessington, South Dakota, 
May 30; grad., Univ. of Wis., 1909; in 
Huron since 1909; in insurance busi- 
ness; member, legislature, 1913, 1915, 
1917; Secretary of the Senate in 1919, 
1921 and 1923; delegate to Rep. State 
Conventions in 1912, 1920, and 1922; 
proposalman to State Convention in 

1921; ist Lieut. in World War; Post- 
’ master at Huron, 1925-............ | 


Blakeley, A. L., 1884- ; born at 
Tina, Missouri, January 9th; came to 
Wentworth, Lake Co., S. Dak., March, 
1902; engaged in banking; president, 
board of Education, four years; mem- 
ber, legislature, 1925. P. O., Isabel, 
Dewey Co. 


Blanchard, Charles D., 1842- 4 
born in Jefferson County, N. Y., March 
10th; moved to Wisconsin and came 
to Campbell County, Dakota in 1889; 
engaged in stock raising; State Sena- 
tor, 1905. 


Blind. A State school for the blind 
was established at Gary, in 1895 and 
has been in successful operation since. 
It maintains an average of about 35 
pupils, who are taught the elementary 
branches, music, and manuals adapted 
to the blind, including plain sewing, 
hammock making, broom-making, 
piano-tuning and violin-making. The 
institution is under the control of the 
State board of charities and correc- 
tions. The privileges are absolutely 
.free for all purposes, including board 
and clothing. Training of the blind 
in the institution is compulsory. 


85 


Blockades 


Bliss, Philemon, first chief justice of 
Dakota Territory, was appointed to the 
position by Lincoln in the first days 
of his administration. Judge Bliss was 
a native of Ohio, about 50 years old 
when appointed. He resigned to be- 
come professor of law in Missouri Un- 
iversity Law School, where he wrote 
his famous work, Bliss on “Code Plead- 
ing;” he died in Missouri about 1897. 


Blizzard. See Climate. 


Blockades. The winters of 1880-81 
and 1896-7 were of unusual severity 
and with snows of great depth, ac- 
companied by high winds, making the 
operation of railroads extremely dif- 
ficult and in 1881 completely blockad- 
ing traffic for several weeks. Condi- 
tions were worse in Minnesota, af- 
fecting the railroad lines entering 
South Dakota. At Watertown no trains 
arrived from early January until May. 
Settlers were ill prepared for such 
conditions, but actual suffering was 
not extensive. The efforts expended 
by the railroads to keep their lines 
open and to open them during the 
long blockade were heroic. Snow 
plows of great power and capacity 
were developed and an army of men 
employed. A fair day might result 
in opening several miles, to be fol- 
lowed by a night wind that left the 
situation worse than before. As day 
after day the deeper cuts were shovel- 
ed out the snow piled up mountain 
high, so that it was necessary for the 
shovelers to relay several times on 
the shelved banks before the top was 
reached. All this effort was wasted 
and no relief was found until the win- 
ter finally broke at the end of April, 
the high drifts dissolved into floods 
of water that inundated the entire 
country, destroying bridges, washed 
out the railroad grades and held up 


Blue Blanket Creek 


traffic for a fortnight while repairs 
were being made. There have been 
minor blockades in other seasons, but 
not comparable with those of the two 
historic seasons indicated. 


Blue Blanket Creek; a stream rising 
in the Missouri Couteau east of Selby, 
Walworth Co., runs west and south- 
west to the Missouri River. 


Blue Blanket Island, in the Missouri 
River, directly south of Mobridge. 


Blue Books. The “Legislative Man- 
ual of South Dakota” is popularly 
known as the Blue Book, to disting- 
uish it from the ‘Legislative Hand- 
book” which is known as “the Little 
Red Book.” 

The first attempt at a legislative 
manual was made by T. K. Long, of 
Bismarck, in 1889, who as a private 
enterprise got out ‘‘Long’s Legislative 
Handbook,” a compact little volume 
containing a vast amount of historical, 
statistical and biographical informa- 
tion. 

No attempt was made to produce a 
manual of the first and second ses- 
sions of the State legislature; but in 
1893 Gershom Jones, of Pierre, produc- 
ed a little biographical directory of the 
legislature. In 1894, O. S. Bassford 
published a ‘‘South Dakota Political 
Hand book and Legislative and Official 
Manual,” containing much political 
and official information and _ biogra- 
phies of the officials and legislators. 
A unique feature was the publication 
of the entire republican organization, 
by counties. Thereafter, there was no 
attempt to produce any sort of a man- 
ual until 1903 when John E. Hipple, 
public printer, secured legislative sanc- 
tion for the publication of an official 
blue book, which he compiled and 
printed. Since that session a Legisla- 


86 


Blunt 


tive Manual, or Blue Book, has been 
published for each session. These 
were compiled by the contract print- 
er until 1913, when the law placed the 
compilation in the hands of the Com- 
missioner of Public Printing. The ses- 
sion of 1923 somewhat limited the 
amount of matter which may be pub- 
lished. 


Blue Dog Lake is in eastern Day 
County. 


Blue, Richard, 1855- = ; born at Mor- 
rison, Illinois, Nov. 7th; came to Tur- 
ner Co., South Dakota in 1898 and en- 
gaged in farming; held township of- 


fices; member, legislature, 1905; P. O., . 


Parker. 


Blue Sky Law. The abuse of public 
confidence by unprincipled vendors of 
corporate stocks led to the creation of 
the State securities commission in 
1915. It consists of the superintendent 
of banks, the commissioner of insur- 
ance and the attorney general. It em- 
ploys a secretary, who is the executive 
officer of the commission. No one 
may sell or solicit the sale of any 
corporate stock or bond within South 
Dakota without first satisfying the 
commission of the solvency of the 
corporation issuing the same and of 
its good faith; he must also secure a 
license from the commission. No stock 
sold may be delivered to the customer 
until it has been approved by the com- 
missioner. 





Code, 10127 et seq. Laws, 1919, chap. 
310; 1921, .chap; 361. 


Blum, G. C., 1889- ; born in Swed- 
en, December 15th; came to Brookings 
County in 1893; engaged in banking in 
Florence, Codington Co.;, member, leg- 
islature, 1925, 


Blunt is a town in northern Hughes 
County. Named for John E. Blunt 


Bly, John 


(died, 1923) who was Chief Engineer 
of the C. & N. W. Railway when the 
station was established. Population, 
see census. “The Advocate,” founded 
in 1885, is its newspaper. 


Bly, John, 1862- ; Garretson; 
born in Lee County, IIll., March 16th; 
came to South Dakota in 1886 and lo- 
cated in Minnehaha County; engaged 
in farming; member, legislature, 1905. 


Board of Charities. See Charities 
and Corrections, Board of. 


Board of Finance. See 


State Bd. 


Finance, 


Board of Health, County, State. See 
Public Health. 


Boats. See Steamboats, Navigation. 


Bobb, C. S., 1876- ; Mitchell; 
born in Richland Center, Wisconsin, 
October 28th; physician, surgeon 
and farmer in Davison and Aurora 
Counties; State Senator, 1915. 


Bobb, E. V., 1873- ; born in Rich- 
land Center, Wis., August 2nd; came 
to Mitchell in 1882; physician and 
surgeon at Sisseton, Roberts Co.; State 
Senator in 1909. 


Bob-cat. See Cat. 


Boe, Jorgen J., 1863- ; Presho; 
born at Styrn, Nordfjord, Norway, De- 
cember 4th; came to Dakota in 1881; 
in Rapid City, 1886-1900; since in Ly- 
man Co.; ‘engaged in farming and 
livestock raising; held various county 
and township offices; democratic cand- 
idate for secretary of state in 1920; 
member, legislature, 1923, 1925. 


Boe, Rev. Nils N., 1863- ; born 
in Norway; graduate, Decorah College, 
Iowa; pastor, Scandinavian Lutheran 
Church, Sioux Falls, since 1892; the 


Bone Necklace 


titular head of the Lutheran Church in 
South Dakota. ; 





“Hist. Minnehaha Co.,’’ 452. 


Boehmer, J. Henry, 1858- ; born 
in Pennsylvania, July 11; farmer of 
Hanson County; state senator, 1903. 


Boehss is a village in southern Perk- 
ins County. The shipping point is 
Faith, 23 miles southeast, and the 
banking point is Chance, 11 miles 
north. 


Bogert, George Gleason, 1884- ¢ 
born at Scotland, S. D.;graduate of 
Cornell; dean of College of law, Cor- 
nell University since 1921; son of T. 
O. Bogert (q. v.). 


Bogert, Taylor O., 1851- ; native 
of New York; graduate of Albany law 
school; came to Dakota, 1880 and en- 
gaged in banking at Canton; contin- 
ued banking in Scotland; was elected 


to the senate of the “State of Da- 
kota,” 1885. 
Bogue, Alan, Jr., 1867- ; born at 


Arlington, Wisconsin, November 15th; 
educated at Univ. of Wisconsin; at- 
torney; came to South Dakota, 1894, 
locating at Centerville, Turner Co.; 
also has office and home at Parker; 


' State Senator, 1923, 1925. 


87 


Bois Cache Creek rises in North Da- 
kota and running south joins Blue 
Blanket Creek at Glenham, Walworth 
Co. 


Bonding Department. 
Bonds. 


Bonds, Official. 


See Official 


See Official Bonds. 


Boneita Springs is a village in cen- 
tral Meade County. The banking and 
shipping point is Owanka, 33 miles 
south, 


Bone Necklace, Chief of the Yank- 
tonais, throughout the Fur trading per- 


Bonesteel 


iod. His home was at the mouth of 
Swan Lake Creek, in Walworth Coun- 
ty. He appeared to be a man of hu- 
mane instincts. He was the Father 
of White Ghost and Fast Walker. 


Bonesteel is a town in southeastern 
Gregory County. Named for H. E. 
Bonesteel of the forwarding-firm of 
Bonesteel & Turner, who _ freighted 
merchandise through the country be- 
fore it was served by a railroad. Ships 
much livestock. Population, see cen- 
sus. ‘‘The Pilot-Herald,’ founded in 
1908, is its newspaper. 


Bonesteel, Battle of. On July 20, 
1904, during the registration for the 
drawing of Rosebud lands, a pitched 
battle was fought between the law abid- 
ing citizens and the thugs and gamblers 
who were running wide open and in the 
most flagrant manner. The latter were 
driven from the town with the loss 
of one gambler killed and two wound- 
ed. 


Bonhomme is a discontinued post- 
office in southern Bon Homme County. 
The banking and shipping point is 
Tabor, 7 miles northeast. 


Bon Homme County, named from 
Bon Homme Island, which in turn was 
named for the French mythical patron, 
Jacques Bon Homme, the Uncle Sam 
of France. Created and organized, 
1862; first settler, Zephyr Rencontre, 
on Bon Homme Island, 1828; modern 
settlement at Bon Homme village in 
1858 by George T. Rounds and others. 
The first school house in the north- 
west was built at Bon Homme in 1859. 
Southern State Normal School is at 
Springfield. 

Bon Homme begins at southwest 
corner of Yankton County, thence up 
the main channel of the Missouri Riv- 
er to Chouteau Creek, thence north 


88 


Boom 


along the eastern boundary of Charles 
Mix County to the north line of town- | 
ship 96 north, thence east along said 
township line to the northwest corner 
of Yankton County; thence south along 
the west boundary of Yankton County; 
thence south along the west boundary 
of Yankton County to the place of be- 
ginning. Area, 366,720 acres. The act 
creating the county in 1862 located the 
county seat at Bon Homme, where it 
remained until the building of the 
Runningwater branch of the Milwau- 
kee railroad induced the removal of 
most of the business to new towns on 
that line. In 1885 the county seat 
was removed to Tyndall with no ser- 
ious trouble. 


Bonilla is a village in northwestern 
Beadle County. Population, see cen- 
Sus. 


Bonney, George H., 1858- ; born 
in Batavia, Michigan; came to San- 
born Co., Dakota in:1882; farmer; held 
township offices; State Senator, 1905. 


Booge is a village in eastern Minne- 
haha County. The banking point is 
Garretson, 6 miles northwest. 


Booge, Charles P., 1821-1874; Indian 
trader at Yankton Agency, Greenwood, 
1859; candidate for Congress in first 
election, 1861; adjutant general of Da- 
kota, 1862; afterwards a merchant in 
Sioux City. 





SAISt, 7 oes AOL 


Boom. Three notable boom periods 
have been experienced in South Da- 
kota. The first of these had its gene- 
sis in the great financial crisis of 
1873, which resulted in the bankruptcy 
of vast numbers of people. By 1877 
liquidation was well advanced and new 
hope possessed the hearts of the 
people, lifting them out of the despond- 


Boom 


ency that had overwhelmed them and 
they set out to found new homes upon 
the public lands. Mr. Hughitt’s pol- 
icy of pioneering railroads made ac- 
cess to the Dakota lands easy by 1879 
and homesteaders came on in an ever 
increasing ground-swell that spread 
over the entire region east of the Mis- 
souri. Of course the victims of the 
financial crisis did not come alone; 
a generation of stalwart sons and 
daughters, just entering upon the ac- 
tive stage of life accompanied them; 
speculators flocked to the townsites; 
men ambitious to gain public favor 
through political preferment came in 
droves; adventurers looking for any 
path to easy money; missionaries un- 
selfishly seeking opportunity for serv- 
ice; mechanics finding abundant em- 
ployment in building up the new es- 
tablishments, and finally conservative 
business men scenting openings for 
permanent and substantial ventures, 
all lent themselves to the most signifi- 
cant and the most impressive migra- 
tion in history. Hope was all-abound- 
ing; nothing appeared to be beyond 
the possible to such a people; nature 
in those first years was kindly and the 
soil responded bountifully to indiffer- 
ent cultivation. A nervous energy pos- 
sessed the land; community vied with 
community for municipal and metro- 
politan advantage; railroad managers 
worked with terrific strain to project 
their lines into the most desirable sec- 
tions; churches lifted their spires to 
heaven and schools were planted at 
almost every section corner. This 
boom continued with little abatement 
until 1885. The second boom period 
grew out of the financial crisis of 1893, 
which again spread bankruptcy over 
the nation; again about four years 


89 


Boreson, Charles 


were spent in salvaging something 
from the wrecks of fortune and in 
liquidation, so that by 1897 the victims 
of the disaster were looking for places 
where new roof-trees might be raised; 
again the very cheap lands of South 
Dakota offered the most hopeful op- 
portunity. At the outset the best lands 
in the commonwealth were purchas- 
able at a nominal price. Fine lands 
in Union, Clay and Yankton Counties 
were sold at $25 per acre or less and 
upon terms within the reach of any 
enterprising farmer. The rich lands 
of the middle and upper James Valley 
were offered at $5 per acre. A sec- 
ond wave of homeseekers swept over 
the prairies. New hope welled up in 
the land; prices advanced, but not diz- 
zily; but real estate transactions were 
so frequent that practically all of the 
lands in some counties changed hands, 
some tracts many times, and each time 
with advancing profits. The period 
was not so romantic as was the earlier 
one, nor so impressive, but it gave a 
great impetus to the State. 

The third boom came after the world 
war in 1919. In some sense it was 
forced. Lands were marketed at un- 
conscionable prices; the people seem- 
ed possessed by a frenzy and plunged 
recklessly into speculation which in 
soberer days they would have intu- 
itively shunned. The boom was of 
short duration and came abruptly to 
a close in 1920; but its results were 
incalculably disastrous, wrecking the 
fortunes and lives of multitudes of 
citizens. 


Boreson, Charles, 1876- ; Mitchell; 
born in Norway, June 25th; came to Dav- 
ison Co., Dakota in 1883; engaged in 
farming and stock raising; member, 
legislature, 1911, 1915; State Senator, 
1917, 1919 and 1921. 


Borst, Curtis 


Borst, Curtis, was a young man from 
Wisconsin who came out in 1877 and 
engaged in freighting between Fort 
Pierre and Deadwood. In December, 
1877, he was coming down from Dead- 
wood and stopped over night at Froz- 
en Man’s Creek. He was accompanied 
by one man, Joe Budd. The next 
morning before daylight Borst was 
shot through the head and killed. Budd 
brought his body down to the river 
and on to Yankton reporting that they 
had been attacked by Wall and Black- 
burn, desperadoes who were at the 
time terrorizing the region. Budd was 
arrested and charged with the mur- 
der, but no evidence was produced 
against him and he was discharged. 
The pioneers generally believed he 


was entirely innocent of the ghastly 
business. 


Bosland, A. T. H., 1871- ; born in 
Waupaca County, Wisconsin, Decem- 
ber 23rd; came to Waubay, Day Co., 
S. D., 1899; engaged in general mer- 
chandise business and farming; may- 
or of Waubay, 1915 to 1921; member, 
legislature, 1923; State Senator, 1925. 


Botany. See Flora. 


Bothun, Lasse, 1836-1918: pioneer 
of Clay and Minnehaha Counties; mem- 
ber, territorial legislature, 1862, 1874; 
of council, 1863, 1864; State Senator 
in 1891. 


Bottum, Joseph H. 1853- 3 DOIN 
in West Bloomfield New York, Sep- 
tember 26; graduate of Ripon College; 
lawyer; located in South Dakota in 
1880; pioneer lawyer of Faulkton; 
state senator 1899-1903; judge of tenth 
Circuit since 1909. 


Boucher, Lyman T., 1858-1923; born 
in Washington County, Ill., Feb. 27th; 
educated at McKendree College and 


90 


Bourgeois 


Chicago College. of Law; settled in 
South Dakota in 1883; member, con- 
stitutional convention; has been reg: 
ent of education and held many places 
of trust; circuit judge, 1907-10. 


Boucher, Rev. Pierre J., 1820-1900. 
First resident Catholic priest in South 
Dakota. Settled at Jefferson, 1867, 
and built there the first Catholic 
Church in Dakota Ter. 





Hist., X,521; Dakotan;eltiyan: 


Bouck, Thos. L., 1865-1919; born at 
Fultonham, Schoharie County, N. Y., 
Jan. 29; educated at Hartwick Sem- 
inary and Albany Law School; came 
to South Dakota in 1886, locating at 
Milbank; county Judge of Grant 
Co., 1889-94; State Senator, 1897-99; 
city attorney for Milbank, 12 years; 


mayor of Milbank, 1902-6; Circuit 
Judge, 1914-1919. 
Boughton, Fred Grant, 1868- ; 


born Bowling Green, Ohio, June 29; 
Denison University and Rochester 
Seminary; president Sioux Falls Col- 
lege since 1922. 


Boundaries. The owner of land ad- 
30ining a non-navigable stream owns 
to the center of the bed; he also owns 
to the center of the adjacent street; 
trees, the trunks of which are whol- 
ly upon the land of one, belong to the 
owner of that land regardless of the 
fact that the roots grow into the land 
of another; trees growing upon the 
boundary line between two owners 
belong to them in common. The own- 
ers of adjoining lands are bound mut- 
ually to maintain the boundaries and 
monuments between them. 





Code, 358-365. 


Bourgeois was the early name given 
the manager of a fur-trading post. 


Bovee 


“The bourgeois had absolute author- 
ity at his post and conducted his busi- 
ness with almost military discipline.” 





Chittenden, I, 52. 


Bovee is a _ village in northern 
Charles Mix County. Population, see 
census. 


Bowden, D. P., 1869- ; born near 
Rochester, Minn., August 6th; came 
to Grant Co., Dakota, 1886; later lived 
in Madison; in Gregory, Gregory Co., 
since 1908; engaged in hardware and 
implement business; member, legisla- 
ture, 1913. 


Bowdle is a town in northwestern 
Edmunds County. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Pioneer,” founded in 1883, 
is its newspaper. . 


Bowell, B. B., 1850- ; born in 
Green County, Wisconsin; came to 
Lake Co., Dakota, in 1883; engaged in 
farming; member, legislature, 1889, 
1891, 1905; State Senator, 1913. P. O., 
Madison. 


Bower is a village in southeastern 
Custer County. Banking and shipping 
point is Fairburn, 20 miles northwest. 


Bowles, Frank E., 1881- ; Clare- 
mont, Brown Co.; born at Groton, 8. 
Dak., December 24th; engaged in farm- 
ing and breeding of pure bred live 
stock; held various township offices; 
member, legislature, 1919, 1921. 


Bowman, P. J., 1859- ; Center- 
ville; born in Sweden, May 18th; came 
to Dakota in 1883 and to Turner Coun- 
ty, 1892; engaged in the milling busi- 
ness; member, school board and mem- 
ber of city council; member, legisla- 
ture, 1925. 

Bows and Arrows. The chief weap- 


ons of the Indians were bows and 
arrows. (See Flints). The bows were 


Yt 


Boxing 


of ash or cedar almost straight with a 
cord of rawhide passing from end to 
end. It was a real art to bend the 
heavy bow and throw an arrow with 
sufficient force to kill an enemy or 
a buffalo. The arrows in Dakota were 
usually a shaft of ash wood about two 
feet in length. To the point was at- 
tached a point of flint, bone or steel 
and at the other end in a split about 
5 inches in length were placed feath- 
ering; that is the vane or web of a 
feather is inserted upon three sides 
so that the barbs aid the shaft to keep 
its course in flight. 





Handbook of American Indians, I, 92. 


Box Elder is a village in northern 
Pennington County. Named for the 
many box elders which grow near by. 
Banking point is Rapid City, 9 miles 
southwest. 


Box Elder Creek is a stream which 
clips the extreme northwest corner 
of the State and enters the Little Mis- 
souri River in North Dakota. 


Box Elder Creek is one of the chief 
streams of the Black Hills; it rises in 
eastern Lawrence Co. and runs south- 
east through Pennington Co. to the 
Cheyenne River at Wasta. 


Boxing.. At the request of the Amer- 
ican Legion, the legislature of 1923 
legalized boxing in South Dakota and 
provided for a State Athletic Commis- 
sion, which is vested with the sole 
management, direction and control of 
all boxing and sparring matches. It 
may issue licenses to clubs to hold 
such matches. No boxer shall weigh 
less than 140 pounds, nor be permitted 
to match any other who weighs ten 
pounds more than himself. No match 
shall be for more than ten rounds and 
shall be with gloves weighing for light 


Boyce, Frank L. 


weights not less than 5 ounces and for 
heavy weights at least 8 ounces. Other 
requirements are calculated to prevent 
brutality. The act became effective 
July 1, 1923, and the first commission 
consisted of L. H. Robinson, Lead; P. 
J. Malloney, Aberdeen, and Harry 
Grant, Sioux Falls. Mr. Robinson left 
the State, Nov. 15, 1923 and John Ber- 
telora, of Lead, was appointed to suc- 
ceed him. 


Laws, 1928, chap. 274. 


Boyce, Frank L., 1854-1896; born in 
Wisconsin; graduate, Wisconsin Uni- 
versity; lawyer; settled in Sioux Falls, 
1878; State Senator, 1895. 





‘Hist. Minnehaha Co.,’’ 465. 


Boylan, B. T., 1858- ; Armour; 
born in Wisconsin at Beaver Dam, 
August 19th; came to Douglas Co., 
Dakota in 1883; engaged in real estate 
and farm implement business; treas- 
urer of Douglas County, 1895-8; mem- 
ber, legislature, 1901; State Senator in 
19i1. 





Robinson, 947. 


Boyland, H. G., 1832-1903; born in 
Ulster, Ireland; pioneer of Walworth 
County, 1884; State Senator, 1899 and 
at time of death. 


Boyle, John W., 1823-1900; born in 
Pennsylvania; a pioneer of Vermillion 
and a member of the first legislature; 
lawyer; in 1864, appointed by Lincoln 
associate justice of the supreme court 
of the territory and sat in the first 
session of the court to hear appeals. 
He served two years, 1867 to 1869, but 
did not write an opinion; it is not 
known if he sat as a trial judge; he 
was appointed through the influence 
of Dr. W. A. Burleigh, whose personal 
and political friend he was. After re- 


92 


Boynton’s Voyage 


tiring from the bench he entered the 
Presbyterian ministry and devoted the 
remainder of his life to that work. He 
died in Oklahoma. 


Boyles, Kate. See Bingham, Kate B. 


Boyles, Samuel A., 1841-1921; born 
in Indiana; graduate, Indiana Univ.; 
veteran of Civil War; lawyer; came 
to Dakota, 1874; member, legislature, 
1881; county judge, Yankton County, 
20 years; father of Virgil D. Boyles 
and Kate Boyles Bingham (q. V.). 


Biog., 1897, 258. 


Boyles, Virgil D., 18 - ; born in 
Indiana; educated Yankton College; 
long court reporter in Fourth circuit, 
and as such reported the cattle rustl- 
ing cases in Lyman County which be- 
came the foundation of “Langford of 
the Three Bars,” the notable romance 
which he wrote in collaboration with 
his sister, Kate Boyles Bingham. 
County judge of Yankton County since 
1920. 


Boynton, Abraham B., 1843-1912; 
born in New Hampshire; veteran of 
Civil War; member, Constitutional 
Convention of 1883; from Lincoln 
County; territorial railroad commis- 
sioner, 1887-9. ' 


Boynton’s Voyage. In 1881 Paul 
Boynton, a swimmer with a world rep- 
utation, made a notable voyage from. 
the head-waters of the Missouri to 
the Gulf of Mexico. He wore a rubber 
suit which he inflated with air, and 
dragged a miniature boat made of 
sheet copper, 3 feet long and 14 inches 
wide, in which he carried his food. He 
was unaccompanied throughout the 
trip. He snagged his suit, which de- 
filated it and Lad to lay up at Yankton 
for a day for repairs. He was from 


Brackenridge, Henry Marie 


September 25 until November 20 in 
making the voyage. 





Kingsbury, -1200. 


Brackenridge, Henry Marie, 1786- 
1871. A traveller and author of wide 
note. He was a native of Pittsburg, 
where he also died. His chief works 
are the “History of the Whiskey In- 
surrection” (of 1794), “History of the 
War of 1812” and “View of Louisiana” 
(pub. 1814). His “Journal of a Voyage 
up the River Missouri, 1811” (publish- 
ed, 1816) was the result of a trip on 
the Missouri which carried him to the 
Aricara in Northern South Dakota. 
Upon this trip he made the last undis- 
puted record of Sa-kaka-wea. He made 
his “Voyage to South America in 181T- 
18” (book published, 1819). U. S. judge 
in Florida, 1821-32. 





EMistee Lite 408=3ist XxX, 221. ns; XLj07383 
“Barly Western Travels,’”’ V. 
Brackett, Byron Briggs, 1865- : 


born Ira, New York, August 13; A. B.' 


Syracuse; Ph.D., John Hopkins; Prof. 
Electrical engineering State College 
1909-1923; U. S. D. since 1923. 


Brackett, J. W., 1865- ; born in 
Wisconsin, April 2nd; came to Sturg- 
is, Meade Co., S. D. in 1902; engaged 
in the drug business; held various lo- 
cal offices; county commissioner sev- 
en years; member, legislature, 1911. 


Brackett’s Battalion of Minnesota 
Cavalry (part of the 5th regt. Iowa 
cavalry, 1861-64) was made an inde- 
pendent battalion of four companies in 
1864, commanded by Major A. B. 
Brackett; it went from Sioux City 
-with Gen. Sully’s army up the Missouri 
River and throughout its campaign of 
1864; in the battle of Killdeer Mt. 
(July 28) Sully’s report says that 
Brackett’s Battalion “gallantly” charg- 


93 


Bradbury, John 


ed the Indians, driving them back 
three miles; after several attempts to 
turn the army’s flanks, the Indians 
strove to protect their village by mass- 
ing their forces and making “one final 
and desperate charge on” Sully’s right 
flank. “This charge was repulsed in 
2 hand-to-hand fight by Brackett’s Bat- 
talion,’”’ which lost two men killed and 
eight wounded. The battalion went 
back to Sioux City and during 1865 pa- 
trolled Dakota Territory “east of the 
Missouri, extending its marches to 
Devil’s Lake and the Missouri River.” 





Hist. Minn., II, 296-9; Kingsbury, 353-63. 
“Minn. Hist. Coll.,’’ VII, 454. 

Bradbury, John; A Scotch scientist 
whose home was in Liverpool. He vis- 
ited America in 1810 and was detained 
here until the end of the war. He was 
at St. Louis in the spring of 1811 and 
accompanied the Astorians to the Ari- 
cara, and made a side trip to the Man- 
dan. His scientific observations cov- 
ered most natural history, but he was 
especially a botanist. He made an ex- 
tensive botanical collection in this re- 
gion which he sent to England, being 
himself detained at St. Louis with the 
typhoid fever. Before he was able to 
reach home Fred Pursh, the German 
botanist got hold of his specimens and 
analyzed and published them without 
giving Bradbury credit. Late in the 
fall of 1811, having sufficiently recov- 
ered Bradbury secured passage for 
New Orleans on a scow carrying lead 
ore from the Wisconsin mines. At 
New Madrid they ran plump into the 
great earthquake and he was able to 
leave to the world a most graphic de- 
scription of it. It was a unique co-inci- 
dence that a great and trained scien- 
tist should have been in the heart of 
the great American wilderness and in 
the center of the area of disturbance. 


Bradley 


Bradley is a town in northeastern 
Clark County. Population, see census. 
“The Globe,’ founded in 1887, is its 
newspaper. 


Bradley, Dan F.. 1857- ; Congre- 
gational minister; pastor, Cong. 
church, Yankton, 1887-91; acting presi- 


dent, Yankton College, 1889-92; pastor, | 


Pilgrim Cong. ch., Cleveland, O., since 
1905. 


Brady, Dennis P., 1870- ; born in 
Houston County, Minnesota, April 
20th; came to South Dakota in 1886 


and engaged in farming and teaching 
school; member, legislature, 1909; P. 
O., Kimball, Brule Co. 


Bramble, Downer Tenney, 1833-1887; 
b. in Vermont; came to Dakota, 1859; 
first postmaster, Yankton; merchant, 
establishing first general merchandise 
store, Yankton; firm, Bramble & Min- 
er; did big business with Black Hills, 
1876-84; member first, second, sixth 
and tenth legislatures; Receiver, U. S. 
Land Office, Waterjown, 1885 to Oct. 
12) 787; 





TL iSis 

“Brand Book.” An illustrated hand- 
book of South Dakota live stock brands, 
by John Hayes, of Fort Pierre. Much in- 
genuity was displayed by the ranch- 
men in devising individual brands. 


xX, 411. 


Brand Commission. The live stock 
industry in the open range soon pro- 
duced confusion in the brands and it 
was found necessary to place the busi- 
ness under State regulation. Chapter 
90, Laws of 1897, created the brand 
commission which consists of the sec- 
retary of state and two stockmen ap- 
pointed by the governor. All brands 
used in the State must be approved 
by them and they have power to de- 
termine conflicting claims to any 


Bredvik, Tore 


brand. They meet periodically at the 
secretary of state’s office for the ap- 
proval of brands filed. 





Code, 8127-42. 


Brandon is a village in central Min- 
nehaha County. Population, see cen- 
sus. 


Brandt is a town in southeastern 
Deuel County. Population, see census. 


Brandt Lake. The southernmost 
lake of the Madison chain. It is a 
mile north of Chester, Lake Co. 


Branson, “0. (Ly, ove :"“HOrn iin 
Whiteside County, Ill., Feb. 3; came 
to Mitchell, S. Dak., in 1897 and engag- 
ed in banking; State Senator, 1903, 
1905. 


Bratrud, Christin C., 1855- ; born 
in Minnesota; pioneer of Hamlin 
County, 1883; Merchant of Bryant, 
1887; capitalist, Sioux Falls, 1896; 


member, legislature, 1905 and 1907. 


94 





Est.) Minn saCo.s 460. 


Bratsberg is a village in northwest- 
ern Harding County. The banking 
point is Buffalo, 25 miles south; ship- 
ping point is Reeder, North Dakota, 36 
miles northeast. 


Brave Bull Creek, in eastern Jackson 
County falls into Bad River. 


Break-Up. See Missouri River, 5. 


Breckenridge is a village in north- 
ern Perkins County. The banking 
point is Bison, 8 miles south; shipping 
point is Lemmon, 40 miles northeast. 


Bredvik, Tore, 1867- ; New Ef- 
fington; born in Norway, February — 
10th; came to Roberts Co., S. D., 1892; 
engaged in farming; held different 
township offices; member, legislature, 
1913, 1915. 


Brennan 


Brennan is a village in central Pen- 
nington County. Named for J. R. Bren- 
nan, an early settler. In early days, he 
suffered from Indian depredations and 
later became Indian agent for the 
same Indians who sought his scalp. 
Banking point and post-office is Rapid 
City, 8 miles northwest. 


Brennan, W. F., 1859- ; Lake 
Preston; born in Dane County, Wis- 
consin, February 23rd; came to Kings- 
bury Co., Dakota, 1882; engaged in 
farming; delegate to National Demo- 
cratic Convention of 1904; State Sena- 
toe. 197 1, 


Brenneman, D. M., 1858- ; Wes- 
sington Springs; born at Broadway, 
Virginia, March 23rd; engaged in 
farming and stock raising; came to 
Dakota in 1882; in Jerauld Co. since 
1902; held various township and coun- 
ty offices; member, legislature, 1917. 


Brennon is a village in southern 
Shannon County. The banking and 
shipping point is Gordon, Nebraska, 25 
miles south. 


Brentford is a town in northeastern 
Spink County. Population, see census. 
“The News,” established in 1916, is its 
newspaper. 


Brick. Brick clays are abundant 
and in most enterprising communities 
brick kilns were built and brick for 
local needs produced, until in more 
recent years commercial brick and fav- 
orable railroad rates have made the 
manufacture in a small way unprofit- 
able. There were important kilns at 
Yankton, Watertown, Pierre and else- 
where. The more important going 
plant is at Mina. 


Bridger is a village in northwestern 
Haakon County. The banking and 
shipping point is Philip, 45 miles 
southeast. Population, see census. 


95 


Brisbine, Thornton W. 


Bridges. Under the highway acts 
of 1919 all bridges of every character 
in South Dakota are under the direc- 
tion of the bridge department of the 
State Highway Commission and must 
be built upon plans made by the de- 


partment. This provision covers ev- 
erything from the smallest spring 
stream to the Missouri River. See 


Missouri River, 4. 


Bridgewater is a city in southern 
McCook County. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Democrat,’ founded in 
1884, and “The Tribune,” founded in 
1879, are its newspapers. 


Brink, A. J., 1857- ; Harrison; 
born in Illinois, March 27th; came to 
Douglas Co., Dakota in 1882; engaged 
in general farming; held numerous 


township offices; member of the 
school board; member, legislature, 
1915. 

Brinker, Frank F., 1866- ; born 


at Wykoff, Minnesota, December 13th; 
located in Lake County, S. Dak., 1880; 
county auditor, 1905-9; State commis- 
sioner of school and public lands, 1911- 
13; 


Brisbine, Dawes E., 1886- ; born 
at Yankton, S. Dak., November 4th; 
educated at State University and law 
school; attorney; moved to Isabel in 
1910 and practiced law; State’s attor- 
ney of Dewey County, 1910-13; moved 
to Faith and practiced law, 1913-1918; 
served in World War in France as 
Lieutenant; State Railroad Commis- 
sioner since 1919. 





Kingsbury, IV, 738. 

Brisbine, Thornton W., 1821-1911; b. 
in Ohio; veteran of Civil War; came 
to Yankton, 1866; judge of probate 
court and filled other county offices; 


wow wer 


Bristol 


father of Hiram E., grandfather oli 
Dawes E. 





Kingsbury, IV, 738. 


Bristol is a city in central Day 
County. Population, see census. “The 


Day County News” established in 1913, . 


is its newspaper. 


Britton is a city in central Marshall 
County. Population, see census. “The 
Marshall County Journal,” established 
in 1883, and ‘‘The Sentinel,” establish- 
ed in 1888, are its newspapers. 


Broadland is a town in northwest- 
ern Beadle County. Founded by the 
Western Town Lot Co. in 1881. Nam- 
ed for the broad valley in which the 
town is located. Population, see cen- 
sus. 


Brockway, Charles L., 1850- ; na- 
tive of New York; student, University 
of Wisconsin; lawyer, Sioux Falls, 
1883; State Senator, 1893; receiver, 
Chamberlain U. S. Land Office, 1897- 
1905. 





Haste Minn: -Co., 467: 


Bromley, N. P., 1855; born in Ruth- 
land County, Vt.; came to South Da- 
kota in 1876 and practiced law at 
Redfield; held several important pub- 
lic offices; member, legislature, 1903. 

Brookings. County seat of Brook- 
ings County, founded in 1879. Is on 
Northwestern railway and is the seat 
of the South Dakota College of Agri- 
culture and Mechanic Arts (q. v.). On 
Black and Yellow Auto Trail from Chi- 
cago via Black Hills to Yellowstone 
Park and the Pacific Ocean. Named 
for Judge W. W. Brookings (q. v.). 
The “Brookings Register,’ by Paul 
Dutcher and the “Brookings County 
Press,” by R. A. Turner, are long es- 
tablished Weekly Newspapers. Popu- 
lation, see census. 


96 


Brookings, Wilmot W. 


Brookings College. See State Col- 


lege of Agriculture. 


Brookings County, named for Judge 
Wilmot W. Brookings (q. v.) former 
judge of territorial court. Created, 
1862; organized, Jan. 21, 1871; first 
settled by Franklin J. DeWitt, at Me- 
dary, 1857; abandoned, 1858; modern 
settlement, Nels O. Trygstad, at Me- 
dary, 1869. State College of Agri- 
culture and Mechanic Arts is at Brook- 
ings. Brookings County consists of . 
townships 109, 110, 111, 112 north, of 
ranges 48, 49, 50, 51 and 52 west 5th 
P. M. and also of that portion of town- 
ships 109, 110, 111 and 112 north, of 
range 47 west 5th P. M. which lies 
within the State of S. D. Area, 506,240 
acres. Medary continued as the coun- 
ty seat until 1879, when the construc- 
tion of the Northwestern railroad was 
followed by the birth of the towns 
along that line. A county-seat fight 
that year, unopposed by Medary, but 
joined in by Aurora, Brookings and 
Volga, resulted in favor of Brookings. 


“Brookings County in the World 
War” is an illustrated roster of the 
Brookings County men who served in 
the World War. 


Brookings, Wilmot W., 1833- ‘ 
born in Maine. Graduate of Bowdoin 
College; lawyer; settled in Sioux Falls 
August, 1857; remained there as lead- 
er of the colony and acting governor . 
until the Indian uprising in 1862; re- 
moved to Yankton; member, territor- 
ial legislature of 1863; president of 
council, 1867; built the U. S. military 
wagon-road from Minnesota via Fort 
Pierre to Montana; associate justice, 
territorial supreme court, 1869-73; pro- 
moted Southern Dakota railroad (now 
Milwaukee) from Sioux City to Yank- 
ton, 1871-73; returned to Sioux Falls, 


Brooks, John H. 


1878; member, constitutional conven- 
-tions of 1883 and 1885; published 
“Sioux Falls Leader,” 1883-5; built 
canning factory, 1889, and linen mills. 
Moved to Boston, Mass., about 1903. 





Hist. Minn. Co., 468. 


Brooks, John H., 1852- ; Britton; 
born in York County, Pennsylvania, 
June 11th; came to Marshall Co., Da- 
kota, 1883; sheriff of Marshall County 
for two years; State Senator, 1911, 
1913; 


Brooks, W. F., 1861- ; Lake An- 
des; born in Pennsylvania, September 
30th; came to Charles Mix Co., S. D., 
1909; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; member, legislature, 1913; 
State Senator, 1915, 1917, 1919. 


Brouch, Jacob, 1826- +. Dorn in 
Switzerland; member, legislature 1867- 
8-9, 1874; lived in Yankton. 


Brown, Alfred, 1836-19 ; pioneer of 
Bon Homme County; member, legisla- 
ture, 1872; Brown County is named 
for him. : 


Brown County, named for Alfred 
Brown, legislator in 1872; created 
1872; organized, July 20, 1880; Clar- 
ence Johnson, first settler, 1877. There 
had been two fur settlements in coun- 


ty from about 1825-1828. Seat of 
Northern Normal and _ Industrial 
School; population, see census. It con- 


sists of townships 121, 122, 123, 124, 
125, 126, 127 and 128 north, of ranges 
60,°61, 62, 63, 64 and 65 west 5th P. 
M. Area 1,120,000 acres. The coun- 
ty seat was located in 1880 at Colum- 
bia; but after several years of bicker- 
ing it was removed to Aberdeen in 
1887 by a decisive vote of the people. 
The records were brought over from 
Columbia and the county business 
‘transacted at Aberdeen for some time; 


97 


Brown, Thomas H. 


but the supreme court held that the 
act under which the election of 1887 
was held was void and the records 
were carted back to Columbia. It was 
not until 1890 that the county seat was 
definitely fixed at Aberdeen. 


Brown, G. C., 1867- ; Stickney; 
born at Shell Rock, Iowa, December 
17th; came to Aurora County, S. D., 
1902; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; held various township offices; 
member, legislature, 1919. 


Brown, George Lincoln, 1869- ; 
born Bates Co., Missouri, January 25; 
graduate U. Missouri; Ph. D., Chicago 
U.; Professor State College since 1897, 
dean since 1910, vice president since 
1913; acting president through sever- 
al interregnums. 


Brown, George W., 1840- ; born 
at Lockport, New York; Civil War vet- 
eran; located in Brookings County 
about 1883; and engaged in farming; 
member of first board of township 
supervisors; member, legislature, 1903, 
1905; a veterinary surgeon living in 
Elkton. 


= 
Brown, J. L., 1861- * 2 DOLD s aL 
Sterling, Illinois, January 16th; came 
tie Winner, sbripp Co... 5, 0.» 10) 1909s 
retired farmer; county commissioner 
several years; State Senator in 1913. 


Brown, John Maughs, 1884- ; born 
Aug. 24; educated N. M. State College; 
professor engineering U. S. D. since 
1912. 


Brown, John N., 1883- » Horn 
Sioux Rapids, Iowa, March 19; edu- 
cated St. Olaf; president Canton Luth- 
eran Normal since 1920. 


Brown, Thomas H., 1837-1922; born 
in England; veteran of Civil War; pio- 
neer promoter of Sioux Falls since 
1872, in 1889 organized Brown and 


Brown, William M. 


Saenger, now one of the largest print- 
ing and bookbinding establishments in 
the State; State commissioner for 
World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893; 
active in all community interests. 





iste Minne Co. .476. 


Brown, William M., veteran, Civil 
War; came to Lincoln Co., Dakota, in 
1885 from Steuben County, New York, 
and engaged in farming; member, leg- 
islature, 1903, 1905. 


Brown, William Nelson, 1848- : 
born in Anderson County, Tennessee, 
June 17th; Civil War veteran; came 
to South Dakota in 1882 and engaged 
in farming and other business enter- 
prises; member, legislature, from San- 


born County in 1903 and 1905. Lives 
in Woonsocket. 
Brown, Wilson, 1854- ;  Rock- 


ham; born in Indiana County, Penn- 
Sylvania, January 8th; came to Faulk 
Co., Dakota in 1887; engaged in farm- 
ing and stock raising; county commis- 
sioner for eight years; member, legis- 
lature, 1917, 1919. 


Browne, John L., 1845- ; Aber- 
deen; born in Flint, Michigan; came 
to Aberdeen, Dakota, in 1889; retired 
attorney;* legislator, 1901, 1903, 1905, 
1907, 1911; Speaker of the House in 
1903 and 1905; State Senator in 1915. 


Brownell. H. F., 1882- ; born in 
Wisconsin; came to South Dakota in 
1907, locating at Sioux Falls; engaged 
in wholesale oil and gasoline business; 
State Senator, 1923. 


Broyton is a village in northwestern 
Ziebach County. Banking point is 
Chance, 15 miles northwest; shipping 
point is Faith, 20 miles south. 

Bruce is a town in northwestern 
Brookings County. Founded by M. M. 
Kirkman, of Chicago. Named for the 


98 


Brule County 


son of one of the C. & N. W. Railway 
officials. Population, see census. “‘The« 
Herald,” founded 1903, is its newspa- 
per. 


Bruce, Lars A., 1877- ; Lester- 
ville, Yankton Co.; born in Christi- 
ana, Norway, May 22nd; came to South 
Dakota in 1884; farmer and lawyer; 
manager of rural telephone company; 
member, legislature, 1909, 1911, 1913. 


Bruell, W. F., 1872- s* ‘born tat 
Earlville, Illinois, January ist; came 
to Redfield, Dakota in 1880; grad., 
Redfield College, 1895; attorney; mem- 
ber National Conference for Uniform 
Standard Laws for several years; mem- 
ber, legislature, 1923; State Senator, 
1925. 


Bruguier, Theophile, 1813-1895; b., 
Canada; pioneer of Sioux City, 1849; 
married two daughters of War Eagle, 
chief of a Santee band living in the 
neighborhood. He first came up the 
Missouri in 1835. He was a shrewd 
trader and conducted business from 
Sioux City to Fort Pierre. Constant 
R. Marks wrote a sketch of his career. 





HISts, 7 LVs,* 263. 


Brule Bottom is an extensive bot- 
tom of fine farming land on the Mis- 
souri in the northwest corner of Brule 
County. 


Brule County was named for the 
Brule Sioux. Created and organized 
1875. Settled, 1822, by M. Bijou at 
Bijou Hills; modern settlement by 
Charles Collins at Brule City, 1873. 
Brule Co. is bounded on the east by 
the 9th guide meridian, west 5th P. M., 
on the north by the township line be- 
tween towns 105 and 106, north; on 
the west by the center line of the main 
channel of the Missouri River, includ- 
ing, however, American Island; and- 


Brule Creek 


on the south by the base line between 
township 100 and 101, north. Area, 
535,680 acres. County seat was locat- 
ed at Brule City upon organization in 
1873 and removed to Chamberlain in 
1881. 


Brule Creek. The largest stream in 
Union County; rises in southern Lin- 
coln County and running in a south- 
erly course about thirty miles enters 
Big Sioux River 3 miles northeast of 
Elkpoint. 


Brule Opening. October 14, 1907, the 
government opened to settlement 
56,560 acres of land from the west 
end of the Lower Brule Reservation, a 
few miles South of Fort Pierre. There 
were 343 homesteads in the tract open- 
ed and 4350 persons registered for 
the drawing of chances to file. 


Brumbaugh, G. W., 1852- . ; Dun- 
lap; born in Davenport, Iowa, January 
21st; came to Dakota in 1887, locating 
in Brule County; farmer and stock 
raiser; member, legislature, 1905, 1907. 


Brute. See Fauna. 


Bryant is a town in northwestern 
Hamlin County. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Hamlin County News,” es- 
tablished in 1897, is its newspaper. 


Bryant, Dr. Francis A. See ‘“Ro- 
mance of Two Lives.” 
Bryant, W. C., 1853- ; born in 


Carroll County, Ohio, July 28th; came 
to Vermillion, South Dakota in 1897; 
engaged in rental of farm property; 
mayor of Vermillion in 1904; member, 
legislature, 1919, 1921. 


Brynjulson, Sander, - ; Can- 
ton; born in Lincoln County, S. Dak.; 
engaged in farming has held various 
township offices; member, legislature, 
1907, 1909. 


99 


Budget Board 


Buchanan, Robert, 1836-1895; born in 
Scotland; graduate, Toronto Univ., 
Canada; journalist; member of legis- 
lature of 1891; came to Sioux Falls 
1875-6, and again in 1886, buying “The 
Leader;” published “State Forum,” 
1893. 





Hist... Minn. :Co.:, 478. 

Bucholz, W. D., 1878- ; born at 
Osseo, Wisconsin, January 7th; edu- 
cated, Wis. Univ.; came to Newell, 
Butte Co., South Dakota in 1910; en- 
gaged in practice of law, real estate 
and insurance; member, legislature, 
1915, 1917. 


Bucks is a village in eastern Law- 
rence County. The post-office is Rou- 
baix, 2 miles west. 


Budget Board. The South Dakota 
budget board was created in 1919 and 
consisted of the governor elect, the 
chairman of the appropriations com- 
mittees of the respective houses of 
the preceding legislature; one member 
from each house who has been re- 
elected, (selected by the governor,) 
the chairman of the State tax commis- 
sion and the State auditor. The 
board met in the capitol on the third 
Tuesday in November preceding the 
regular sessions of the legislature. 
Each officer and institution of the 
State submitted to the budget board 
an estimate of the funds necessary 
to maintain the office or institution 
during the ensuing biennium. The 
board made a careful study of the 
entire situation and of the resources 
of the State and recommended to the 
legislature such appropriations as in 
its judgment, were actually necessary 
for the economical administration of 
the affairs of the State. The legisla- 
ture was not bound by the recom- 
mendations of the budget board, but 
in practice closely adhered to them. 


Buell, Charles J. 


The budget board was abolished by 
the administrative reorganization act 
of 1925, and its duties transferred to 
the Commissioner of Finance. Under 
the new act the governor becomes di- 
rectly responsible for the recommen- 
dations of the budget. 





Code, 5103; Laws 1919, 319; Laws 1921, 
374; Laws 1925, 115. 

Buell, Charles J., 1865- ; born at 
Lake City, Minn., November 1st; came 
to Rapid City, South Dakota, in 1889; 
attorney; republican presidential elec- 
tor in 1892 and state’s attorney of 
Pennington County from 1902 to 1906; 
member, legislature, 1919, 1921, 1923. 


Buena Vista is a village in north- 
western Fall River County. The bank- 
ing point and postoffice is Edgemont, 
6 miles southwest. 


Buffalo. The South Dakota region 
was in the heart of the range of the 
vast herds of buffalo which formerly 
covered the western plains. Contrary 
to the general view, these animals 
were migratory only in a local sense. 
They spent the entire year in the same 
vicinity. All of the early explorers 
testify to the countless numbers of 
them. Ruthless hunting for commer- 
cial purposes by great business orga- 
nizations had practically exterminated 
them by 1880. The great northern 
herd made its last stand along the line 
dividing North Dakota from South Da- 
kota, in the vicinity of Lemmon. 


Prior to this date Frederick Dupree, 
a French Canadian pioneer, engaged in 
stock raising upon the Cheyenne Riv- 
er, captured eight buffalo calves and 
having domesticated them turned them 
in with his cattle and they multiplied 
rapidly. Upon his death (1898) these 
buffalo were sold to James (Scotty) 
Philip, of Fort. Pierre, who obtained 


Buffalo Lakes 


from the government a reserve of 3,000 
acres of rough land near the Missouri, 
six miles north of Fort Pierre, which 
he enclosed, placing the buffalo herd 
there, where it continues to prosper 
under almost native conditions. While 
the herd has been constantly culled 
of the old and surplus males, it now 
numbers nearly one thousand fine ani- 
mals. Parks all over the nation have 
been stocked from it. 


Buffalo is a village in central Hard- 
ing County. Shipping point is Bow- 
man, N. D., 55 miles north. Popula- 
tion, see census. ‘The Times,” :found- 
ed in 1910, is its newspaper. 


Buffalo County was named for the 
wild cattle. Created, 1864, organized, 
1871. Settled by officials of U. S. 
Government at Fort Thompson, 1863. 
County seat, Gann Valley. Popula- 
tion, see census. Buffalo County is 
bounded on the east by the range line 
between ranges 67 and 68 west 5th 
Principal Meridian; on the north by 
the second standard parallel; on the 
west by the center of the main chan- 
nel of the Missouri River; and on the 
south by the township line between 
townships 105 and 106 north. Area, 
306,560 acres. 





100 


Code, p. +143" Hist.s il eee 


Buffalo Gap is a town in southern 
Custer County. Founded by the Pio- 
neer Town Site Co. in 1885. Named 
for a nearby gap in the Hills. In early 
days the country was frequented as 
a feeding ground by thousands of buf- 


falo. Population, see census. “The 
Gazette,” established in 1909, is its 
newspaper. 


Buffalo Lakes are a group of lakes 
in southeastern Marshall County. 


“Buffalo Republic, The’ 


“Buffalo Republic, The.” A fiction 
of the Sisseton Sioux pertaining to the 
region between Bigstone Lake and the 
James River, where they asserted that 
the government of all the buffalo was 
determined by a Tatanka Okodakiciye 
or buffalo association, that made the 
necessary rules and regulations for 
their direction. 





Dakotan, III, 149.. 
Buffalo-skin Creek is a tributary to 


the Missouri River in northeastern 
Dewey Co. 
Buffalo Trail. Enters South Dakota 


east of Flandreau, west through Mad- 
ison, Woonsocket and Wessington 
Springs, thence northwest consolidat- 
ing with Black and Yellow at Pierre, 
to the Black Hills and westward. 


Buffington, George A., 1879- : 
Dallas; born at Waterloo, Iowa, July 
1; came to South Dakota in 1907; en- 


gaged in practice of law; member, 
legislature, 1911, 1921, 1923. 
Buikema, R. R., 1870- ; Ipswich; 


born at Fulton, Illinois, July 138th; 
came to Dakota and located near Ip- 
swich in 1909; engaged in general 
farming and stock raising; taught 
school; held numerous township of- 
fices; member, legislature, 1925. 


Building Fund, State. 
on State Property. 


See Insurance 


Building Stone. South Dakota has 
unlimited building stone resources in 
the sandstone and limestone of the 
Black Hills, the red quartzite of the 
Vermillion and Sioux Valleys and the 
massive granite in the neighborhood 
of Big Stone Lake. All of these reg- 
ions have quarries in operation ade- 
quate to the demand, which in recent 
years is restricted by the increasing 
use of concrete for building purposes. 


101 


Bullock, Captain Seth 


The chalk rock of the Niobrara forma- 
tion, which abounds in the southern 
central portion of the State, is also 
used to some extent for building and 
has been found to be durable far be- 
yond expectation. 


Bull Creek is the short stream in 
Pennington Co. down which the North- 
western railroad runs from Wall to 
the Cheyenne River near Wasta. 


Bull Creek starts in western Greg- 
ory County and flows north into White 
River. 


Bull Creek rises in eastern Tripp 
County and flows north into White 
River. 


Bulletins. See Geological and N. H. 
Survey. 
Bullhead is a village in northern 


Corson County. The shipping and 
banking point is McLaughlin, 16 miles 
east. 


Bull Head Lake is in southeastern 
Roberts County. 


Bullock is a village in northwestern 
Harding County. The shipping point 
is Bowman, North Dakota, 54 miles 


northeast and the banking point is 
Camp Crook, 12 miles south. 
Bullock, Captain Seth, 1847-1919; 


born at Sandwich, Ontario, July 24; 
came to the States in 1867 and locat- 
ed at Helena, Montana, where he was 
soon after chosen a member of the 
Montana legislature. Engaged in 
hardware and mining supplies busi- 
ness. With the gold discovery in the 
Black Hills, with his partner, Sol Star, 
he removed his stock to Deadwood, 
arriving there August 2, 1876. Soon 
after he was made sheriff of the pro- 
visional government; was also sheriff 
of Lawrence County after its organiza- 


Bull Snake 


tion and rendered effective service in 
clearing out the rough element. In 
1881 he introduced alfalfa into South 
Dakota. In 1898 he organized a com- 
pany of rough riders for the Spanish 
War. When Roosevelt was ranching 
in North Dakota they formed a close 
friendship, which lasted through life. 
Roosevelt appointed Bullock U. S&S. 
Marshal for South Dakota. Among 
his last enterprises, Captain Bullock 
promoted and built the fine monument 
to Roosevelt which stands upon Mount 
Roosevelt, a few miles north of Dead- 
wood. 


Bull Snake (pityophis) the largest 
snake of the prairies, quite harmless 
and non-poisonous, but an enemy to 
the rattlesnake. Prof. Over says of 
it: ‘Nine times out of ten it kills the 
rattler. In one case, where before 
an eye-witness the bull snake was bit- 
ten, it died within ten minutes.” In 
the museum at Vermillion the rattlers 
and bull snakes live together on good 
terms. 


Bull Trains. See Ox Trains. 


Bunker is a village in southwestern 
Stanley County. The shipping and 
banking point is Midland, 20 miles 
south. 


Burbank is a village in southeast- 
ern Clay County. Population, see cen- 
sus. 


Burbank, John A., 1827-1916, was the 
fourth Governor of Dakota Territory, 
1869 to 1873; born in Centerville, Ind- 
iana; he was a pioneer resident of 
Nebraska; was active in securing the 
organization of Wyoming Territory 
and expected to be appointed its first 
governor. He was a brother-in-law 
to Oliver P. Morton and through him 
had influence; Grant was unable to 
give him Wyoming and of his own mo- 


102 


Burke, Charles H. 


tion appointed him Governor of Da- 
kota. His adminstration fell in a par- 
ticularly turbulent political period, 
which he was unable to compose and 
which in fact grew steadily ‘Worse, 
culminating in the killing of Edward 
S. McCook, secretary of the territory, 
by Peter P. Wintermute. He is said 
to have lacked in physical courage, 
which led him into some comprising 
situations; but it must be said to his 
credit that he stood unequivocally for 
a fair ballot and a fair count—a posi- 
tion that embittered many of his ene- 
mies. In 1873, he returned to New 
Richmond, Ind. 


Burch is a village in northeastern 
Marshall County.. The banking point 
and post-office is Britton, four miles 
southeast. 


Burch, Newton D., 1871- ; born 
at Stewartsville, Missouri, June 16th; 
educated in University of Nebraska; 
practiced law in Nebraska, 1898-1907; 
moved to South Dakota in 1907; may- 
or, Dallas, Gregory Co., 2 terms; cir- 
cuit Judge since 1921; commissioner 
of the Supreme Court, 1925- 


Burdette is a village in northern 
Hand County. The banking and ship- 
ping point is Tulare, 17 miles east. 


Burgess, Lyman, 1834-19 ; born in 
Norway; settled in Dakota, 1860; mem- 
ber, first, third and fourth legislatures 
from Clay County. 


Burke is a town in central Gregory 
County. Named for Congressman C. 
H. Burke, of Pierre. Population, see 
census. “The Investor-Gazette,” es- 
tablished in 1904, is its newspaper. 


Burke, Charles H., 1861- ; born 
in Genesee County, New York, April 1. 
Came to Dakota teritory in 1882 and 
studied law; member legislature 1895 


Burke, John L. 


and 1897; member of congress 1899- 
1907 and 1909-1915; rendered import- 
ant service to the Red Cross during 
the world war; U. S. Commissioner of 
Indian Affairs since 1921. 


Burke, John L., 1856- ; born in 
Ohio; moved to. Dakota Territory in 
1885, settling in Hot Springs; member, 
legislature, 1893; State Senator, 1901, 
1903. 


Burkhart, Charles A., 1860-1922; 
-born in Linn County, Iowa; educated 
in Valpariso University; located in 
Gregory county 1894; member legis- 
lature sessions 1915 and 1917; elected 
Secretary of State in 1918 and was 
still in the office when his death oc- 
curred. 


Burkmere is a village in western 
Faulk County. Founded by the West- 
ern Town Lot Co. in 1886. Named for 
J. M. Burke, a director of the C. & N. 
W. Railway. Population, see census. 


Burleigh, Walter A., 1820-1896; sec- 
ond delegate in Congress from Dakota 
Territory, 1865-1869; a native of 
Maine; a resourceful man of great en- 
terprise; physician and lawyer; his 
wife was the daughter of Governor 
Andrew J. Faulk; in 1861 Lincoln ap- 
pointed Burleigh agent for the Yank- 
ton Indians, 1861-64; while in this po- 
sition he ran for Congress against 
General Todd and defeated him; dele- 
gate in Congress, 1885-69; acquired 
much influence with the administra- 
tion of President Johnson; engag- 
ed in steamboating and _ operated 
vessels from Yankton to the Up- 
per Missouri; after loss of his vessels 


in the great flood of 1881 he engaged ; 


in mining in Montana; was president 
of the Territorial Legislative Council 
of 1877, and State senator from Yank- 
ton in 1893. 


103 


Burtt, Albert W. 


Burleigh vs. Armstrong. Being the 
testimony and procedure in the contest 
case of William A. Burleigh against 
Moses K. Armstrong involving the seat 
of delegate in Congress from Dakota 
Territory, 1871-73. Published as House 
Miscellaneous Document No. 47, 42nd 
Congress, 2nd Session. Armstrong 
held the certificate of election and re- 
tained his seat. 





Kingsbury, 552. 


Burleson, Bishop Hugh _ Latimer, 
1865- ; born Northfield, Minnesota, 
April 25; graduate Racine College, 
General Theological Seminary; conse- 
crated Bishop of South Dakota, 1916. 


Burlington Junction is a village in 
Pennington County. The banking point 
is Rapid City, 32 miles east, and the 
post-office is Mystic, 2 miles south. 


Burnside, George W., 1858- ; na- 
tive of New York; came to Sioux Falls, 
1883; mayor, Sioux Falls, 1900-1924. 





II, 1424. 


Burnstad, A. C., 1853- ; Florence; 
born in Norway, August 11th; came 
to Codington Co., Dakota in 1880; en- 
gaged in farming; was county commis- 
sioner for six years; member, legisla- 
ture, 1901, 1903, 1909, 1911. 

; born at 


Burt, George K., 1875- : 
Berkley, Pennsylvania, January 3rd; 
came to Dakota in 1885, near South 
Shore, Codington Co.; engaged in 
banking; editor of “South Shore Re- 
publican” for 12 years; in Watertown 
since 1918; legislature, 1921. 


Robinson, 


Burton is a village in central Han- 
son County. The banking point and 
post-office is Mitchell, 6 miles north- 
west. 


Burtt, Albert W., 1833-1917; native 
; lawyer; attor- 


Bush, C. C. 


ney general, 1902-3; regent of educa- 
tion, 1903-9; lived at Huron. 


Bush, C. C., 1871- ; born in Fay- 
ette Co., Ohio, August 11th; came to 
Waubay, 8. D., in 1899; attorney; town 
clerk of Waubay for ten years; mem- 
ber, legislature, 1911, 1913. 


Bushey, Alfred L., 1889- ; born 
De Smet, Aug. 29; educated State Col- 
lege and Purdue U.; professor at State 
College since 1916. 


Bushnell is a town in eastern Brook- 
ings County. Population, see census. 


Bushnell, William F. T., 1857-1900; 
b. Illinois; came to Huron, 1884; mu- 
sician; owner of “Dakota Farmer.” 





Robinson, II, 969. 


Bussey, Benjamin, 1849-1925; Tyn- 
dall; born at Albion, Wisconsin, Oc- 
tober 28th; came to Bon Homme Co., 
Dakota in 1874; farmer; county com- 
missioner of Bon Homme Co., 1899, 
1901; member, legislature, 1913. 


Bussey, Franklin, 1862- ; born at 
Albion, Wisconsin, March 29th; came 
to Dakota in 1883; locating in Mc- 
Pherson Co.; in Bon Homme Co. since 
1884; engaged in farming; livestock 
raising and cattle feeding; member, 
legislature, 1921, 1923; P. O., Tabor. 


Butler is a town in southern Day 
County. Population, see census. 


Butte County was named from the 
numerous buttes which arise abruptly 
from the prairies in it. Created, 1881, 
organized, July 11, 1883. First settled 
at Hay Creek, 1877. Contains Belle 
Fourche Irrigation Project, watering 
100,000 acres. County Seat, Belle 
Fourche. Butte County consists of the 
following territory: beginning where 
the center of the main channel of the 
Redwater Creek crosses into South 


Byrne, Frank M. 


Dakota (the N. W. corner of Lawrence 
County) thence east along the center 
of the main channel of said creek to 
the intersection of the township line 
between townships seven and eight 
north, east of B. H. M.; thence east 
along said township line to the range 
line between ranges nine and ten east 
B. H. M.; thence north along said 
range line to the township line be- 
tween towns 14 and 15 north; thence 
west along said township line to the 
west boundary of South Dakota and 
thence south along said west boundary 
to place of beginning. Area, 1,464,960 
acres. 


Butte View is a discontinued post- 
office in northern Ziebach County. 
The shipping and banking point is Isa- 
bel, 28 miles east, and the post-office 
is Cold Springs. 


Butter Production. For notable rec- 
ords see Cows, Distinguished. 


Buzzard Creek is a north branch of 
Bad River in Haakon County. 


Byrne, Frank M., 1858- ; eighth 
governor of South Dakota, 1913-17; 
born in Volney, Iowa, October 23rd; 
educated in the common schools and 
came to Dakota Territory in 1879; 
homesteaded in McCook County and 
in 1888 settled in Faulk County, where 
he still resides; was treasurer of his 
county and State senator, 1889 and in 
1907 and 1909; lieutenant governor, 
1911-13 and governor 1913-17; through- 
out his political life he advocated and 
strongly promoted progressive legisla- 
tion; was the author of the several 


acts regulating insurance and the val- 


ued policy; drafted much of the legis- 
lation of 1907 and 1909; as governor, 
took strong ground for constitutional 
prohibition; after retirement returned 
to Faulkton and continued his extens- 


104 


Byrne, Mary Agnes 


ive farming operations, but in 1922 was 
appointed commissioner of the State 
department of agriculture. 





Kingsbury, V, 5. 
Byrne, Mary Agnes. See “Roy and 


Rosyrocks.”’ 


Byron Lake 


Byron, J. P., 1875- ; born at 
Stockholm, Wisconsin, December 2nd; 
came to Bristol, Day Co., Dakota in 
1886; practicing veterinarian and 
farmer; legislator, 1917. 


Byron Lake is a summer resort in 
northern Beadle County. 


105 


Cable, David B. 


Cable, David B., 1836-1916; native of 
2 uae. pcasbsst Sistah lee ; long a citizen of 
Hudson, Lincoln Co., and _ notable 
writer of quaint philosophy, published 
in “The Hudsonite.” 


Cable, Harley H., 1876- ; Hud- 
son; born at New London, Iowa, Feb- 
ruary 15th; came to Lincoln Co., Da- 
kota in 1885 and engaged in farming 
and stock raising; held township of- 
fices; member, legislature, 1907, 1909; 
active in promoting moral and temper- 
ance legislation. 


Cactus. This plant thrives in the 
central and western parts of South 
Dakota. Four varieties are found: 
Western Prickly Pear (opuntia humi- 
fusa) in and about the Black Hills; 
Brittle cactus (Opuntia fragilis) in 
Black Hills, rare; Missouri Cactus (C. 
Missourensis) West of the Missouri; 
Purple cactus, (C. viviparus) in the 
Missouri Valley and west of it. The 
Missouri cactus is the most common. 


Cadillac is a village in northern Cor- 
son County. Its banking point and 


' post-office is McLaughlin, 8 miles 
southeast. 
Cadotte Island is in the Missouri 


River on the east side of Big Bend. 


Cadyville, a discontinued post-office 
in northern Harding County. Bank- 
ing and shipping point is Gascoyne, 
North Dakota, 17 miles north, and the 
post-office is Haley, North Dakota. 


Cain Creek is a small western 
branch of the James River in south- 
ern Beadle County, named for John 
Cain (q. v.) once a legislator from 
Beadle County. 


Cain, John, 1856- ; native of Can- 
ada; pioneer of Huron; founder, ‘“Hur- 
on Times;” lawyer; member, first 
State legislature, 1889. 


Caldwell, Clarence C. 


Cairn is a Welsh word signifying a 
pile of rocks laid up for monumental 
purposes. The Indians built cairns, 
usually upon high points, as land marks 
indicative of proximity to water. Many 
remain to the present time. 


Pierce, 1870- 
Wisconsin, January 9th; 
farmer; came to Grant County in 
1889; farmer and stock-raiser; State 
Senator, 1891, 1903. 


Cahill, 
Beetown, 


; born at 


Calamity Jane (Jane Dalton; Jane 
Canary; Hunt; White; Blake). A no- 
torious woman of the West, 1860-1903; 
she was born at La Bonte’s trading 
post, 120 miles northwest of Fort Lara- 
mie; in 1862 her father was killed and 
her mother severely wounded by Sioux 
Indians; she was brought to Fort Lar- 
amie where she was adopted by Serg- 
eant Bassett, of Company I, 14th In- 


-fantry, and his wife; like Topsy she 


106 


“growed” and was the pet of the fort. 
She was promiscuous in her affections 
and followed the soldiers into the 
Black Hills in 1875 and thereafter was 
constantly in evidence there. She was 
coarse, hard, but kindhearted and 
when sober enough frequently nursed 
miners down with mountain fever. 
She has been the subject of much 
sentimental writing and of wide not- 
oriety; but about the best that can 
be said for her is that “there is some 
good in the worst of us.” She is bur- 
ied in Mount Moriah, Deadwood. 


Calcite is a village in southwestern 
Meade County. Its banking point and 
post-office is Piedmont, 3 miles south- 
east. 


Caldwell, Clarence C., 1877- c 
born in Minnehaha County, February 
2nd; educated in the Universities of 
South Dakota and Chicago; principal 
of the Vermillion High School, three 


Caldwell, Ernest W. 


years; attorney; three terms as 
State’s Attorney of Miner County; At- 
torney General, 1914, 1916; lives in 
Sioux Falls. ' 


Caldwell, Ernest W., 1846- : 
“Happy Cal.”; native of Pennsyl- 
vania; veteran of the Civil War; 
publisher of “Sioux Falls Press,” 
1878-96; postmaster, Sioux Falls, 1883- 
5; territorial auditor, 1885-7; member, 
const. convention, 1889; editor, “Sioux 
City Journal,’ 1897; mayor of Sioux 
City, 1905-6. 





Hist. Minn. Co., 482. 


Callihan Lake is in eastern Miner 
County. 


Calumet is a village in western Pen- 
nington County. Its post-office is Sil- 
ver City, 2% miles east. 


Camfield, Lewis Emerson, 1860- : 
born Fremont, Ohio, February 12; 
graduate Western Reserve and Chi- 
cago Seminary; founder and president 
Ward Academy 1892. 


Cammack is a village in northwest- 
ern Harding County. Its banking and 
shipping point is Bowman, North Da- 
kota, 35 miles northeast. 


Camp Crook, a town in western 
Harding County. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Range Gazette,’ founded 
1907, is its newspaper. 


Camp Superior, a village in western 
Pennington County. Post-office is 
Pactola, 144 mile west. 


» 7/2 


“Campaigning in the Philippines” is 
a history of the Philippine War of 
1898-9, to which is appended an “Of- 
ficial History of the Operations of the 
First South Dakota Infantry, U. S. V., 
in the Campaign in the Philippine 
War,” written by Captain Frank W. 
Medbury, (q. v.) greatly assisted by 


107 


Campbell, Dwight 


Colonel Alfred S. Frost (q. v.) and 
Adjutant Jonas Lien (q. v.) 1899. 


Campbell, Albert W., 1856- ; born 
in Waukesha county, Wisconsin, Oc- 
tober 10; graduate Wisconsin Law 
School; settled at Aberdeen 1883; 
member territorial councils of 1887 
and 1889; judge of Fifth Judicial cir- 
cuit 1889-1903; since in practice at 
Aberdeen. 


Campbell, Col. B. F., 1838-1898; na- 
tive of Maine; veteran of Civil War; 
settled in Vermillion, 1868; register, 
U. S. Land Office, 1869, which was re- 
moved to Sioux Falls, 1873; postmas- 
ter, Sioux Falls, five years. 





Hist. Minn. Co., 485. 


Campbell County was named for 
Norman B. Campbell (son of General 
Cee bs Campbell—(q.v.) who was a 
member of the legislature of 1872. Cre- 
ated, 1873, organized, 1883. First set- 
tled, 1864, by Andrew Marsh. Bound- 
ed on the east by range line between 
ranges 73 and 74 west 5th P. M.; on 
the north by the north boundary of 
South Dakota; on the west by the cen- 
ter of the main channel of the Mis- 
souri River; on the south by the 6th 
standard parallel. The county seat, 
first located at La Grace, was remov- 
ed to Mound City by popular vote. 
Area, 495,360 acres. 





Code, p. 1438. 


Campbell Creek rises in central 
Hyde County and runs down through 
Buffalo Co. to the Missouri. 


Campbell, Dwight, 1888- ; born at 
Orange City, Iowa, November 5th; 
educated Grinnell College and Harv- 
ard Univ.; came to Aberdeen, 1912; 
attorney; State Senator, 1923; appoint- 
ed judge of the supreme court, by Gov. 
Gunderson to fill the unexpired term 


Campbell, General Charles Thomas 


of Frank G. Anderson, resigned, on 
April 1, 1925. 


Campbell, General Charles Thomas, 
1823-1895; born in Pennsylvania; vet- 
eran of Mexican and Civil Wars; Cap- 
tain in Mexican War and in Civil War; 
rose to rank of colonel, when he was ser- 
iously wounded and it was thought 
could not recover. Lincoln was as- 
sured that he would die and made 
him a brigadier general (1862); he re- 
covered and though badly crippled 
served to end of war with great dis- 
tinction; came to Dakota and settled 
in Charles Mix County; but later be- 
came the founder of Scotland, Bon 
Homme Co., where he conducted a 
hotel until his death. He was a unique 
and erratic character, but greatly belov- 
ed by the people of Dakota Territory. 





Dakotan, IV, 173. 


Campbell, General Hugh J., 1827- 
1898; native of Pennsylvania; veteran 
of Civil War; was connected with fed- 
eral government in Louisiana in 1876 
and was a factor in the Hayes-Tilden 
contest there and rendered appreci- 
ated services to the republicans, in 
consideration of which he was appoint- 
ed U.S. attorney for Dakota Territory 
in 1877 and located at Yankton, where 
he spent the remainder of his life. He 
was early enlisted in the campaign for 
division and statehood, and was a 
member of the Thanksgiving party at 
Dr. Sheldon’s, in 1879, that inaugurat- 
ed the popular movement to that end. 


He was more advanced in his views | 


than any of the other leaders and with 
fiery impetuosity demanded that we 
set up a going State government and 
then approach congress with a de- 
mand for admission. His propaganda 
to this end gave him great notoriety. 
He was a member of the constitution- 


108 


Canova 


al conventions of 1883 and 1885 and 
tock an active part in the discussions, 
urging his theory of ‘‘we are a State.” 
Not receiving recognition from the re- 
publicans he entered the ranks of the 
populists after statehood and was a 
candidate for United States Senator in 
1891 and upon one occasion (Feb. 6) 
received the full vote of the populist 
faction in the legislature, 52 in all. He 
espoused the sound money cause in 
1896 and was elected county judge of 
Yankton County, but died before the 
first term expired. He was a gentleman 
of culture. 





Kingsbury, II, 668-9; Hist., X, 315, 335-6, 
341-2, 345, 348. 


Campbell, Roger A., 1895- ; Aber- 
erdeen; born in Aberdeen, S. Dak., 
August 4th; educated, Huron Col. and 
St. Paul Col. of Law; engaged in prac- 
tice of law; served in World War; leg- 
islator, 1921. 


Camping and Camps. See Tourists 


and Tourist Camps. 
Canadian Jay. See Birds. 


Canistota is a town in southern Mc- 
Cook County. Founded by the Western 
Town Lot Co. in 1883. Named from 
the Indian word ‘Canistoe” meaning 
“board on the water.’ Population, see 
census. “The Clipper,” founded in 1901, 
is its newspaper. 


Canning is a village in central 
Hughes County. Named for George 
Canning, a British statesman and ora- 
tor. Population, see census. 


Canova is a town in southern Miner 
County. Founded by the Western 
Town Lot Co. in 1883. Named for 
Antonio Canova, an Italian sculptor. 
Population, see census. “The Herald,” 
founded in 1898, is its newspaper. 


Canton 


Canton, county seat of Lincoln 
County, is located upon the Sioux Riv- 
er, at the crossing of the northern 
Iowa and Sioux Valley divisions of the 
Milwaukee railroad. The Canton Luth- 
eran Normal School is located there. 
It has two influential newspapers, the 
“Sioux Valley News” and the “Farm- 
ers’ Leader.” Population, see census. 


Canyon City is a village in western 
Pennington County. The post-office is 
Silver City, 3 miles east. 


Canyon Lake is a village in central 
Pennington County. 


Capa is a village in northwestern 
Jones County. Founded by the West- 
ern Town Lot Co. Capa is the Sioux 
Indian word for “beaver.” Population, 
see census. The artesian well sunk 
by the Northwestern at Capa flows 
water 120° F. It is used for heat- 
ing buildings and has therapeutic 
qualities. The water is much hotter 


than other Thermal springs in the 
State. 
Capital Punishment. Section 20, 


Chapter 9, Laws of 1862, (first session 
of the legislature) provided the death 
penalty for murder. This law stood 
unchanged until the enactment of 
Chapter 158, Laws of 1915, which abol- 
ished the death penalty. During the 
territorial period the extreme penalty 
was invoked at least three times: 

At Yankton, March 1, 1877, Jack Mc- 
Call was hanged for the murder of 
William Hickok (‘Wild Bill’) at Dead- 
wood the previous year. 

At Sioux Falls, July 13, 1882, Thomas 
Egan was hanged for the murder of 
his wife. ‘ 


At Yankton, Nov. 15, 1882, Brave 


Bear was hanged for the murder of 
Joseph Johnson, the pioneer settler of 


Capital Removal 


Brown County, at Okobojo Creek, Sul- 
ly County, 1879. 

Since the admission of the State the 
death penalty was invoked in the fol- 
lowing cases: 

At Sturgis, about 1890, Jay Hicks 
was hanged for the murder of Meyers. 

At DeSmet, October, 1893, Nathan- 
iel Thompson was hanged for murder of 
his wife. 

At Deadwood, Charles Brown in 1897 
for murder of Mrs. Stone. 

At Sturgis, a half breed, for the 
murder of a rancher. 

At Aberdeen, in 1909, Victor, for 
murder of three persons. 

At Bison, 1913, Joseph Richman, a 
negro, for the murder of Mrs. Fox and 
daughter. 

Three Indians were hanged by sent- 
ence of the United States Court under 
our law. 


Capital of State, Location Chosen. 
Under the constitution a temporary 
capital was chosen at the constitu- 
tional election of Oct. 1, 1889, and 
Pierre won over Huron, Watertown, 
Sioux Falls, Mitchell and Chamber- 
lain. In 1890 the permanent capital 
was to be chosen and Pierre won over 
Huron, its only opponent. Thereafter 
there was persistent agitation for the 
removal of the capital to some more 
eastern point, until 1903, when the 
legislature submitted to the people a 
constitutional amendment declaring 
Mitchell to be the capital of South Da- 
kota. A rather picturesque campaign 
followed which resulted in the rejec- 
tion of the amendment by a vote of 
40,600 for to 57,800. against. 


Capital Removal. Chapter 104, Laws 
of 1883; provided for a capital commis- 
sion consisting of the following per- 
sons, named in the act: Milo W. 
Scott, Burleigh F. Spaulding, Alexand- 


109 


Capital at Yankton 


er McKenzie, Charles H. Myers, George 
A. Matthews, Alexander Hughes, 
Henry H. De Long, John P. Belding, 
M. D. Thompson; three of these, Scott, 
Spaulding and McKenzie were from 
North Dakota and five, Matthews, 
Hughes, De Long, Belding and Thomp- 
son from what is now South Dakota. 
The commission was directed by law 
to meet in Yankton to organize; but 
fearing an injunction, they organized 
while passing through Yankton upon 
a Milwaukee railway.train. They were 
directed to locate the capital with due 
regard to accessibility from all portions 
of the Territory and the general fitness 
of the place for a capital site. Each 
candidate was required to guarantee 
to pay into the territorial treasury at 
least $100,000 and to give the territory 
a sufficient title to at least 160 acres 
of land. Mitchell, Huron, Ordway, 
Aberdeen, Pierre, Bismarck, Redfield, 
Canton, Odessa, Steele and Frankfort 
entered into the contest. All of these 
places were visited, Bismarck being 
reserved for the last. When that 
place was awarded the prize it seemed 
to dawn upon the minds of the defeat- 
ed candidates with absolute uninimity 
that Bismarck had been nominated in 
the bond at least before the governor 
set his approval upon the bill. Yank- 
ton contested the removal unsuccess- 
fully. 


Capital at Yankton. Yankton was 
made the capital of Dakota Territory 
by Gov. Jayne at the request of Abra- 
ham Lincoln himself. Gen. J. B. S. 
Todd, our first delegate to Congress, 
was a cousin of Mrs. Lincoln. Todd 
had labored indefatigibly for the cre- 
ation of Dakota Territory, which was 
accomplished in the last act of the 
Buchanan administration. Todd had 
secured the consent of Buchanan to 


110 


Capitol, The State 


. 


placing the capital at Yankton, but the 
act was passed too late to permit him 
to appoint the governor. Todd took 
his proposition to Lincoln, who readily 
consented to request his appointee to 
select Yankton, which from every geo- 
graphical point of view was the logi- 
cal point. When William Jayne a few 
days later was appointed governor, 
the appointment was accompanied by 
the orally expressed hope of the presi- 
dent that he would find Yankton a 
suitable place for the capital. Vermil- 
lion and Bon Homme, quite innocent 
of knowledge that the cards were 
stacked against them, made an earnest 
effort to secure favorable considera- 
tion from the governor. Jayne went 
at once to Yankton and made it the 
temporary seat of government under 
the power conferred upon him by the 
organic act. When the legislature as- 
sembled, March 17, 1862, it was not 
difficult to confirm his choice. The 
governor established his office in a 
log hut on the east side of Broadway, 
between Third and Fourth Streets; 
the house of representatives met in 
the residence of Captain William 
Tripp, at the corner of Fourth and 
Broadway, and the Council met in the 
little Episcopal Chapel at the corner 
of Fourth and Linn Sts. In 1862 a 
wooden building at the corner of Capi- 
tal and Fourth Sts. was built for the 
accommodation of the legislature and 
the executive offices. 


Capitol, The State. The capitol at 
Pierre is of a somewhat modified Ion- 
ic order, the plans for which were 
drawn by Bell & Detweiler, Architects, 
of Minneapolis. The plans were adopt- 
ed By a commission consisting. of 
Samuel H. Elrod, governor, David D. 
Wipf, secretary of state, J. F. Halla- 
day, auditor, and Christen J. Bach, 


Capitol, The State 


commissioner of school and public 
lands. It was authorized by chapter 
163, Laws of 1905. 


The building is 292 feet long and 
124 feet wide at the center. There 
are four floors and a basement. It 
is 161 feet high from the ground floor 
to the top of the lantern. Popularly 
the stories are designated as ground 
floor, First (or governor’s floor,) legis- 
lative floor and gallery. 


The Elrod commission let the con- 
tract for the foundations for the east 
wing and constructed them, when it 
was enjoined by an original action in 
the supreme court by William B. 
Davenport, of Sioux Falls, which came 
to naught, except to delay construc- 
tion in 1906. Before building was re- 
sumed, Elrod, Bach and Halladay re- 
tired and Coe I. Crawford, governor, 
John Hirning, auditor, and O. C. Dok- 
ken, commissioner of school and pub- 
lic lands came onto the commission. 
The legislature directed that the en- 
tire building be erected, and the con- 
tract therefor was let to O. H. Olson, 
Stillwater, Minnesota. Samuel H. Lea, 
State engineer, was appointed superin- 
tendent, representing the commission. 
From 1907 the construction went vig- 
orously forward. The corner-stone 
was laid with due ceremony by J. J. 
Davenport, grand master of the Ma- 
sonic order, the address being by Gen- 
eral W. H. H. Beadle, June 25, 1908. 
(See Corner-stone of the Capitol). The 
building was completed and occupied 
May 1, 1910, and dedicated, June 30, 
1910, by the Odd Fellows. 


The interior decorations were by 
William G. Andrews, Clinton, Iowa. 
(See Art in the Capitol.) 


The building proper cost on contract 
$800,000. The decorations and furni- 


111 


Capitol, The State 


ture cost $50,000. There has since 
been expended upon the building and 
grounds about $150,000. Of the total 
cost $607,899.73 has been derived from 
the'land granted to the State for the 
erection of buildings at the capital, and 
the remainder has been paid from the 
general fund. 30,461 acres remain un- 
sold. 

The basement is built of the bould- 
er granite of the prairies; the water 
table of St. Cloud granite, the first 
story is of Marquette rain-drop sand- 
stone, and the superstructure of Bed- 
ford limestone. January 1, 1909, Craw- 
ford and Wipf retired from the com- 
mission and Robert S. Vessey, gover- 
nor, and Samuel C. Polley, secretary 
of state, completed the work. 





Hist., V, 182-239-272. 


Corner-Stone 

The corner-stone of the capitol of 
South Dakota was laid with due cere- 
mony by the Grand Lodge of the Ma- 
sonic order (J. J. Davenport, Grand 
Master) on June 25, 1908. The ad- 
dress of the occasion was made by 
General W. H. H. Beadle. The fol- 
lowing items were deposited in the 
corner-stone: Coins of 1907; the 
building contract; capitol bills of 
1905 and 1907; Smith and Young’s 
“History and Government of South Da- 
kota;” Robinson’s “Brief History of 
South Dakota;” Ordinance of 1787; 
“Blue Books” of 1905 and 1907; mes- 
sages of Governor Samuel H. Elrod 
and Governor Coe I. Crawford; photo- 
graphs of Samuel H. Lea, O. H. Olson, 
W. H. H. Beadle, John Sutherland, 
I. W. Goodner, Coe I. Crawford and 
D. D. Wipf; negative of old capitol 
building and of the architects draw- 
ings for the new capital; ‘Constitu- 
tional Debates” of South Dakota; “Re- 
vised Codes of 1877;” “Session Laws 


Capitol, The State 


of 1907;” programme of the ceremony 
of the day; “Annual Reports” of State 
officers for 1907; a long list of promi- 
nent newspapers. See Capitol. 


Art in the Capitol 

While the erection of the new Capi- 
tol was in its early stages, the State 
Federation of Women’s Clubs met at 
Pierre and made a strong pronounce- 
ment for simplicity in the interior dec- 
orations of the capitol. This was in 
protest against the bedizened color 
schemes of screaming gawdiness that 
at that period were being used in dec- 
orating public buildings. The Federa- 
tion also pronounced for the introduc- 
tion of art of only the highest type, 
even if but one or two panels could 
be secured at the outset. A _ local 
committee in Pierre constantly kept 
this programme before the capitol 
commission. In consequence a simple 
but beautiful and restful decorative 
scheme was adopted, together with 
nine panels by masters of American 
Mural Art, as follows: 


1. The Spirit of the West, by Ed- 
win H. Blashfield, is a panel nine feet 
square, placed in the west end of the 
Governor’s reception room. It repre- 
sents South Dakota as an attractive 
young lady pointed forward by Hope 
(a female figure above), overcoming 
many obstacles with the assistance of 
the plainsmen and with Evil skulking 
from her presence. It is a striking 
conceit, entirely original, and is Mr. 
Blashfield’s acknowledged masterpiece, 
for which he received the Gold Medal 
of the Architectual League. 


2. The Advent of Commerce, by Ed- 
ward Simmons; this is a large lunette 
at the head of the grand stairway and 
represents the white man in his first 
approach to the Indian with trade. 


112 


Capitol, The State 


3. Four plaques in the pendentives 
by Mr. Simmons, as follows: 

In the south pendentive the mining 
industry is represented by a young 
lady operating a steam rock-drill. 

In the east pendentive the live stock 
industry is most strikingly represented 
by a young lady holding in check by 
sheer muscularity a furious bull. 

In the north pendentive Agriculture 
is shown by the conventional Ceres 
and her basket of products. 

In the west pendentive Motherhood 
is portrayed in a masterful way by a 
child clinging to the draperies of its 
mother. Mr. Simmons has himself de- 
clared, “This is the best thing I have 
done.”’ 


4. The Mercy of the Law, by 
Charles Holloway, in the Supreme 
Court room, is portrayed in a large 
panel showing the gate of justice, 
guarded by stern, sword-armed senti- 
nels, but with the angel of Mercy slip- 
ping between them to the relief of 
kneeling penitents in the portico. 


5. The Louisiana Purchase, a cove 
panel in the Senate Chamber by Mr. 
Holloway. This is the painting for 
which he received the first award at 
the Louisiana Exposition in 1903. 


6. The Peace That Passes Under- 
standing (the largest canvas in the 
capitol) is displayed in a cove panel 
in the House of Representatives. It 
is by Mr. Holloway and represents the 
historic incident on the Missouri, near 
Mobridge, on the morning of June 2, 
1823, when Jedediah S. Smith, knelt 
among the dead and dying men of Ash- 
ley’s fur trading brigade, who had 
been shot down by the Arickara, and 
made the first recorded Christian pray- 
er in Dakota.* 

In addition to these masterpieces, 
there are eighteen small panels in the 


Capitol Dedication 


niches of the corridors, by Mr. Picot, 
the decorator. They are chiefly repro- 
ductions of photographs of South Da- 
kota scenes, but are well done, many 
of them possessing real excellence. 
There are more than forty oil por- 
traits of notable citizens, by portrait 
painters of prominence. 


In the niches of the Rotunda is an 
excellent life-size portrait statue of 
General W..H. H. Beadle, by Harry 
Daniel Webster, and a bust of Sena- 
tor Alfred B, Kittredge, by Mrs. Web- 
ster. Between the doors leading to 
the Governor’s apartments is a bronze 
tablet four by five feet, executed by 


Gilbert Riswold, in commemoration of 


Elizabeth Sherrard, who through the 
utmost sacrifice of herself and with 
the earnest assistance of her husband 
founded and maintained the Children’s 
Home in Sioux Falls. The tablet re- 
produces a snapshot made of Mother 
Sherrard without her knowledge one 
morning as she sat bathing a flock of 
the babies she mothered. It is but 
just to say that the decoration and 
mural art of the South Dakota capitol 
are in supremely good taste, of a high 
quality of workmanship, by artists of 
the first standing and receive only 
commendation from competent critics. 





Robinson, I, 99. 
“Blashfield,’”’ in ‘‘New International En- 
cyclopaedia.’’ 

Capitol Dedication. The capitol of 
South Dakota was dedicated June 30, 
1910, by the Grand Lodge of Odd Fel- 
lows. The address was made by Dr. 
A. B. Storms, president of the Iowa 
College of Agriculture. The ritual for 
the occasion was specially prepared 
by Hon. Charles S. Whiting, of the 
Supreme Court and Captain Otto B. 
Lindstad, of Pierre. 





Hist., V, 247, 266. 


Carlin, Douglas F. 


Capitol Lake is an attractive, arti- 
ficial lagoon on the capitol grounds at 
Pierre, created by a dam across a ra- 
vine, which holds storm waters. Evap- 
oration is compensated for by the 
water of an artesion well. The lake 
is stocked with waterfowl; swans pre- 
sented by the Pierre Kiwanis Club; 
Houdan Geese, the gift of Charles L. 
Hyde, Canadian geese secured from 
Alberta,and wild ducks who made abode 
upon it on their own initiative. 


Cappa. See Capa. 


Captives (White) of Sioux. See 
Fanny Kelly. Larimer, Mrs. Sarah L. 
Le Raye. Shetak Captives. 


Caputa is a village in eastern Pen- 
nington County. Banking point is Rap- 
id City, 15 miles northwest. 


Cardon is a discontinued post-office 
in northern Haakon County. The bank- 
ing point is Philip, 35 miles south and 
the post-office is Hartley. 


Carland, Hon. John E., 1853-1922; 
born in New York; lawyer; came to 
Bismarck, 1877; judge, territorial su- 
preme court, 1888, and assigned to 
Sioux Falls district; succeeded Judge 
Edgerton as U. S. District judge in 
1896; promoted to U. S. Commerce 
Court in 1910; U. S. Circuit Court of 
Appeals, 1913. 


Carley, William A., 1861- ; DOr 
at Parish, New York, March 18th; 
came to Clark County in 1887 and en- 
gaged in farming and dairying; coun- 
ty superintendent of schools, two 
terms; legislator, 1905, 1907; lives at 
Jolley. 


Carlin is a village in northern 
Haakon County. The banking and ship- 
ping point is Midland, 50 miles south. 


Carlin, Douglas F., 1855-1918; b. II- 
linois; came to Fort Yates, D. T., 1877; 


113 


Carlin, General William Passmore 


to Pierre, 1881; to Cheyenne Ind. Agen- 
cy, 1885; farmed on Cheyenne River, 
1890; State Senator, 1903. 





Kingsbury, V, 1038. Robinson, II, 1764. 


Carlin, General William Passmore, 
1846-1903; native of Illinois; gradu- 
ate of West Point; had fine Civil War 
record; and long service on frontier; 
was in Dakota as Lt.-colonel, 17th Inf., 
1872; col., 4th Inf., 1882; brig.-gen., 
1893; uncle of Hon. Douglas Carlin (q. 
v.) of Stanley County. 


Carlisle, Martin G., 1862- ; born 
at Ripon, Wisconsin, June 24th; came 
to South Dakota in 1882; engaged in 
real estate, loans and insurance; clerk 
of courts for Kingsbury County from 
1893 to 1899; in Brookings since 1901; 
State Senator in 1917 and 1919. 


Carlock is a village in southwestern 
Gregory County. The shipping point 
is Gregory, 14 miles north. 


Carlson, Charles J., 1872- ; born 
in Wataga, Illinois, August 30; edu- 
cated in Illinois and Nebraska; came 
to South Dakota, 1907; mayor of 
Carthage, Miner Co., 1913-14; member, 
legisIature, 1919-1921; State tax com- 
missioner, since 1923. 


Carlson, Hardy, 1887 ; born at 
Hudson, South Dakota, January 21st; 
in Volin, Yankton Co., since 1910; pub- 
lisher of ‘““Volin Advance;” World War 
veteran; legislator, 1921, 1923. 


Carlyle is a village in northern 
Faulk County. The banking point is 
Onaka, 10 miles west. 


Carpenter is a village in southwest- 
ern Clark County. Population, 
census. 


see 


Carpenter, Aaron, 1827-1914; native 
of Vermont; pioneer of Vermillion; 


at Chelsea, 


tor. four. years; 


Carson, Rev. Harlan P. 


veteran of First South Dakota Caval- 
ry. 

Carpenter, C. D., 1875- ; born in 
Malvern, Iowa; came to Aurora Coun- 
ty in 1882; engaged in farming; mem- 
ber, legislature, 1925; P. O., Wagner, 
Chas. Mix Co. 


Carpenter, Clay, 1878- ; born in 
Wisconsin, Jan. 13th; educated at 
Cornell University and University of 
Minnesota; came to S. Dak. in 1887, 
locating at Watertown; register of the 
U. S. land office at Lemmon; Circuit 
judge, 1911-13. 


Carpenter, William, 1856- ; born 
Vermont, August 25th; 
came to Andover, Day County in 1884 
and engaged in hardware and furniture 
business; taught school in Vermont, 
Minnesota, and S. Dak. and held sev- 
eral town, township and school offices; 
State Senator, 1907. 


Carr, Walter H., 1848-1924; born in 
England; came to America in 1851; 
veteran, Civil War; merchant of Yank- 
ton since 1876; member, Soldiers 
Home Board; commandant, State de- 
partment, G. A. R. 


Carroll, C. M., 1881- ; born in 
Iowa, April 18th at Webster City; 
came to Miller, Dakota in 1882; at- 
torney; probate judge of Hand County 
State Senator 1911, 
1913. 


Carroll, John H., 1849-1924; born in 
Philadelphia; taught school prior to 
coming to South Dakota; clerk of the 
District Court in Kingsbury County; | 
postmaster at DeSmet several years; 
established the Bank of DeSmet and 
was first mayor of that town; mem- 
ber, legislature, 1903, 1905. 


Carson, Rev., Harlan P., 1845- : 
native of Illinois; Presbyterian mini- 


114 


Carthage 


ster; pastor, Scotland, 1880-88; stated 
clerk, Synod of Dakota (and S. D.) 
since 1884; missionary superintendent 
of Synod since 1888; veteran of Civil 
War. 





Robinson, I, 872. 


Carthage is a town in northwestern 
Miner County. Founded in 1883 by the 
Western Town Lot Company. Named 
by F,. B. Ward,:the Townsite Agent, 
for Carthage, New York. Population, 
see census. “The News,” founded in 
1883, is its newspaper. 


Carter is a town in western Tripp 
County. Shipping point is Winner, 
17 milies east. Population, see census. 


Carter, Jervis W., 1831-1902; born in 
Vermont; lawyer; pioneer of Canton 
(1885) and Pierre (1890); register, U. 
S. Land Office, Pierre; private secre- 
tary to Governor Sheldon; removed to 
Sioux Falls, 1896. 





Hist. Minn. C., 488. 

Cascade Springs is a village in north- 
ern Fall River County. The shipping 
and banking point is Hot Springs, 10 
miles northeast. 


Case, Lucien W., 1837-1906; b. Michi- 
gan; pioneer of Yankton; in 1865, a 
resident of Vermillion and active in 
building the famous old school house 
in the ravine. 


Cash is a village in northern Perkins 
County. Shipping point is Hettinger, 
North Dakota, 32 miles north, and the 
banking point is Bison, South Dakota, 
15 miles southeast. 


Cassill, Charles H., 1868- ; born 
at DeWitt, Iowa, April 2nd; came to 
South Dakota and located at Hudson, 
later moved to Canton and engaged 
in banking; city treasurer, seven 


. 


115 


Cat 


years; school director; State Sena- 
tor, 1905; State Treasurer, 1907-9. 


Caste. There is and always has been 
a pride of family, amounting to caste, 
among the Sioux Indians. The upper 
class families are exclusive and resent 
familiarity on the part of the lower 
class neighbors. It is possible for a 
lower class man to achieve tribal hon- 
ors by bravery or heroic exploits, but 
they rarely do so. 





Letter, Mary C. Collins in files Depart- 
ment of History. 


Castle Creek. The principal branch 
of Rapid River, rises near the Wyom- 
ing line and runs easterly and joins 
Rapid River near Mystic. 


Castle Rock is a village in southern 
Butte County. 


Castle Rock Butte is in northern 
central Butte County. 


Castlewood is a town in northeast- 
ern Hamlin County. Founded in 1882 
by the Winona & St. Peter Railway 
Co. Named for the American home 
of Henry Esmond, the hero of Thack- 
eray’s novel, “The Virginian.’’ Popu- 
lation, see census. The “Hamlin Coun- 
ty Republican,” founded in 1888, is its 
newspaper. 


Cat. At least two species of cats 
are natives of South Dakota. The or- 
dinary wild cat (felis catus) or bob- 
cat, much resembling the domestic 
cat; and the mountain lion (felis con- 
color) or cougar. These grow to great 
size and weight, but are cowardly and 
easily killed. Both species are now 
rare and it is doubtful if any of the 
cougars remain in the State. They 
were once quite common in the Black 
Hills. Domestic cats were first brought 
into the region by Manuel Lisa in 1812. 
In his journal of Friday, July 31, when 


Catholican Spring 


near Little Bend, John C. Luttig says: 
“This morning we left our old she- 
cat at camp; at breakfast I missed 
her and sent a man for the cat; he 
returned in the evening with the cat, 
to our great satisfaction; this remark 
may seem ridiculous, but an animal 
of this kind is more valuable in this 
country than a good horse. Mice are 
in great abundance and the company 
have lost, for want of cats, several 
thousand dollars in merchandise.” 
Saturday, Aug. 8. ‘Last night had our 
2 cats stolen. ‘Friday, October 23. 
Clear and Cold. Had three kittens 
this day.” Wednesday, January 6, 
1913. “The Rees left us and directly 
after I found they had stolen our only 
he-cat, Tom.” ) 


Catholican Springs is a village in 
Fall River County. The post-office and 
banking point is Hot Springs, 1 mile 
northwest. 


Catholic Church. See Religion. 


Catlin, George, Artist, 1796-1872; he 
came to Dakota in 1832 and painted 
the portraits of a number of Sioux 
Indians and some landscapes. Wrote 
voluminously and not always accurate- 
ly about conditions. His gallery of In- 
dian portraits in the Smithsonian In- 
stitution is invaluable. His work up- 
on “The North American Indians” in 
which there is much relating to the 
South Dakota region, has world fame 
and despite its inaccuracies is of much 
value. 





Catlin’s “‘North American Indians.’’ 

Catlin’s “North American Indians.” 

George Catlin (q. v.) spent several 
years among the Indians of the West, 
chiefly in painting portraits of them, 
meanwhile accumulating a fund of in- 
teresting and more or less accurate in- 
formation about them. The result is 


Cattle 


published in two volumes under the 
title ‘The North American Indians” or 
“The Indians of North America.” A 
great deal of his material was obtain- 
ed from the Sioux and Arickara in 
South Dakota. 


Catlinite. See Pipestone. 


Caton is a discontinued P. O. in 
southwestern Lyman County. The 
banking and shipping point and P. O. 
is Presho, 18 miles north. 


Cattle. The first domestic cattle 
were brought into South Dakota by 
Manuel Lisa in 1812. It cannot be 
asserted that cattle have ever since 
been kept in the region, but it is prob- 
able that they have been. The early 
records are silent upon the subject; 
yet it is known that a small dairy 
herd was kept at Fort Pierre at an 
early time. The Fort Pierre Journal 
for May 24, 1830, says “Our old bull 
died yesterday; he has been dwindling 
away for 15 days.” The first settlers 
brought cattle both to the Sioux Riv- 
er and the Missouri settlements; from . 
that time cows have been a mainstay 
in all communities. In the periods of 
long drought and the grasshopper 
scourges of the early territorial per- 
iod cattle were a constant reliance 
and but for-their support many fami- 
lies would have been compelled to 
leave their homesteads. Very early 
in the agricultural development cattle 
became an important industry. The 
census of 1890, the first after admis- 
sion to statehood, shows that there 
were 631,761 cattle of all _ sorts 
in the State. The census of 1920 found 
a total of 2,348,157. That is, while 
population was increasing 93 per cent 
cattle increased 278 per cent. 


While the farms have ever been the 
largest producers of beef and other 


116 : 


Caulfield, Bernard G. 


cattle, an important and picturesque 
feature was the ranging of cattle in 
the western part of the State, where 
cattle were branded and allowed to 
drift on the prairies and sorted out at 
annual round-ups. This business 
reached its climax about 1907, when 
homesteaders occupying the range 
forced the herd law upon the cattle 
men. See Agriculture 11 (Live Stock), 
Beef, Butter, Cowboy, Oxen. 


Caulfield, Barnard G., 1828-1886; pio- 
neer lawyer of Deadwood; member of 
Congress from Chicago; President of 
convention at Huron, June 19, 1883, 
that ordained the first constitutional 
convention. 





Kingsbury, II, 1660. 


Cave Hills are two separated ranges 
of hills in north central Harding Coun- 
ty, named for a considerable cave in 
one of them, explored by the Custer 
Expedition of 1874. 


Caves. See Black Hills, 4. 


Cavour is a town in eastern Beadle 
County. Founded in 1880 by the West- 
ern Town Lot Co. Named for an Ital- 
ian statesman, Count Cavour. Popu- 
lation, see census. 


Cavour Lake is a small lake at the 
center of Cavour township, Beadle 
County. 


Cedar. Cedar is found along the 
Missouri River and in the Black Hills. 
It does not attain large size, but in 
the Missouri valley it is much employ- 
ed for fence-posts. 


Cedar Butte is a village in south- 
western Mellette County. The bank- 
ing and shipping point is Belvidere, 24 
miles northwest. 

Cedar Canyon is a village in central 
Meade County. The banking and ship- 
ping point is Faith, 36 miles east. 


Celebrations 


Cedar Creek is a stream running 
east along the north line of Lyman 
County and falls into the Missouri 
River. 


Celebrations. There have been sev- 
eral historic celebrations in this re- 
gion. The first recorded was the re- 
turn of a party of Arickara warriors 
coming back from a victorious foray 
against their enemies. It occurred in 
July 1811, while the Astorians were 
at the Arickara towns above Ashley 
Island. It was fortunate that three 
such historians as Wilson Price Hunt, 
Henry M. Brackenridge and John Brad- 
bury were present to report the events 
of the day. The story is best told 
by Washington Irving in “The Astor- 
ians,’ and is reproduced at page 237 
of Volume X, Hist. 

In 1825 the Ashley and O’Fallon 
Peace and Intercourse Treaty Commis- 
sion spent July 4th at Fort Pierre. 
They were accompanied by a battalion 
of 476 men including many officers 
afterward notable as military chiefs. 
A formal fourth of July program was 
given, to the amazement of the Indi- 
ANS oe iste LL cukb.L, 


In 1839 Messrs. Fremont and Nicol- 
let were encamped on Medicine Knoll 
Creek, very near to the famous Medi- 
cine Knoll, when the national anni- 
versary occurred. They celebrated the 
event by shooting rockets at midnight 
from the summit of the knoll. A bronze 
tablet has been placed near the knoll 
by the Pierre Kiwanis Club to com- 
memorate the event. Hist., X. 84. 


The return of the First Regiment S. 
D. Vol. Inf. from the Philippines on 
October 14, 1899, was an event of note- 
worthy interest. President William 
McKinley and his cabinet came out 
for the occasion, met the soldiers at 
Aberdeen and accompanied them down 


117 


Cement 


through the State, saying farewell at 
Yankton. 


Cement. South Dakota has abun- 
dant materials for the production of 
Portland cement in the chalk rock of 
the Niobrara formation outcropping 
along the Missouri River below the 
Big Bend, and in the limestone of the 
Black Hills. In 1889 the Western 
Portland Cement Company, capitalized 
by citizens of Milwaukee,, Wisconsin, 
erected a cement plant at Yankton, 
which was successfully operated for 
16 years, manufacturing a _ product 
of high quality, from chalkrock and clay 
taken from the same quarry. Finally 
the business was sold to the owners 
of other cement interests and the plant 
was wrecked. Pursuant to an amend- 
ment to the Constitution approved in 
1918, the legislature of 1919 made pro- 
vision for the building and operation 
of a‘State cement plant. The business 
was placed in the hands of the State Ce- 
ment commission and after a careful 
survey of the entire situation, in which 
analyses of all the various deposits 
were made, it was determined to erect 
the plant near Rapid City, at the foot 
of the Black Hills. Two million dol- 
lars were provided for the purpose and 
a modern dry process plant has been 
erected and was placed in operation, 
Oct., 1924. 


Census. (See census tables at end 
of this volume.) The first official cen- 
sus taken of the area now South Da- 
kota was in 1860, when the popula- 
tion was enumerated by the United 
States Marshal of Minnesota territory. 
The population then was 2376. Photo- 
stat copies of this census are in the 
files of the Department of History. In 
the spring of 1861 the territory of 


Dakota was organized and one of the © 


first acts of Governor William Jayne 


118 


Center Monument 


was to order a census to be taken as 
the basis for the legislative apportion- 
ment. This census produced 2402 
white persons. Since 1860 the govern- 
ment has taken a census each ten 
years and in 1885 took an interdecen- 
nial census. Art. III, sec. 5 of the 
state constitution provides for an in- 
terdecennial census, and the first was 
taken in 1895 by S. A. Wheeler, then 
commissioner of labor statistics. By 
chap. 63 laws of 1905 the superintend- 
ent of the Department of History was 
made director of the state census and 
has supervised the census of 1905, 1915 
and 1925. . 

To enable the publication of the 
results of the population census of 
1925 the census tables have necessarily 
been placed in the closing pages of 
this volume, to which all references to 
the census is made. 

The state censuses are unique in 
that they are taken by a system of 
ecards which after the completion of 
the compilations are filed alphabetical- 
ly in a monster index which gives very 
complete vital records of every resi- 
dent of the state. Among the items 
of information not usually secured is 
the ancestry of the individual, the ex- 
tent of his education; the institution 
from which graduated if any, and his 
church affiliation. © 

The agricultural census is taken by 
the tax commission. 





Hist. X, 396. See Census Tables at end 


of this Volume. 

Census Statistics. See also Agricul- 
ture12. ) 

Center is a discontinued P. O. in 
northern McCook County. The bank- 
ing and shipping point and post-office 
is Salem, 9 miles south. 

Center Monument is a substantial 
monument of reinforced concrete 24 


Center Point 


feet high, erected four miles north of 
Pierre in 1923 by Charles Leavitt Hyde 
and Doane Robinson. Upon it is a 
large bronze tablet with the follow- 
ing inscription: ‘Center of South Da- 
kota and Approximate Center of North 
America.” The monument is located 
very near the center of South Dakota. 
The approximate center 
America is determined by taking a 
map of the North American continent 
drawn to scale and boxing it within 
a rectangle that precisely touches the 
extremities of the continent on each 
side and end. Diagonal lines drawn 
from corner to corner cross near 
where the monument is located. 


Center Point is a discontinued P. O. 
in southern Turner County. The bank- 
ing and shipping point and P. O. is 
Viborg, 8 miles east. 


Centerville is a city in southeastern 
Turner County. Founded in 1883 by 
the Western Town Lot Co. Named 
on account of being midway between 
Parker and Vermillion on the old stage 
route. Population, see census. “The 
Journal,’ founded in 1887, and “The 
Independent,” founded in 1914 are its 
newspapers. 


Central City is a mining town in 
central Lawrence County. Named on 
account of being halfway up the gulch 
in which Lead and Deadwood are lo- 
cated: Population, see census. 


Certainty. The law regards that as 
certain which can be made certain. 


Chalcedony, a fine quartz, white, 
carnelian and sard. Found abundant- 
ly in the Black Hills and in glacial 
drift. 





Code, 70. 


Chalk Butte is a village in central 
Meade County. The banking and ship- 


OLY Work * 


Chaney, Morris J. 


ping point is Sturgis, 57 miles south- 
west. “The News,” founded in 1910, 
is its newspaper. 


Chalk Rock. This is the character- 
istic rock of the Niobrara formation 
across the southern central part of the 
State. This rock outcrops at Yankton 
and Mitchell and the Missouri River 
is eroded through it as high as the 
Big Bend. It is a darkish white, some- 
what impure and has sulphurous seams 
in it. The rock is composed of the 
calcareous remains of diminutive sea- 
shells. When carefully selected it 
makes a splendid Portland cement, as 
was demonstrated during the 16 years 
of successful operation of the Western 
Portland Cement Works at Yankton. 
This chalk rock has been used to a 
limited extent for building purposes. 
It hardens with exposure and age, and 
buildings erected a half century agio are 
standing up fully as well as those built 
of the field stone. 


Chamberlain is a city in northwest- 


ern Brule County and the county 
seat. One of the State bridges 
is located here. “The Register,” 


founded in 1881, and “The Democrat,” 
in 1882, are its newspapers. Pop- 
ulation, see census. 


Chance is a village in central Perk- 
ins County. The shipping point is 
Lemmon, 43 miles north. 


Chancellor is a village in northeast- 
ern Turner County. Population, see 
census. “The News,” founded in 1902, 
is its newspaper. 


Chaney, Morris J., 1858- ; born in 
Ogle County, Illinois, October Ist; 
came to Wakonda, South Dakota in 
1893 and engaged in the banking busi- 
engages in farming and 


ness; also 


stock raising and general merchan- 


119 


Chaney Rush Creek 


dise; member, legislature, 1903, 1905; 
Speaker of the House in 1907 and 1909. 





Robinson, 1381. Hist. XII, 279. 


Chaney Rush Creek (Fr., Chaine de 
roche, “chain of rocks.’”’) a small creek 
in southern Hyde County running 


down into the Big Bend of the Mis- 


souri. 

Change. In law “one must not 
change his purpose to the injury of 
another.” 





Code, 43. 


Chanonpa Lake. 
Lake. 


Chantier Creek is a small stream 
making into the Missouri in eastern 
Stanley County just above Oahe. So 
named by the French boatmen of early 
days because there was the “navy- 
yard” of Fort Pierre, where were built 
from the cottonwood lumber the macki- 
naw boats in which their furs were 
conveyed to market. 


See Two Woods 


Chapelle is a village in southern 
Hyde County. The banking and ship- 
ping point is Highmore, 9 miles north- 
east. 


Chapelle Creek. Two branches of 
this stream rise in southern central 
Hyde County and run west to the 
Missouri at DeGrey, Hughes County. 
It was named for David Chapelle (q. 
v.) a trader who settled at the mouth 
of it about 1832. 


Chapelle, David; b. Illinois; was in 
Dakota as early as 1828; married a 
Two Kettle woman and lived at mouth 
of Chapelle Creek, which was named 
for him; died there about 1870. Swift 
Bird, the notable Sioux, was his son. 





Hist, -LXy 17 Scone 
Charger, Martin, (Waanatan), 1841- 
1900; an important Teton Sioux of 


120 


Charities and Corrections, The State 
Board of 


the Two Kettle band, leader of the 
“Fool Soldiers” who rescued the white 
captives from Lake Shetak, 1862. Re- 
puted grandson of Captain Meriwether 
Lewis, but more probably the grandson 
of Reuben Lewis, a brother of the 
captain. 





Hist, 11, 30%-13> Ml eczons (9, 10). 
inson J, 210; Brief Hist. 127 


Rob- 


Charging Bear. See Grass, John. 

Charitable Institutions of the State 
consist of the State Hospital for the 
Insane, at Yankton, founded in 1879; 
the State School for the Feeble Mind- 
ed, at Redfield, founded in 1893; the 
School for the Deaf, at Sioux Falls, 
founded in 1883; the School for the 
Blind at Gary, founded in 1895; and 
the Sanitarium for the Tubercular, at 
Custer, founded in 1909. All of these 
institutions are under the control of the 
State Board of Charities and Correc- 
tions and are supported by State appro- 
priations. See the articles upon each of 
these institutions. 


Charities and Corrections, The State 
Board of, is provided by the constitu- 
tion, the number of members (not to 
exceed five) and their compensation 
to be fixed by law. This board has 
control of the penitentiary, hospital 
for the insane, school for the deaf, 
school for the blind, state training 
school and the tubercular sanitarium. 
The original board under the act of 
1890 consisted of five members, but 
this was reduced to three by chap. 86, 
Laws of 1903; chap. 29, Laws of 1909 
restored the number to five. One 
member is made secretary of the 
board. The present board consists of 
Charles M. Day, Amund O. Ringsrud, 
Jacob Tschetter, Charles E. Weller 
and Mrs. Mabel Rewman. The legis- 
lature of 1925 reduced the member- 
ship of the board to three and Gover- 


Charles Mix County 


nor Gunderson reappointed Ringsrud 
and selected J. F. Halladay and Mrs. 
Eleanor Whiting, widow of the late 
Judge Charles S. Whiting of the Su- 
preme Court. 


Charles Mix County was named for 
Charles Mix, U. S. Commissioner of 
Indian Affairs, 1858. Created, 1862, 
organized, 1879. First settlement made 
by Jean Batiste Trudeau, Nov. 4, 1794, 
who built the first white man’s house 
in the Dakota country. Numerous 
squawmen lived along the Missouri 
dating back to 1835. The agricultural 
settlement began in 1878, when N. B. 
and John Reynolds settled at’ the 
mouth of Cedar Creek. The Yankton 
Indian Reservation was in this coun- 
ty and the agency at White Swan es- 
tablished July 13, 1859, brought a con- 
siderable permanent white population. 
Beginning at the point where the base 
line between townships 100 and 101 
north intersects the center of the main 
channel of the Missouri River; thence 
southeasterly along the main channel 
of said river to the southwest corner 
of Bon Homme County; thence north- 
erly along the western boundary of 
Bon Homme County to the southwest- 
erly boundary of Hutchinson county; 
thence northwesterly along the south- 
westerly boundaries of Hutchinson and 
Douglas counties to the west boundary 
_of Douglas County; thence north to the 
base line; thence west along said base 
line to the place of beginning. Code 
p. 148. Area, 725,760 acres. The act 
of 1862 located the county seat “at 
Papineau, on the claim of Mr. Papi- 
neau.” An organization was effected; 
but in 1875 President Grant by execu- 
tive order closed the region to settle- 
ment and the organization lapsed. The 
county was reorganized in 1879 and 


Chester 


the county seat located at Wheeler, 
where it remained until 1916, when it 
was removed to Lake Andes; popular 
elections defeated removal to Geddes 
in 1900 and 1904 and to Wagner in 
1910. 


Chase is a village in southern Zie- 
bach County. The banking and ship- 
ping point is Dupree, 13 miles north. 

Chase, Isaac H., 1897- ; born in 
Rapid City, S. Dak., December 30th; 
engaged in mercantile business in Rap- 
id City; member, legislature, 1923; 
State Senator, 1925. 


Chase, Rev. Albon D., 1831-1922; 
Methodist minister; pioneer of Water- 


town; active in Farmers’ Alliance 
movement; railroad commissioner, 
1891-3. 


Chedi Lake is a small lake near the 
James River, east of Aberdeen. 


Chelsea is a town in northeastern 
Faulk County. Population, see census. 


Cherington, A. E., 1836-1912; born in 
Gallia County, Ohio, November 22nd; 
Civil War veteran; settled in Moody 
Co., near Dell Rapids, Dakota in 1876 
and engaged in farming; member, leg- 
islature, 1909. 


Cherry. See Little Cherry. 


Cherry Creek is a village in south- 
ern Ziebach County. The banking and 
shipping point is Dupree, 35 miles 
northwest. 


Cherry Creek is a large creek ris- 


. ing in western Meade County, joining 


121 


the Cheyenne River at Leslie. The 
Cherry Creek sub-agency for the Min- 


neconjou Sioux is at its mouth. 
Cherry, Little. See Little Cherry. 


Chester is a village in southern Lake 
County. Population, see census. ‘The 


Cheyenne Agency 


Journal,’ founded in 1906, is its news- 
paper. 


Cheyenne Agency is a village in 
southern Dewey County. The banking 
and shipping point is Gettysburg, 20 
miles east. 


Cheyenne and Standing Rock Agree- 
ment. See Indian Treaties, 11. 


Cheyenne and Standing Rock Lands. 
The surplus lands of the Cheyenne and 
Standing Rock Indian Reservations 
were opened to settlement October 23, 
1909. There were about ten thou- 
sand homesteads for which 80,142 per- 
sons registered. 


Cheyenne Falls are falls in the Chey- 
enne River south of Hot Springs. 


Cheyenne Indians. This tribe of Al- 
gonquins until historic times lived east 
of the Missouri in Central North Da- 
kota; but about 200 years ago they 
were dislodged by the Chippewa and 
the Sioux and crossed the river, tak- 
ing up their residence on the upper 
waters of the river that bears their 
name. They came to the Missouri 
River for traffic with white 
men and are mentioned by Trudeau, 
Lewis and Clark, Hunt, Grinnell, and 
others. 


Cheyenne Island is now incorporated 
with the peninsula of Little Bend in 
the Missouri River. 


Cheyenne River rises in Wyoming 
west of the Black Hills and flows east- 
erly through the southern Hills, thence 
northeasterly to the Missouri River at 
Little Bend. 


Chicot Island (Big Cedar Island) in 
the Missouri River directly south of 
Geddes. 


Chigger, Chigre, Jigger, is a species 
of small fiea that buries itself under 


122 


Children 


the skin and causes irritation. It is 
common in wooded sections, finding 
harbor in dead timber, and causes an- 
noyance to those who come in contact 
with it. If one bathes in slightly 
briney water soon after exposure the 
annoyance will be avoided. 


Child Labor. No child under six- 
teen years of age shall be employed 
in any factory, mine, workshop or 
mercantile establishment unless such 
child is provided with a certificate by 
the county superintendent of schools 
that it can read and write simple Eng- 
lish sentences, or has during the past 
twelve months attended school regu- 
larly. No child under sixteen shall 
at any time be employed in any occu- 
pation dangerous to life, health or 
morals. No child shall be required to 
work more than ten hours in any one 
day. It is unlawful to exhibit or em- 
ploy any child under fourteen years 
old as a mendicant, peddler, actor or 
singer on the streets or for any im- 
moral purpose or for any business or 
vocation injurious to the health or 
morals or dangerous to the life or 
limb of such child, or to cause, pro- 
cure or encourage such child to en- 
gage therein. Nor must such child 
be deprived of necessary food, cloth- 
ing, shelter or medical attendance; or 
be employed in any factory, workshop 
or mine; and no child under sixteen 
years or any woman shall be employ-: 
ed in any occupation dangerous to life, 
health or morals. See Child Welfare. 





Code, 10016. 

Children. The State law makes no 
distinction between children by birth 
and by adoption. All children born in 
wedlock or within ten months after 
the cessation of wedlock or those born 
out of wedlock whose parents after- 


Laws, 1923, chap. 308. 


Child Welfare 


ward marry, are presumed to be legit- 
imate. The father of a legitimate, un- 
married minor is entitled to the cus- 
tody, services and earnings of the 
child; after the father’s death the 
mother may claim such service and 
earnings. The father must support 
the child if he be able; if he is un- 
able, then the mother must assist to 
the extent of her ability. Parents, as 
such, have no control over the prop- 
erty of their children. The wages of 
a minor employed outside of the fam- 
ily _may be paid to the child unless 
the parent or guardian expressly di- 
rects otherwise. See Child Labor and 
Child Welfare. 





Code, 9,180-200. 

Child Welfare. The State child wel- 
fare commission consists of one per- 
son appointed by the governor, the 
superintendent of public instruction, 
the superintendent of the State board 
of health, the president of the woman’s 
board of investigation, and the parole 
officer of the board of charities and 
corrections, all serving without com- 
pensation. The board is required to 
inquire into the condition of children 
and to advise pertaining to their care 
and instruction; shall inquire into the 
condition of children employed in in- 
dustries and advise with the employ- 
ers thereof; it shall enforce the laws 
of the State for the protection of chil- 
dren. — The County Child Welfare 
Board consists of the county superin- 
tendent of schools, the county judge, 
the superintendent of health and two 
others appointed by the State Com- 


mission. See Child Labor. 


Laws, 134% 
Chilsom is a station on the C. B. & 
Q. R. R. in northern Fall River County. 


1919, chap. 1921, chap. 142. 


Chouteau, John Pierre 


The banking point and P. O. is Edge- 
mont, 8 miles southwest. 


Chilton is a discontinued P. O. in 
southeastern Mellette County. The 
banking point is Wood, 8 miles north- 
west, the shipping point is Winner, 29 
miles southeast, and the P. O. is Car- 
ter. 


Chittenden, Colonel Hiram M., 1858- 
1919.. As a captain in U. S. Engineer 
Corps he was engineer in charge of 
the Missouri River in the South Da- 
kota section. He is the author of 
“History of the American Fur Trade 
of the Far West” (1901) ‘Early Steam- 
boat Navigation on the Missouri Riv- 
er’ (1903) and editor of numerous 
other works affecting Dakota History. 
Lt.-Colonel, Volunteers, 1898. 


Cholera. In 1848 and again in 1852 
cholera was brought into the State 
by steamboats from St. Louis and be- 
came epidemic among the Indian 
tribes. Father DeSmet worked heroic- 
ally for the care of the victims, as 
did many of the employes of the fur 
companies. There are no dependable 
statistics, but the plague was fatal 


and the decimation of the tribes, fear- 


ful. 

Chouteau Creek rises in Douglas 
County, flows southeast through 
Charles Mix Co. and enters the Mis- 
souri at the southwest corner of Bon 
Homme Co. Named for the Chouteau 
family of St. Louis. 


Chouteau, John Pierre, 1758-1849; 
father of Pierre, Jr. (the founder of 
Fort Pierre.) John Pierre undertook 
trade upon the Upper Missouri in 1807 
and was accompanied by Sergeant Pri- 
or in his attempt to return Big White 
to the Mandans. He was engaged with 
Prior in his fight with the Arickara 
and with him was compelled to return 


123 


Chouteau, Pierre, Jr. 


to St. Louis and give up the enterprise. 
“August Chouteau seldom visited the 
Indians,” but John Pierre ‘for many 
years annually visited many of the 
Indian tribes of the West” and had 
great influence over them. 





Houck’s ‘“‘Hist. of Missouri,’’ II, 8. 


Chouteau, Pierre, Jr., fur trader, 
1789-1865; was head of the western 
department of the American Fur Com- 
pany, which after 1838 became Pierre 
Chouteau, Jr., & Co. Fort Pierre was 
named in his honor (1832). Devised 
the flat-bottomed steamboat for the 
navigation of the Upper Missouri and 
came with the first vessel (‘“Yellow- 
stone”) to Fort Pierre, in 1831. Son 
of John Pierre Chouteau (q. v.). 





Hist. J, 387; Brief Hist., 89; Robinson I, 
116-118, 125-7. 


Christian Church. See Religion. 


Christian Science Church. 
ligion. 


See Re- 


Chrisitianity. See Religion. 


Christol, Carl, 1875- ; born Hen- 
storf, Germany; A. B., U. Nebraska; 
studied at Sorbonne, Paris; U. of 
Heidleberg; Ph. D., U. of Berlin; prof. 
of history, U. S. D. since 1909. 


Christopherson, Anton, 1854- : 
born in Norway; merchant, Sioux 
Falls, 1883; member, legislature, 1919, 
1921. 





Hist. Minn. Co., 491. 


Christopherson, Charles A., 1871- 3 
born in Amherst, Minnesota, July 23; 
lawyer; settled in Sioux Falls, 1890; 
member, city board of education; 
member, legislature, 1913 and Speaker 
in 1915; member of Congress since 
1919. 





“History Minn. Co.,’’ 491. 


“Civil War, Recollections of” 


Chronology. See Historical Chro- 


nology. 


Chuning, R. L., 1863- ; born at 
Bigelow, Holt County, Missouri; ar- 
rived in Pierre in 1883; settled in 
Camp Crook, S. Dak:; invested in cat- 
tle in 1886; in the general merchan- 
dise business in 1888 and in banking 
in 1902; member, legislature, 1903. ° 


Church, Louis K., 1850-1898; Gover- 
nor of Dakota Ter., 1886-9—the only 
democratic governor. Member of New 
York legislature during governorship 
of Cleveland and was closely assoéi- 
ated with Theodore Roosevelt. He 
was in a difficult position, being at all 
times in opposition to the legislature, 
politically, and though not diplomatic 
his honesty has not been impugned. 
He came first to South Dakota as Ter- 
ritorial judge of the third - district, 
from which position he was appointed 
governor. After retiring from the 
governorship he practiced law for a 
short period in Huron, thence estab- 
lished himself in Seattle, where he 
had a fine business. In the summer 
of 1898 he made a trip to Alaska and 
was taken with a pneumonia that end- 
ed his life. 


Churchill, Edward P., 1882- : 
born Allerton, Pa., July 19; A. B., U. 
of Iowa; Ph. D., John Hopkins. Pro- 


fessor Zoology, U. S. D. since 1916. 
Circuit Courts. See Courts, Circuit. 


Circuits. See Courts, Circuit. 


Circulars. See Geological and N. H. 
Survey. 

Cities. See Census, 1925. 

Civil War. See under War, 4. 

“Civil War, Recollections of,” by 
Maj. Robert Dollard. Included in the 
volume by Maj. ODollard’s' remi- 


124 


Claims Against Indians 


niscences of forty years in Dakota 
(1906). 


Claims against Indians. 
kota Indian Claims. 


See Da- 


“Claim Jumpers, The” is a romance 
of the Black Hills, by Stewart Edward 
White. (q. v.). 


Clapp, Edwin E., 1867-  ; Ray- 
mond; born in Ohio; came to Clark 
Co., Dakota in 1884; engaged in farm- 


ing; county commissioner of Clark 
County; member, legislature, 1911, 
1913. 


Claire City is a town in northwest- 
ern Roberts County. Population, see 
census. “The Press,” founded in 1915, 
is its newspaper. 


Claremont is a town in northern 
Brown County. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The New Era,” established in 


1915, is its newspaper. 


Clark, Avery D., 1855- \ born: in 
Ogle County, Illinois, March 26; print- 


er; settled in Custer, 1877; editor, 
Custer News; member territorial 
house, 1889. 


Clark, county seat, in central Clark 
County. Founded by the Western 
Town Lot Co. in 1882. Named from 
the County. For a short time this 
place was called Clark Center. Popu- 
lation, see census. The “Clark County 
Courier,” established in 1889, and “The 
Pilot Review,” established in 1881, are 
its newspapers. 


Clark, Charles Badger, 
poet; came to South Dakota in in- 
fancy; has written extensively for 
magazines, in prose and verse; author, 
“Sun and Saddle Leather,’ (verse); 
resides at Hot Springs. 


1883- ; 


Clark County was named for New- 
ton Clark, member of the legislature 


125 


Clark, William 


of 1872. Created, 1873; organized, 
1880. First settler, J. W. Bailey at 
Julian in 1878. Consists of township 
113 north, of ranges 56, 57 and 58 west 
5th P. M., and also of townships 114, 
Lape Ge ti eel on aids 10 Orth. OF 
ranges 56, 57, 58 and 59 west 5th P. 
M. Area 623,360 acres. 

; Lead; 


Clark, Damon H., 1873- : 
born in Denver, Colorado, August 11th; 
came to ‘Dakota in 1877; engaged in 
mining; member of city council in 
Lead in 1910 and 1912; member, legis- 
lature, 1913, 1915, 1917, 1919, 1921, 1923, 


1925. 

Clark, Eldon W., 1870- ; born at 
Dryden, Michigan, October lst; came 
to Eagle Butte, South Dakota in 1910; 
engaged in practice of law; member, 


legislature, from Dewey Co., 1913. 


Clark, H. D., 1862- ; Hot Springs; 
born in Scott County, Iowa, Nov. 11th; 
came to Plankinton in 1881 and mov- 
ed to Hot Springs in 1890; engaged 
in hotel business; held several county 
offices; mayor of Hot Springs; inter- 
ested in real estate business; legisla- 
Lor; 1905. 


Clark, S. Wesley, 1873- ; born at 
Platteville, Wisconsin, December 28th; 
graduated, Redfield College, 1894; 
practiced law at Doland for several 
years; law partner at Redfield with 
Hon. Thomas Sterling; county attor- 
ney in Spink County, 1900-4; Attorney 
General, 1907-11; U. S. District At- 
torney since 1921. 


Clark, William, soldier and explor- 
er, 1770-1838; brother of Gen. George 
Rogers Clark, of Revolutionary fame. 
Accompanied Captain Lewis to the 
Pacific Coast, his equal in command; he 
was the chief journalist of the expedi- 
tion 1804-6). Upon his return he was 


Clarno 


raised to rank of brigadier general and 
given command of the Louisiana mi- 
litia. In 1813 he was made governor 
of Missouri, which position he held 
until 1820. At his own expense he fit- 
ted out Manuel Lisa’s enterprise up 
the Missouri River in 1812 in hope of 
holding the Sioux of the Missouri to 
the American cause. Though Manuel 
lost his post (Fort Manuel) he suc- 
ceeded in keeping the Teton. Sioux 
loyal. From 1822 until his death he 
was U.S. commissioner of Indian affairs 
for the Northwest. 


Clarno is a discontinued post-office 
in southwestern Lake County. The 
banking and shipping point and post 
office is Winfred, 8 miles northwest. 


Clay. The State abounds with clays, 
which have been little untilized and 
have not been systematically studied. 
South Dakota is largely cretaceous, 
which is mainly clay. Of the more im- 
portant commercial clays, the follow- 
ing are noted: 

Brick clay is found very generally 
and produces bricks of substantial 
quality. 

Kaolin or China Clay of a fine qual- 
ity is found near Custer. 

Feldspar, from the Etta Mine in 
Custer County, suitable for porcelains. 

Fire Clays, in extensive deposits 
near Rapid City. 

Fullers’ earth, in very large deposits 
in the Bad Lands. 

Bentonite, used extensively in manu- 
facture of paper; an excellent quality 
is found near Belle Fourche and near 
old Evarts. 


Clay, C. H., ; born at Tama, 
Iowa; came to Bancroft, Kingsbury 
Co., South Dakota in 1904; engaged in 
farming; member, legislature, 1923, 
1925. | 


126 


Clear Lake 


Clay County was named by J. 8S. 
Deuel, legislator, (q. v.) for Henry 
Clay; created and organized by act 
of the legislature, 1862. First settle- 
ment made by American Fur Company 
at Fort Vermillion about 1836; the 
post was first built above Vermillion 
River. The agricultural settlement 
began July 10, 1859, and about that 
time a colony settled at Vermillion. 
Here is located the State University. 
Clay County consists of the following 
area: Beginning at the corner of Un- 
ion County, thence westerly up the 
main channel of the Missouri River to 
the west boundary of range 53 west: 
5th P. M.; thence north along said 
range line to the northwest corner 
of township 95 north, range 53; thence 
east along the north line of township 
95 to the northwest corner of Union 
County; thence south along the west 
boundary of Union County to the place 
of beginning. Area, 257,920 acres. 


Code, -Introduction, p. 144; Laws 1901, 
chaps. 85 and 86. 


Clay Creek is a small stream rising 
in Turkey Ridge, eastern Yankton 
County, and entering the Vermillion 
River two miles north of the Univers- 
ity. 

Claymore is a village in eastern 
Corson County. The banking point 
and P. O. is Mobridge, 12 miles east. 


Clayton is a P. O. in northern Hutch- 
inson County. The banking and ship- 
ping point is Emery, 13 miles north. 


Clearfield is a village in southwest- 
ern Tripp County. The banking and 
shipping point is Winner, 22 miles 
northeast. Population, see census. 


Clear Lake is the. county seat of 
Deuel County. Population, see census. 
The “Deuel County Advocate,” estab- 


Cleghorn 


lished in 1883, and “The Courier,” es-_ 


tablished in 1891, are its newspapers. 


Cleghorn is a station on the R. C., 
B. H. & W. R. R. in northern Penning- 
ton County. The banking point and 
postoffice is Rapid City, 414 miles east. 


Clethorne is a discontinued P. O. in 
southeastern Butte County. The ship- 
ping and banking point and postoffice 
is Newell, 27 miles west. 


Clifton is a _ postoffice in central 
Sully County. The banking and ship- 
ping point is Onida, 10 miles north- 


east. ) 

Close, J. H., 1858- ; born at Sa- 
lineville, Ohio, April 8; farmer and 
teacher; resided in Aurora County, 


since 1883; State senator, 1901, 1903. 


Closed by Ice. See Missouri River, 
6s 

Clough is a postoffice in the central 
part of Meade County. The banking 
and shipping point is Sturgis, 43 miles 


southwest. 
Clover. See Agriculture, 10. 


Cloyd, David E., 1864- ; born 
Howard Co., Missouri, Nov. 11; A. B., 
U. of Minnesota; M. A., Columbia; 
professor, Sioux Falls College, 1925. 


Coal. See Lignite. Coal is the chief 
fuel used in the State and is secured 
largely at the ports upon Lake Super- 
ior and Lake Michigan. Anthracite 
is the main reliance for heating pur- 
poses, bituminous for culinary and 
power purposes. More than one mil- 
lion tons annually are shipped into the 
State. 

Coal Creek is in southwestern Fall 
River County, entering the Cheyenne 
River. 

Coal Springs is a village in the cen- 
tral part of Perkins County. Shipping 


127 


Codington County 


point is Lemmon, 40 miles north, and 
the banking point is Meadow, 10 miles 
northwest. 


Cobb Creek rises in the east coteau 
and runs east to the Yellow Medicine 
River. 


Cochrane, O. W., 1861- ; Ipswich; 
born in Ellicottville, New York, Aug- 
ust 6th; came to Edmunds Co., South 
Dakota in 1886; engaged in real estate, 


stock raising and farming; member, 
legislature, 1911. 

Cock, Frank R., 1867- —;_ born at 
Davenport, Iowa, April 30; came to 


locating near 
in farming 
1919; 


South Dakota in 1889; 
Belle Fourche; engaged 
and stock raising; legislator, 
State Senator, 1921, 1923. 


Code States. See Efficiency Survey. 


Codington is a station in southern 
Codington County. The banking point 
and post office are Watertown, 1 mile 
north. 


Codington County, named for Rev. 
G. S. S. Codington, legislator, 1877; 
created, 1877; organized, 1878; first 
settled in 1873 by David Keeler and 
Joseph B. Montgomery, who establish- 
ed themselves on Lake Kampeska. Be- 
ginning at northeast corner of Hamlin 
County, (Laws, 1877, chap. 42) thence 
north along the line between ranges 
50 and 51, to the northeast corner of 
township 119 north, of range 51 west 
5th P. M.; thence west along the line 
between townships 119 and 120, cross- 
ing the Sisseton and Wahpeton Indian 
reservation in the same course to the 
northwest corner of township 119 
north, of range 55 west 5th P. M.; 
thence south along the line between 
ranges 56 and 56, to the northwest 
corner of Hamlin County; thence east 
along the north line of Hamlin County 


Cody 


to the place of beginning. Area, 448,- 
920 acres. 


Cody is a postoffice in Eastern Mel- 
lette County. The banking point is 
Wood, 10 miles southeast, and the 
shipping point is Murdo, 26 miles 
north. 


Cogan, John T., 1855- 
native of Wisconsin; pioneer, Ree 
Heights, 1879; publisher, “Howard 
Press,” 1884; Sioux Falls, 1889; Regis- 
ter of Deeds, 1897-1901; Register, 
Pierre U. S. Land Office, 1913-1921. 


; printer; 





Hist. Minn: «Co. 497: 


Cold Branch is a small stream en- 
tering Fall River at Hot Springs. 


Cole is a postoffice in northern Perk- 
ins County. The banking and ship- 
ping point is Hayes, N. D., 20 miles 
north. 


Cole, Austin, 1815-1895; Pennsyl- 
vanian; settled in Union County, 1860; 
member first and second territorial 
councils; Union County was first nam- 
ed for him. 


Cole, Elmer L., 1864- ; born in 
Montcalm County, Michigan, Septem- 
ber 6th; came to Brown Co., Dakota 
in 1883; engaged in farming and grain 


buying; member, legislature, 1915, 
Ijiy, 1920, F, O..-Claramont. 
Colgan, Arthur J., 1856- ; Edge- 


mont; born at Burlington, Iowa, July 
25th; came to South Dakota in 1880; 
engaged in stock raising and mer- 
chandising in Fall River Co.; legisl- 
lator, 1913. 

Colina is a discontinued post office 
in southeastern Tripp County. The 
banking and shipping point and post- 
office are Colome, 12 miles northwest. 


College Orations. See Literature of 


South Dakota. 


128 


Collins, Edward C. . 


College of Technology. See State 


College of Agriculture, Etc. 





Hist., X, 423. 


Colleges and Institutions of Higher 
Learning. The following table shows 
the time of organizing classes in each 
of the institutions of higher learning 


in this State: 
. Yankton (College. 285. see Oct. 4, 1881 
. tate: University se oe Sept. 17, 1882 


; Huron College’ so 752s 
. Sioux Falls College Sept. 18, 1883 
State, College 4...) woe Sept. 24, 1884 
Madison Normal School....Sept. 1884 
Dakota Wesleyan Univ.....Sept. 1885 
. All Saints School Sept. 17, 1885 
» school of /Mines2..aa-eeeee Sept. 1885 
. Spearfish Normal School...Sept. 1885 
. Redfield College Sept. 1887 
. Wessington Springs (Jr.)...Sept. 1887 


Sept. 17, 1883 


“eee eeee 


bk 
SCC OAIH OP CODE 


13) Augustana ‘College’ ~.t ise. eee 1884 
14... Lutheran. Normal) S.) EF’. 35. 1889 
15. Springfield Normal School....... 1897 
16. Northern Normal, Aberdeen..... 1902 
17. Freeman,-College au. a. See 1903 
Ik. Columbus? College ...2-4 Oct..25,°1905 
19. Bureka’ College: £255. 2). . Jcatcsheneeee pl 
20.. Canton Lutheran, Normale eeeee 1918 

1. Dr. Joseph Ward founded Yankton 
Academy in 1872. It was suspended in 
1876, revived in 1883 and continued until 
1922. 

2. An academy was founded at Vermil- 


lion in 1882, which became the prepar- 
atory school of the University. 

3. Huron College had its genisis in 
Pierre University, which was removed to 
Huron, 1898 and consolidated with Scot- 
land Academy. 

4. Augustana was founded at Jeffer- 
son Prairie, Wisconsin, in 1860, removed 
to Canton in 1884 and to Sioux Falls in 
1917, where it was consolidated with the 
Lutheran Normal School. 

5. Columbus College was founded at 
Chamberlain in 1909 and removed to Sioux 
Falls, 1921. See articles under name of 
each institution under Education. 


College Orations (Winning). 
Literature of S. D., VIII. 


Collins, C. B., 1861- ; born in 
Rockbridge, Wis.,.October 8th; stud- 
ied and practiced pharmacy in Wis- 
consin; moved to Groton, Brown Co., 
S. Dak. in 1883 and engaged in the 
State 


See 


jewelry and drug business; 
Treasurer, 1903-7. 


Collins, Edward C., 1836-1870; pio- 
neer, Union County; Methodist mini- 


Collins, Edward E. 


ster; member, legislature, 1865; fath- 
er of Edward E. Collins (q. v.). 


Collins, Edward E., 1859- =; born 
Cass Co., Mich., June 27; graduate 
Wayne Normal; State Superintendent; 
Aeeoee uo. D. 


Collins, I. W. A., 1871- ; Gettys- 
burg; born at Paris, Illinois, March 
18th; came to South Dakota in 1889; 
engaged in educational work and in 
the ministry; county superintendent 
of schools, 1907-10; State Senator in 
19Tt. 


Collins, Rev. Mary Clementine, 1846- 
1920; born at Upper Alton, Illinois. 
Received a classical education and 
taught long in the Keokuk schools; 
studied theology and medicine in prep- 
aration for missionary work and in 
1875 came to Dakota as missionary to 
the Sioux. Established a mission at 
Little Eagle, near the home of Sitting 
Bull, and spent the remainder of her 
active life there ministering to Sitting 
Bull’s people. 


Colman is a town in southern Moody 
County. Population, see census. “The 
Argus,” established in 1901, is its 
newspaper. 


Colome is a town in southern Tripp 


County. Population, see census. “The | 


Times,’ founded in 1909, is its news- 
paper. 


Colony. See Flandreau; New York 


Colony. 


Colton is a city in northern Minne- 
haha County. Population, see census. 
“The Courier,” established in 1902, is 
its newspaper. 


Colton, Winfred R., 1879-— ; born 
Sycamore, Illinois; graduate Chicago 
College of Music, studied in Germany; 
Dean of Music, U.S. D., since 1908. 


Common Carrier 


Columbia, former county seat of 
Brown County, is located upon the 
James River at the foot of Sand Lake. 
The town was originally named Rich- 
mond and was changed for the name 
of the patriotic air, “Hail Columbia.” 
Population, see census. 


Columbus, Knights. 
Columbus. 


See Knights of 


Command. In law one who can and 
does not forbid that which is done in 
his behalf is deemed to have command- 
ed that it be done. 





Code, 51. 


Commerce City was a townsite of 
the Dakota Land Company located on 
the Sioux River at the present site 
of Canton. 


Commissioner of School and Public 
Lands. See Land Commissioner. 


Common Carrier. In South Dakota 
law every one who offers to the public 
to carry persons, property or messages 
is a common carrier and must, if able 
to do so, accept and carry what he 
is accustomed to carry whenever it is 
offered to him at a reasonable time 
and place; he may give preference in 
time and price to the United States 
and South Dakota; he must, unless de- 
tained by accident or the elements, 
start at the time and place he an- 
nounces; he is entitled to a reasonable 
compensation and no more and may 
demand that it be paid in advance; he 
cannot limit his obligation by a gen- 


eral notice, but he may do so by spec- 


ial contract; he cannot contract away 
liability for gross negligence, fraud 
or wilful wrong-doing of himself or his 
servants; he must carry for the ac- 
commodation of passengers a limited 
amount of personal luggage for each. 
A passenger who refuses to pay for 


129 


Common Carriers 


his passage may be ejected, but with- 
out unnecessary violence and at a 
usual stopping place. 





Code, 1157-1184. 


Common Carriers. The regulation 
of all common carriers in South Da- 
kota, is placed under the supervision 
and control of the railroad commis- 
sion, which is composed of three mem- 
bers elected for terms of six years. 
Commissioners are required to reside 
at the capital and to devote all of their 
time to their duties. They fix 
maximum rates upon. all intra- 
state business, prosecute discrimina- 
tions, prohibit pooling, supervise the 
physical plants and enforce rules for 
safety and convenience of the public, 
regulate the joint service of two or 
more carriers and in general repre- 
sent and enforce the rights of the pub- 
lic, with due regard to the interest of 
the carrier. The railroad commission 
of Dakota Territory was created by 
the legislature of 1885 as the earliest 
victory of the farmers organizations. 
The members were appointed by the 
governor; this plan was carried over 
into the State of South Dakota, when 
in response to the demand of the 
Farmers Alliance provision was made 
for election, with a view to making 
the commission more. nearly express 
the sentiments of the public. Until 
1907 the commission was empowered 
to act in little more than an advisory 
capacity; but its powers have been 
gradually extended until the operation 
of common carriers is in a very literal 
sense under its control. Code, 9492- 
9855. 


The Territorial railroad commission- 
ers were: 


William M. Evens 1886-7 
Alexander Griggs, 1886-7 
William H. McVay, 1886-7 
Abraham Boynton, 1887-9 


. in 1895; 


Cone, James W. 


N. T. Smith, 1887-9 
Judson Lamoure, 1889 
Harvey J. Rice, 1889 
John H. King, 1889 


The railroad commissioners appoint- 
ed for the State of South Dakota have 
been: 


Harvey J. Rice, 1889-95 

John H. King, 1889-1901 
Albon D. Chase, 1889-1891 
Charles E. McKinney, 1891-93 
Frank P. Phillips, 1891-93 

E. F. Conklin, 1893-5 

H. C. Warner, 1893-5 

John R. Brennan, 1893-5 


The railroad commissioners elected 
in the State of South Dakota have 
been: 


George A. Johnston, 1895-6 

E. F. Conklin, 1895-6 

John R. Brennan, 1895-6 
William T. LaFollette, 1897-1900 
Alexander Kirkpatrick, 1897-1902 
William H. Tompkins, 1897-8 
William G. Smith, 1899-1917 
Frank LeCocq, 1899-1907 

D. H. Smith, 1903-1909 

Fred C. Robinson, 1909-14 
George Rice, 1907-1913 

Peter W. Daugherty, 1915-1918 
John J. Murphy, 1913- 

Frank E. Wells, 1917-18 

Dawes E. Brisbine, 1918- 

John W. Raish, 1918- 


Como is a station in southwestern 
Brookings County; The banking point 
and postoffice is Arlington, 4 miles 
northwest. 


Comstock, John F., 1861- ; Mo- 
bridge; born near Portage, Wisconsin, 
October 13th; came to South Dakota 
engaged in mercantile busi- 
ness; in Government Indian service 
from 1889 to 1904; legislator, 1913; 
State Senator in 1919. 


Conata is a village in southwestern 
Pennington County. The banking point 
is Interior, 10 miles east. Population, 
see census. 


Cone, James W., 1850-1913; born in 
Coshocton County, Ohio, December 
4th; came to Brule Co., Da- 
kota in 1882; chief clerk of the House 
in the legislature, 1889-93, 1907-9; in 


130 


Conde 


abstract business, Sioux Falls, after 
1893; State Senator, 1911. 


Conde is a town in northeastern 
Spink County. Founded in 1886 by the 
Western Town Lot Co., and named for 
the great French family. Population, 
see census. 


Condition Precedent. In South Da- 
kota law “a condition precedent is one 
which is to be performed before some 
right dependent thereon accrues, or 
some act dependent thereon is per- 
formed.” 





Code, 729. 


Condition Subsequent. A condition 
subsequent, in South Dakota law, “is 
one referring to a future event, upon 
the happenings of .which the obliga- 
tion becomes no longer binding upon 
the other party, if he chooses to avail 
himself of the condition.” 





Code, 731. 


Congregational Church. See Relig- 
ion. ; 

Congressional Districts. South Da- 
kota has three congressional districts. 
The First consists of the region east 
of the Missouri River and South of the 
South line of Brookings county project- 
ed west to the Missouri. The Second 
District is the region east of the Mis- 
souri, lying north of the first district. 
The Third District is the region west 
of the Missouri. 

Conklin, Sylvester J., 1829-1914; born 
in Penn Yan, N. Y., May 5th; was 
shoemaker and tanner; moved to 
Waterloo, Wis., in 1857; studied law 
and admitted to the bar; Civil War 
veteran; served in the legislature of 
Wisconsin, 1859, 1869; served in rev- 
enue service four years; then en- 
gaged in journalism in Waterloo, Wis.; 
moved to Watertown, S. Dak. in 1879, 


Consideration 


and established “The Dakota News;” 


_ later established “Conklin’s Dakotan;” 


severely injured in a railroad accident, 
1896, and was compelled to cease its 
publication; president of S. Dak. Press 
Association; Adjutant General, 1901-7. 


Connors Lake is a small tributary 
to Byron Lake in Beadle County. 


“Conquest, The,’ is a historical ro- 
mance of the exploration and conquest 
of the West, by Eva Emery Dye (aq. v.). 


“Conquest of Missouri.” A history 
of the Missouri River, being chiefly 
the recollections of Captain Grant 
Marsh, .by Joseph Mills Hanson (q. 
v.) 1909. 


Conrad, C. E., 1843- ; Effington; 
born May 28th in Morris County, New 
Jersey; Civil War veteran; came to 
Dakota in 1876 and located at Yank- 
ton; in Roberts Co. since 1892; legis- 


lator, 1905. 
Conscription. See Draft. 


Consent. In law, “he who consents 
to an act is not wronged by it.” 





Code, 46. 


Conservation. The only practical 
conservation of natural resources un- 
dertaken by the State relates to the 
use of timber growing upon State 
lands and to the preservation of wild 
life. Only mature timber may be cut 
and this must be so done as to main- 
tain the forest perpetually. Wild life is 
preserved through bird refuges and 
long closed seasons in which birds, 
game animals and fish may not be 
taken. See Game Laws. 


Sonsideration. “Any benefit confer- 
red, or agreed to be conferred, upon the 
promiser by any other person, to which: 
the promiser is not lawfully entitled, 
or any prejudice suffered or agreed to 


131 


Consideration, Valuable 


be suffered by such person, other than 
such as he is at the time of consent 
lawfully bound to suffer, as an induce- 
ment to the promiser, is a good consid- 
eration for a promise.” 





Code, 839. 

Consideration, Valuable. “A valu- 
able consideration is a thing of value 
parted with, or a new obligation as- 
sumed at the time of obtaining a 
thing, which is a substantial compen- 
sation for that which is obtained 
thereby.” 


Code, 27. 
Consolidation of State Departments. 
See Efficiency Survey. 


Constitution. Three constitutional 
conventions were held in South Da- 
kota, all of which contributed to the 
formation of the present State Consti- 
tution. The first was held at Sioux 
Falls, in September, 1883 without the 
express sanction of law. .The mem- 
bers served without pay, at their own 
expense. From a spontaneous eciti- 
zens’ movement a delegate convention 
was held at Huron, June 19, 1883, 
which by a solemn ordinance called 
a constitutional convention to meet at 
Sioux Falls, September 4th. The dele- 
gates were chosen at an election held 
August 1st. Throughout, the service 
was rendered by public spirited citi- 
zens without pay. The convention re- 
mained in session 15 days and pro- 
duced an excellent constitution which 
contained several unique provisions 
which were re-adopted in the subse- 
quent convention. The constitution 
was submitted at a special election 
held the first Tuesday of November 
and adopted, 12,336 for, 6,814 against. 
Congress refused admission. The 
legislature of 1885 made provision by 
law for a second constitutional con- 


132 


Constitution 


vention to meet in Sioux Falls, Sep- 
tember 8, 1885. The delegates were 
elected at a special election held June 
30. The convention remained in ses- 
sion 16 days and submitted a Consti- 
tution to the people at an election held 
November 3, and it was adopted by a 
vote of 25,226 for and 6,565 against. 
A full roster of State officers were 
elected. Congress still refused admis- 
sion until February 22, 1888, when an 
enabling act was passed which pro- 
vided that an election should be held 
for delegates to a third constitutional 
convention to be held at Sioux Falls 
on July 4th. At the same time the act 
required that the question of approval 
or rejection of the Constitution of 
1885 be submitted. The people almost 
unanimously ratified the Constitution 
of 1885 and the convention which met 
July 4th had only perfunctory duties 
to perform in making the Constitu- 
tion conform to the provisions of the 
enabling act and in equitably dividing 
the debts and effects of Dakota Terri- 
tory between North and South Da- 
kota. 


The Constitution as finally agreed 
upon and submitted to the people rec- 
ognized only four functions of State 
government; to preserve the peace, 
administer justice, promote education 
and care for the defective. It express- 
ly prohibited the State from engaging ~ 
in any work of internal improvement. 
As separate articles, prohibition of the 
liquor traffic and a system of minority 
representation were submitted. At the 
election held upon October 1, the Con- 
stitution was adopted 70,131 to 3,267. 
Prohibition, 40,234 to 34,510. Minority 
representation was rejected. 

The Constitution has since been 
amended at almost every election; the 
most important changes being in the 


Constitutional Debates 


elimination of the debt limit of $100,- 
000, the change of a uniform value as- 
sessment to assessment and tax levy 
by uniform classification of assessable 
property, and the elimination of the 
prohibition of internal improvements. 





Introduction to Vol. I, ‘‘Constitutional 
Debates’’. Robinson, Kingsbury. 


Constitutional Debates. The de- 
bates of the Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1883 have been lost. The con- 
vention was semi-official and a sten- 
ographic report was kept of its pro- 
ceedings, but after the failure of Con- 
gress to recognize its work the record 
was not preserved. 

The debates of the second conven- 
tion of 1885 were preserved and pub- 
lished by the State in 1907 under the 
supervision of Doane Robinson, and 
appear as Volume I, “Constitutional 
Debates.” 

The debates of the final convention 
of 1889 were also published by the 
State, under the supervision of Doane 
Robinson, as Volume II, ‘“Constitu- 
tional Debates.” 


Consumption. See Tubercular Sani- 


tarium. 
Contests. See County Seat Contests. 
Contracts. Binding contracts in 


South Dakota must be made by the 
free and mutual consent of the par- 
ties thereto, communicated to each 
other. A contract, however, secured 
without the free consent of one party 
is not per se void, but it is voidable 
at the option of the party not freely 
consenting. A person may apparent- 
ly consent to a contract when in fact 
he is induced to consent by duress, 
menace, fraud, undue influence or mis- 
take. For any. of these reasons the 
party so influenced may void the con- 
tract. A written contract, whether 


133 


Contracts 


the laws require it to be in writing or 
not, takes the place of all oral agree- 
ments about the matter made before 
the contract was signed. In general 
the written contract is conclusive and 
testimony can not be given in court 
to show the parties intended some- 
thing different. 





Code, 809-860-911. 


Contracts, Executory 
Any contract that leaves something 
to be done to complete its object is 
executory. 





Code, 891. 


Contracts, Interpretation of 

In South Dakota the law provides 
certain rules to guide courts in in- 
terpreting written contracts. The 
court must interpret a contract so as 
to give it the effect intended by the 
parties when it was made, if this in- 
tention can be ascertained; the lan- 
guage of a contract governs its inter- 
pretation, if the language is clear and 
explicit and does not involve an ab- 
surdity; the intention must be de- 
termined from the writing alone, if it 
is possible to do so; if through fraud, 
mistake or accident a contract fails to 
express the real intention of the par- 
ties, the erroneous parts will be dis- 
regarded; the whole of a contract is 
to be taken together so as to give 
effect to every part, each clause help- 
ing to interpret others; several con- 
tracts between the same party about 
the same matter are to be taken to- 
gether; it must receive the interpre- 
tation that will make it lawful, opera- 
tive and definite, reasonable and cap- 
able of being executed; the words are 
to be understood in their ordinary, 
popular sense; technical words are to 
be interpreted as they are usually un- 
derstood by persons in the profession 


Contracts 


or business to which they relate; a 
contract is to be understood accord- 
ing to the law of the place where it is 
to be performed; it must be restrict- 
ed to the things about which the par- 
ties intended to contract; particular 
clauses must be sub-ordinated to the 
whole intent; where a contract is 
written into a printed form, the writ- 
ten part takes precedence over the 
printed portion; if no time is mention- 
ed when a contract shall be perform- 
ed, a reasonable time must be allow- 
ed; unless it is especially so provid- 
ed, time is never considered as of 
the essence of the contract; a prom- 
ise made in the singular number but 
executed by several persons is pre- 
sumed to be joint and several. 





Code, 865-891. 
Contract, Object of a 


In South Dakota law the object of 
a contract is the thing agreed to be 
done or not to be done. The object 
of a contract must be lawful and if 
the contract contains several objects 
one or more of which are lawful and 
one or more of which are unlawful, 
the contract is valid as to the lawful 
objects and void as to the unlawful 
ones. 

Code, 834-838. 

Contracts required to be in writing 

In South Dakota the following con- 
tracts must be in writing to be valid: 
Any agreement that is not to be per- 
formed within one year; any agree- 
ment made upon consideration of mar- 
riage, except a mutual promise to 
marry; any agreement to lease prop- 
erty for a longer period than one 
year; any agreement for the sale of 
real estate; any agreement to buy or 
sell personal property worth fifty dol- 
lars or more; but if the buyer at the 


Contracts . 


time pays part of the price, then the 
agreement may not be written. This 
is known in law as the statute of 
frauds. 





Code, 854-860. 


Contracts, Rescission of 

In South Dakota a party to a con- 
tract may rescind the same in the fol- 
lowing cases only: If the consent of 
the party rescinding or of any party 
jointly contracting with him was given 
by mistake or obtained through duress, 
menace, fraud or undue influence, ex- 
ercised by or with the connivance of 
the party as to whom he rescinds or 
of any other party to the contract 
jointly interested with such party; if 
through the fault of the party as to 
whom he rescinds, the consideration 
for his obligation fails in whole or in 
part; if such consideration becomes 
entirely void from any cause; if such 
consideration, before it is rendered to 
him, fails in a material respect, from 
any cause; or by consent of the par- 
ties. The party rescinding must use 
diligence to rescind promptly as soon 
as he discovers the facts which en- 
title him to rescind; he must restore 
to the party everything of value that 
he has received on account of the 
contract, or must offer to do so, upon 
condition that the other party restore 
to him whatever he has parted with 
on behalf of the contract. 





Code, 902-906. 
Contracts, Unlawful 

In South Dakota every contract is 
unlawful that is contrary to an ex- 
press provision of law; that is con- 
trary to the policy of express law, 
though not expressly prohibited; that 
is contrary to good morals; that has 
for its object to exempt any one from 
responsibility for his own fraud or wil- 


134 


Conveyances 


ful injury to the property of another 
or a violation of law; that fixes the 
amount of damages to be paid for the 
breach of an obligation; or that stipu- 
lates that the parties thereto shall not 
be permitted to enforce their rights 
under the contract through the courts 
or that limits the time in which he 
may thus enforce his rights; or that 
restrains any party from engaging in 
a lawful profession, trade or business, 
(except that a party may sell the 
good will of his business and agree 
that he will not enter into competition 
for a stated period) and every con- 
tract in restraint of the marriage of 
any person. No such contract will be 
enforced by the courts. Penalties im- 
posed by contract for any non-per- 
formance thereof are void. 





Code, 892-901. 


Conveyances. See Grants, Automo- 
biles, Vehicles. 

Conway, Daniel J., 1859- ; born 
in Illinois; graduate, St. Viatuers Col- 


lege; lawyer, Sioux Falls, 1889. 





HMist.. of, Minn. Co., 498. 


Conzette, James, ......... -1912; a pioneer 
of the Black Hills; publicist. 


Cook, William A., 1881- ; born 
Neponset, Illinois; A. B., U. of I1.; 
Ph. D., U. of Wis.; Prof. Education, U. 
S. D., since 1918. 


Cook, Willis C., 1874- ; Plankin- 
ton; born in Fayette county, Wiscon- 
sin; LL. B., Univ. of Wis., 1895; came 
to Plankinton in 1899 and engaged in 
the practice of law; has been county 
judge and state’s attorney; chairman, 
State Republican committee; State 
Senator, 1905, 1907; U. S. Minister to 
Venezuela, 1921- A 


Cooke, John B., 1855- ; born in 
Vernon County, Wisconsin, June 9; 


Copper 


settled in Faulk county, 1883; teacher 
and farmer; member territorial house, 
1889. 


Cookery. See Domestic Science. 


Cooley, J. P., 1845-1916; Scotland; 
born at Rowlandville, Maryland, Feb- 
ruary 26th; came to Bon Homme Co., 
Dakota in 1870; engaged in farming, 
stock feeding and banking; in the 
Territorial Council, 1872-3; State Sen- 
ator, 1903, 1907, 1911, 1913. 


Cooley, W. R., 1887- ; Tabor; 
born at Tabor, S. Dak., March 18th; 
educated, Univs. S. D. and IIl., State 
Col., S. D.; engaged in live stock rais- 
ing and farming; legislator, 1919. 


Cooper is a post office in northern 
Meade County. The banking and ship- 
ping point is Faith, 28 miles northeast. 


Cooper, M. H., 1848- ; born in 
Schoolcraft, Michigan, July 27; grad- 
uate Kalamazoo College; long a school 
teacher; settled at Watertown, farmer, 
1882; member territorial councils of 
1887 and 1889. 


Cooper, H. T., 1850-1916; born in 
Warwickshire, England; came to Da- 
kota in 1880; lived at Pierre, 1880-5, 
and then moved to Whitewood, Law- 
rence Co. and engaged in banking; 
county treasurer in 1895-6; State Sen- 
ator, 1899, 1901, 1905, 1907. 


See Creameries; 
Farmers Alliance; 


Co-operation. 
Grain Marketing; 
Grangers. 


Copeland, H. A., 1827- ; born in 
Indiana; long county judge of Clay 
County. : 

Copper is quite generally  dis- 
tributed through the northern Black 
Hills; but not in quantity to render its 
occurence important. 


Mines, 10. Geo. Bul., III. 


135 


Cordill, Oliver P. 


Cordill, Oliver P., 1859- ; Brule; 
born in Miami County, Indiana, April 
12th; moved to Minnesota, 1865, and 
in 1880 to Brule County, S. Dak.; en- 
gaged in farming; first school clerk in 
his township and held several school 
offices since; county assessor, 1901-5; 
State Senator, 1905. 


Corn. See Agriculture, 2. 


Corn Belt Association. An organiza- 
tion of realtors in 1890 to promote im- 
migration to southeastern South Da- 
kota. The association held corn ex- 
hibits at Mitchell, 1890, and Yankton, 


1892. The organization was continued 
until 1898. 
Corn Creek fiows from Bennett 


County across Washabaugh Co. into 
White River. 


Corn Palace. A unique structure 
decorated with corn in which an an- 
nual harvest-home festival has been 
conducted by the city of Mitchell, since 
1892. The Corn Palace Festival is 
only second to the State Fair in im- 
portance and attendance; it continues 
for an entire week in October. Artists 
of world-fame are employed for after- 
noon and evening programmes of mus- 
ic and drama; the remainder of the 
time being given over to street at- 
tractions. It is the only enterprise 
of this character in America. Several 
buildings have housed the festival at 
different periods, the last a most elab- 
orate municipal structure. See Mitch- 
ell. 


Corner Stone. See Capitol. 


Corona is a village in southwestern 
Roberts County. Population, see cen- 
sus. 


Corporations. From early territor- 
ial days the corporation laws of South 
Dakota were liberal, the fees nominal. 


Corson, Dighton 


Consequently very many important 
commercial concerns are incorporated 
under South Dakota law. In 1907 the 
fees for incorporation were substan- 
tially increased, and in recent years 
additional regulations for the sale of 
stock through the State Securities 
Commission has rendered the incorp- 
oration of commercial companies in 
South Dakota less popular and has re- 
lieved the State of some opprobrium. 
See Blue Sky Law. 


Corrections. The corrective institu- 
tions of the State are the penitentiary 
at Sioux Falls, the Training School 
for Boys at Plankinton and the Train- 
ing School for Girls at Mitchell. These 
are under the control of the State 
Board of Charities and Corrections. 
See Board of Charities and Correc- 
tions. 


Corsica is a town in central Douglas 
County. Population, see census. “The 
Globe,” established in 1884, is its 
neswpaper. 


Corson County; created, 1909; orga- 
nized, 1919. Bounded on the east by 
the center of the main channel of the 
Missouri River, including the islands 
in said river; on the north, boundary 
of South Dakota; on the west by the 
102d meridian of longitude; on the 
south by the township line between 
townships 17 and 18 north, east B. H. 
M. Named for Dighton Corson (4. V.). 
Area, 1,616,640 acres. 


Corson, Dighton, 1828-1915;.born in 
Maine; pioneer jurist of Milwaukee, 
Wisconsin, of Nevada and of South 
Dakota; settled in Deadwood, 1877; 
member, constitutional conventions of 
1885 and 1889; chosen chief justice 
of the “State of Dakota,’ 1885; 
elected one of the judges of the su- 


136 


Costain, Herbert R. 


preme court, 1889 and held the posi- 
tion 24 years. 





Blue Book, 1911, 828; 
142; Robinson, I, 903. 

Costain, Herbert R., 1881- ; Hur- 
on; born at Parker, S. Dak., June 30th; 
engaged in musical merchandise busi- 
ness; memfer, legislature, 1919, 1921, 
1923. 


Kingsbury, IV, 


Coteau, Coteaux, (anglacized cotoe 
and cotoes) French for hillock and hill- 
ocks or rising grounds as distinguish- 
ed from cote, a hill. There are two 
systems of coteaus in South Dakota, 
the Coteau des Prairies, and the Co- 
teau du Missouri, of the old geogra- 
phies. The Coteau des Prairies begins 
at the north line of the State, the 
crest being just west of the line sepa- 
rating Roberts and Marshall Counties 
and running slightly east of south, 
parallels the Sioux River to the north 
line of Iowa, maintaining an average 
altitude of about 1900 feet; at Elkton 
there is a pass through this range, 200 
feet deep, known as the “hole in the 
mountain,” to the early voyageurs. A 
lateral branch of this range runs 
down the west side of the Sioux River 
dividing the waters of the Sioux and 
James River and maintaing an average 
elevation of 1700. This coteau (usu- 
ally high rolling prairie) is at places 
cut deeply by ravines. In the south- 
ern part it rises gently, almost im- 
perceptibly, from the general level of 
the prairies; but north of Gary it is 
quite abrupt, especially upon the east- 
ern side. On both skirts of the co- 
teau glacial moraine is clearly defined. 
The Coteau du Missouri is a range 
of broad hills extending parallel with 
the Missouri and separating its waters 
from the waters of James River; it 
maintains a height of about 1900 feet, 
at places rising more than 2000 feet 


Cottonwood Creek 


above sea level. This coteau is not 
an uplift in the ordinary sense. Orig- 
inally the surface of the country rose 
from the James River by a gentle slope 
to the foot of the Black Hills. The 
Slacier filled the James valley and ex- 
tended west to approximately the pres- 
ent Missouri River; the waters im- 
pounded by the ice and the waters 
of the melting glacier united in 
carving out the Missouri valley to a 
depth or four or five hundred feet be- 
low the natural surface of the region. 
Thus the eastern, slope of the Coteau du 
Missouri is the natural surface sloping 
up from the James River, while the 
western slope, dipping down from 
Highmore to the Missouri, is the more 
abrupt bank of the new valley eroded 
so deeply through the shales and un- 
derlying strata. The Coteau du Mis- 
souri is relatively smooth throughout 
its length and is a fine agricultural 
region. 


“Coteaus of Dakota.” A book of 
verse by Doane Robinson (q. v.) 


Cote qui Trempealeau. “The hill 
that slides into the water,’’—the river- 
men’s name for the hill in west Pierre. 
This was the first bluff above Chapelle 
Creek that came down to the waters 
edge, making land passage below it 
impossible. 


Cottonwood is a town in northwest- 
ern Jackson County. Named for a 
nearby creek. A farm experiment 
station is located 114 miles south. 
Population, see census. “The Repub- 
lican,” established in 1908, is its news- 
paper. 


Cottonwood Creek flows into Grand 
River from the south in Corson Coun- 
ty. 


137 


Cottonwood Creek 


a southern 
in western 


Cottonwood Creek is 
branch of White River 
Mellette County. 


Cottonwood Creek is a western af- 
fluent of Dog’s Ear Creek, Tripp Coun- 
Ly: 


Cottonwood Lake is in central north- 
ern Codington County. 


Cottonwood Lake is a fishing resort 
in southwestern Spink County. 


Cottonwood Spring Creek is a north- 
ern branch of Fall River. 


Cougar. See Cat. 


Council. The senate of the territor- 
ial legislature was called the council. 
Under the enabling act it contained 
but nine members, which number was 
increased in 1863 to 13 and in 1885 to 
twenty-four which continued until 
statehood. 


Council, of the Sioux. The legisla- 
tive and judicial body of the Sioux 
was composed of a body of. headmen, 
who determined the affairs of the band. 
Membership seemed to depend upon 
the acknowledged importance and wis- 
dom of the individual and there seem- 
ed to be no express number. In times 
of great emergency, out of the council 
came a sort of court known as the 
soldier’s lodge which had absolute 
power over the camp and the lives of 
those in it. 


See War. 


-Countryman, B. W., 1867- ; born 
in Grant County, Wis., February 28th; 
came to Dakota in 1880, residing in 
McCook County; engaged in farming 
many years; later took up the hard- 
ware business in Spencer; legislator, 
1903, 1905. 


Council of Defense. 


County. In South Dakota the coun- 
ty, in a general sense, is the primary 


138 


County Seat Contests 


unit of our political organization. The 
name is adopted from England, where 
it originally comprehended the domain 
of one of the primitive kings. County 
organization has been modified and 
extended by statute in America, and 
we have here adopted the form gener- 
ally in use, outside of New England. 
Much of the public business trans- 
acted by the town meeting in New 
England is conferred upon county of- 
ficials in this State. There are 68 coun- 
ties in the State; but four, Shannon, 
Todd, Washabaugh and Washington 
are unorganized. See each county, 
under its name. 


Counties. See census, 1925, 


County Board of Health. See Pub- 


lic Health. 


County Court. See Courts. 


See Libraries. 


County Option. In 1908 the people 
voted upon an initiated act placing 
the liquor traffic subject to county op- 
tion. It was defeated by a majority 
of 1875. 


County Seat Contests. In the es- 
tablishment of the earlier counties, the 
county seat was usually located by the 
organic act; but later counties were 
created far in advance of any settle- 
ment and when the time for organiza- 
tion came, the location of the county 
seat frequently became a vital issue, 
about which divergent interests were 
at times arrayed in desperate con- 
flict. Herewith is an index list of 
some of the more exciting contests. 

Bon Homme County created by the 
first legislature, 1862, with county seat 
fixed at Bon Homme, where it remain- 
ed until 1885, when it was removed to 
Tyndall. 

Brookings, organized in 1871 with 
county seat at Medary. An exciting 


County Libraries. 


County Seat Contests 


election in 1879 removed it to Brook- 
ings, Volga and Aurora being the con- 
testing candidates. 

Brown, the county seat was first lo- 
cated at Columbia, where it remained 
until 1890, when it was removed to 
Aberdeen, after ten years of contro- 
versy. 

Brule, the county seat was first at 
Brule City; removed to Chamberlain, 
1881. 

Charles Mix Co., had a peregrinating 
seat of government in the early days, 
but settled at Wheeler in 1887; re- 
moved to Lake Andes, 1914, by popu- 
lar vote after several ineffectual cam- 
paigns to locate it elsewhere. 

Deuel, the county seat was at Gary 
until 1886, when at the end of a despe- 
rate fight it went to Clear Lake. 

Douglas, county seat was at Browns- 
dale, 1881; Houston, 1882; Grandview, 
1882, and after a five year contest it 
was finally located in Armour, 1889. 

Faulk, county seat was at LaFoon, 
1883; moved to Faulkton, 1886. 

Grant, county seat was at Inkpa 
City, (Big Stone) 1878; moved to Mil- 
bank, 1881. 

Gregory, county seat was at Fair- 
fax, 1898; to Burke, 1916. 

Hamlin, county seat was at Spald- 
ing, 1878; moved to Castlewood, 1882; 
to Hayti, 1912. 

Hanson, county seat at Rockport, 
1871; moved to Alexandria, 1880; Al- 
exandria successfully resisted attempt 
to remove to Fulton in 1902, after the 
burning of the court house. 

Hutchinson, county seat was at Oli- 
vet, village on the James River, from 
organization, in spite of numerous at- 
tempts to remove it. 

Lyman, county seat was at Oacoma 
from 1893 to 1922, when it was remov- 
ed to Kennebec. 


Courtney, Edna 


Potter, county seat was at Forest — 
City 1883; to Gettysburg, 1884. 

Spink, county seat was at Old Ash- 
ton (east of James River). 1879; mov- 
ed to Ashton, 1882; to Redfield, 1884. 

Sully, county seat was at Clifton, 
1883; moved to Onida, 1884. 


Turner, county seat was at Swan 
Lake, 1871; moved to Parker, 1885. 


Walworth, county seat was at Le- 
Beau, 1883; moved to Bangor, 1884; 
to Selby, 1904. 


In almost every instance the thrill- 
ing feature was the removal of the 
county records to the new location. 
This required finesse and frequently 
was accomplished by stealth and oc- 
casionally by open violence. The story 
of county seat removals has not been 
comprehensively written nor at all 
from an unprejudiced standpoint. In 
view of the strenuous methods employ- 
ed by the excited contestants it is 
doubtful if the real merits in any given 
case can ever be established. It must 
be conceded, however, that in most 
of the cases the county capital as 
ultimately established was at a more 
central point and of greater conven- 
ience to the public. 


“Course of Empire, The.” <A book 
by Richard F. Pettigrew made up 
largely of addresses made by himself 
in the United States Senate from 1889 
to 1901. These addresses are selected 
progressively to show, as he believes, 
the tendency of the United States to- 
ward a system of oppressive govern- 
ment in the interest of wealth. 1920. 


Coursey, Oscar W., 1873- ; born 
Foreston, Illinois, April 10; major in 
Philippine war; author and compiler of 
many books; see Literature. 


Courtney, Edna, B. S., Washington 
State College; M. A., 1919, studied at 


139 


Courtney, R. J. 


- Columbia: head Home Economics, Ss. 
D. U., since 1923. 


Courtney, R. J., 1855- ; Onida; 
born at Green Springs, Ohio, May 
16th; came to Sully Co., Dakota in 
1883; school teacher for many years; 
later engaged in farming; county 
treasurer for four years; legislator, 
19138, 1915. 


Courts. The organic act of Dakota 
Territory approved March 2, 1861, pro- 
vided that “The judicial power of said 
territory shall be vested in a supreme 
court, district courts, probate courts 
and in justices of the peace.” The 
act further provided that the supreme 
court should consist of a chief justice 
and two associate justices, and that 
any two of them should constitute a 
quorum. A further provision requir- 
ed the territory to be divided into 
three convenient districts, in each of 
which one of the justices of the su- 
preme court should preside and hold 
nisi prius court. 


Pursuant to this act President 
Lincoln appointed Philemon Bliss, of 
Ohio, chief justice; Joseph L. Wil- 
liams, of Tennessee, and George P. 
Williston, of Pennsylvania, associate 
justices; Judge Bliss took for himself 
the Yankton district and assigned Wil- 
liston to the Vermillion region and 
Williams to the Fort Randall region. 


1. Territorial District Courts 


The first session of a _ territorial 
district court was held at Vermillion, 
August 6, 1861, by Judge Williams; no 
trials were had. Several notable citi- 
zens of the period were admitted to 
practice law, among them, General 
John'B.'S. Todd, Captain Nelson Miner, 
John W. Boyle (himself soon to be 
judge of the district), H. D. Betts (a 
member of the first legislature) and 


140 


Courts 


others. Ole Anderson was naturaliz- 
ed, the first immigrant citizen to win 
that honor. The early courts did but 
little business. The court continued 
to have but three justices until 1885, 
when two additional districts and 
judges were provided and in 1887 two 
more were added. 


2. Territorial Supreme Court 


The court did not assemble as a 
supreme bench to hear appeals until 
December 3, 1867, when it met at 
Yankton; Hon. Ara Bartlett was chief 
justice, Hon. Jefferson P. Kidder and 
Hon. John W. Boyle, associate jus- 
tices and arguments in three appeals 
were heard. The supreme court did 
not assemble again for four years. 

The judges of the court during the 
territorial period were: 


1861—Philemon Bliss, chief 
February 23, 1865. 
Joseph L. Williams, associate jus- 
tice, to Feb. 23, 1865. 
George P. Williston, associate jus- 
tice, to June 22, 1864. 


1865—Ara Bartlett, chief justice; to April 
1869 


justice, to 


William E. Gleason, associate, to 
Janwecow Uso 

Jefferson P. Kidder, associate, Feb. 
23, 1865 to-Feb. 24, 1875) 

John W. Boyle, (to succeed Gleas- 
on,) to April 19, 1869. 


1869—George W. French, chief justice, 
to March 17, 1873. 
Wilmot W. Brookings, associate, to 
Mar. 24, 1873. 


1873—Peter C. Shannon, chief justice, to 
Vike, BER Ey 
Alanson H. Barnes, 
May 14.1881. 
Granville G. Bennett, associate, Feb. 
24, 1875 to Sept. 16, 1879. 
1881—Sanford A. Hudson, May 14, 1881 
to 1885. 


1882—Alonzo J. Edgerton, chief justice, 
to 1885. 


Gideon C. Moody, 1878- 
188 


Jefferson P. Kidder, associate, 1878- 
18838. 
Cornelius S. Palmer, associate, 1884- 
1888. 
1885—Bartlett Tripp, 
1889. 
William H. Francis, associate, to 
' 1888. 
Roe B. McConnell, associate, to 


associate, to 


associate, 


chief justice, 1885- 


Courts 


Charles M. Thomas, associate, 1886- 
1889 


Louis. K. Church, associate, 1885- 
1887. 


James Spencer, associate, 1887- 
1888. 

Seward Smith, associate, 1889. 

John EH. Carland, associate, 1887- 
1889. 

Roderick Rose, associate, 1889. 

Charles F. Templeton, associate, 
1889. 

Louis W. Crofoot, associate, 1888- 
1889. 


Frank R. Aikens, associate, 1889. 


3. Territorial Supreme Court Reports 


The decisions of the supreme court 
of Dakota Territory, cited as Dakota 
Reports, are embraced in six volumes. 
Volume I was reported by Granville 
G. Bennett, afterward judge of the 
court; volumes II, III and IV, by Elli- 
son G. Smith, later judge of the circuit 
and supreme courts of the State and 
V and VI, by Robert B. Tripp, now 
judge of the Yankton circuit court. 


4. State Courts 


The Constitution provides that the 
judicial power of South Dakota shall 
be exercised by ‘‘a supreme court, cir- 
cuit courts, county courts and justices 
of the peace and such other courts as 
may be created by law for cities and 
incorporated towns.” (Art V, Sec. 1.) 
The Constitution divided the State in- 
to eight circuits, but provided that 
additional circuits may be created by 
a two-thirds vote of each house of the 
legislature. 


5. Supreme Court of South Dakota 

The Constitution provides for a su- 
preme court of three members, which 
number may be increased by a two- 
thirds vote of the legislature. To secure 
proper geographical distribution the 
judges are required to be elected from 
districts, but each elector participates 
in the choice of all of the judges. 
In 1909 the number of judges and dis- 
tricts were increased to five. The 


141 


Courts 


Constitution does not provide for a 
chief justice but orders that “The 
judges of the supreme court shall by 
rule select from their number a pre- 
siding judge, who shall act as such 
for the term prescribed by the rule.” 
The existing rule prescribes a term 
of One year, and in practice the judges 
rotate through the office of presiding 
judge. Judges of the supreme court 
are elected for a term of six years; 
the salary fixed by the constitution is 
$3000, to which the legislature has 
added $1800 per year for an expense al- 
lowance. The members have been: 


1889-1913, Dighton Corson. 
1889-1896, Alphonso G. Kellam. 
1889-1894, John FE. Bennett. 
1894-1908, Howard G. Fuller. 
1896-1913, Dick Haney. 
1908-1922, Charles S. Whiting. 
1909-1921, James H. McCoy. 
1909-1923, Ellison G. Smith. 
1913- John Howard Gates. 
1913- Samuel C. Polley. 
1921-1925 Frank Anderson. 
1922- Carl G. Sherwood. 
1923- Charles Hall Dillon. 
1925- Dwight EK. Campbell. 


Supreme Court, Special Judges 

Occasionally causes arise in which one 
or more, perhaps all, of the members 
of the supreme court have an inter- 
est, leaving no strictly competent tri- 
bunal to try the issue. An instance 
of this kind, very embarrassing to the 
court, arose in 1915, when under chap. 
239, Laws 1911 the legislature made 
an appropriation for the expense of 
the members of the court and the 
State auditor refused to draw vouch- 
ers upon the fund. To test the mat- 
ter the case of McCoy v. Handlin, (35 
S. D. 487) was brought and because 
there was no other tribunal, the su- 
preme court was compelled to de- 
termine the issue. The State bar as- 
sociation, anticipating such a situation, 
had in 1912 (State Bar Journal, p. 166) 
recommended that a Constitutional 
amendment be made providing for 
calling special judges. This provision 


’ Courts 


was defeated at the election of 1914, 
but being resubmitted in 1918 prevail- 
ed and became a part of Sec. 7, Art V: 
“Whenever in the opinion of the su- 
~preme court one or more of the judges 
shall be disqualified, by reason of in- 
terest or other cause, from taking part 
in the decision of any particular ac- 
tion or proceeding and the court shall 
deem it necessary, a person or persons 
shall be selected, in such manner as 
the legislature shall prescribe to serve 
in place of such disqualified judge or 
judges, only for the purpose of de- 
ciding such particular action or pro- 
ceeding.” 

This provision is vitalized by Chap. 
343, Laws 1919, through which places 
upon the supreme bench shall be fill- 
ed pro tempore, by calling in a judge 
or judges of the circuit court; but if 
the circuit judges be likewise disqual- 
ified, then the supreme court shall 
select “from attorneys of record 
of said court some disinterested and 
qualified person or persons, eligible 
to the office of such disqualified judge 
or judges.” 

On several occasions a circuit judge 
has been called to sit for some su- 
preme judge who deemed himself dis- 
qualified. On one notable occasion a 
complete bench of special judges was 
called from attorneys of record, to 
try three original actions in the su- 
preme court in which all of the regu- 
lar members of the supreme court and 
all of the circuit judges were disqual- 
ified by interest. This bench consist- 
ed of Robert C. Hayes, of Deadwood, 
presiding, Albert H. Orvis, Yankton, 
George Rice, Flandreau, Thomas H. 
Null, Huron, and Lewis W. Bicknell, 
Webster. The court was held at 
Pierre, September 27, 1921, to hear 
arguments of counsel. The first case 
Payne v. Reeves, involved the expense 


Courts 3 


accounts of the supreme judges, the 
circuit judges, the State officers and 
the allowance for the house-rent of the 
governor at the capital (44 8. D. 568); 
the second, McMaster v. Reeves, the 
extra salaries provided for the attor- 
ney general as a member of the secur- 
ities commission and for the super- 
intendent of public instruction as a 
member of the State board of educa- 
tion (44 S. D. 612.); and the third, 
Christopherson v. Reeves, the expense 
allowance of members of the legisla- 
ture (44 S. D. 634). The opinions in 
the several proceedings were filed Oc- 
tober 27th. In Payne v. Reeves the 
decision was in five parts, of which 
Mr. Orvis wrote the first three and 
Mr. Null wrote the last two. Part I 
confirmed the expense allowance of 
the judges of the supreme court; part 
II confirmed the expense allowance of 
the State officers; part III confirmed 
the expense allowance of the circuit 
judges; part IV confirmed the allow- 
ance of house-rent at Pierre to the 
governor; part V confirmed the power 
granted the capitol commission to 
purchase ground and prepare to build 
a governor’s residence. Mr. Hayes 
dissented from the majority view in 
the first four matters. In McMaster 
v. Reeves, Mr. Hayes wrote the ma- 
jority opinion, confirming the right of 
the attorney general to extra compen- 
sation for services upon the securi- 
ties commission and denying the right 
of the superintendent of public instruc- 
tion to extra compensation as a mem- 
ber of the State board of education. 
Mr. Rice dissented from the major- 
ity, pertaining to the attorney general. 


In Christopherson v. Reeves, the 
opinion was written by Mr. Bicknell 
and confirmed the right of legislators 
to an allowance for expenses in addi- 
tion to the mileage allowed by the 


142 


7 


Courts 


Constitution; to this Messrs. Hayes 
and Rice dissented. 


Supreme Court, Commissioners of 

Chapter 289 laws of 1925 provides 
for the appointment by the court of 
two commissioners of the supreme 
court, who shall possess the same 
qualifications as judges of the court; 
they are to serve for four years from 
July 1, 1925 and receive an annual 
salary of $6000 each. The occasion 
of this is the fact that due to ill 
health, the court had gotten far be- 
hind its work and justice is seriously 
delayed. This condition has led to a 
multiplicity of appeals, for the pur- 
pose of securing delay. The commis- 
sioners are intended, during the four 
years to dispose of this accumulated 
business and again place the court 
“up with its docket.” 


Newton D. Burch, judge of the 
Twelfth Circuit and Maurice Moriarty, 
judge of the Ninth circuit have been 
appointed such commissioners. 


7. Supreme Court Reports 

The decisions of the Supreme Court 
of South Dakota are reported in 47 
volumes (to date): Volumes I to X 
were reported by Robert W. Stewart, 
now president of the Standard Oil 
Company, of Indiana; volumes XI to 
XXVIII, by Henry R. Horner; vol- 
umes XXIX to XLV by Charles E. De- 
Land; and beginning with volume 
XLVI, by Howard G. Fuller. They are 
quoted as “South Dakota Reports.” 


8. Circuit Courts 

South Dakota is divided into twelve 
judicial circuits, as follows: 

First, consisting of Bon Homme, 
Charles Mix, Clay, Douglas, Hutchin- 
son and Yankton Counties. The judges 
of this circuit have been, Ellison G. 
Smith, 1889-1909; Robert B. Tripp, 


Courts 


196921252 . Chap. 128 Laws of 1925, 
having provided an additional judge 
for the First Circuit Ambrose B. Beck 
of Geddes, was chosen for the posi- 
tion. ; 

Second, consisting of Lake, Lincoln, 
McCook, Minnehaha, Moody, Turner 
and Union Counties. The judges of 
this circuit have been Frank R. Aik- 
ens, 1889-93; Joseph W. Jones, 1894- 
1916; John T. Medin, 1916-............. One 
additional judge was provided for this 
circuit by chapter 193, Laws 1917 and 
Louis L. Fleeger was appointed and 
continues in this position. In 1923 
a third judgeship was created by chap- 
ter 132, Laws 1923, and Asa Forrest 
was appointed; he died Feb. 14, 1924, 
and Herbert B. Rudolph was appoint- 
ed his successor. 

Third Circuit; Brookings, Clark, 
Codington, Deuel and Hamlin Coun- 
ties. The judges have been J. O. 
Andrews, 1889-97; Julian Bennett, 
1897-1903; George H. Marquis, 1903- 
1910; Charles X. Seward, 1910-1912; 
Carl G. Sherwood, 1912-1917; W. H. 
Skinner, 1917-............ ~ In’ 1923 (Laws, 
Chap. 134) an additional judge was 
provided and W. W. Knight was ap- 
pointed. 

Fourth: Aurora, Buffalo, Davison, 
Jerauld, Hanson, Sanborn and Brule 
Counties. The judges have been, Dick 
Haney, 1889-1896 Frank B. Smith, 1896- 
See Chap. 128 laws of 1925, provid- 
ing an additional judge for the Fourth 
Circuit R. C. Bakewell of Plankinton 
was appointed to the place. 

Fifth: Brown, Day, Grant, Marshall 
and Roberts Counties. Judges Albert 
W. Campbell, 1889-1902; James H. 
McCoy, 1902-09; Frank McNulty, 1909- 
1914; Thomas Bouck, 1914-1919; Frank 
Anderson, 1919-1921; R. D. Gardner, 
1921-2... . The session of 1923 (Laws, 
Chap. 135) provided an additional 


143 


’ Courts 


judge and J. J. Batterton was appoint- 
ed. 

Sixth: Hyde, Hughes, Sully, Stanley 
and Haakon Counties; Judges, Howard 
G. Fuller, Sr., 1889-1894; Loring E. 
Gaffey, 1894-1904; Lyman T. Boucher, 
1905-1909; John Hughes, 1909-............. 

Seventh: Custer, Fall River, Pen- 
nington, Shannon, Washington Coun- 
ties; Judges, John W. Nowlin, 1889- 
1891; William Gardner, 1891-1894; Levi 
McGee, 1894-1919; Walter G. Miser, 


1919-s5e 8. 

Highth: Lawrence, Meade and 
Butte Counties. Judges Charles M. 
Thomas, 1889-1894; A. J. Plowman, 


1894-1898; Joseph B. Moore, 1898-1902; 
William G. Rice, 1902-1914; James Mc- 


Nenny, 1914-............. 

Ninth: Beadle, Kingsbury. Miner, 
Hand and Spink Counties. Created, 
Ghapy) pliAp Laws; (91908: Judges 
Charles S. Whiting, 1903-1908; Alva 
Taylor;; 1908-2 ’ An additional 


judge was provided in 1923 (Laws, 
Chap. 136) and Maurice Moriarty was 
appointed. Judge Moriarty having 
been appointed a commissioner of the 
Supreme Court, Charles Fisher of Mil- 
ler was appointed his successor from 
July. 1, 1925. 

Tenth: Campbell, Edmunds, Potter, 
Faulk, McPherson and Walworth 
Counties; created, 1909; Judge, Jos- 
eph H. Bottum, 1909-............. 

Eleventh: Bennett, Gregory, Jack- 
son, Jones, Lyman, Mellette, Tripp, 
Todd and Washabaugh. Created Laws 
1911, Chap. 118. Judges William Wil- 
liamson, 1911-1921; N. D. Burch, 1921- 
An additional judge was provid- 
ed in 1921 (Chap. 176) and John G. 
Bartine was appointed. Judge Burch 
having been made a commissioner of 
the Supreme Court, O. E. Patterson 
of Dallas was appointed his succes- 
sor. 


“Cowboys and Colonels” 


Twelfth: Corson, Dewey, Harding, 
Perkins and Ziebach Counties. Creat- 
ed; Chap. 118, Laws 1911. Judges, 
Clay C. Carpenter, 1911-1913; >Ray- 
mond L. Dillman, 1913-1921; Warren 
Bi ckiddy 9921-2228" Code, 5170-81. 


Covey, Hyatt E., 1875- ; born at 
Le Roy, Illinois, September 1st; grad., 
Univ. of Chicago, 1901; came to South 
Dakota in 1909, locating on a home- 
stead in Tripp County; engaged in 
farming and stock raising; principal 
of high school for three years at 
Montevideo, Minn.; State Senator, 
1919, 1921; 1923, 1925. 


Cowboy. The range cattle industry 
produced a unique population through- 
out the West, whose characteristics 
were emphasised by occupation and 
environment. Perhaps America has 
not anywhere developed a more effic- 
ient and self reliant class than the 
cowboys—men who made the care of 
the wild cattle of the plains their vo- 
cation. They were a practical, hard 
headed, courageous class, loyal to their 
employment, ready to make every sac- 
rifice of comfort and to risk even life 
itself for the protection of their herds. 
While rather picturesque, their pecul- 
iarities have been grossly burlesqued. 
Tried by the natural law of the sur- 
vival of the fittest, none but the most 
hardy could survive the rigors of this 
life. They left a tradition that will en- 
dure in western South Dakota. 


“Cowboys and Colonels” is a story 
of a visit to the Black Hills in the 
early eighties, by William Conn, an 
Englishman, who came west over the 
Northwestern to Pierre and thence by 
stagecoach to the Hills. It is told 
with all of an Englishman’s prejudice, 
but is nevertheless an interesting rey- 
elation of life in that period. It was 
published in London. 


144 


“Cowhoy Lyrics” 


“Cowboy Lyrics” is a book of verse 
by Robert V. Carr (q. v.). 

Cows, Distinguished. South Dakota 
holds an enviable place in the records 
made by cows in the production of 
milk and butter, having for ten years 
past held the American record for the 
greatest production of milk and but- 
ter for both the 7 and 30 day tests. 
All of the cows having high test rec- 
ords are of the Holstein-Friesian breed. 

The individuals having the best rec- 
ords are listed below: 

Hester Aaltje Korndyke, No. 133,222, 
owned by M. J. Smiley, of Belle 
Fourche, is the most important of the 
lot, holding since 1912 the American 
record for greatest production. At 6 
years, 8 months and 21 days she en- 
tered upon the test that produced in 
7 days 621 pounds of milk, 37.4 pounds 
of butter-fat and 46.78 pounds of com- 
mercial butter; her 30 day test pro- 
duced 2567.7 pounds of milk, 142.8 
pounds of butter-fat and 178.5 pounds 
of commercial butter. This animal is 
still living (1925). 

College Belle Wayne, No. 98,497 
was born upon the State College farm 
at Brookings, July 3, 1906, and died 
there in the autumn of 1924. At 5 
years and 10 months she made her 


Cows, Distinguished 


maximum record of 824.3 pounds of 
milk and 35.37 pounds of butter in 7 
days and 3,338.1 pounds of milk and 
145.7 pounds of butter in 30 days. She 
is the dam of a wonderful progeny 
now widely diffused throughout the 
State. Her daughter, College Belle 
Wayne 2d, holds the second place in 
the annual milk production in the 
State. 

Redfield Colantha Alewin, No. 
373,108, is a granddaughter of College 
Belle Wayne, born upon the State 
farm at Redfield, 1916, and is owned 
by the State Hospital at Yankton; her 
annual record, first in the State, is 
30,657.38 pounds of milk, 1026.84 pounds 
of fat and 1283.55 pounds of commer- 
cial butter. 


Leda Cornucopia, No. 119,361 owned 
by the State College, was born Oct. 
8, 1908, and is still (1925) in milk. 
Her total production exceeds that of 
any other cow in the State and has 
few superiors in history. To April, 
1925, it is 78,000 pounds of milk and 
5,875.19 pounds of butter-fat. 


South Dakota Leaders 


Following is a list of the leading 
Holstein-Friesians in South Dakota 
with their butter and milk records: 


Seven-Day Division 


Per 

Age Milk Cent Fat Butter 
Duchess Lucy Mercedes 176331........... 5- 1-13 622.0 6.02 37.473 46.84 
Lady Acmeanna Ormsby De Kol 212911....4- 6- 0 525.1 56.80 30.460 38.08 
Duchess Lucy Mercedes 176831........... 4- 0-27 513.0 5.37 27,541 34.42 
SinthiaewmVernon ROSS SLGWTGisy.t. nc 3 cidtetere « 3-11-15 604.0 4.74 28.615 35.77 
Lady Acmeanna Ormsby De Kol 212911....3- 5-29 502.3 4.96 24.908 31.13 
Clothilde Bell Veeman 594305............. 2-10-20 421-2" «5.32 22.391 27.99 
PeeAelGe DAISVe"GITl DOAZTON as «cs ces 0 60.0 oe - 5- 8 400.38 5.29 21.187 26.48 

Thirty-Day Division F 
Hester. Aaltje KorndykKe «133222. «0.00000. 6- 8-21 2567.7 5.56 142.803 178.503 
pieux Mmorndyke Maid 528745; 2. oi. ee cule os 4- 5-19 2601.5 4.13 107.560 134.45 
WASt SiGe Mo alma. {208003 . Soe. eile sheridan « 3-11-11 2133.1 5.14 109.751 137.188 
Redfield Segis Johanna 735950............ 2- 7T- 2 2004.2 4.24 84.989 106.24 
Korndyke Vernon Vale 510790............ 2- 1-14 1869.2 4.17 T7942 97.42 
Ten-Months Division 

Ormsby Korndyke Johanna 374289........ 6- 8-19 21629.7 3.00 649.13 811.4 
Wanton RubyePontiace s89273s% .a%.cua se crele » « 4- 8-24 15250.7 3.19 486.61 608.26 
Pansy Lockhart Genesta 473780........... 4- 0-21 22770.1 3.20 729.18 911.47 
Gtothilde. Vernon, Rose, 5161764. wsnioacek 8-11-15  20595.7 3.12 641.62 802.0 
POOL se IANANLOLL S28 s + os alee hotels olace cheats eehe 8- 5- 1 15759.8 3.04 479.66 599.5 
Redfield Segis Johanna 735950...........-. - 7-2 18931.6 3.70 701.39 876.74 
Beauty Mercedes Colantha Nig 648205..... 2- 2- 0 16844.3 3.238 543.41 679.2 


, Cox 


Craven 


Yearly Division 


Redfield Colantha Alewin 373108 
Ormsby Jane. Vales 246i sagen tee 
Yankton Gerda Pontiac Beryl 551724 
Clothilde Vernon Rose 516176 
Princess Hengerveld Lockhart 2d 626244 
Redfield Segis Johanna 735950 
Redfield Nellie Johanna 603264 


eee eer eeee 


sous © 'e Whee. eee 


see eee ees 


ee 


oe 


Two Holstein-Friesian Cows Leading in Milk Production 


for one year in the State of South Dakota 
Redfield Colantha‘Alewan! ST3208 2745 S..t.6 25 «creel Stadia Miele oe OUR 12d 


College Belle Wayne 2d 154817 





Cr er] 


- 9-18 30657.3 3.35 1026.84 1283.55 
- 9-19 22993.2 2.77 636.10 795.12 
- 4- 4 24309.0 2.90 704.34 880.42 
-11-15 218685 3.10 678.34 847.9 
- 0-13 20804.4 3.41 710.04 887.5 
- 7- 2 21407.6 3.79 811.57 1014.4 
- 4-1 17868.4 3.17 566.98 708.73 

1026.84 1283.55 

27896.1 916.54 1145.67 


“‘Holstein-Friesian World,’ April 11, 1925; Letters from Thomas Olson, Department 


of Dairy Industry, State College, in files, Department of History; 


Letters and files’ 


from Dr. G. S. Adams, superintendent, State Hospital, in files, Department of History. 


Cox is a postoffice in northern Hard- 
ing County. The banking and ship- 
ping point is Bowman, North Dakota, 
22 miles north. 


Cox, W. H., 1860- ; born at La- 
Fayette, Indiana, September 5th; 
came to Fairfax, Gregory Co., South 
Dakota in 1909; engaged in newspa- 
per business, publisher of the ‘“Fair- 
fax Advertiser;” legislator, 1915. 


Coyle is a discontinued post office in 
southeastern Brule County. The ship- 
ping and banking point and post office 
is Kimball, 15 miles north. 


Coyne, Clarence E., 1881- ; born 
at Rock Island, Illinois, December 
23rd; came to South Dakota in 1906 
and located on a homestead near 
Hayes in Stanley County; owner and 
editor of the “Fort Pierre Times;” 
county sheriff, 1911 to 1915; mayor 
of Fort Pierre since 1916; Secretary 
of State since 1923. 


“Coyote, The.” The Junior Annual 
of the State University, published 
since 1904 and affording picturesque 
memoranda of faculty and student ac- 
tivity. 

See also Kiote. 


Craig, W. D., 1849- ; born in On- 
tario; came to South Dakota in 1884; 
sheriff of Spink County, 1888-93; State 
senator, 1894, 1896; engaged in farm- 
ing and banking; legislator, 1903, 1905. 


Coyote. 


Crandall is a village in southwestern 
Day County. Population, see census. 
“The Courier,” established in 1918, is 
its newspaper. 


Crandall, Clinton J., Jr., 1893- H 
Onida; born at Pipestone, Minnesota, 
March 11th; came to Pierre in 1912; 
attorney; state’s attorney, Sully Coun- 
ty, 1920-24; State Senator, 1925. 


Crandon is a village in southern 
Spink County. Founded in 1881 by 
the Western Town Lot Co. Named 
for Frank P. Crandon, a valued. offic- 
er of the C. & N. W. Ry. Population, 
see census. 


Crane, Frank P., 1855-1916; educator; 
pioneer of Watertown; superintendent, 
city and county schools; State super- 
intendent of public instruction, 1895-9; 
clerk of Supreme Court, 1901-1913. 


Cranston, R. F., 1878- ; Pollock; 
born at Wyalusing, Wisconsin, Octob- 
er 29th; came to South Dakota in 
1879; educated, State Col., S. D.; en- 
gaged in, newspaper business, being 
editor and publisher of the “Campbell 
County Progress;” justice of the 
peace for four years; also town clerk, 
two years; legislator, 1911. 


Craven is a discontinued post office 
in central Edmunds County. The 
banking point and post office is Ip- 


_swich, 5 miles west. 


146 


Crawford, Coe I. 


Crawford, Coe I., 1858- ; sixth 
governor of South Dakota, 1907-1909; 
United States Senator, 1909-1915. Born 
at Volney, Iowa, January 14; graduat- 
ed from Iowa University, 1882; settled 
at Pierre, 1884; member, territorial 
council, 1889; State senator, 1889; at- 
torney general, 1893-1897; general 
counsel in Dakota for Northwestern 
Railway, 1897-1905, when he resigned 
to take up the fight for progressive 
legislation; elected governor in 1906 
and in the session of 1907 promoted 
legislation particularly affecting rail- 
road operations, including maximum 
rates, anti-pass and double damages. 
He was not a candidate for re-election 
but accepted the party nomination for 
United States Senator, which was con- 
firmed by the legislature of 1909; in 
the Senate he supported the progress- 
ive policies; he was defeated for re- 
nomination in 1914 by Charles H. 
Burke; returning to Huron he has 
successfully engaged in the practice 
of law in association with. his son, 
Irving R. (q. v.) 


Crawford, Guy W., 1864- ; born 
in Tioga County, Pennsylvania, May 
15th; came to Letcher, Sanborn Co., 
Dakota in 1885; engaged in grain buy- 
ing; legislator, 1913, 1915. 


Crawford, Irving R., 1892- ; born 
at Pierre, S. Dak., May 7th; educated, 
Univs. of Iowa and S. D.; attorney; 
served in World War two years; State 
Senator, 1921, 1923; lives in Huron; 
son of Coe I. (q. v.) 


Crawler was a head-man ‘of the 
Blackfeet Sioux, 1830-1908. He was 
sent by Major House from old Fort 
Sully to Grand River in the autumn 
of 1864 to rescue Mrs. Fanny Kelley 
(q. v.) a commission that he executed 
with fidelity. 





Hist., IV, 109. 


Cretaceous 


Crazy Band rescued Shetak Cap- 
tives (q. v.). 


Crazy Horse. A great chief of the 
Oglala, contemporary of Red Cloud 
but younger. He distinguished him- 
self in the battle of the Rosebud, June 
17, 1876 in which he defeated Crook 
in an all day fight. He was import- 
ant in the strategy at the battle of 
the Little Bighorn. His father was 
a brother of Spotted Tail, who induced 
him to surrender to the government, 
the next spring, (1877). Fearing he 
was inciting insubordination he was 
placed under arrest Sept. 7, 1877 and 
an altercation ensued in which he was 
killed. 





Hist. VI, 224. Testimony of William 
Garnett, secured by Major James Mc- 
Laughlin, in files Department of History. 


Creameries. See Agriculture, 9, 


Dairying. » 

Creighton is a post office in north- 
eastern Pennington County. The 
banking and shipping point is Wall, 
32 miles south. 


Cresbard is a town in northern EKd- 
munds County. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Beacon,” established in 
1907, is its newspaper. 


Cressy, Erastus T., 1838-1917; born 
hi Se SST ee RE ee ee ; veteran of 
Civil War; newspaper man; lecturer. 


Creston is a post office in southeast- 
ern Pennington County. The banking 
point is Farmingdale, 10 miles north- 
west. 


Cretaceous. Meaning pertaining to 
chalk. Applied to a period of geo- 
logical time during which practically 
all of the formations in South Dakota 
above the Dakota Sandstone were de- 
posited. The cretaceous is divided in- 
to the upper and lower cretaceous and 


147 


Crocker 


the upper Cretaceous is again divided 
into the Early Upper Cretaceous and 
the Late Upper Cretaceous. See Geol- 
ogy. 


Crocker is a_ village 
Clark County. 


sus. 

Croes, Charles W., 1886- ; Wes- 
sington; born at Wessington, S. Dak., 
March 19th; admitted to bar in 1915; 
engaged in farming and banking; leg- 
islator, 1921, 1923; has since been man- 
ager of S. D. Wheat Growers Associ- 
ation. 


Crooked Lake is in the extreme 
southwestern corner of Grant County. 


in northern 
Population, see cen- 


Crook, Gen. George., 1828-1890; Brig.- 
General, U. S. Army, 1873; Commander 
of the Department of the Platte; in 
1875 made his first visit to Dakota to 
remove gold hunters from the Black 
Hills before a treaty legalized their 
entry. In 1876 he fought Crazy Horse 
on the Rosebud River and was defeat- 
ed. Later that season, pursuing the 
hostiles with the Third Cavalry and 
the Fifth Infantry, he found their pro- 
visions exhausted and the prairies 
burned off. Deadwood was the near- 
est base and he started through the 
gumbo. It rained continuously for 
eleven days and the men lived on 
horse meat. Enroute he fought the 
battle of Slim Buttes (q. v.) After 
great hardship he reached Deadwood 
(1876). See Crook’s March. 





Kingsbury, I, 956-8. 


Crooks is a village in central Min- 
nehaha County. Population, see cen- 
sus. 


Crook’s March. In the autumn of 
1876 General Crook found himself at 
the head waters of Heart River, North 
Dakota with an army and but two days’ 


148 


Crouch, D. N. 


rations. It was a seven days march 
to Deadwood, the nearest point. In 
his report of the trip Crook said: 
“We had a severe march here from 
Heart River; for eighty consecutive 
miles we did not have a particle of 
wood; during the greater portion of 
the time we were drenched by cold 
rains.” “For severity and hardship 
it has but few parallels in the history 
of the army.” En route they stopped 
to fight the battle Slim Buttes (q. v.). 
They were eleven days in making the 
trip. Most of the way they subsisted 
on horsemeat. The prairies were burn- 
ed off and the gumbo next to im- 
passable. See Crook, General George. 


Hist., VI, 493. 


Crook’s Tower. This unique point, 
located in the southwestern corner of 
Lawrence county, was supposed by the 
Newton-Jenney party of 1875 to be the 
highest point in the Black Hills; but 
a re-examination shows it to be but 
7,140 feet high against the 7,242 feet 
of Harney’s Peak. It is a great lime- 
stone plateau, gashed with deep can- 
yons; at a point on the cliff where two 
of these canyons converge stand three 
slim spindles looking like the chim- 
neys of some vast castle when viewed 
from the opposite side of the canyon, 
but when seen from the plateau itself 
they are rather insignificant. Because 
of the breadth of the mesa the great 
altitude is not imposing. It was named 
by Newton and Jenney for Gen. George 
Crook, then commander of the De- 
partment of the Platte. 


Crouch, D. N., 1852- ; Leola; 
born in Washington County, Tennes- 
see; came to McPherson County in 
1909; engaged in farming; served in 
Legislature of Missouri, two terms; 
legislator, S. D., 1925. 


Crouch Line 


Crouch Line is a familiar name 
(after a manager) for the Rapid City, 
Black Hills and Western Railway, 
from Rapid City to Mystic, a distance 
of 35 miles up the valley of Rapid 
River. The line was promoted by 
William Coad (q. v.) a citizen of Rap- 
id City. It runs through a most pic- 
turesque region and was most difficult 
and expensive to construct. It was 
long upon its way and finally complet- 
ed to Mystic in the spring of 1906. The 
difference in altitude between the 
terminals is 1668 feet. It does a con- 


siderable tourist and sight-seeing busi- _ 


ness and has an important freight bus- 
iness as a link between the Burlington 
and Milwaukee in handling the coal 
and oil out of Wyoming. 


Crow. A bird common in the State. 
Lewis and Clark found it at Crow 
Creek, and named the stream in honor 
of the event. Captain Lewis, for the 
only time in his whole journal, at- 
tempted the scientific and said the 
bird was a corvus. It is very num- 
erous and is found in every part of 
the State. 


Crow Creek is a post office in west- 
ern Buffalo County. Name changed 
to Ft. Thompson. 


Crow Creek is a stream rising in 
southern Hand County, flows south 
and then west across Buffalo County 
and falls into the Missouri river. 


Crown Hill is a postoffice in central 
Lawrence County. Was named from 
a nearby hill that was named from a 
mining claim on it owned by the 
Crown Mining Co. 


Crow Indians. An Algonquin tribe 
of Indians residing in Montana, but 
who prior to 1822 occupied the valley 
of the Little Missouri River in north- 
western South Dakota. In a great 


Curtis, Rev. Allen L. 


battle fought at “The hills where the 
Crows were killed,” in that year, the 
Sioux defeated the Crow with awful 
massacre and drove them from the 
region. 


Crow Lake is a discontinued post 
office in southern Jerauld County. 
Banking and shipping point and P. O. 
is at Wessington Springs, 11 miles 
northeast. 


Crow Lake is an important lake in 
southern Jerauld County, drained by 
Smith Creek. 


Crow Peak is six miles southwest of 
Spearfish, 6785 feet high. 


Cruiser South Dakota. 
Dakota, Armored Cruiser. 


See Black Hills, 4. 


Cul de Sac Island is in the Missouri 
River at the extreme northern end of 
Big Bend; sometimes called St. John’s 
Island. . 


Cundill, Frank, 1887- ; born at 
Maquoketa, Iowa, August 26th; came 
to Firesteel, Dewey Co., South Dakota 
in 1911; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; township assessor from 1915 
to 1922; director, Farmers Cooperative 
Elevator Company at Firesteel; legis- 
lator, 1923; State Senator, 1925. 


Cuppett, William M., 1843-1917; born 
in Pennsylvania; veteran of the Civil 
War; pioneer of Canton; register of 
deeds and clerk of courts. 


See South 


Crystal Cave. 


Currant. Three varieties of the cur- 
rant are native to South Dakota, wild 
black, squaw and golden (or buffalo). 
The tame varieties introduced are cul- 
tivated successfully. 


Curtis, Rev. Allen L., 1874- 7 
born at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, June 
26th; educated, S. D. State Col., Beloit 
Col., Univs. Columbia and Berlin, Chi- 


149 


Curtiss, Ira O. 


cago Theological Seminary; came to 
Castlewood, Hamlin Co., Dakota in 
1884; pastor, Estelline, 1909-12; en- 
gaged in banking; legislator, 1921, 
1923; pastor, Congl. Church, Lake 
Preston, since 1923. | 


Curtiss, Ira O., 1860- ; Aberdeen; 
born at Coral, Illinois, February 9th; 
educated, Oberlin Col., Ohio,; came 
to Brown County, Dakota, in 1881; en- 
gaged in farming; State Senator, 1909, 
1911. 


Custer is a city in northern Custer 
County. A mining town; gold, tin, 


an mica mines are in the vicinity. A ~ 


rich pine timber district. ‘“The Black 
Hills Crusader,” an anti-tuberculosis 
paper, established in 1916, and “The 
Chronicle,” established in 1880, are its 
newspapers. Population, see census. 


Custer County was named for Gen. 
George A. Custer; created, 1875; orga- 
nized, 1877. First house was built by 
the Gordon party on*French Creek. 
Gold was first discovered in the Black 
Hills near Custer. Beginning on west 
boundary of South Dakota ten miles 
south of its intersection with the 44th 
parallel of north latitude, thence due 
east and along the south boundary of 
Pennington County to the center of 
the South Fork of the Cheyenne River; 
thence southwesterly up the center of 
the channel of said river to the 103d 
meridian of longtitude; thence south 
on said meridian to the township line 
between towns 6 and 7 south, east of 
the B. H. M.; thence west along said 
township line to the west boundary of 
South Dakota; thence north along said 
boundary to the place of beginning. 
Area 1,006,720 acres. 





Code, p. 144. (Introduction). 


Custer Battlefield Highway. An im- 
portant auto trail from Des Moines 


Cuthbert 


entering South Dakota near Canton 
and running via Sioux Falls, Mitchell, 


Chamberlain, consolidates with the 
Black and Yellow at Philip. Its north- 
western terminus is at Roundup, 


Wyoming. It is graveled east of 
Kennebec and other sections are be- 
ing graveled west of that point. 
-Custer’s Expedition to the Black 
Hills, 1874. See Black Hills, 1, 5. 





Hist., VII, 554, 583. 


Custer, Gen. Geo. A., 1839-1876; 
came to Dakota with the 7th regiment 
of Cavalry, 1873. By order of Gen. 
Sheridan, in 1874 with a brigade of 
1200 men he made a reconnoissance 
of the Black Hills during which gold 
was discovered. Ascended Harney 
Peak. Killed in the battle of the Little 
Bighorn. ; 





Custer. 
VIi, 


“Boots and Saddles’, by Mrs. 
Kingsbury, I, 883-9, 940-6. MHist., 
5d4, 583. 

Custer’s March. In 1873 General 
George A. Custer was ordered to Man- 
dan with the 7th Cavalry to garrison 
Fort Abraham Lincoln. He marched 
from Sioux City up the Missouri that 
spring, so far as known his only vis- 
it to eastern South Dakota. 


Custer Park. See Black Hills, 3, 
State Park. 


Custer Peak is in south central Law- 
rence county; it is 6794 feet high. 


Custer State Game Park. See Black 
Hills, 3. 


Custer Storm. Great storm at Yank- 
ton April 21, 1873 when General Cus- 
ter with the 7th Cavalry were in 
camp there. 


Cuthbert is a village in southwest- 
ern Sanborn County. Population, see 
census. 


£50 


Cuthead 


Cuthead was a band of Yanktonais 
Sioux whose main camp was on Elm 
River in Brown County. Waneta 
(Waanatan) was of this band. They 
were friendly to the English in the 
War of 1812 and aroused the Indians 
of the upper Missouri to join with 
‘them in destroying Fort Manuel in 
March 1813 and in driving the Ameri- 
cans away. 


be 


Cyclone 


Cutmeat is a post office in north- 
western Todd County. Name changed 
to Wososo. 


Cyanide is a discontinued post of- 
fice, station name Crown Hill, in cen- 
tral Lawrence County. 


Cyclone. See Climate. 


Dahl, A. H. 


Dahl, A. H., 1862- ; born in Wis- 
consin, June 4th; came to Roberts Co., 
South Dakota in 1892; engaged in 
farming; county sheriff, 1901-5; State 
Senator, 1911; lived near Vernon. 


Dahl, Albert, 1868- ; Elk Point; 
born in Union County, July 29th; en- 
gaged in farming; county commis- 
sioner for four years and chairman of 
the school board for twenty years; 
legislator, 1915. 


Dahlberg is a station in northwest- 
‘ern Roberts County. The banking 
point and post office is Veblin, 5 miles 
west. 


Dahlia is an introduced flower, which 
is most satisfactory in this region. 


Dailey, Lee Nimrod, 1874- ; born 
Decatur, Ill.; educated Oberlin, Berlin 
and New York; Director of Music, 
Yankton College since 1904. 


Dailey, Robert, 1881- ; Fland- 
reau; born in Moody County, S. D., 
November 22nd; educated, Minn. 
Univ.; engaged in farming; member 
of local school board for several years; 
State Senator, 1913, 1915, 1917; Regent 
of Education, 1923- 


See Agriculture, 9. 
“Dairy Technology.” A text book 
upon dairying, by Prof. C. Larsen, of 


the South Dakota College of Agricul- 
ture and Mechanics Arts. 


Dairying. 


Daisy. A native flowering plant of 
the aster family. Saunders lists eigh- 
teen varieties growing in this State. 


Dakota. See also Sioux, as Sioux 
Idian Courts. 
Dakota. The name of the principal 


tribe of Siouan Indians and the most 
powerful of all American aborigines. 
The name means an alliance of friends. 


Dakota 


The following table shows the tribal 
organization of the Dakota group: 


Mdewakanton 


Wakpekute 


Santee F 
Sisseton 


Wahpeton 


Yankton 
Dakota 
or Yankton 
Sioux 


Yanktonai 


Assinoboin 


Brule 

Two Kettle 
Sans Arc. 
Blackfeet 
Hunkpapa 
Minneconjou 
Oglala 


The Assinoboin have not for sever- 
al centuries associated with the Da- 
kota and are not considered members 
of the tribe. 

The division into the three groups 
Santee, Yankton and Teton is upon 
lingual differences that have existed 
so long as clearly to distinguish the 
groups. 

At the dawn of white history the 
Dakota lived in the woods of Minne- 
sota about the headwaters of Rum 
River; but they soon began to remove 
to the prairies, and securing arms and 
horses they waxed powerful and ex- 
tended their borders to embrace an 
empire in the center of the continent. 
They held half of Minnesota, a small 
section of Wisconsin, a quarter of 
Iowa, a third of Nebraska, half of 
North Dakota, all of South Dakota and 
large sections in Wyoming and Mon- 
tana. They had trade with white men 
from the middle of the Seventeenth 
Century. 

Gradually the Teton or prairie Sioux 
removed westward until they were 
domiciled upon the Missouri, and soon 
became known as the Sioux of the 
Missouri to distinguish them from the 
Santees, who were the Sioux of the 


Teton 


152 


Dakota 


Mississippi. The Yankton occupied 
the middle ground; their connections 
were equally with the Teton and San- 
tee. 

The Sioux of the Mississippi had 
their trade relations with the English 
in Canada and therefore their sympa- 
thies were strongly British in the 
Revolution and the War of 1812; while 
the Sioux of the Missouri secured 
their trade chiefly from St. Louis and 
naturally were American in sympathy. 

The Dakota began in 1837 to re- 
linquish to the United States the title 
to their lands and by repeated cessions 
have given up all of them except a 
few relatively small reservations oc- 
cupied by them. These cessions are 
known in history as the treaties of 
agreements by which the relinquish- 
ments were made, as follows: 

1837. Treaty of Prairie du Chien— 
fhe lands in Wisconsin, 

1851. Traverse de Sioux—All lands 
in Minnesota except small reservation 
dn upper Minnesota, and in South Da- 
kota, east of Big Sioux River. 

1858. Treaty of Yankton—Lands 
between Sioux and Missouri Rivers 
south of line from Pierre to Water- 
town. 

1868. Treaty of Laramie—All lands 
east of the Missouri River except 
Yankton, Sisseton and Crow Creek 
reservations. 

1889. Treaty of 1889 — Lands be- 
tween Cheyenne and White Rivers. 

Since 1889 by various agreements 
the remaining reservations have been 
cut away and to a large extent the 
Indians have taken lands in severalty 
and become full citizens. 

For more than two centuries after 
their first contact with white men the 
Sioux and the whites lived in friendly 
relations; but after the treaty of 1851 
feelings of distrust arose and in 1862, 


Dakota Citizens’ League 


while the Civil War was raging, the 
Santee made war with the hope of re- 
gaining their lands. This was the hor- 
rible Minnesota Massacre. For four- 
teen years thereafter the Sioux were 


almost constantly at war with 
the whites, the epoch  culminat- 
ing in the destruction of Custer 
and his cavalry on _ the _ Little 


Bighorn River. See Minnesota Mass- 
acre; War of the Outbreak, Red 
Cloud’s War, the Little Bighorn Battle 
and the Battle of Slim Buttes (under 
titles War (5, 6), Battles). 

In 1812 the Santee and Yankton fav- 
ored British interests. See South Da- 
kota and the War of 1812. 

The last time the Dakota were at 
war was in 1890, in what is known as 
the Messiah War, which see (under 


. War, 8). 


153 


Most of the Dakota are now resi- 
dents of South Dakota and according 
to the latest report of the Indian com- 
missioner number 23,625, of whom 
11,755 are males, 11,870 females, 11,165 
minors and 12,460 adults. 13,047 are 
full blood and 10,578 mixed blood. Ed- 
ucation is compulsory and all adults 
under forty years of age read and 
speak English. 


Dakota Fort. See Fort Dakota. 


“Dakota, 1885.” A pamphlet of 90 
pages by O. H. Holt, with contributed 
chapters by Lauren Dunlap, immigra- 
tion commissioner, Col. Clement L. 
Lounsbury, General W. H. H. Beadle 
and others. Descriptive and statisti- 
cal. 


Dakota Boom. See Boom. 
Dakota Cavalry. See War (4, Civil 
W.). 


Dakota Citizens’ League. An orga- 
nization promoted by citizens of Yank- 
ton in 1882 to advance the division of 


Dakota Dictionaries 


Dakota and to defeat a plan to sell 
the school lands in a single lump at a 
low price. It called a conference, 
which was largely attended, at Can- 
ton, June 21, 1882. This League pro- 
moted a bill before the next legisla- 
ture for a constitutional convention, 
which bill Gov. Ordway vetoed. The 
League then called the conference at 
Huron on June 19, 1883 which ordain- 
ed the first Sioux Falls Constitutional 
Convention. Thereafter the League did 
not function. 


Dakota Dictionaries. 
ary. 


See Diction- 


“Dakota Farmer.” The most im- 
portant farm publication in the north- 
west was established in 1881 at Huron 
by the late William F.,. T. Bushnell, 


(q. v.) who before statehood removed © 


it to Aberdeen. After his death it 
was continued by an _ incorporation 
made by his estate, The Bushnell 
Company. For more than twenty 
years it has been managed by W. C. 
Allen, (q. v.) and has a general circu- 
lation, most intensive in the Dakotas, 
Minnesota, Montana and Wyoming. 


“Dakota, Its Geography, History and 
Resources” is an excellent little Geog- 
raphy of Dakota published by W. H. 
H. Beadle, 1888. It was long used as 
a school text-book. 


Dakota Grammar. 
Dictionary, Dakota. 


See Grammar: 


“Dakota, History of,” by William 
Maxwell Blackburn, D. D., president 
Pierre University, 1893. A_ brilliant 
sketch of Dakota history written at 
the request of the South Dakota Co- 
lumbian World’s Fair commission. 
Published in Volume I, “South Da- 
kota Historical Collections,” with cop- 
ious notes by Dr. Delorne W. Robin- 
son, 


“Dakota Rhymes” 


Dakota Indian Claims. After the 
able bodied men of Dakota Territory 
were called to arms for the protection 
of the public in 1862 the legislature 
audited the claims of the men for time 


and materials furnished and issued to 


each a certificate of the sum due. 
Twelve years went by and though 
these claims were pressed upon Con- 
gress no steps were taken toward 
paying them until 1874, when Gen. 
James A. Hardie was sent to Dakota 
to investigate and report upon the sit- 
uation. His exhaustive report with the 
testimony taken is printed as House 
Executive Document No. 286 of the 
1st Session of the 43rd Congress. 


“Dakota Justice, The,’ is a treatise 
upon practice in courts of justice of 
the peace in Dakota Territory by A. 
B. Melville, of the Huron bar, 1886. 


“Dakota Justice, Procedure and 
Forms.” A manual of practice and pro- 
cedure in courts of justices of the 
peace in South Dakota, by Howard 
G. Fuller, of the Pierre bar. 1915. 


Dakota Magazine or Monthly. See 
Dakotan Monthly. 


“Dakota, Preliminary Report of Ex- 
plorations in Nebraska and,” by Lieut. 
G. K. Warren. This is General War- 
ren’s report of his trips through Da- 
kota, including his exploration of the 
Black Hills in 1855, ’56 and ’57, with 
his large accompanying map. It was 
published by the Engineer Depart- 
ment of the Army and has no distinc- 
tive number. 





Reprinted in full in Hist., XI, 58, 134, 
140. 


“Dakota Rhymes.” A collection of 
the best verse by South Dakota Writ- 
ers compiled by B. W. Burleigh and 
Gustave G. Wenslaff. 


154 


Dakota River 


Dakota River is the legal name of 
James River. Section 20 of Organic 
Act of March 2, 1861: ‘And be it 
further enacted that the river in said 
territory heretofore known as River 
aux Jacques or James River, shall 
hereafter be called Dakota River.” 


Dakota Sandstone. This is the 
strata from which we obtain artesian 
water. Throughout the plains region 
it appears to lie quite level with only 
a slight dip to the east, and its depth 
from the surface is generally deter- 
mined by the _ surface altitude. 
Through this region it is at about 
sea-level. In the Black Hills it up- 
crops and forms the range of hills 
lying outside the Red Valley. The 
distance across this up-crop is about 
two miles. The streams debouching 
from the Hills have eroded channels 
through it and they lose much of their 
water in passing over the sandstone. 
The Dakota group embraces about 150 
feet of the Dakota proper, a shaly fu- 
sion member of 25 feet and the La- 
kota Sandstone of about 200 feet in 
thickness. At Pierre it is about 1100 feet 
below the surface to the top of the 
Dakota and 1600 to the bottom of the 
Lakota. 


“Dakotan, The Monthly South.” A 
monthly magazine established at 
Yankton by Doane Robinson, May 1, 
1898, and continued for six years, 
when it was incorporated with the 
“South Dakota Educator” at Mitchell. 
It was devoted to South Dakota his- 
tory, art and progress. 


“Dakotas, (The) A Statistical and 
Political Abstract.’’ A valuable publi- 
cation by Frank H. Haggerty, last im- 
migration commissioner of Dakota 
Territory, put out at the time of ad- 
mission of North and South Dakota. 


Dakotan, The 


It contains important information and 
statistics pretaining to the two young 
States. 


Dakota Territory. Created by act 
of Congress, March 2, 1861. (See Or- 
ganic Act). It continued until the ad- 
mission of South Dakota, Nov. 2, 1889. 
In the first instance it extended west 
of the present boundaries of North 
and South Dakota to the Rocky Moun- 
tains; but with several changes fol- 
lowing was reduced to the limits of 
South Dakota and North Dakota in 
1869. The capital was at Yankton 
until 1883, when it was removed to 
Bismarck. See Governor; Secretary 
of State; Auditor; Territorial Courts; 
Capital; Constitutional Conventions. 


Dakota’ Territory. SHAISLOLY..- OF 
Southeastern Dakota.’ Published in 
1881 and is supposed to have been 
written by Judge W. W. Brookings. 
It is a very valuable work, giving the 
primary organizations of much of 
South Dakota east of the Missouri. It 
contains many brief biographies of 
pioneers. 


“Dakota Territory, Sketch of its 
History and Resources,” by G. A. 
Batchelder, Secretary of Dakota and 
ex-officio commissioner of immigra- 
tion, 1870. This is an interesting lit- 
tle book of 53 pages and contains the 
first map of Dakota published by 
authority of the Territorial govern- 
ment. 


Dakota Wesleyan University. See 


Education. 


Dakotian, The, was the first newspa- 
per established in Dakota Territory 
after its creation. It was published 
at Yankton, by Frank M. Ziebach and 
William Freeny, and was established 
June 6, 1861. It is still published as 
“The Yankton Press and Dakotan.”’ 


155 


Daley, Patrick 


It is the oldest continuous publication 


in this portion of the northwest. See 
Yankton. 
Daley, Patrick, 1847- > born in 


Ireland; engaged in mercantile busi- 
ness in Iowa; came to Dakota in 1880 
and located in Aberdeen; in 1890 he 
moved to the Black Hills and engag- 
ed in mining; legislator, from Penning- 
ton County, 1903, 1905; home, Hill 
City. 


Dalesburg is a discontinued post 
office in northeastern Clay County. 
The banking and shipping point and 
post office is Centerville, 13 miles 
northwest. 


Dallas is a town in western Gregory 


County. Was named from Dallas, 
Texas, by Jackson Bros., early set- 
tlers. Dallas, Texas, was named for 


G. M. Dallas, once vice-president of the 
United States. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Gregory County News,” es- 
tablished in 1896, is its newspaper. 


Dalthorp, A. B., 1871- ; Volga, 
Brookings Co.; born in Moscow, Wis- 
consin, August 4th; came to South 
Dakota in 1897; engaged in real es- 
tate, loans and insurance; held various 
city offices and was president of the 
board of education; legislator, 1917, 
1919. 


Dalton, John J., 1879- ; born in 
Wisconsin, July 19th; came to Pierre, 
South Dakota, in 1907; engaged in 
real estate and banking business; 
State Senator, 1911, 1913. 


Dalzell is a post office in southeast- 
ern Meade County. The banking and 


shipping point is Wasta, 23 miles 
south. 
Damages. In South Dakota law, 


every person who suffers detriment 
from the unlawful act or omission of 


156 


Danforth, Wallace M. 


another may recover from the person 
in fault a compensation, therefor, in 
money which is called damages. If 
the injury was committed through op- 
pression, fraud, malice (actual or pre- 
sumed) in addition to actual damage 
the jury may give damages for the 
sake of example and by way of pun- 
ishing the defendant. Such damages 
are called exemplary. 





Eode, 1959-65-2003. 


Damsgaard, A. E., 1888- ; born 
in Kingsbury County, November 26th; 
engaged in farming; legislator, 1923, 
1925. P. O., Arlington, Kingsbury 
Co. 


Dandelion is an introduced flower- 
ing plant of the chickory family. It 
invades lawns, meadows and waste 
lands, and is likely completely to oc- 
cupy any land that is not frequently 
cultivated. Every part of South Da- 
kota has been invaded by it. 


Danforth is a post office in south- 
eastern Hand County. The shipping 
and banking point is Wessington, 32 
miles northeast. 


Danforth, George J., 1875- ; born 
in Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, No- 
vember 21st; LL.B., Univ. of Wis., 
1903; came to Sioux Falls, South Da- 
kota, in 1903; engaged in practice of 
law; state’s attorney of Minnehaha 
County, 1909-1911; referee in bank- 
ruptcy U. S. District Court, Southern 
Division; State Senator, 1919, 1921. 


Danforth, Wallace M., 1852- 5 
Raymond; born in Washington Coun- 
ty, Wisconsin, September 7th; came to 
Clark County in 1883, and manufac- 
tured cheese and dealt in coal, flour 
and farm machinery; county commis- 
sioner in 1904; State Senator, 1907, 
1909. 


Dante 


Dante is a town in southern Charles 
Mix County. Population, see census. 
“The Progress,” established in 1917, is 
its newspaper. 


Danton is a discontinued post office 
in southern Tripp County. The bank- 
ing, shipping point and post office is 
Colome, 10 miles northeast. 


Dark Canyon is a station in northern 
Pennington County. The banking, 
shipping point and post office is Rapid 
City, 7 miles east. 


Date is a post office in western 
Perkins County. The banking point 
is Davidston, 5 miles north, and the 
shipping point is Hettinger, North Da- 
kota, 50 miles north. 


Daugherty, John T., 1847-1914; pio- 
neer of Yankton; merchant, farmer 
and contractor; conducted freight line 
into the Black Hills. 


“Daughter of the Bad Lands” is a 
South Dakota story by Kate and Virgil 
D. Boyles. 


Daulton, James W., 1889- ; Aber- 
deen; born at Frederick, S. Dak., Aug- 
ust 8th; dealer in live stock; legis- 
lator, 1917, 1919. 


Davenport is a post office in north- 
ern Haakon County. The banking and 
shipping point is Midland, 28 miles 
south. 

Davidson, D. J., 1880- ; Bristol; 
born in Norway, March 29th; came 
to Day County in 1886; engaged in 
farming and restaurant business; held 
numerous school, township and munic- 
ipal offices; legislator, 1925. 


Davies, John, 1860- ; Cresbard; 
born in Wales, November 4th; came 
to South Dakota in 1883; practical 
farmer; treasurer of Edmunds County, 
1896 to 1900; member, legislature, 1901, 
1909, 1913. 


BS/ 


Day County 


“Day Dreams” is a book of senti- 
ment by E. B. Trefethren, of Ipswich. 


Davis is a town in eastern Turner 
County. Population, see census. “The 


Eagle,” established in 1912, is its 
newspaper. 
Davison County was named for 


Henry C. Davison, an early settler. 
Created, 1873; organized, 1874. First 
settler, Levi Hain, at mouth of Fire- 
steel Creek, 1872. Population, see cen- 
sus. Consists of townships 101, 102, 
103 and 104 north, of ranges 60, 61 
and 62 west 5th P. M. Area, 276,480 
acres. 





Code, p. 144. 


Daviston is a discontinued post office 
in central Perkins County. The ship- 
ping point is Hettinger, North Dakota, 
42 miles north, and the banking point 
is Strool, 9 miles northwest. 


Dawson Creek rises in Southern 
Hutchinson County flows southeast 
through Scotland enters the James 
River. 


Day is a discontinued post office 
in northern Gregory County. The ship- 
ping point is Burke, 20 miles south- 
west, the banking point is Lucas, 11 
miles southwest, and the postoffice is 
Mullen, 2 miles southwest. 


Day, Charles Manley, 1863- ; born 
in Iowa; graduate of Tabor College; 
newspaper man of Sioux Falls since 
1886; connected with “Argus-Leader”’ 
since 1889; publisher and editor of 
it (with Joseph Tomlinson) from 1889 
and sole publisher and editor from 
1893. Member, State board of chari- 
ties and corrections since 1917. 





Coursey’s ‘‘Who’s Who in S. D.,” I, 145. 


Day County. Created, 1875; organ- 
ized, 1881. Named for Merritt 3h 


Day, Merritt H. 


Day (q. v.). Begins on north line of 
Codington County where the range 
line between ranges 52 and 53 inter- 
sects the same; thence north along 
said range line to the township line 
between townships 124 and 125 north; 
thence west on said township line to 
the former westerly boundary of the 
Sisseton and Wahpeton Indian Reser- 
vation; thence northwesterly along 
said former reservation line to the 
township line between townships 124 
and 125 north, outside of said reser- 
vation; thence west on said township 
line to the 8th guide meridian west 
5th P. M.; thence south on said merid- 
ian to the township line between 
towns 119 and 120 north; thence east 
on the north boundary of Clark and 
Codington Counties to place of begin- 
ning. Area, 679,040 acres. 





Code, p. 144 (Introduction). 
Day, Merritt H., 1844-1900; Demo- 
cratic leader; Veteran, Civil War; 


commander of State militia in Messiah 
War, 1890. 


Day, W. A., 1855-1915; born at West- 
brook, Maine, April 28th; came _ to 
Bradley, South Dakota, in 1899; prac- 
ticed dentistry and in 1912 opened a 
law office at Buffalo, Harding Co.; leg- 
islator, 1915 and died at Pierre while 
discharging his official duties. 


Deadhorse Creek is an_ eastern 
branch of Indian Creek in Butte Coun- 
ty. 

Deadwood Creek is a short creek 
rising in the mountains three miles 
above Deadwood and joining the 
Whitewood River in Deadwood City. 
Upon this Creek about a mile above 
Deadwood was the richest placer 
found in the Black Hills. 


Deadwood, county seat of Lawrence 
County, was founded in 1876, upon the 


158 


Deaf and Dumb 


discovery of the rich placer upon 
Deadwood and Whitewood Creeks. The 
camp was called Deadwood because of 
the vast amount of dead and down 
timber in the region. An attempt to 
change the name to Miles City, in 
honor of the General just then win- 
ning his honors in the Indian wars, 
failed. The city has enjoyed the ad- 
vantages and limitation of mining re- 
gions, but is developing a substantial 
distributing business that insures its 
future regardless of the fortunes of 
mining. It has the Chicago and 
Northwestern and the Burlington and 
Missouri River Railroads. Its news- 
papers are “The Daily Pioneer-Times” 
and the “Weekly Telegram.” Popu- 
lation, see census. 


Deadwood Fire. Deadwood as orig- 
inally constructed was chiefly compos- 
ed of buildings of pine logs or flimsy 
board structures common to mining 
camps. A great population had crowd- 
ed into the narrow gulch and there 
was a large accumulation of valuable 
personal property. At 2 o’clock in the 
morning of September 26, 1879, the 
great mass of inflammable material 
burst into flame and the valley was 
a veritable furnace. The fire appara- 
tus was destroyed before the firemen 
could reach it and the city was left 
utterly at the mercy of the flames. 
There was little insurance. Fortu- 
nately there was no loss of life. With 
the courage of pioneers the citizens 
at once rebuilt, laying the foundation 
of the Deadwood that endures. 


Deaf and Dumb. The school for the 
deaf was established at Sioux Falls 
in 1883 and the education of the deaf 
is compulsory therein. The average 
attendance is about eighty each year; 
in addition to the elementary branches 
they are taught useful trades and in- 


Death-Sentence 


dustries intended to make them self- 
supporting citizens. The school has 
turned out many notable and useful 
citizens. 


Death-Sentence. 
ishment. 


See Capital Pun- 


Debating League High School. The 
League was founded and organized 
in the fall of 1914. The first year of 
League debating in the State was 
carried on during the winter of 1914- 
15, with a membership of 20 high 
schools. Prof. C. BH. Lyons, S. D. U. 
is the executive officer. 


The membership of the League in 
1924-25 was 100 schools. 


The Public Speaking Department 
of the University prepares each year 
an official year book for the League, 
containing a review of the year’s de- 
bates, the constitution and by-laws, a 
bibliography, and material pertaining 
to the question to be debated each 
season. { & 

The State is now divided into 12 
districts. The winners of the various 
district championships go to the State 
University in May of each year to 
compete in a State Tournament to 
decide the State championship: 


During the history of the League 
the following schools have been win- 
ners: 


1915—Sioux Falls 
Maize Mitchell 
Bailey Morcom 
Louis Pankow 
Chester Swancutt 
Don Follett 
Philip Sherman 


1916—Yankton 
Carolyn Burgess 
Lillian Hohf 
Neva Underhill 
George Moon 
George. O’Neill 
Harry Hawkins 


159 


Debtor 


1917—Alexandria 

Mildred Yule 

Will Marble 

Eleanor Twamley 
1918—Sioux Falls 

Nels Richardson 

Fred Freese 

Alex Reid 
1919—Lead 

Florence Searle 

Elsie Rodeniser 

Helena Jacobson 
1920—Burke 

Mildred Zellhoefer 

Walker Davis 

Susie Church 
1921—Canton 

Gladys Rowe 

Francis Hummer 

Lave Frickstad 
1922—Tyndall 

Lawrence Newmark 

Howard McBurney 

John Sattler 
1923—Watertown 

Elizabeth Gilliland 

Herbert Lebert 

Frederick Noonan 
1924—-Sioux Falls 

Palmer Larson 

Clarence Jacobson 

Russell Smith 
1925—Tyndall 

Ruth Robinson 

Abbie Wagner 

Joe Chladek 

Fred Wright 


Debtor.- In South Dakota law a debt- 
or is one who by reason of an existing 
obligation is liable to pay money to 
another; he may pay one creditor in 
preference to another, or may give 
one creditor security in preference to 
another; but every transfer of his 
property or obligation incurred or 
court proceeding taken with intent to 
delay payment or to defraud any cred- 
itor is void; he holds his estate in 
trust for the benefit of his creditors; 
every transfer of his personal prop- 
erty, not evidenced by the transfer of 


Decorations 


the property to the vendee, is fraud- 
ulent, unless a chattel mortgage or 
bill of sale is at once executed and 
filed in the office of the register of 
deeds; but the question of fraudulent 
intent is a fact to be proven and not 
presumed. 





Code, 2036-2065. 


Decorations. See Capitol. 


Decorations, War, U. S. Army. See 
War, 13, Decorations. 


Declamatory League; South Dakota 
High School. This organization was 
effected in 1911 and with the excep- 
tion of 1912 has held annual contests 
each year; after the first the contests 
have been divided into two classes, 
oratorical and dramatic; the state is 
divided into 12 districts of convenient 
size and honors are determined by 


eliminating contests beginning in the 
local school thence through inter- 
school meets, and through the dis- 
tricts ultimately consummated in the 
state contest. The winners have been; 
for first and second places respective- 
ly: 

1911. Leona Manbeck, 
William L. Kelly, Mitchell. 

1912. Oratorical: Ednora Stegner, 
Sioux Falls. Committed: Herbert Ru- 
dolph, Canton; Irving Mumford, Ho- 
ward. Dramatic: Bernice Loveall, 
Scotland; Florence Patterson, Lake 
Preston. 


1913. Oratorical: 


Armour; 


Hubert Mathews, 
Brookings; Paul Heberlein, Wessing- 
ton Springs. Dramatic: Lela Lind, 
Brookings; Inez Stoner, Lead. 


1914. Oratorical: Hubert Mathews, 
Brookings; George Ruth, Mitchell. 
Dramatic: Vesta Murray, Mitchell; 


Josephine Maxam, Lake Preston. 
1915. Oratorical: Howard C. Wheel- 
er, Deadwood; Lela B. Lind, Brook- 
ings. Dramatic: Leonore Markham, 
Lead; Hazel Clark, Armour. 
1916. Oratorical: Clifford Jones, 
Waubay; Lawrence Coole, 


Platte. 


160 


Deer 


Dramatic: Biva Wyant, Deadwood; 
Liby Dawson, Canistota. 

1917. Oratorical: Leon McCarthy, 
Clark; Marie Cilla, Rapid City. Dra- 
matic; Marion Tarleton, Miller; Esth- 
er Belton, Lake Norden. : 
O’Hair, 


1918. Oratorical: Carl 
Brookings; Olive Hooper, Mobridge. 
Dramatic: Winifred Brewer, Woon- 


socket; Murial Garber, Yankton. 


1919. Oratorical: Marvin Kemp, 
Pierre; Dean McSloy, Sioux Falls. 
Dramatic: Bertha Banton, Yankton; 


Florence Johnson, Mitchell. 


1920. Oratorical: Dean McSloy, 
Sioux Falls; Ida Livernash, Rapid 
City; Dramatic: Lucile Smith, Rapid 
City; Luverne Morgan, Centerville. 

1921. Oratorical: J. Stewart Neary, 
Lead; Lawrence Murphy, Alexandria. 
Dramatic: Catherine Bonesteel, Water- 
town; Mildred McClue, Belle Fourche. 


1922. Oratorical: Charles A, How- 
ard, Aberdeen; Howard McBurney, 
Tyndall. Dramatic: Marion McCorm- 
ack, Sioux Falls; Margaret McIntyre, 
Lead. 

1923. Oratorical: Clarence Jacob- 
son, Sioux Falls; George Yates, Lead. 
Dramatic: Genevive Dunn, Miller; Ida 
Livernash, Mitchell. 


1924. Oratorical: Bartlett Boyle, 
Hot Springs; Harold Faivall, Water- 
town. Dramatic: Dorothea Love, 


Miller; Marion Ferguson, Woonsocket. 


Dedication. See Capitol, Dedication 
of. : 


Deeds. See Grants. 


Deep Run Creek flows into the Chey- 
enne River from the south in northern 
Haakon County. 


Deer. Deer were formerly abundant: 
along all of the wooded streams of 
the State; but since the settlement 
they are chiefly found in the Black 
Hills, where they are carefully pro- 
tected by law. The open season for 
deer is confined to the month of No- 
vember and no person may hunt and 
kill deer who has not secured a State 


Deer Creek 


‘license therefor. To residents of the 
State the fee is five dollars. Such 
licensed resident may kill no more 
than one deer in one year. 


Deer Creek is an affluent of the 
Big Sioux River in eastern Brookings 
County. 


Deerfield is a post office in western 
Pennington County. The banking and 
shipping point is Hill City, 20 miles 
southeast. 


Deer Mountain is in central Law- 
rence County. 


Deermont is a post office in north- 
ern Butte County. The banking and 
shipping point is Newell, 25 miles 
southwest. 


Deer’s Ear Butte is in northeastern 
Butte County. 


D’Eglise, Jacques, was an enterpris- 
ing trader on the Upper Missouri River 
as early as 1790. There are no ayail- 
able vital records. He spent the win- 
ter of 1794-5 with the Arickara at 
Ashley Island and established trade 
there upon a sound and profitable 
basis, equitable to all. He was still 
upon the river in 1804. 





Hist., VII, 405. 


De Grey is a post office in southern 
Hughes County. The banking point 
is Blunt, 22 miles northwest, and the 
shipping point is Canning, 12 miles 
northwest. 


DeGrey, Charles, 1823-1877; born at 
Omaha; a mixed blood; he lived his 
last years at the mouth of Chapelle 
Creek, Hughes County. P. O., DeGrey 
was named for him. 


DeLand, Charles Edmund, 1854- 4 
born at Kirkland, New York, January 
6. Graduate of Whitestown Seminary; 
came to Illinois and studied law; ad- 


Dells, The 


“mitted to practice, 1878; was steno- 


161 


graphic reporter of the circuit court 
until 1883, when he located at Pierre 
where he has since practiced his pro- 
fession. He has written extensively 
and is versatile. He has published 
“DeLand’s Trial Practice and Plead- 
ing” and _ several annotated hand- 
books of laws and practices. He was 
reporter of the Supreme Court, 1912- 
1921. Mr. DeLand has two romances, 
“The White Medicine,” and “The 
Physchic Trio,” which have given him 
distinction.. His ‘The Mis-Trials of 
Jesus” has been the subject of wide 
discussion. A miscellaneous volume, 
“Thoughts Afield,” contains sketches 
and addresses. History has been his 
favorite avocation and on this he has 
studied and written extensively. 
Chiefly, he has contributed his histor- 
ical studies to the Collections of the 
Materials of History of the Department 
of History. (See Materials of History.) 
In 1924 he visited Europe and the 
Holy Land and his observations there 
have been the subject of several ad- 
dresses. 


“DeLand’s Trial Practice and Appel- 
late Procedure,” by Charles. E. De- 
Land (q. v.).. A hand book for trial 
lawyers, with annotated statutes of 
N. and S. Dakota, 1896. 


Dell Rapids is a city in northern 
Minnehaha County. The State Odd 
Fellows Home is situated here. Gran- 
ite quarries are in the vicinity. Popu- 
lation, see census. “The Times Tri- 
bune,” established in 1884, is its news- 


paper. 


Dells, The, is a beautiful split in 
the red rock through which the Big 
Sioux River formerly flowed, south of 
Dell Rapids. It is finely wooded and 
a popular resort. 


Deloria (Des Lauriers), Rev. Philip J. 


Deloria (Des Lauriers) Rev. Philip 
J., 1855- ; born near Mobridge, a 
Yankton Sioux. Converted to the 
Episcopal faith in 1870, received a 
good education and has been for a 
third of a century a priest of the 
Episcopal Church, located near Wak- 


pala. A man of sense and piety. His 
Indian name is Tipi Sapa (“Black 
Tent’). 





See beginning of the book, ‘‘The People 
of Tipi Sapa,’’ by Sarah E. Olden. 


DeMaligon, H. R., 1860-1918; born 
in New York on February 19th; set- 
tled in Walworth County in 1886 and 
engaged in farming; held various coun- 
ty offices; later engaged in the farm 
machinery business at Selby; legisla- 
tor,. 1903, 1905. 


Delmont, in eastern Douglas Coun- 
ty on the Milwaukee Railway, was 
founded in 1886. It is surrounded by 
a fertile and prolific farming region. 
“The Delmont Record” is its news- 
paper. Population, see census. 


Dempster is a village in eastern 
Hamlin County. Established in 1884 
by the Winona & St. Peter Ry. Nam- 
ed for Wm. Dempster of Chicago, the 
original owner of the town site. Pop- 
ulation, see census. 


Dentistry. The practice of dentistry 
in South Dakota is regulated by a 
board of five dentists appointed by 
the governor from a list of eligible 
persons prepared by the South Dakota 
Dental Society. The board is self- 
sustaining from fees for registration. 
No persons shall practice dentistry in 
South Dakota without first obtaining 
a license from the State dental board 
after passing a satisfactory examina- 
tion. 





Code, 7746-7755. 


Derr, Homer M. 


Deposits. A depositary is a person 
who has the possession of personal 
property of another, either by his 
own consent or involuntarily, if the 
matter is accidently left in his pos- 
session without negligence on the part 
of the owner; or, if in case of great 
emergency, as fire, shipwreck, riot or 
the like, the owner out of necessity 
commits it to his care; the depositary 
in such cases is bound to take charge 
of such-property if he is able to do 
so. The depositary must deliver the 
thing to the person for whose benefit 
it was deposited on demand and the 
payment of his necessary and reason- 
able charges; if a third person makes 
claim to the property deposited, the 
depositary must promptly notify the 
person for whose benefit it was de- 
posited. The depositor must indemni- 
fy the depositary for all expenses and 
damages sustained by him in keeping 
the goods; a depositary of living ani- 
mals must provide them with suitable 
food and shelter and treat them kind- 
ly; he must not use the deposit or 
permit it to be used without the con- 
sent of the depositor; if it is enclos- 
ed or packed he may not open it, ex- 
cept in case of necessity. If the 
thing deposited is in danger of perish- 
ing he must sell it at the best price 


obtainable. 


162 





Code, 969-992. 


Derr, Homer M., 1872- ; born at 
Turbotville, Pennsylvania, Feb. 5th; 
educated, Stanford University, Colum- 
bia University School of Mines and 
University of Pennsylvania; came to 
S. Dak. in 1907; Civil Engineer in 
State College at Brookings; appointed 
State Engineer by Governor Byrne 
(1913-19); author of “A Method of 
Petrographic Analysis,” “The Siliceous 


De Smet 


Oolites of Sweet Water County, Wy- 
oming.”’ 


De Smet is a city in central Kings- 
bury County. Founded in 1880 by the 
Western Town Lot Co. Named in 
henor of Father Peter John De Smet, 
S. J., the “Apostle of the Indians.” 
Population, see census. “The News,” 
established in 1880, and the ‘“Kings- 
bury County Independent,” established 
in 1890, are its newspapers. 


De Smet, Pierre-Jean, 1801-1873; born 
at Termonde, Belgium, January 30th. 
He had a twin sister, Coleta. He was 
educated at the Seminary at Malines; 
upon graduation in 1821 he at once 
sailed for America upon the brig “Co- 
lumbus,” fired with ‘missionary zeal. 
He began his novitiate at White- 
marsh, Maryland, near Georgetown; 
but two years later he removed to 
Florissant, near St. Louis, where in 
1827 he was ordained a priest of the 
Society of Jesus.. For six years there- 
after he worked in and about St. 
Louis. In 1833 he returned to Europe 
for his health, remaining there two 
years. Not until 1838 did he take up 
the big business of his life, in mission- 
ary effort among the Indian tribes of 
the West. His first mission was at 
Council Bluffs, Iowa, where he min- 
istered to the Potawatomies. These 
bands were suffering from the forays 
made against them by the renegade 
Sioux under Wamdesapa, the father of 
the notorious Inkapaduta, and in 1839 
Father DeSmet met the old chief by 
appointment at Fort Vermillion and en- 
deavored to negotiate an agreement 
with him. Wamdesapa was affable, 
but continued his horse-stealing and 
pilfering enterprises against his Iowa 
neighbors. This was DeSmet’s 
first venture into South Dakota. In 
the spring of 1840 Father DeSmet went 


163 


De Smet, Pierre-Jean 


to the Flatheads, upon the head-waters 
of the Columbia River and founded a 
mission there. He accompanied the 
American Fur Company brigade, go- 
ing out by way of Laramie, but re- 
turned by way of the Missouri, and 
en route stopped at Fort Pierre. He 
arrived in St. Louis on December 31, 
1840 and at once set about raising 
funds for the maintenance of his Flat- 
head mission; successfully securing 
funds he returned to his mission, go- 
ing out by way of Laramie and Fort 
Hall in the spring of 1841. Getting 
things finely established, he returned 
to St. Louis via the Missouri,  for- 
tunately “catching a ride” from Fort 
Union upon a steamboat. 


In 1843-he again visited Europe to 
secure recruits and funds for the work 
among the Indians of the West. He 
returned to America in 1844 in a sail- 
ing ship, via Cape Horn, to the mouth 
of the Columbia River, being seven 
months en route. He remained upon 
the Columbia for more than two years 
and returned to St. Louis im December 
1846 via the Missouri, having made 
the voyage in a skiff. He again went 
to Europe and returned in 1848 and 
that year made his famous trip to 
the Badlands of South Dakota. There- 
after very much of his missionary ef- 
fort was devoted to the Sioux of this 
region. Perhaps no other individual 
ever had so great influence with these 
people. Until his death he devoted 
himself utterly to their fortunes and 
was the chief mediary between them 
and the U. S. government in the time 
of the Redcloud War. He died at St. 
Louis, May 23, 1878. 





“Western Missions and Missionaries,’’ 


“Father DeSmet’s Life and “Travels 
among the North American Indians,’’ 
edited by H. M. Chittenden and Alfred 


Talbot Richardson, 
P. Harper, 1904. 


New York, Francis 


Deuel County 


Deuel County. Created, 1862; organ- 
ized, 1878. First white settlement at 
Chanonpa (Two Woods) Lake before 
1836. Modern settlement by Henry 
H. Herrick (q. v.) at Gary; named for 
Jacob S. Deuel (q. v.). Consists of 
Townships 113, 114, 115, 116 and 117 
north, of ranges 48, 49 and 50 west 
P. M. and also that portions of town- 
ships 113, 114, 115, 116 and 117 north, 
of range 47 which lies within the state 
of South Dakota. Area, 404,480 acres. 
County seat at Gary from organiza- 
tion until 1886 when it was removed 
to Clear Lake after a bitter contest. 





Deuel, Jacob, 1830-18....; b., New 
York; settled at Vermillion, 1860; 
member, Territorial council, 1862, 
1863; removed to Nebraska; Deuel 
County, South Dakota, and Deuel 
County, Nebraska, were named for 
him. 
liste Nadas 


Development Congress. Beginning 
in June, 1910, annual mass conven- 
tions of citizens were held at places 
designated for the discussion of meth- 
ods for State development and the con- 
servation of the State’s resources. 
Much enthusiasm was displayed and 
the attendance was large. They neces- 
sarily were inspirational in _ their 
methods and results. 


Devil’s Island is opposite the gorge 
of Little Bend on its upper side. 


Dewey is a post office in southwest 
Custer County. The banking point 
is Edgemont, 3 miles southeast. 


Dewey County, created, 1875; organ- 
ized, 1912; named for William P. 
Dewey (q. v.). Boundaries begin at 
the intersection of the north line of 
township 17 north, with the main 
channel of the Missouri River; thence 
west along said township line to the 


Diamonds 


west line of range 22 east, B. H. M.; 
thence south on said range line to the 
fourth standard parallel; thence east 
on north line of sections 19, 20, 21, 


22, 23, and 24 of township 12 north, of 


ranges 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 
30 east of the B. H. M. to the center of 
the main channel of the Missouri Riv- 
er; thence up said main channel to 
the place of beginning. Area, 1,220,480 
acres. 





Code, p. 145 (Introduction). 


Dewey, V. R., 1868- ; born at 
Story City, Iowa, September 6th; 
came to South Dakota in 1917, locat- 
ing at Parker, Turner Co.; engaged 
in farming and stock raising; held 
various township and school offices; 
legislator, 1923. 


Dewey, William Pitt, —... -1900; U. 
S. Surveyor; Dewey County is named 
for him. 


Dewitt is a discontinued post office 
in northern Perkins County. The 
banking and shipping point and post 
office is Lemmon, 12 miles north. 


DeWitt, Franklin J., 1824-1898; b. 
Pennsylvania; leader in Dakota Land 
Company at Sioux Falls, 1857; Indian 
trader on Missouri River until 1878; 
in Yankton, 1867; mayor, 2 years; in 
legislature, 1867. 


Dexter, “Fi N., =e La ; came to 
Miner County in 1883 and engaged in 
the livery business at Canova; county 
commissioner; legislator, 1903, 1905. 


Diamond is a former post office in 
northeastern Roberts County; bank- 
ing place and post office is Rosholt, 9 
miles north. 


Diamonds. Many valuable crystals 
and an occasional diamond have been 
found in the glacial gravels of the 
eastern portion of the State, which 


164 


Dickens Club 


evidently were borne there by the ice. 
In 1871 a small diamond was found 
near Maxwell’s Mill on the James 
River in Hutchinson County; near by 
a fine brilliant was picked up and sev- 
eral garnets of good quality. Great 
excitement prevailed and numerous 
expeditions visited the region. Cry- 
stals, brilliants and rarely small dia- 
monds are found in the moraines of 
the eastern coteau, but they are all of 
glacial origin and the finding of them 
is not significant. 


Dickens Club is a literary club or- 
ganized at the State Capital contemp- 
oraneously with admission in 1889 
and still maintained and active. 


Dickson, Col. Robert, 17.....-1823; b., 
Scotland; English agent in charge of 
operations in the West during War of 
1812. He was married to the sister 
of Red Thunder, a chief of the Cut- 
head Yanktonais, who lived on Elm 
River; known to the Chippewas as 
Shappa, “the beaver” (the Dakota 
word being Chapa). He was trading 
with the Sioux in 1790. His efforts 
to utilize the Sioux of the Mississippi 
in the English interest were practical- 
ly nullified by the finesse of Manuel 
Lisa, who from his post in central 
South Dakota kept the eastern Sioux 
in a state of alarm. Died at Queens- 
town (Ontario) Canada, 1823. 





T21Se.,5 11.) 80; 680-6, 917 LV, 3975 “XT, -93, 
pa-o, 219. Minn. Hist. Coll.,” I, 390; XIV, 
176. “Wis. Hist. Coll.,”’ XX, 353. 


Dickson, William, 1796-1839; mixed 
blood son of Colonel Robert Dickson 
(q. v.) the notable agent of the Eng- 
lish in the War of 1812. He was a 
cousin of the renowned Waanatan 
(Waneta). He was well educated. 
Employed by Amer. Fur Co., 1824-38. 
Was guide and interpreter for Nicol- 


165 


Dillman, Raymond L. 


lett and Fremont, 1839. He committed 
suicide at Fort Vermillion. 





Hist FX, 100; X, .19,,113. 


Dictionaries. See Literature of 


South Dakota. 


‘Dictionary, Dakota. Dr. Stephen R. 
Rigg’s “Dictionary of the Dakota Lan- 
guage,’ made with the assistance of 
Dr. Thomas S. Williamson and other 
missionaries in Minnesota, was writ- 
ten at Lac qui Parle, Minnesota, 1835- 
51; published, 1852, together with a 
Dakota Grammar (q. v.); revised edi- 
tion, 1890. It has been an important 
element in the civilization of the Da- 
kota Indians and has standardized that 
language. Dr. John P. Williamson’s 
“English-Dakota Dictionary” is a 
purely South Dakota product, com- 
piled at Greenwood, Charles Mix Coun- 
ty. It is a small, convenient hand- 
book and generally follows the line 
of Dr. Rigg’s Dictionary and grammar, 
but gives the Teton variants from the 
Santee, in which the Riggs books are 
written. First edition was printed in 
1869; second edition, 1871; third edi- 
tion, 1886, printed at Yankton Agency; 
last edition, 1902. See Grammar, Da- 
kota. 





‘““Mary and I,’’ 40-1, 73, 95-6, 141-3, 145-6, 
366; “John P: Williamson,” 1380, 252-3. 
Hist, sb painontsset oe coos, LIT” 156: 


Digest of Cases. See Tilton’s Di- 
gest. McCoy’s Digest. 


Dillman, Raymond L., 1877- 
born at Marshall, Minnesota, Novem- 
ber 4th; moved to Grant County, S. 
Dak., in 1885; educated at S. Dak. 
State College and University of Min- 
nesota Law School; moved to Timber 
Lake in 1910; State’s attorney of 
Dewey County in 1912; Circuit Judge, 
1913-23; attorney for State R. R. Com- 


mission since 1923. 
3 


Dillon, Judge Charles Hall 


Dillon, Judge Charles Hall, 1853- : 
born in Jasper, Indiana; educated at 
State University, Bloomington, Indi- 
ana; came to Mitchell, S. Dak., in 
1882 and practiced law for fourteen 
years; moved to Yankton 1894; State 
Senator, 1903 1905, 1907, 1909; in Con- 
gress from 1913 to 1919; member, 
State supreme court since 1923. 





Kingsbury, IV, 367. 

Dillon, J. Rees, 1877- ; born at 
Sterling, Illinois, October 29th; came 
to Perkins Co., South Dakota in 1897; 
engaged in stock raising; county 
commissioner for four years; legis- 
IALOT AU lo. ot. ee DRY. 


Dimock is a village in northwestern 
Hutchinson County. Population, see 
census. 


Dimock, Warren, ; born, in 
Avoca, Wisconsin; located at Menno, 
Hutchinson County, in 1889; lawyer; 
has been state’s attorney and county 
judge; mayor of Menno, 7 years; State 
Senator, 1925. 


Dingsor, Ole H., 1863- ; Sum- 
mit; born in Norway, May 13th; 
came to Grant County in 1892 and 
engaged in farming; held various 
township and school offices; legisla- 
tor, 1907, 1909. 


Dinoceras. A great mammal of the 
Miocene strata which used to gambol 
over the glades of western South Da- 


kota. He was also called a uintather- 
ium. 
Dinosaur. A great lizard of the 


mesozoic age. A sort of cross be- 
tween a gigantic bird and a reptile. 
They were numerous in western South 
Dakota. 


Diocese. A Catholic bishop’s juris- 
diction. South Dakota is divided into 


the diocese of Lead (the region west 
® 


166 


Disasters 


of the Missouri) and the diocese of 
Sioux Falls, for the eastern section. 


Diphtheria is a virulent disease, both 
contagious and infectious, which has 
been shorn of its terror by the ad- 
vancement of medical science but 
which in early territorial days was 
frequently fatally epidemic. A frightful 
epidemic swept Bon Homme, Hutch- 
inson and Turner Counties in 1879. It 
is probable that it was very fatal 
among the fut-traders. (It appears 
that Sa-kaka-wea, the noted guide to 
Lewis and Clark, died of this pesti- 
lence at Fort Manuel in 1812. 





Hist., X, 443: XII, 67. 
+ 


Disbrow, A. S., 1856- * born in 
Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin, Feb- 
ruary 15th; came to Union County, 
Dakota in 1873; engaged in farming; 
held various school and township of- 
fices and in banking business; legis- 
lator, 1917; P. O., Alcester. 


Discovery of Gold. See Black Hills, 
5. 


“Dissolving Circle, The” is a ro- 
mance of Sioux Falls by Dr. Will O. 
Lillibridge. 


Distad, E. E., 1846- ; born in 
Norway; came to America in 1848 and 
to Deuel Co., Dakota in 1879 and en- 
gaged in farming; has been county 
commissioner, seven years and county 
treasurer, four years; legislator, 1903. 


Disasters. Several notable disasters 
have occurred in Dakota history, 
among which are the following: 


1881. Great floods following the 
winter of deepest snows known in the 
region. At Watertown, ten feet, six 
inches of snow fell. This is perhaps 
about the average; unusual and long 
protracted cold, froze the rivers to 
great depth. When winter broke the 
floods surpassed all precedents. The 


Distances, Table of 


break-up of the Missouri River came 
upon March 26th. The village of Ver- 
million, then located below the hill, 
was destroyed; at Yankton tremend- 
ous damage was caused and at Sioux 
Falls the Sioux River created great 
havoc. The loss of life was not great 
but the suffering was intense and the 
loss of property was a great blow to 
the feeble settlements. 

1882. The new asylum for the in- 
sane, erected the previous year, was 


burned, April 2; five male inmates 
were cremated. 

1888. Storm of Jan. 12; 112 citi- 
zens of South Dakota perished. See 
blizzard. 

1897. Girls dormitory at State 


“Training School, Plankinton, burned, 
October 5. Seven inmates lost their 
lives. See Gov. Lee’s message, 1899. 

1899. On February 15, a cottage at 
the Yankton Insane Hospital burned, 
destroying seventeen inmates. 

1924. June 14, the State was swept 
by a windstorm that destroyed much 


property and eight lives. See Fires: 
Floods. 
Robinson, I, 306, 387; Kingsbury, II, 


5-7. 


135i, °1230;; Hist., X, 52 


Distances, Table of. See Missouri 


River, 7. 

Distinguished Service Cross—and 
Medal. See under War, 13, Decora- 
tions. 


Distinguished South Dakotans. See 


South Dakotans of Note. 


Districts, Judicial. See Courts, Cir- 


cuit, 8. 


Divorce. The story of divorce is one 
of the interesting chapters in South 
Dakota history. The first legislatures 
of Dakota Territory granted divorces 
by direct enactment and without no- 
tice to the. defendant. This custom 
was stopped by the veto of Governor 
Newton Edmunds. A simple court pro- 
cedure was then established by law. 
For one year, 1866-67, the drastic di- 
vorce law of New York was in force, 


167 


Dokken, O. C. 


recognizing as the only grounds for 
divorce, adultery and imprisonment 
for life. The next session re-enacted 
the liberal code. Learning that di- 
vorce was easily secured in the Terri- 
tory parties began coming here to 
secure separations and the business 
grew into a great national scandal. 
The privilege was abused and parties 
frequently secured divorces without 
having in good faith established resi- 
dence at all. The evil business con- 
tinued until a referred act was ap- 
proved by the people at the election 
of 1908, which put an end to the 
scandalous proceedings. 





Hist., X, 20-1: XII, 268 (‘Divorce in 
Dakota’’). 


Dixon is a village in northern Greg- 
ory County. Population, see census. 
> born at 


Doane, Floyd T., 1897- : 
Tecumseh, Nebraska, October 19; 
A. B., Nebraska Teachers College; 
studied U. of Chicago; prof. chemis- 
try, Dakota Wesleyan, since 1920. 


Doctors. See Medicine. 


Doering, John, 1868- ; born in 
Southern Russia, February 2nd; came 
to South Dakota in 1880, settling at 
Menno and shortly afterwards moved 
to Parkston, Hutchinson Co.; ran a 
grist mill and branched into the ele- 
vator and grain buying business; State 
Senator, 1905, 1907. 


Dog’s Ear Creek rises in southern 
central Tripp County and flows north 
through Winner to White River. 


Dokken, O. C., 1858- ; born in 
Eidsvold, Norway; came to the U. S. 
in 1869 and located in Rushford, 
Minn.; four years later he moved to 
Deuel County, S. D.; educated at Man- 
kato Normal School; county superin- 
tendent of schools, Deuel County, 
1888-94; engaged in general merchan- 


Doland 


dising and banking in Toronto; State 
commissioner of School and Public 
Lands, 1907-11. 


Doland is a town in eastern Spink 
County. Founded in 1882 by the West- 
ern Town Lot Co. Named for F. H. 
Doland, of Chicago, who once owned 
the ground where the city is now situ- 
ated. Ships much wool. Population, 
see census. ‘“‘The Times Record,” es- 
tablished in 1882, is its newspaper. 


Dollard, Maj. Robert, 1842-1912; born 
in Fall River, Massachusetts, March 
14; entered the Civil War at first 
call for troops and rendered import- 
ant service until the end of the con- 
flict. Came to Dakota in 1879 locat- 
ing in Douglas county and at once 
entered into the contest to defeat 
the spurious bonds issued by the 
fraudulent Brown organization of that 
county and was entirely successful; 
settled in law practice at Scotland, 
and was first attorney general of 
South Dakota; served in the Senate 
of 1893. Removed to Santa Monica, 
California, where he died. He pub- 
lished a volume of reminiscences of 
the Civil War and of his life in South 
Dakota. 


Dolliver, Rev. Robert H., 1856-1911; 
born in Virginia; brother of U. S. 
Senator Dolliver of Iowa; Methodist 
pastor, Yankton, 1882-3. 


Dolphees Island is in the first bend 
below Cheyenne River Agency. 

Dolton is a town in northwestern 
Turner County. Population, see cen- 
sus. 


“Dominant Dollar, The” is a Sioux 
Falls story, by Dr. Will O. Lillibridge. 


Donaldson’s Catlin. An exhaustive 
study of Catlin’s Indian portraits in 
the Indian Gallery of the U. S. Mus- 
eum, involving the reproduction of 


168 


Douglas County 


most of the matter contained in “The 
North American Indians.” The work 
is by Thomas Donaldson and is print- 
ed as a special publication of the 
Smithsonian Institution of 1895. 


Donaldson’s Letters concerning Gen. 
Custer’s “Black Hills Expedition,” 
1874. He was correspondent of the 
“St. Paul Pioneer Press.” A. B. Don- 
aldson was a professor, Minn. State 
University, 1868-73. 





Hist., VII, 554 note. 


Donohoe, Cary A., 1860- ; born 
in Clarksburg, Ohio, October 25th; 
came to Tripp County, South Dakota 
in 1909; studied law and engaged in 
mercantile business at Witten; legis- 
lator, 1915. 


Doughty, C. T., 1865- ; Brook- 
ings; born at Durand, Wis.; came to 
Brookings Co., Dakota 1880; engaged in 
farming; deputy county treasurer; 
county treasurer, four years; State 
Senator, 1905. 


Dougherty, P. W., 1867- ; born in 
Fond du Lac, Wis., Aug. 4th; edu- 
cated at Minnesota University Law 
School; came to South Dakota in 
1893, locating at Dell Dapids; at- 
torney; moved to Pierre in 1913 and, 
under the Attorney General, had 
charge of trial of passenger rate and 
express rate cases for the State; State 
Railroad Commissioners, 1914-19. Lives 
at Webster, Day Co. 


Douglas, Mrs. Aken. ‘See Beryl. 


Douglas, Thomas A., 1840- ; born 
in Niagara, New York, November 3; 
veteran civil war; settled in Dakota 
1883; member territorial legislature 
1889. 


Douglas County. Created, 1873; or- 
ganized, 1882. Named for Stephen A. 
Douglas. Begins at northwest corner 


Dowdell, Robert E. 


township 100 north, of range 66 west 
5th P. M.; thence east to the eastern 
boundary of range 62; thence south 
betwen ranges 61 and 62 to the north- 
ern boundary of Charles Mix County; 
thence westerly along the northern 
boundary of Charles Mix Co., to the 
western boundary of range 66; thence 
north upon the last named range line 
to place of beginning. First settlers, 
Robert Dollard and R. Gage, near 
Tripp, 1878. Population, see census. 
Area, 278,400 acres. County seat was 
first at Brownsdale; removed in 1882 
to Houston; removed in same year 
to Grandview, where it remained until 
1894, when it was moved to Armour. 
From 1889 there was constant agita- 
tion for its removal. 





@ode,.p; 145. 

Dowdell, Robert E., 1857- ; born 
at Ogdensburg, N. Y.; came to Dakota 
in 1877; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; held numerous county offices; 
member, Territorial Board of Agricul- 
ture, 1888-9; legislator, 1895; State 
Senator, 1907, 1917, 1925;  P. O., Ar- 
tesian, Sanborn Co., S. D. 


Dowling is a p. o. in the northwest- 
ern part of Haakon County. The ship- 
ping and banking point is Cottonwood, 
37 miles south. Population, see cen- 
sus. 


Doyle is a discontinued postoffice in 
the southwestern part of Meade Coun- 
ty. The banking point is Sturgis, 12 
miles northwest and the shipping 
point is Tilford, 2144 miles northeast. 


Draft. See War. 
Drake, Charles F., 1845- ; Ethan; 
born in Theresa, New York; Civil 


War veteran; came to Davison Coun- 
ty in 1881 and engaged in farming 
and dealing in stock; county commis- 


169 


Drifting Goose Reservation 


sioner for many years; legislator, 


1909. 


Draper is a town in eastern Jones 
County. Shipping point for livestock. 
Population, see census. “The Demo- 
crat,” established in 1908, is its news- 
paper. 

Dredge. In placer mining a dredge- 
boat is sometimes used, in which the 
water of the stream is confined to 
float the boat, and the gravel by end- 
less chain dredges, is carried over the 
boat and washed in its passage, de- 
positing the gold content in riffles. 
It was worked with no great success 
in some of the placers of the Black 
Hills. In 1910 Sherman and Son, of 
Pactola, placed such a dredge in Castle 
Creek placer, near Mystic, and ope- 
rated it for some months, but found 
it unprofitable. 


Drew is a post office in southern 
Perkins County. The shipping point 
is Faith, 46 miles southeast, and the 
banking point is Bison, 17 miles north- 
east. 


Drifting Goose Reservation. Drift- 
ing Goose, a Yanktonais, lived with 
his band of 108 people upon the James 
River in Spink County and had not 
joined in the treaty of 1868 for the 
relinguishment of his lands. When 
the government undertook to survey 
the region he protested and: made 
peacable, resistance, endeavoring, 
without resorting to actual war, to 
keep away the surveyors and settlers. 
In June, 1873, General Beadle, then 
surveyor general, drove with a con- 
siderable outfit up the James Valley 
from Yankton to Jamestown. When 
he reached the Drifting Goose domain, 
the braves gathered about him and 
tried to bluff the party out and send 
them back. They unhitched the horses 
from the wagon, but did nothing actu- 


Drips, Andrew 


ally hostile and failing to frighten 
the general allowed him to proceed. 
In September, 1878, Thomas Marshall, 
having the contract to survey that 
portion of Spink County, went into 
the region with a complete surveying 
outfit and was met with a strong pro- 
test. Proceeding with his work, the 
Indians caught one of his men, strip- 
ped him naked, fired guns around him 
and nearly frightened the life out-of 
him. Marshall could not be bluffed 
and the Indians allowed the survey to 
“proceed. An investigation of the sit- 
uation by Bishop Whipple and others 
found the Indian’s claim well founded 


and in June, 1879, President Hayes 
issued an executive order setting 
aside townships 119, 120 and 121, 


range 63, as Drifting Goose Reserva- 
tion. Having title to his lands the 
old chief set about to assert his rights 
and undertook to evict all settlers 
upon his lands. This incited a panic 
among the settlers in the vicinity, out- 
side the reservation and many left 
their lands; a detachment of troops 
was sent down from Fort Sisseton 
and presently Drifting Goose entered 
into an arrangement with the govern- 
ment by which he relinquished his 
rights in exchange for lands upon the 
Crow Creek reservation and the res- 
ervation on the James River was re- 
opened. 





Hist., III, 105. Kingsbury, II, 1053. 
dian, 1878, p. 26 1879-24. 


Drips, Andrew, 1789-1860; native of 
Pennsylvania; prohibition  enforce- 
ment officer, with headquarters at Fort 
Pierre, 1842-1845. His jurisdiction ex- 
tended from the Platte to the Yel- 
lowstone, and he was charged with 
enforcing the law _ prohibiting the 
transportation or sale of intoxicants 
in the Indian country. 


In- 


Hist., IX, 169-74; 179, 189-92. 


170 


| Ducks. 


Driscoll, James Lowell, 1895- : 
born Lead, Jan. 24; graduate Phillips 


Exeter; veteran World War; State 
treasurer since 1923. 
Driscoll, Robert E., 1888- ; born 


at Central City, S. Dak., February 
16th; grad., Mich. and Harvard Univs.; 
engaged in banking in Lead; legisla- 
tor, 1919. 

; born 


Driscoll, Robert H., 1857- ; 
Lowell, Mass., July 1; graduate, Harv- 
ard; long engaged in educational 
work; supt. Lead schools 3 years; 
cashier First National Bank Lead 
since 1894; father of James Lowell 
and Robert E. Driscoll, (q. v.) 


Dry Chouteau Creek is the dry valley 
that forms the eastern boundary of 
Charles Mix County. 


“Dry Farming” is a treatise upon 
successful farming of sub-humid lands 
without irrigation, by E. R. Parsons. 


Dry Wood Lake is in central west- 
ern Roberts County. 


Duck Creek is a northern branch of 
Grand River in Perkins County. 


Ducharme, Cuthbert, “Old Papi- 
neau,” 1827-1903; a desperate frontiers- 
man who resided in western Charles 
Mix County from 1857; he was a drink- 
er and under the influence of intoxi- 
cants was a veritable demon; he died 
an inmate of the hospital for the in- 
sane at Yankton. 


Ducks. Many species of wild ducks 
are found generally in the State; they 
are rapidly increasing since the Fed- 
eral and State governments from 1907 
have co-operated to prevent spring 
shooting and confined the autumn 
open season to a few months. Ducks 
may be hunted and killed only by 
licensed hunters and only between 
September 16 and December 31. No 


Duck Creek’ 


more than 25 shall be killed in one 
day by a single hunter. See article 
upon birds. 
Duck Creek is a discontinued post 
office in Central Perkins County. 
; born 


Dudley, George W., 1871- ; 
at Homerville, Ohio; engaged in gen- 
eral mercantile business at  Cani- 
stota, McCook Co., and land and live- 
stock in Sully Co., resided at Cani- 
stota since 1884; established a free li- 
brary and reading room in his home 
town; legislator, 1909. 


Dugan is a post office in northern 
Corson County. Banking and shipping 
point is McIntosh. 


Du Lac. See Perrin du Lac. 


Dumont is a railroad station in cen- 
tral Lawrence County. The banking 
and shipping point is HMnglewood, 5 
miles north. 


Dunbar, Bertrand, 1871- ; born 
Brunswick, Ohio, Sept. 9; A. B., Ohio 
Wesleyan; A. M. U. of Chicago; head 
chemistry dept.’ State College since 


1911. 

Duncan, George, 1848- ; born at 
Raslin, Ontario, December 11th; came 
to Woonsocket, South Dakota, in 1885; 
engaged in flour milling business until 
retirement; member, common council 
in 1887 and member, board of county 
commissioners in 1905; State Sena- 


tr 2911. 

Dunlap is a discontinued post office 
in southern Brule County. 

Dunn, Harvey, 1884- ; born at 
Manchester, Kingsbury County, March 
8; studied at State College; illustrat- 
or of national reputation. 


Ladies Home Journal, April, 1925. 

Dunnebecke is a village in Meade 
County; name changed to Cedar Can- 
yon. 


171 


Duxbury 


Dunsmore is a discontinued post 
office in southern Faulk County. Bank- 
ing and shipping point is Seneca, 12 
miles north. 


Dupree is a town in central ‘Ziebach 
County. Population, see census. “The 
Leader,” established in 1910, and the 
“Ziebach County News,” established 
in 1911, are its newspapers. 


Dupree, (Dupris) Frederick, 1818- 
1898; came to Fort Pierre, 1838 in 
employ of American Fur Company as 
an express runner; in 1860 began 
fur trading on his own account; be- 
came an extensive’ stock grower; 
founded the Scotty Philip buffalo herd. 


FliStzme Nae copie 2400 me ok4=be 


Du Pris. See Dupree, Frederick. 

Durand, George Harrison, 1868- : 
educator, born in Michigan, educated 
at Yankton College and Oberlin; M. 
AS Harvard, 1901; professor of Eng- 
lish, Yankton College, 1901-11; Ober- 
lin, 1912; called back to Yankton as 
vice president and professor of Eng- 
lish; promoter of the Garden Terrace 
(open air) Theater; author of “Joseph 
Ward, of Dakota,” 1913. 


Duress. In South Dakota law du- 
ress consists in unlawful confinement 
of the person of the party or of some 
relative of his; in the unlawful de- 
tention of the property of any such 
party, or the confinement of such per- 
son lawful in form but obtained 
through fraud. - Obligations obtained 
through duress are voidable. 





Code, 813. 


Durex Island in the Missouri is near 
the north line of Charles Mix County. 


Dutch. See Holland-Dutch. 

Duxbury is a station in northern 
Spink County. 4 miles east of Mans- 
field, its banking point and post office. 


Dwight, Theodore W. 


Dwight, Theodore W., 1865- 3 
born Oregon, Wis.; member legisla- 
ture from McCook, 1899; regent of 
education since 1909. 


Dye, Ellsworth E., 1863- ; born 
on a farm in Decatur County, Iowa, 
May 14th; came to South Dakota in 
1887, locating on government land in 
Buffalo County; engaged in implement 
and garage business; in banking and 
real estate in Chamberlain since 1909; 


172 


Dyer, Ward B. 


president of Chamberlain Board of Ed- 
ucation for eight years; State Sena- 
tor, 1923. 


Dye, Eva Emery. 


The.” 

Dyer, Ward B., 1880- ; born at 
Adams Mills, Ohio, July 25th; came 
to Gann Valley, South Dakota in 1906; 
engaged in practice of law and bank- 
ing at Kimball, Brule Co.; legislator, 
1923. 


See “Conquest, 


. Eagle 


Eagle. The golden eagle and the 
bald eagle are indigenous to South 
Dakota and are found chiefly in the 
western part of the State, but occas- 
ionally in every section. See Birds. 


Eagle is a village in southern Brule 
County. The shipping point and bank- 
ing point is Bijou Hills, 5 miles south- 
west. P. O. is Academy. 


Eagle Butte is a town in southwest- 
ern Dewey County. Population, see 
census. “The News,” established in 
1911, is its newspaper. 


Eagle Butte is a southern affluent 
of the Keya Paha River in southeast- 
ern Todd County. 


Eagles Nest is a prominent butte 
in central Washabaugh County. 


Eagle Nest Creek is a southern af- 
fluent of the White River in Washa- 
baugh County. 


Eakin is a post office in southern 
Sully County. The banking point is 
Onida, 7 miles north. 


Eales is a post office in northwestern 
Potter County. The banking and 
shipping point is at Gettysburg, 17 
miles southeast. 


. “Early Empire Builders of the Great 
West” is a reprint of Armstrong’s 
“History of Dakota,” first published 
in 1866, together with newspaper cor- 
respondence sent by Moses K. Arm- 
strong to publicatians in eastern 


Early Empire Builders of the Great 
West 


phere. Two extracts follow: from 
his reports of the first territorial leg- 


-islature: April 22, 1862: :“But let me 


States, his public addresses and rem- 


iniscences, 1901. 

Armstrong’s history of Dakota is 
a well conceived and well written 
story of Dakota down to the begin- 
ning of white settlement. It was in 
the main reproduced later by James 
S. Foster and G. A. Batchelder as im- 
migration documents. His letters 
were familiar and filled with atmos- 


173 


now go from the street over to the 
house of representatives. That body 
is today discussing the ‘Nigger bill,” 
which provides that ‘no person of 
color, bond or free, shall reside upon 
the soil of Dakota territory.” The 
governor and officials of the territory, 
councilmen, and ladies of the city, are 
today to honor that house with their 
presence. 

We enter the door of the hall, and 
perceive directly in front of us, at the 
far end of the room, standing upon 
a raised platform, a very young, good- 
looking gentleman, saying: “As many 
as are of the opinion that the motion 
ought to prevail,” etc. The motion is 
to indefinitely postpone the “negro 
bill.” 

But hold! Who is this stiff-haired, 
fierce-looking gentleman who rises on 
the floor and addresses the “speak- 
er?” That is the hon. ex-speaker, the 
imprudent politican, who essays to 
open the bleeding wound of slavery, 
and to show his loyalty and his silli- 
ness to the governor by saying that 
“this bill is the legitimate offspring 
of four gallons of villainous whisky,” 


and then, after much spouting re- 
sumes his seat. 
But who is this attentive and 


watchful member on our right, who 
rises and suggests the propriety of 
members confining their remarks to 
the features of the bill, rather than 
indulging in personal attacks upon its 
originators. This is the Hon. M. K. 
Armstrong of Yankton, a “conserva- 
tive Democrat.” 

But here rises the dashy and dressy 
orator from “the land of rocks and 
waterfalls,’ Hon. G. P. Waldron, a 
strong Republican, who somewhat 


Early Empire Builders of the Great 
West 


‘“wades into the member from Yank- 
ton’—the latter in the meantime re- 


ceiving the storm as calmly as a sum- - 


mer shower. 

Between the two members are seat- 
ed, side by side, the Hon. A. W. Puett 
of Vermillion, and Hon. John Stanage 
of Yankton, both old-line Democrats, 
who say little but stand ready “to 
vote the bill into the grave.” 

The yeas and nays are being called 
on the “indefinite postponement.” 
“The yeas have it, and the ‘Negro 
bill’ is postponed indefinitely,” says 
the speaker. . 

“A bill regulating marriages” is 
now taken up, but hark! who is this 
good-looking, jolly gentleman who 
rises immediately upon our left and, 
amidst a roar of laughter, moves that 
“the bill be referred to the commit- 
tee on Internal Improvements.” That 
is the Hon. H. S. Donaldson, from Red 
River, and his motion is carried. 

Upon his left sits the Hon. Bly 
Wood of Vermillion, who laughs and 
votes and votes and laughs at Red 
River’s marvelous wisdom and ‘fore- 
sight. 

Close by his side is seated the Hon. 
J. C. McBride of Cole County, who 
smiles dubiously and looks inquiring- 
ly, as though he doubted the ability 
of the committee on ‘Internal Im- 
provements” to perform the arduous 
duty assigned them. He is one of 
the committee. 

May 18, 1862. “The governor and 
most of the members of the legisla- 
ture have now gone to their homes. 
Politicial figurers are mapping the 
ground for the September canvass. 
Campaigning, electioneering and 
camping out in the streets was the 
order of exercises carried out by some 
members of both houses during the 
last nights of the session. For three 


final pitcher of 


‘eously with 


Earthquake 


nights before the adjournment camp- 
fires could be seen in the streets from 
dusk till daylight, around which was 
seated, wigwam style, an electioneer- 
ing party of councilmen and repre- 
sentatives, all happily drinking, smok- 
ing, eating, singing, snoring, speech- 
making and milking cows. I happen- 
ed to cross the street one morning at 
the peep of day, and there I beheld 
around a smouldering camp-fire, two 
lusty legislators holding a_ kicking 
cow by the horns, and a third one 
pulling his full weight upon her hori- 
zontal tail. On each side of the milk- 
less heifer sat two councilmen flat 
upon their unfailing foundations, with 
pails in hand, making sorrowful and 
vain attempts at teasing milk enough 
from the farrow quadruped for their 
“ege-nog.” Off on 
one side lay a corpulent representa- 
tive, sprawled upon his belly and con- 
vulsed with laughter. And there in 
front of the scene stood another elo- 
quent law-maker, with hat, coat and 
boots off, making a military speech 
and appealing to the sympathies of 
the cow, in behalf of her country, to 
give down.” 


Earthquakes. JHarthquakes have 
occasionally been felt in the State, 
especially in the Missouri Valley, of 
sufficient force to awaken sleepers 
and disturb furniture and crockery. 
The more important occurred in 1869 
and 1898. A shock was sensibly felt 
throughout the State contemporan- 
the great earthquake 
which destroyed San Francisco April 
18, 1906. The extent of region af- 
fected by the shock of 1869 is un- 
known; it was especially severe in 
the region about the mouth of James 
River. At St. Helena, Nebraska, 
crockery was thrown from shelves. 
The shock of 1898 was central about 


174 


Easements 


Yankton, but was felt in Sioux Falls, 
Canton, Scotland and at Fort Randall. 


Easements. In South Dakota 17 
easements, or rights in the land of 
another, based upon an express grant 
of the owner of the fee, are recogniz- 
ed by law. These are right of pastur- 
age; fishing; taking game; right of 
way; taking water, wood, minerals or 
other things; right of transacting bus- 
iness on the land; of conducting law- 
ful sports; of receiving air, light 
or heat over the land or of dis- 
charging the same on the land; right 
of receiving water from or discharg- 
ing the same on the land; right of 
flooding land; the right of having 
water flow without diminution or dis- 
turbance; right of using a party wall; 
the right of receiving more than nat- 
ural support from adjacent land or 
things affixed thereto; the right of 
having a division fence maintained by 
coterminous owner; the right of 
having public conveyances stopped; 
the right of a seat in a church; the 
right of burial. The extent of such 
easements is determined by the terms 
of the grant. 





Code, 337-347. 


“Eastern Star, History. of the Or- 
der of the,’ by Jean McKee Kenaston, 
of Bonesteel. A comprehensive his- 
tory of the order throughout the 
world. 


Eastern S. D. State Normal School 


(Madison). See Education. 

Eastman is a village in Washabaugh 
County. Name changed to. Star- 
bright. 


Eastman, Dr. Charles A., (Ohiyesa) 
1858- ; born at Redwood Falls, 
Minnesota; a mixed blood. Sioux 
whose youth was spent in the wild 
Indian life. He is a graduate of Dart- 


175 


Eastman, Elaine Goodale 


mouth and of the medical department 
of Boston University. Has been gov- 
ernment physician at Crow Creek and 
Pine Ridge. He was stationed at the 
latter place during the Messiah War 
and treated the Indians wounded at 
Wounded Knee. He married Elaine 
Goodale, a writer of reputation. He 
has written extensively, his best 
known works being “Indian Boyhood;”’ 
“Red Hunters and Animal People;” 
“Old Indian Days;” “Wigwam Even- 
ings;” “The Soul of the Indian;” 
“Indian Scout Talks;” “The Indian 
Today;” “From the Deep Woods to 
Civilization;” “Indian Heroes’ and 
great Chieftains;” for many years he 
has been the representative of the 
Sioux in Washington, and _ serving 
more or less as a special agent of the 
Indian Bureau. 


Eastman, Charles S., 1864- ; Hot 
Springs; born January 23rd at Mt. 
Vernon, Wisconsin; arrived in Da- 
kota in 1882 and located in Aurora 
County; attorney; county judge of 
Fall River County, 1887-9; deputy 
sheriff and sheriff; delegate to Demo- 
cratic national convention, 1900; 
chairman of the platform committee 
at Democratic State convention; 
nephew of Senator La Follette, of 
Wis.; legislator, 1907. 

; Wil- 


Eastman, Edgar C., 1869- : 
mot; born in Bluearth County, Minne- 
sota, August 20th; came to Roberts 
Co., Dakota in 1881; engaged in farm- 
ing; held various township offices; 
legislator, 1919, 1921. 


Eastman, Elaine Goodale, 1863- 7 
born at Mount Washington, Massa- 
chusetts. A poet of national reputa- 
tion. With her husband, Dr. Charles 
A. Eastman, she resided at Crow 
Creek while he was the government 
physician at that agency. She is the 


East Sioux Falls 


director of Camp Oahe, for girls, at 
Munsonville, New Hampshire. 


East Sioux Falls is a discontinued 
post office in southern Minnehaha 
County. 


Ebbert, Edwin L., 1863- ; born 
at Marion, Indiana, March 1ith; came 
to Doland, Spink Co., Dakota in 1883; 
engaged in farming and stock raising; 
held various township and county of- 
fices; legislator, 1921, 1923. 


Ebbett’s Wintering Ground was the 
peninsula of Little Bend, 18438. 





Hist AL oei To. 


Ebersville, John, 1850- ; Hum- 
boldt; born in the province of Lor- 
raine, Germany, October 2nd; came to 
Minnehaha Co., Dakota, 1884, and en- 
gaged in general farming and stock 
raising; held numerous township of- 
fices; legislator, 1905, 1907. 


Ebert, W. F., 1878- ; Webster; 
born at Manitowoc, Wisconsin, No- 
vember 26th; came to South Dakota 
in 1876 and engaged in the grain and 
lumber business and ranching in Day 
Co.; legislator, 1909. 


Echo is name of Junior Annual 
of Springfield Normal School—a typi- 
cal college annual. 


Echo Island is near Oahe, opposite 
the mouth of Chantier Creek. 


Ede, Ernest D., 1876-1915; Huron; 
born in Kansas; attorney; superin- 
tendent of schools at Centerville, four 
years; legislator, 1913. 


Eden is a town in southern Mar- 
shall County. Population, see census. 
“The Times,” established in 1916, is 
its newspaper. 


Eden was the original name of the 
city of Hudson. 


Edmunds County 


Edgemont is a city in northwest 
Fall River County. Population, see 
census. ‘The Express,” established in 
1891, and “The Enterprise,” in 1909, 
are its newspapers. 


Edgerton, Alonzo Jay, 1827-1896; 
born in New York; lawyer; served in 
the Dakota Indian campaigns of 1863 
and in the Civil War, and rose to 
rank of brigadier general; was a mem- 
ber of the Minnesota legislature and 
a railroad commissioner. When Wil- 
liam Windom was made secretary of 
the treasury, under Garfield, Edger- 
ton was appointed United States Sen- 
aton in March 1881, but upon the 
death of Garfield, President Arthur 
did not retain Windom, and at a spec- 
ial session of the legislature held in 
October 1881 Windom was re-elected 
to the senate and Edgerton was ap- 
pointed by Arthur chief justice of the 
Dakota territorial court. He remov- 
ed to Yankton, so long as that was 
the seat of the court. He was one 
of the famous “Big Four,’ to whom 
President Harrison committed Da- 
kota political affairs, and under the 
agreement was a nominal candidate 
for United States senator and is said 
to have had_= sufficient legislative 
strength to assure his election, but 
instead accepted the federal judge- 
ship for the South Dakota district and 
held the office until his death. He 
was president of the constitutional 


conventions of 1885 and 1889. See 
Big Four. 

Editorial Association. See Press 
Association. 


Edmunds County; created, 1873; or- 
ganized, 1883; named for Newton Ed- 
munds (q. v.) Consists of townships 
121, 122, 123 and 124 north, of ranges 
66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72 and 73 west 
Sth P. M. First settlers, Ezra Drew 


176 


“Edmunds County in the World War” 


and Ira Dibble, at Ipswich, 1882. 
County seat, Ipswich; area, 741,120 


acres. Population, see census. 
“Edmunds County in the World 
War.” An elaborate volume, filled 


with illustrations, giving a complete 
roster of those from Edmunds County 
who served in the World War. 


Edmunds, Major Frank Hartt, 1850- 
1900; b., Michigan; graduate of West 
Point; son of Newton Edmunds (q. 
v.); major, 1st Infantry, U. S. Army; 
rendered distinguished service in the 
Spanish War. 


Edmunds, Newton, 1819-1908; sec- 
ond Governor of Dakota Territory; 
-born at Hartland, New York, May 31. 
Removed to Michigan in his youth, 
where he grew to manhood; came to 
Dakota in 1861 as chief clerk in the 
surveyor general’s office; two years 
later, Governor Jayne having resign- 
ed to enter Congress as territorial 
delegate, Edmunds was appointed by 
Lincoln to succeed him. Lincoln’s 
memorandum of the appointment is in 
existence and reads: “Executive Man- 
sion, October 1, 1863. Hon. Sec. of 
Interior. Sir: I suppose 
Edmunds better be appointed Gover- 
nor of Dakota. Get the name and 
send it with this to the Sec. of State. 
Yours Truly, A. Lincoln.” He took 
office in the midst of the War of the 
Outbreak and as ex-officio superin- 
tendent of Indian affairs in Dakota he 
believed that the Dakota Sioux did not 
desire war but peace; that they had 
done their utmost to avoid trouble 
and would welcome any way of get- 
ting out of a bad scrape; but the mili- 
tary took the opposite view; in March, 
1865, he enlisted Lincoln upon the 
side of peace and secured the commis- 
sion which in the autumn of 1865 ne- 
gotiated the Fort Sully peace treaties. 


wa casnacscccacresscesecesceses 


Education 


He acquired great influence with the 
Sioux and thereafter served upon the 
most important treaty commissions. 
He was a conservative, forward-look- 
ing governor, and left a fine record as 
an executive. In the early legisla- 
tures divorces had been granted by 
act and without notice to the defend- 
ant. Governor Edmunds vetoed the 
first such divorce that came to him 
and gave a stinging rebuke that broke 
up the practice. As a citizen he was 
enterprising. Convinced that the future 
of the Territory depended upon ag- 
riculture he advocated and practiced 
advanced agriculture and set an ex- 
ample of priceless value to the dis- 
couraged farmers. After retiring from 
office he engaged in banking in Yank- 
ton and lived to an advanced age, the 
leading citizen of the Territory. 





Dakotan, 1, 24. 
IX, 409 fol. 


Hist. Si, -123% LE 337: 
Edson is a post office in northeast- 

ern Meade County. Banking and ship- 

ping point is Faith, 9 miles east. 


Education. “Zeal for learning has 
characterized the South Dakotan from 
the earliest period. The French trad- 
ers of the old days, if they were men 
of any standing, all undertook to give 
their half Indian children some educa- 
tion and some of them were educated 
highly. Manuel Lisa and the Picottes 
are examples of this class. Their 
children were taken down the river 
for this purpose, usually to St. Louis, 
and upon their return to the wilder- 
ness they imparted the rudiments of 
education to other members of the 
family in the home. Audubon relates 
that when he was coming up the 
river in 1842 they met Andrew Dripps, 
Indian agent at Fort George, and 
William Laidlaw, burgeois at Fort 
Pierre, down between Vermillion and 


177 


' Education 


Elk Point taking Laidlaw’s children to 
St. Louis to be educated. 

In the first territorial legislature in 
1862 a bill was under consideration 
conferring the right to vote upon the 
half-breeds, but it was violently op- 
posed, because the half-breeds out- 
numbered the whites. It was pro- 
posed then to limit the bill in its ope- 
rations to those half-breeds who could 
read and write, but this, too, was 
deemed inexpedient, as likely to throw 
the dominence in territorial affairs in- 
to the hands of the half Indians. 

The first regular school in Dakota 
was conducted at Fort Randall in the 
winter of 1857-8 by a relative of Cap- 
tain Todd‘s who gave regular instruc- 
tion to several white children about 
the fort and several half-breed boys 
and girls. 

The reservation was opened July 
10, 1859 and the settlement commence: 
ed at once. There were no families 
among the settlers at Yankton at that 
time, but there were several in the 
communities planted at Vermillion 
and at Bon Homme. Dr. Franklin 
Caulkins settled at Vermillion that 
fall, coming down the river from Fort 
Randall. Toward spring he was em- 
ployed by the settlers to teach a 
school which was conducted in a room 
over McHenry’s store at Vermillion, 
under the hill. A factional fight arose 
and soon the settlers divided in their 
allegiance to the Doctor’s school and 
one faction employed Miss Hoyt (Mrs. 
H. F. Livingston, long resident of 
Yankton) to teach another’ school, 
which was held in the little Presby- 
terian church just erected through the 
efforts of Father Charles D. Martin. 

That spring of 1860 the settlers at 
Bon Homme, under the leadership of 
the energetic John H. Shober, built 
a little schoolhouse of logs, floorless 


178 


Education 


and dirt roofed, and in it, in the month 
of May, Miss Emma J. Bradford as- 
sembled ten children and taught them 
for three months. This was the first 
regular schoolhouse in Dakota. 

The Indian outbreak of August, 
1862, put a stop to all school opera- 
tions and there is no record of any 
attempt of this kind until the return 
of company A of the Dakota cavalry 
from the up-river Indian campaigns in 
the autumn of 1864. When they were 
encamped at Vermillion Captain Min- 
er proposed that they build a school 
house, and the tireless soldier boys 
soon had a comfortable log school- 
house completed, in the ravine at 
Vermillion and Amos Shaw, one of the 
soldiers, conducted a school therein 
during the winter, and from that date 
there has been no break in the public 
school system of Vermillion. A year 
later the ladies of Yankton under- 
took to raise means for the construc- 
tion of a school building and their ef- 
forts resulted in the erection of the 
old Brown schoolhouse .-on Walnut 
Street, which for years was the pride 
of the people of Yankton. 

In 1865 Prof. James S. Foster arriv- 
ed from New York with his famous 
colony of sixty families and almost 
immediately Governor Edmunds ap- 
pointed him superintendent of public 
mstruction, and although the compen- 
sation of the superintendent was but 
twenty dollars per annum, he gave 
himself energetically to the work and 
in a brief period had a regular system 
of public schools supported by taxa- 
tion, established. They were scatter- 
ed from Fort Randall to Sioux City, 
but he visited every one of them and 
encouraged both teachers and patrons, 
and induced the organization of dis- 
tricts and schools wherever he deemed 
it possible to sustain an establishment. 


Education 


He conducted the first teachers’ insti- 
tute held in the territory on Novem- 
ber 11, 1867 at Elk Point, which con- 
tinued in session two weeks. Rev. 
E. C. Collins, father of the late state 
superintendent, was one of the in- 
structors lin this institute and ad- 
dresses were delivered by Judge Wil- 
mot W. Brookings and Hon. S. L. 
Spink, afterwards delegate to congress 
and at that time secretary of the ter- 
ritory. 

The legislature has always given 
much attention to school matters. In 
addition to the location of the univers- 
ity, the first session in 1862 adopted 
a complete code of laws for the con- 
duct of common schools, and it may 
be added very few of its successors 
have failed to follow its example in 
this respect. By this first code the 
schools were only open to white chil- 
dren. As late as 1867 a hard fight 
was made in the legislature, without 
avail, to strike the word “white” out 
of the school law, and it was not until 
the passage of the civil rights bill 
by congress that colored children were 
permitted full rights in our common 
schools. 

As a part of the political arrange- 
ment by which Yankton procured the 
location of the territorial capital, the 
University . of Dakota was lo- 
cated at Vermillion in 1862. It may 
be noted in passing that its first grant 
of public money for building and main- 
tenance as an incident of the deal by 
which the capital was removed from 
Yankton in 1883, at that time receiv- 
ing the sum of thirty thousand dol- 
lars for the purpose. 

The first effort toward a school for 
higher learning in Dakota was the 
founding of Yankton Academy in 1871, 
through the efforts of the renowned 
Joseph Ward. A good building was 


Education 


erected for this academy upon the site 
of the present central school building 
in Yankton and the academy was suc- 
cessfully conducted by Prof. Nathan 
Ford and a corps of assistants until 
February, 1875, when an act of the leg- 
islature having organized the inde- 
pendent school district of Yankton and 
provided a board of education there- 
for, the Yankton high school was 
established and purchased the acad- 
emy property and began the work 
which has built up the excellent school 
system of the Mother City. 

From the planting of the school 
house in the ravine at Vermillion the 
development of the South Dakota 
school system has kept pace, if it has 
not actually led, the demand of the 
constantly increasing population. A 
general territorial or state and coun- 
ty supervision has been the constant 
policy. The legislatures were exceed- 
ingly erratic in the method of the ap- 
pointment or election of these offic- 
ers. They were alternately appointed 
by the governor and elected by the 
people, the method changing with the 
adoption of each new school code, 
and this was a matter of annual pro- 
cedure in the early days, which was 
only modified in the progress of time 
by the action of congress in abolish- 
ing annual sessions of the Dakota 
Legislature, so that it became imposs- 
ible to change the plan oftener than 
biennially. 

The excellent work of James S. 
Foster for the establishment of the 
school system was efficiently supple- 
mented by other territorial superin- 
tendents, the office being filled by such 
men as General W. H. H. Beadle, J. 
J. McIntyre, Eugene A. Dye and A. 
Sheridan Jones. The work of General 
Beadle in this office made a deep im- 
press both for the efficiency of the 


179 


' Education 


schools at the period and for the cause 
of education through all of the subse- 
quent years. He was the first to 
grasp the proposition of the value 
and possibilities of South Dakota‘s 
great inheritance of school lands and 
to him more than to any other is due 
the wise safeguards which protect it 
from waste and speculation as well 
as the minimum price at which it can 
be sold.” —George W. Nash. 


1. Common Schools 
The common schools are under the 
general supervision of the State sup- 
erintendent of public instruction, who 
possesses broad powers, some of 
which are: 


1. To license all teachers. 

2. To determine the efficiency of 
high schools. 

3. To enforce the compulsory at- 
tendance act. 

4. To administer State aid to high 
schools. 

5. To supervise Americanization of 
foreigners. 

6. To exercise supervisory powers 
over the entire educational program. 

The common school system is not 
uniform, as both township and local 
district units are recognized and ope- 
rated. Generally the schools are: 

1. Local, one school district. 

2. Township districts having sev- 
eral schools under one board. 


3. Independent school districts in 
towns and cities, having graded and 
high schools. 


4. Consolidated rural schools in 
which graded and high schools are 
conducted. 


5. County units. The unorganized 
counties of Shannon, Todd, Washa- 
baugh and Washington are each a 
single school district, with several 
schools in each under a single school 
board. 


The consolidated statistics for all 
schools follow: 


Education 


Total: Schoolsist <esns% .aes pace 5,305.00 
Total “school houses... cues 5,619.00 
Teachers, (male 1178, female 

WAL) PRA es Ce rn oe. 8,394.00 


Average salary 1,027.66 
Value of all school property. 35,239,310.00 
Spent for annual support.... 18,425,309.78 
Total school district indebt- 

GATICSS. ses = vaeee so eae cee 19,661,992.00 
Total annual revenue....... 25,211,325.00 
Average school tax levy in 

mills 
Enrolled’ in» SCNOOIS. «21. s1e er 
Persons of school age, 

21 inclusive 


2. Rural Schools 


The rural schools are ‘required to 
pursue a course of study prescribed 
by the county superintendents and the 
state superintendent of public instruc- 
tion acting together. This course 
carries the pupils through eight ele- 
mentary grades, and graduates are 
eligible to enter the high schools of 
the state. There are 4,681 rural 
school houses employing 4,914 teach- 
ers at an average salary of $861.65 
for nine months work. There are 
112,281 pupils of school age and 79,232 
are enrolled in school. The indebted- 
ness of rural schools is $3,603,725; 
their annual receipts are $8,009,035 
and annual expenditures, $7,724,234. 
The average tax levy in rural districts 
is 6.54 mills; the average cost of 
rural schools per pupil is $87.68. 


Spe esl 6 00 aie €ye ce ont, 6s 8 68 Se 


12.88 
162,588.00 
202,296.00 


e006 © 9 6» 0. 08 6.6 Fs 


3. Consolidated Rural Schools 


The consolidation of rural schools 
for the purpose of affording rural chil- 
dren the same advantages education- 
ally that are given to urban children, 
was first authorized by chapter 134, 
Laws of 1913; the early growth was 
gradual, but the movement was given 
a great impulse ‘by the Educational 
Drive (q. v.) of 1919. There are 99 
consolidated districts, having 125 
school houses, which with equipment 
have a total value of $5,395,405; they 
employ 667 teachers and pay an aver- 
age salary of $1126.72. There are in 


180 


Education 


these consolidated districts 15,125 
persons of school age, of which 10,690 
are enrolled in the grades and 3,933 
in high school. They have in their 
libraries 619,589 volumes; they are in 
debt, $4,025,650 and run at an annual 
expense of $2,337,668. Their annual 
revenue is $2,088,246 the average tax 
levy being 14.10 mills. Pupils in con- 
solidated schools are conveyed to and 
from school at the expense of the dis- 
tricts. Teacherages have been provid- 
ed by 22 schools. 


4. Independent Districts 

Generally the schools of cities and 
incorporated towns are controlled by 
independent districts, under a board 
of education and the supervision of 
the Superintedent of Public Instruc- 
tion. The course of study in the 
grades is the same as in the rural 
schools, somewhat modfied or extend- 
ed according to local conditions. There 
are 248 independent districts with 499 
school houses, which with equipment 
are valued at $19,340,153. They em- 
ploy 2,813 teachers at an average sal- 
ary of $1,095.03. There are in these 
districts 74,890 persons of school age, 
of whom 48,322 are in the grades and 
20,411 in high school. Last year there 
were 4,075 eighth grade graduates and 
3,234 graduated from high school. There 
are 354,971 volumes in high school 
libraries. These independent districts 
have an indebtedness of $11,376,335, 
annual revenues of $8,132,645.14 and 
annual outlay of $8,363;407.74. The 
average tax levy is 18 mills. 


5. Compulsory Attendance 
Dakota Territory enacted a pretty 
drastic compulsory education act in 
1883, that was strengthened from time 
to time, but was not at any time more 
than sporadically enforced until chap- 
ter 199 of the Laws of 1920 was pass- 


‘assigned to that interest. 


181 


Education 


ed, placing the ultimate enforcement 
in the hands of the State superintend- 
ent of public instruction. All children 
between the ages of 8 and 16 years, 
inclusive, who have not completed the 
eighth grade, are required to attend 
the public school for the full school 
year and the parents or guardians are 
held under penalty for failing to send 
such children to school. Every coun- 
ty superintendent is the truancy offic- 
er of the county and a State truancy 
officer is maintained in the depart- 
ment of public instruction. In 1920 
it was necessary to prosecute in 99 
cases; in 1921 this was reduced to 
47 cases; since which time it has been 
only rarely necessary to prosecute. 


6. Civilian Rehabilitation 

Chapter 203 of the Laws of 1919 
authorized the governor to accept the 
benefits of the federal civilian re- 
habilitation act, through which civil- 
ians suffering from maiming or disease 
that limits their activity in their ordi- 
nary occupations may be trained to 
become self supporting in some occu- 
pation adapted to their capacity. The 
work is administered under the sup- 
ervision of the state superintendent of 
public instruction through a director 
‘LOrd ULY > E. 
1924, there had been 280 cases regis- 
tered and 154 were still in training. 
Of these 68 were registered in the last 
fiscal year. Chiefly, maimed and crip- 
pled people are sought out and places 
found where they can learn a useful 
occupation without expense to the 
State. The State and nation each con- 
tributes $5000 to the annual support 
of the work. 


7. The Smith-Hughes Act 
Under the Smith-Hughes act three 
educational activities are carried for- 


‘Education 


ward under the supervision of the 
State Board of Education. 
1. Training Teachers to impart in- 


struction in Agriculture, Home eco- 
nomics and mechanic arts. 


2. Aid to schools giving courses in 
agrciulture. 


3. Aid to schools giving courses in 
home economics and mechanic arts. 
Under this act State-federal aid was 


given to forty-three schools and there 
were expended the following sums: 


‘Leacher. ‘Training gon Loe eee $22,754.00 
Aid to schools of agriculture.... 58,744.10 
Aid to schools for home econ- 

OMICSS Bias dase Gee oe 68,784.11 


8. Ethical Education 

Section 7631, Code of 1919, provides: 
“Moral instruction, intended to im- 
press upon the minds of the pupils, 
the importance of truthfulness, temp- 
erance, purity, public spirit, patriot- 
ism, respect for honest labor, obedi- 
ence to parents and due deference to old 
age, shall be given by every teacher 
in the public service of the State.” 


Classes for. training prospective 


teachers in methods for imparting 
ethical instruction are conducted in 
the normal schools. 


The following solemn _ declara- 
tion deliberately made by the unani- 
mous vote of both houses of the South 
Dakota Legislature of 1923, is regard- 
ed as the most vital pronouncement 
of any legislative body in modern 
times: 


Whereas the unprecedented wave of 
crime sweeping over America, crowd- 
ing our jails and penitentiaries and 
increasing the prison population of 
South Dakota almost 100 per cent, is, 
in the opinion of the most expert soc- 
iologists of the age, due to the empha- 
sis which has in recent years been 
placed upon material values and the 
small concern paid to spiritual val- 
ues in home, school, and society; and 

Whereas this alarming condition 
shows no indication of subsidence, but 


182 


Education 


on the contrary is increasing and must 
produce a situation that should arouse 
every thoughtful person to consider ef- 
ficient methods of combating the 
crime wave and to impress the great 
necessity for reform in modern home 
life, school economy, and social prac- 
tices; and 

Whereas the multiplicity of bills of- 
fering diverse methods of accomplish- 
ing this purpose which have flooded 
this legislature is proof of the concern 
felt, as well as the difficulty of enact- 
ing into law effective provisions for 
producing the end sought, as well as 
the greater difficulty of bringing citi- 
zens of opposing views and different 
religious convictions to a uniform un- 
derstanding and method; and 

Whereas Washington said in his 
Farewell Address: “No nation can ex- 
ist without religion.” Experience— 
the history of humanity—has demon- 
strated that a Republic like ours is 
strong and a blessing to its people 
and the world according to the devel- 
opment of its people, according to the 
moral character and intelligent relig- 
ion of its people; and 

Whereas the strength and efficiency 
of any republic, a government by the 
people, depends upon the best devel- 
opment of those people, which exper- 
ience has demonstrated and history 
shows can not be without religion. 
The strength of a republic is in the 
character of its citizens, their intelli- 
gence and their morals inseparable 
from their religion; and 


Whereas it is uniformly conceded 
that the remedy must be effected 
through the inculcation of morality, 
spirituality, and conscience in the 
young, in church, school, and home: 
Therefore be it 


Resolved by the Senate of the State 
of South Dakota (the House of Repre- 
sentatives. concurring), That the peo- 
ple of South Dakota be enjoined to 
address themselves to renewed effort 
to restore the balance between the 
spiritual and the material, that our 
children be reared up in the precepts 
of fundamental righteousness. 

That the churches and Sabbath 
Schools be constrained to intensify 
their work and to extend it to every 


Education 


child within their respective spheres 
of influence. 

That parents be adjured to exert 
every effort to restore old-time in- 
fluence of the home in moulding the 
lives of their children, for the devel- 
opment of conscience and morality; 
that the family altar be restored and 
that in self-sacrificing love the little 
ones be trained in the simple virtues 
of truthfulness, honesty, and respect 
for the rights of others. 

That the schools promptly reform 
their methods, so that the rudimentary 
studies as well as the sciences be 
taught only as subordinate to right- 
eousness. That the emphasis be 
placed upon morality, good conscience, 
respect for parents, reverence for age 
and experience, and that all learning 
is but the handmaiden of eternal good- 
ness. 

That it is the judgment of the Leg- 
islature of South Dakota that only 
upon the lines herein suggested can 
the true balance be restored and the 
crime wave checked and civilization 
preserved. 


9. Religious Education in Public 


Schools 

The Bible may be read in the public 
schools without sectarian comment. 
For one hour in each week children 
may be dismissed from the _ public 
schools to be given religious instruc- 
tion elsewhere. In practice they are 
sent to the church leaders selected 
by their parents. No child may be 
compelled to take such instruction. 


10. Educational Drive 

In 1919 Fred L. Shaw, State sup- 
erintendent of public instruction, or- 
ganized an intensive drive in the in- 
terest of rural education in the State. 
EKighty educational experts, many of 
them from other States, divided into 
three teams, filled engagements in 
practically every rural school east of 
the Missouri River and aroused great 
interest in better school conditions 


Education 


for farmers’ children, which ultimately 
resulted in a large number of consoli- 
dated rural schools. A period of un- 
seasonable weather contemporaneous- 
ly with the drive and the great finan- 
cial depression which came upon the 
country the next year somewhat cir- 
cumscribed the results. 


Ad: 


Pursuant to a movement inaugurat- 
ed by the South Dakota Education 
Association, a survey of education in 
South Dakota was provided for by the 
legislature of 1917 (chap. 226). The 
survey was made under the direction 
of a State commission appointed by 
the governor, consisting of Ruth E. 
Sabin, of Charles Mix Co.; Charles 
E. Swanson, of Sisseton, and Albert 
M. Anderson, of Sturgis, by the Unit- 
ed States Commissioner of Education. 
The work was done by Dr. Harold W. 
Foght, since president of Northern 
Normal and Industrial School, but 
at that time specialist in rural prac- 
tice, of the Federal Bureau of Educa- 
tion, and the results were published 
in Bulletin No. 31, 1918, Department 
of the Interior, Bureau of Education. 
The study of the situation was ex- 
haustive, and the recommendations, 
summarized, were for the reorganiza- 
tion of the public school system with 
the county as the unit; employment 
of county superintendents upon basis 
of qualifications; the employment of 
the state superintendent of public in- 
struction upon basis of high qualifica- 
tions for the work; the consolidation 
of the institutions of higher learning 
for the elimination of duplication and 
for greater efficiency, with a supple- 
ment of junior colleges at convenient 
locations. The recommendations have 
not been acted upon. The cost of the 
survey to the State was $6,500. 


Educational Survey 


‘Education 


12. Education Association, South 
Dakota 


The South Dakota Education As- 
sociation, an organization of the edu- 
cators of the State for the advance- 
ment of education, was organized at 
Pierre in 1883 and has held annual 
meetings since, with the exception of 
the year 1918, when the World War 
was at its climax and the influenza 
scourge was epidemic. It has grown 
to be the largest organized assembly 
of citizens for deliberative purposes. 
It has more than 6000 members and 
the attendance at recent sessions has 
surpassed 2500. It is divided into de- 
partments and sections as follows: 


Departments — County supervision; 


Secondary and higher education; Ele-, 


mentary and rural education; Kinder- 
garten and primary education; City 
Superintendent and high school prin- 
cipals; Associated school boards. 

The sections or Round Tables are— 
English Teachers; History Teachers; 
Music Teachers; Home Economics; 
Hygiene and Physical; Romance Lan- 
guages; Vocational Agriculture; Com- 
mercial Teachers; Normal Training; 
Educational Research; Classical Lan- 
guages; Teachers of Speech; Indus- 
trial Arts; Grammar School; Consol- 
idated Schools; Association of Col- 
leges. 

The annual convention is usually 
held at the Thanksgiving vacation. 
In practice the departments and sec- 
tions hold morning sessions, and after- 
noon and evening a general assembly 
is held for business and inspirational 
addresses. 


13. Teacher Training 


There is a growing demand for 
trained teachers; indeed many citi- 
zens are coming to regard the fitting 
of teachers the most important edu- 


Education 


cational function of the State, after 
the field of elementary education. To 
this end the Stata maintains four 
normal schools. 


14. Northern Normal School 

This institution at Aberdeen was 
chartered by the legislature of 1901 
as the Northern Normal and Indus- 
trial School. Its plant consists of 
seven buildings erected at a cost of- 
$493,302. It has a corps of 101 in- 
structors. It is supported chiefly by 
legislative appropriations and the in- 
terest and income of its land-grant of 
forty thousand acres. The appropria- 
tion for the last fiscal year was $179,- 
100 and the proceeds of the land grant 
was $61,057.09. It maintains chairs of 
education, English, speech, publica- 
tions, ancient and modern languages, 
history and political and social sci- 
ence, economics and sociology, math- 
ematics, art, commerce, biology, agri- 
culture, geographical science, chem- 
istry, physics, home economics, in- 
dustrial arts, and music. For the last - 
school year it had in its regular col- 
lege courses 607 students; 297 others 
took special courses and its extension 
and summer students made up a total 
enrollment of 2002. Its graduates re- 
ceive the degree of Bachelor of Arts 
in Pedagogy. The presidents of the 
school since foundation have been: 
Charles F. Koehler, 1902-1905; George 
Williston Nash, 1905-1914; Willis E. 
Johnson, 1914-1920; Harold W. Foght, 
1920- 


15. Eastern State Normal School 

Established at Madison by act of the 
Territorial legislature of 1881, its work 
began in December, 1883. Its plant 
consists of six buildings, erected at a 
cost of $310,540. It has forty-five mem- 
bers in its faculty. Its State approp- 
riation for the last fiscal year was 


184 


Education 


$115,700 and in addition it had $21,- 
082.50 earnings of its land-grant. It 
gives a full four years course leading 
to the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 
Pedagogy. Instruction is offered in 
psychology, reading, geography, arith- 
metic, English, zoology, botany, soc- 
iology, economics, literature, citizen- 
ship, administration, supervision, and 
educational sociology; while all of the 
work is directed toward fitting the 
teacher to impart instruction and eth- 
ical training. Its full legal name is 
the Eastern South Dakota State Nor- 
mal School. The presidents of the in- 
stitution have been, Charles S. Rich- 
ardson, 1883-1887; William F. Gorrie, 
1887-1889; William H. H. Beadle, 
1889-1907; John W. Heston, 1907-1920; 
Edgar C. Higbie, 1920- 


16. Southern State Normal School 


Located’ at Springfield in 1881, but 
not established until 1897. In 1895 the 
State apportioned forty thousand 
acres of public lands to the support 
of the school. In 1897 the people of 
Springfield erected a substantial build- 
ing and presented it to the State. The 
regents of education prescribed a 
course of study for the school and 
elected a faculty and the school was 
opened Oct. 11, 1897, the expense be- 
ing defrayed by the people of Spring- 
field. The legislature of 1899 approp- 
riated $6,000 for the maintenance of 
the school for 1899 and $5,700 for 
1900; but Governor Andrew E. Lee 
vetoed these items in the general ap- 
propriations bill. The school contin- 
ued to be supported locally. The leg- 
islature of 1901 appropriated $18,000 
for building and equipping a wing to 
the original building, $800 for an ar- 
tesian well and $10,050 for mainten- 
ance each year, 1901 and 1902. There- 
after the school was regularly sustain- 


Education 


ed. It has a fine location. Its plant 
of five building has cost the State 
$92,500. There are thirty in the fac- 
ulty; there are 233 students in the 
regular college courses and 231 tak- 
ing special courses and summer 
school. In 1924 the State, appropriat- 
ed for its maintenance $71,500 and its 
land grant yielded $25,708.49. The 
regular courses provide English, His- 
tory and Social Science (includ- 
ing hygiene and _ sanitation), phys- 
iography, agriculture, botany, biology, 
geology, physics, chemistry, foreign 
languages, ancient languages, art, 
manual training, home economics and 
manual arts. The teachers’ training 
proper includes psychology, methods, 
management, educational sociology 
and practice teaching. Graduates re- 
ceive the degree of bachelor of arts 
in pedagogy. The presidents of the 
school have been John 8. Frazee, 1897- 
1907; Gustav G. Wenslaff, 1907-1918; 
Arch. Crawford, acting, 1919; Carl G. 
Lawrence, 1920-. 


17. Spearfish State Normal 


Located at Spearfish in 1881, ap- 
propriation for building and mainten- 
ance, 1883; opened for classes, April 
14, 1884. Forty thousand acres of 
public lands were apportioned to its 
support. The plant consists of five 
substantial buildings, which with 
equipment have cost $295,800. The 
annual appropriations for maintenance 
is $109,000 and its revenue from its 
lands is $29,043.68. There are 43 in 
the faculty. There are 451 in the reg- 
ular college classes and 512 in special 
classes and summer school. Students 
are offered courses in humanities, 
mathematics, chemistry, physics, geog- 
raphy, geology, zoology, botany, mus- 
ic and public school music, physical 
education, manual training, home eco- 


185 


‘Education 


nomics, and teacher training with all 
of its elements. Graduates receive 
the degree of bachelor of arts in 
pedagogy. The presidents have been: 
Van Buren Baker, 1884; Fayette L. 
Cook, 1885-1919; E. C. Woodburn, 
1919- 


18. University of South Dakota 


This institution was located at Ver- 
million in 1862 by the first territorial 
legislature; but no provision was made 
for it until 1883, when an act for its 
organization and government was pass- 
ed and a bond issue of $30,000 authoriz- 
ed for building purposes. An approp- 
riation of $3500 was made for equip- 
ment and a blanket appropriation for 
salaries, but specifying that the pres- 
ident’s compensation should not ex- 
ceed $1500 (S. L., 1883, chs. 365-371). 
However on May 19th, 1881, citizens 
of Vermillion had incorporated the Un- 
iversity of Dakota, had erected a 
building and established an academy 
in 1882; this incorporation was recog- 
nized by the act of 1883 and the reg- 
ents were instructed to take over in 
the name of the territory the “books, 
records, building and other property, 
real and personal” of the incorpora- 
tion. 


At this time the plant of the Uni- 
versity consists of fourteen buildings, 
it has a faculty of 89 and a regular 
student body of more than 900, in ad- 
dition to about 300 in the summer 
courses. Its organization is as fol- 
lows: 

President, Robert Lincoln Slagle. 

College of Arts and Sciences, Earle 
Sylvester Sparks, dean. 

School of Law, Marshall McCusick, 
dean. 

School of Medicine, 
Lommen, dean. 


Christian 'P. 


Education 


College of Engineering, Lewis E. 


Akeley, dean. 


College of Music, Winfred R. Col- 
ton, dean. 


The University has a land grant of 
86,000 acres. Its revenues, chiefly 
from legislative appropriations, ap- 
proximate $450,000 annually. Its plant 
is valued at $1,500,000. The presi- 
dents have been Ephriam M. Epstien, 
1882; John W. Simonds, 1883-4; J. R. 
Herrick, 1885-6; Edward Olson, 1887- 
9; Howard G. Grose, 1890-91; Samuel 
G. Updyke, (acting) 1891; Joseph W. 
Mauck, 1892-7; James E. Todd, (act- 
ing) 1897-8; Garrett Droppers, 1897- 
1905; Franklin B. Gault, 1906-13; Rob- 
ert L. Slagle, 1914-. 


19. State College of Agriculture and 
Mechanic Arts 


The State College was located at 
Brookings by the legislature of 1881. 
The first provision for its foundation 
was made in 1883, when a board of 
regents was provided and a twenty- 
five thousand dollar bond issue for a 
building. It was opened in 1883 and 
in 1925 has a plant valued at $1,338,800 
and annual revenues of about $850,000. 
The faculty consists of 100 members 
and there are 1050 regular students, 
in addition to 700 in the summer 
terms. Many extension duties devolve 
upon the State College; susidiary to 
it are experimental farms at Brook- 
ings, Highmore, Eureka, Vivian, and 
Cottonwood. The entomological work, 
especially in the eradication of insect 
pests; the agricultural extension work 
through the system of county agents; 
the supervision of dairying, and other 
similar duties are assigned to the in- 
stitution. The United States Experi- 
ment station is closely affiliated with 
it. 


186 


Education 


Charles W. Pugsley is the Presi- 
dent! 

James W. Wilson is director of the 
experiment station. 

The revenues of the school are de- 
rived from the several federal funds, 
as the Hatch, Morrill 
Hughes, from its land grant and from 
legislative appropriations. The presi- 
dents have been, George Lilley, 1884- 
6; Samuel G. Updyke (acting) 1886; 
Lewis McLouth, 1887-1896; John W. 
Heston, 1896-1902; James Chalmers, 
1902-06; Robert L. Slagle, 1906-14; 
George L. Brown (acting) 1914; EIll- 
wood C. Perisho, 1914-1919; Willis E. 
Johnson, 1919-23; Charles W. Pugsley, 
1923- 


20. School of Mines 

The School of Mines was located at 
Rapid City by the Legislature of 1885 
and a bond issue of $10,000 authorized 
for the erection of the main building. 
The act (chapter 138, 1885) created a 
board of Trustees and prescribed rules 
for the management of the _ school. 
The building was completed in 1886 
and the institution formally opened on 
February 17, 1887. Its plant is now 
valued at $450,000. Its annual in- 
come is about $135,000. There are 20 
members of the faculty and 230 stu- 
dents of whom 227 are men. 

' The presidents of the School of 
Mines have been: 

Franklin R. Carpenter, 1886-1889. 

George F. Duck, 1889-1890. 

Samuel Cushman, 1890-1891. 

William P. Headden, 1891-1893. 

Walter P. Jenney, 1893. 

V. T. McGillycuddy, 1894-1897. 

Robert L. Slagle, 1898-1905. 

Charles H. Fulton, 1906-1911. 

Cleophas C. O’Harra, 1911- 

“The Black Hills Engineer,” Febru- 
ary 1923, is devoted to the history of 
the School of Mines. 


and Smith- ~ 


187 


Education 


The School of Mines has published 
the following Bulletins: 


No. 1. “Mineral Resources of the 
Black Hills, their character, occur- 
rence and extent,’ by Franklin R.. 
Carpenter, 171 pp. 

No. 2. “Notes on the Geology and 
Mineral Deposits of a Portion of the 
Southern Black Hills,” by Dr. Cleo- 
phas C. O’Harra, 41 pp. 1899. 


No. 3. “Cyanide Experiments’ of 
the Department of Mining and Metal- 
lurgy, of the School of Mines,” by A. 
Forsyth and G. H. Clevenger. 27 pp. 
1900. 


No. 4. “A History of the Early Ex- 
plorations and of the Progress of Geo- 
logical Investigation in the ‘Black 
Hills,” by Dr. O’Harra. The bulletin 
contains a bibliography of contribu- 
tions to the geology and geography 


of the Black Hills region. 88 pp. 
1900. 
No. 5. ‘‘The Cyanide Process in the 


Black Hills of South Dakota,” by 
Charles H. Fulton, M. E. 87 pp. 1902. 


No. 6. “The Mineral Wealth of the 
Black Hills” by Dr. O’Harra. 88 pp. 
1902. . 

No. 7. “Metallurgical Practice in 


the Black Hills of South Dakota,” by 
Dr. Charles H. Fulton. 63 pp. 1904. 
No. 8. “The Cement Resources of 
the Black Hills,” by C. C. O’Harra, 
M. F. Coolbaugh, M. A., M. A. Ehle, 


Jr., and Charles H. Fulton. 55 pp. 
1908. 

No. 9. “The Badland Formations 
of the Black Hills Region,” by Dr. 
O’Harra. 152 pp. 1910. 

No. 10. “The Minerals of the Black 
Hills,” by Victor Ziegler. 245 pp. 
1914. 

No. 11. ‘‘A Bibliography of the Ge- 


ology and Mining Interests of the 
Black Hills Region,” by Dr. O’Harra. 
223 pp. 1917. 

No. 12. “The Occurrence, Chemis- 
try, Metallurgy and Uses of Tungsten, 
with special reference to the Black 
Hills of South Dakota,” by J. J. Run- 
ner and M. L. Hartmann. 264 pp. 1918. 

No. 13. “The White River Bad- 
lands,” by Dr. O’Harra. 180 pp. 96 
plates. 1920. 


' Education 


The Black Hills Engineer, publish- 
ed by the School is a monthly Maga- 
zine of importance. 


21. Augustana College 

Augustana College was founded by 
the Lutheran Church at Marshall, Wis- 
consin in 1869, removed to Canton, 
South Dakota in 1884-and finally con- 
solidated with the Lutheran Normal 
School and located at Sioux Falls in 
1917; its dormitories have a capacity 
for 50 men and 100 women. It gives 
standard courses in Arts and Sciences, 
and Music. It has an invested en- 
dowment of $200,000; an annual in- 
come of $55,000; and its buildings and 
grounds are valued at $550,000. There 
are 5,000 volumes in its library. Its 
plant consists of 6 buildings. It has 
13 instructors, and 196 students. Rev. 
C. O. Solberg is president. 


22. Dakota Wesleyan University 

This is the official educational in- 
4titution of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church in South Dakota, founded at 
Mitchell in 1885. Its dormitories ac- 
commodate 125 women. It gives 
courses in Arts and Sciences, and in 
music. It has $316,000 of endowment 
and an annual income of $170,000. 
Its plant is valued at $550,000. It 
has 17,000 volumes in its library. It 
has six buildings. It has 219 stu- 
dents of college grade and a total at- 
tendance of 420. There are 34 per- 
sons in its faculty. 

The presidents of Dakota Wesleyan 
have been: 


Rev. Wm. Brush, D. D., 1885-1891. 

Chas. O. Merica, A. M., 1892. 

L. A. Stout, A. M., Acting President, 
1893. 

Rev. Wm. Graham, D. D., 1893-1903. 


Rev. Thomas Nicholson, A. M., D. 
D., 1903-1908. 


Education 


Rev. Samuel F. Kerfoot, A. M., D. 
D., 1908-1912. | : 
Rev. Wm. G. Seaman, A. B., Ph. D., 


1912-1917. 
Rev. Wm. D. Schermerhorn, A M., 
D. D., 1917-1922. > 


Rev. Edward D. Kohlstedt, A. M., 
D. D., .1922- 


23. Huron College 

This Presbyterian College for South 
Dakota is located at Huron, where it 
was established in 1898 by the con- 
solidation of Pierre University and 
Scotland Academy; its dormitory has 
rooms for 70 women; it gives courses 
in Arts and Sciences, and Music; it 
has an endowment of $580,000 and an- 
nual income is $109,000. Its plant of 
three buildings is valued at $400,000. 
Its library has 12,500 volumes; its en- 
rollment of college grade is 201 and 
a total registration of 268. There are 
25 members of the faculty. Dr. George 
S. McCune is President. Former 
Presidents have been Calvin H. 
French, 1898-1913, and Harry More- 
house Gage, 1913-20. 


24. Sioux Falls College 

This institution is under the aus- 
pices of the Baptist Church. It has 
dormitory capacity for 40 women, and 
gives courses in liberal arts and mus- 
ic. It has an endowment of $218,000, 
a total annual income of $65,000 and 
its plant of three buildings is valued 
at $180,000. There are 6,000 volumes 
in the library. There are 102 students 
in the college of liberal arts and a 
total enrollment of 211. There are 
16 in the faculty. Dr. Fred G. Bough- 
ton is the president. 


25. Yankton College 
This institution, under Congrega- 
tional auspices, was founded in 1881 


and is the oldest educational insti- 


188 


Education 


tution in the Dakotas. Its dormitories 
accommodate 120 women; _ gives 
courses in liberal arts, music and art. 
It has $516,000 in endowment; has 
six buildings and its plant is valued 
at. $294,000. There are 203 in the 
regular college courses and a total 
enrollment of 410. There are 25 in 
the faculty. Dr. George W. Nash is 
president. Former presidents have 
been Joseph Ward and Henry K. War- 
ren. 


26. Columbus College 


This is a Catholic institution, estab- 
lished at Chamberlain, but recently 
removed to Sioux Falls, where it has 
six buildings valued with the land and 
equipment at $800,000. Prior to 1925 
it was a junior college, but it has 
now become a full college, giving com- 
plete classical and scientific courses. 
It has an enrollment of about 200 in 
its regular classes. It has 5000 vol- 
umes in its library. Only men are en- 
rolled as students. Rev. A. F. Ami- 
rault is the president. The former 
president was Rev. Patrick T. Mon- 
aghan. 

27. Junior Colleges 

Freeman College, located at Free- 
man, by the Mennonites. 

Redfield College, at Redfield, by the 
German Congregationalists. 

Eureka College, at Eureka, by the 
German Lutherans. 

Wessington Springs Junior College, 
by the Free Methodists. 


28. 


This school was founded in 1920, as 
a result of the consolidation of Aug- 
ustana College with the Lutheran 
Normal School at Sioux Falls. Both 
of these institutions are under the 
general direction of the Norwegian 


Canton Lutheran Normal School 


189 


Effective 


Lutheran Church of America, and it 
was resolved by the board to continue 
Augustana as a college proper and as 
soon as expedient to transfer the nor- 
mal work to Canton, where the Nor- 
mal School is established in the plant 
of three buildings formerly occupied 
by Augustana. The institution is a 
six year accredited Normal School in 
South Dakota, designed “for the pur- 
pose of educating Christian teachers 
for the public and parochial schools.” 
Rev. J. N. Brown is president. 


Academies 
Ward Academy, located at Acad- 


emy in northwestern Charles Mix 
county is a Congregational institu- 
tion. It was founded in 1893 by Rev. 


L. E. Camfield, who has devoted his 
life to it and is still its president. It 
has served a wide extent of country 
without other high school or aca- 
demic facilities. Among its alumnae 
are several very notable men, among 
them Rey. Fred B. Smith, Internation- 
al Secretary, Y. M..C..A. 

Catholic Academies of importance 
are maintained at Mitchell, Water- 
town, Sturgis, and perhaps elsewhere. 





“History of Public Education in South 


Dakota.’ Hist. XII, 375. College Blue 
Book, 1924. Reports Department of Ed- 
ucation. 

Edwards, Evan, - ; born at 


Gallarin, Missouri; came to Fairburn, 
Custer Co., S. Dak., in 1916; engaged 
in stock raising; legislator, 1925. 


Edwin is a discontinued post office 
in north eastern Hyde County. Bank- 
ing and shipping point is Highmore, 
17 miles south. 


Effective. The law prefers an in- 
terpretation that makes effective, 
rather than one that makes void. The 
interpretation must be reasonable. 





Code; 73, (4. 


Efficiency Survey 


Efficiency Survey. The legislature 
of 1921 (Laws, chaps. 40, 384) plac- 
ed in the hands of Governor McMas- 
ter the sum of $25,000 to enable him 
“to employ upon such terms and con- 
ditions as he shall deem most prud- 
ent, competent, experienced efficiency 
experts, who under his direction and 
supervision shall make a detailed and 
thorough-going survey and examina- 
tion of the methods and practices pur- 
sued in exercising their governmental 
powers and in performing their public 
duties and in handling of public 
money by all public institutions de- 
partments, boards, commissions, of- 
ficers and employes of this State.” At 
that time the re-organization of the 
State governments of Illinois and Ne- 
braska was being much exploited and 
it was hoped that better and more 
economical government might result; 
these reorganizations had been made 
upon lines devised by the Bureau of 
Municipal Research of New York City 
and Governor McMaster entered into 
a contract with this organization to 
survey the government of South Da- 
kota and to propose lines of re-orga- 
nization. The survey was made and 
the detailed report was prepared and 
submitted to the legislature of 1923. 
The report gave an analysis of pres- 
ent conditions, which it found unsat- 
isfactory from the standpoint of busi- 
ness. efficiency, and recommended 
complete re-organization along the 
constitutional-monarchical lines of the 
Illinois-Nebraska systems. In effect 
the plan eliminated the offices of Aud- 
itor, Commissioner of School and 
Public Lands, State Treasurer, Secre- 
tary of State and Superintendent of 
Public Instruction, though until the 
Constitution could be amended these 
officers were continued but virtually 
without functions. In lieu of these it 


190 


Efficiency Survey 


was proposed to create nine depart- 
ments presided over by directors to be 
known as the Departments of Public 
Welfare, Finance, Rural Credits, Agri- 
culture, Highways, Public Works and 
Property, Industry and Labor, Health, 
Education. Into these nine depart- 
ments all of the activities of the State 
are arranged according to their re- 
lated value, and through the several 
directors are placed directly under the 
governor, who is elected by the peo- 
ple; consequently, by this plan, he is 
the sole individual directly respons- 
ible to the people. Operating within 
these departments forty subordinate 
bureaus were provided for, each charg- 
ed with some function now. perform- 
ed by a State office or department. 

In his message to the legislature 
Governor McMaster reviewed the plan 
of reorganization, concluding: “On 
the whole I feel that they have a work- 
able plan and that their recommenda- 
tions contain very valuable sugges- 
tions and the adoption of their plan, 
at least in large part will work for 
greater efficiency and economy. I 
suggest that you name on the part 
of the senate and the house special 
committees whose whole considera- 
tion will be that of the efficiency sur- 
vey.” The survey and report cost 
$16,132. The legislature adopted the 
suggestion of the governor and ap- 
pointed on the part of the senate 
Messrs. Bogue, Benson, Wagner (of 
Codington), Cock, Alseth, Anderson 
and Campbell; on the part of the 
House, Messrs. Wall, Bruell, Ullman, 
Thompson (of Clay), Damsgaard, 
Mumford, Van Gerpen, Allen (of San- 
born) Mitchell, Williamson and Bab- 
cock. The governor placed in the 
hands of this committee the full re- 
port of the experts, with all accomp- 
anying correspondence and charts. 


Efficiency Survey 


The subject was given thorough con- 
sideration, the report being supple- 
mented by testimony from many of 
the department heads called before 
the committee and resulted in the 
preparation of a bill largely carrying 
into effect the recommendations of the 
report. This bill was introduced as 
Senate Bill 306 on February 17. On 
February 26 the joint committee re- 
ported very extensive amendments to 
the original bill. (Senate Journal, p. 
792). The bill came on for final con- 
sideration upon February 28th and 
after full discussion was rejected by 
a vote of 10 for and 30 opposed. The 
arguments urged against it being that 
the time had been too short for ade- 
quate consideration of so revolution- 
ary a measure; the fear of placing 
such extraordinary powers in the 
hands of one individual without check, 
and the belief that States already 
adopting it had gained no substantial 
advantage from it. 


In the summer of 1924 Hon. Carl 
Gunderson, republican candidate for 
governor, pledged himself to a limit- 
ed consolidation of numerous State 
bureaus in two general departments, 
those of Finance and Agriculture. In 
his inaugural address he emphasized 
this consolidation and upon February 
llth sent a special message to both 
houses of the legislature, urging the 
passage of a bill which had been 
formulated by the proper committees 
for the creation of the two depart- 
ments proposed. The bill was enact- 
ed and is chapter 115, Laws of 1925. 
Briefly, it creates the Department of 


Finance, under the general direction 


of a secretary. The department ex- 
ercises all powers and duties former- 
ly devolving upon the executive ac- 
countant, State budget board, board 
of accountancy, commissioner of pub- 


191 


Effigies 


superintendent of the 
State capitol, tax commission, State 
board of equalization, capitol com- 
mission, and committee on uniform ac- 
counting; other duties are specified. 
The department is given four divis- 
ions: audits and accounts, purchas- 
ing and printing, taxation, and employ- 
ment, each under a director and an 
assistant. The Department of Agri- 
cuture is under the general supervis- 
ion of the Secretary of Agriculture. 
This department takes over the pow- 
ers and duties of the commissioner of 
agriculture, Department of Agricul- 
ture, State dairy expert, state ento- 
mologist, inspector of bees, state live 
stock board, state veterinarian, state 
brand commission, state board of im- 
migration, immigration commissioner, 
game and fish commission, state game 
warden, food and drug commissioner, 
inspector of hotels, inspector and 
sealer of weights and measures, in- 
spector of petroleum products, de- 
partment of marketing, and director 
of marketing. The department is given 
four divisions: animal industry; mar- 
kets, statistics and immigration; in- 
spection; game and fish; each depart- 
ment is under a director. The secre- 
tary of finance, through the director 
of employment is clothed with large 
powers as to the classification of 
clerks, stenographers and assistants 
in all departments of the state and 
fixes their salaries. The act became 
effective July 1, 1925. 


Effigies. Boulder mosaics in the 
form of men and animals were plac- 
ed upon high points by the Sioux 
as memorials of notable events in 
their history. The following have been 
measured and described, by Dr. James 
E. Todd: 

“A typical example was found on 
the summit of Keya Paha or Turtle 


lic printing, 


Effigies 


point, three miles north of Wessing- 
ton Springs in Jerauld county. The 
point is a high promontory-like hill 
standing out on the western edge of 
the James River Valley, above which 
it rises nearly 500 feet. It is the 
northern end of a high ridge of drift 
constituting a well washed interlob- 
ular portion of the principal moraine. 
Upon the highest portion of the point 
is a low mound built of earth, per- 
haps fifty feet in diameter and three 
or four feet high. Its chief attrac- 
tion is the gigantic figure of a turtle 
upon its southern slope. This figure 
is formed of boulders, four to six 
inches in diameter, quite closely and 
regularly set, so as to describe its 
outline. The head, legs and tail are 
extended. The figure is ‘about fifteen 
feet in length from tip of tail to front 
of head. A little pile of stones lies a 
short distance in front of the head. 


Medicine Knoll 


This work, interesting as it is, sinks 
into significance when compared with 
a similar work upon Paha Wakan, or 
Medicine Hill, near Blunt, in Hughes 
county. This hill is also a high inter- 
lobular portion of the principal mo- 
raine, and presents the same general 
features as Turtle point. It rises 
above the surrounding plain about 200 
feet, and nearly 400 feet above the 
adjoining valley of Medicine creek. 
Its summit is flat and includes many 
acres. Granite and limestone bould- 
ers abound in profusion. Tipi-rings, 
i. e., circles of boulders which were 
used by the Dakotas, are very abund- 
ant upon the summit. A few mounds 
of ordinary size are scattered in no 
apparent order. 

Near the north-western angle of the 
summit platform is the gigantic ser- 
pent figure. Its length measured 


-two symmetrical knolls. 


192 


Effigies 


roughly along its central line, follow- 
ing the crooks, is 120 paces. The 
boulders composing it are from six to 
twelve inches in length, and are laid 
much less closely than in the turtle. 
The direction of its northern half is 
N. 18° W. The presence of the mound 
at its side seems to be accidental. The 
eyes are much more expressive than 
it would at first seem possible to make 
them with such material. They have 
literally a “stony stare.” They are 
formed of two oblong boulders nearly 
a foot in length. The angular head 
and heavy body suggest the rattle- 
snake as the designer’s model, but 
there is no clear representation of 
the rattles. Perhaps that was beyond 
the artist’s inventive power. 

Similarly made figures, but quite 
imperfect, were noticed on Wolf creek, 
south-west of Bridgewater, Dak. 


At Waterbury 


Upon a high broad terrace of Crow 
creek, a few rods back and east from 
a remarkably fine spring which is at 
the foot of the terrace, and about a 
mile north-west of the town of Water- 
bury, is found a somewhat similar 
serpent on a much larger scale; more- 
over it is incomplete and somewhat 
irregular. Its eastern side is ninety- 
two paces in length and is directed 
N. 2° E. The north end is curved 
slightly, but lies nearly at right 
angles with the left side, which is 
directed N. 15° E. On the right bank 
of Elm River were two quite conspic- 
uous mounds, 270 paces apart, upon 
Beginning 
at the top of the north-western one, 
a line of bones extended over the 
center of the other, and 146 paces 
beyond, where it ended in a small pile 
of boulders. The bones were mostly 


Effigies 


the leg bones of buffalo set up on 
the ground like stakes. 


The Punished Woman 

Perhaps the most interesting arch- 
ealogical remains found by the early 
white settlers in South Dakota were 
the images of the man and woman 
near Punished Woman’s Lake in Cod- 
ington county. 

At the center of section 34 township 
119, range 51, and about three miles 
south of Punished Woman’s Lake, is 
a high hogback with radiating spurs 
upon which the effigies were located. 


The male figure was near the end 
of a spur which runs northward from 
a knoll several feet higher. The 
length of it from head to heels was 
13 ft. 6 in. It was the representation 
of a man’s body lying upon its back 
with uplifted arms. There were one 
hundred four boulders used in con- 
structing the figure. 


The female was upon the same spur 
and forty-two feet distant from it. The 
woman, too, was represented as lying 
upon her back with outstretched arms, 
and the length from head to feet was 
8 feet, and the figure was composed 
of ninety-two boulders. 


Commencing at the feet of the man 
and running in a southerly direction 
past the woman, was a trail 102 feet 
long, formed by placing boulders at 
irregular intervals. It ends at the foot 
of a slope 31 feet from a cairn some 
four feet high. On this knoll with 
the cairn there were two small, shal- 
low excavations, one four feet in diam- 
eter, and the other four by six feet. 
Nearly south of this knoll at the end 
of a small spur there is another small 
cairn. Seventy feet west from the first 
cairn begins another trail of boulders 
running nearly west along a hog-back 
for 285 feet to within 15 feet of a 


193 


Effigies 


third cairn. This is upon a knoll of 
about the same height as the first 
knoll, the hog-back between being 
somewhat lower. There were two 
cairns on this; one of large heavy 
boulders was six feet high; the other 
as massive, was only five feet high. 
Near the small cairn was an exca- 
vation having the appearance of a 
sunken grave. On the south side of 
the trail was another figure, but van- 
dals had defaced it prior to 1883. 

The Sioux have traditions pertain- 
ing to this memorial, more or less 
conflicting, but agreeing substantially 
fundamentally. A head man upon the 
Minnesota compelled his daughter to 
give up her lover to marry a man of 
his choice. ‘After the marriage the 
girl eloped with her first love and 
they made their way to the Knoll 
in question, where they were overtak- 
en by the injured husband, who Phine- 
has-like smote them as they lay in 
the tepee, as were smitten Zimri and 
Cosbi, of old, and then to commemo- 
rate their shame, built the boulder ef- 
figies. 

Snake Butte 

At the so-called Snake Butte, three 
miles north of Pierre, is an interest- 
ing boulder memorial. This was de- 
scribed in a general way and the leg- 
end pertaining to it related by Thomas 
L. Riggs, D. D., L. L. D., Snake Butte 
is the most prominent land mark in 
the vicinity raising its head more 
than 400 feet above the Missouri, near 
the east bank of which it stands. 
Very close to the north side of it is 
the second peak almost as high and 
separated from the main peak by a 
sharp “notch.” Referring to Mr. 
Rigg’s story: A Ree Indian was ap- 
proaching this notch from the north, 
but the Sioux, ambushed in it, shot 
him as he was but a few yards dis- 


Effigies 


tant. The Ree turned and ran almost 
north, through what is now the west 
half of section 8, township 111, range 
79. His course was parallel to, and 
a hundred yards east of the crest of 
the river bluff. At something like 
three quarters of a mile from his 
starting place he fell dead. His Sioux 
adversary built a small cairn at the 
starting place and following his course 
placed a stone upon each drop of blood 
he found on the way, and finally built 
a large cairn upon the spot where the 
Ree fell. Forty feet west of this line 
of stones, 
yards north of the south end of it 
the Sioux outlined a Turtle in bould- 
ers, to show the tribal lodge to which 
he belonged; in other words he sign- 
ed his name to his work. 

The Turtle is 15 ft. 6 in., from nose 
to end of tail and 14 ft., 6 in., across 
the outstretched arms; in its body are 
thirty-two boulders, ten in its tail, and 
seven in each leg, or seventy in all. 


The Pony 

A pony in outline is located near 
the south bank of Okobojo Creek on 
the north-west of the south-east of sec- 
tion 16, township 115, range 77, being 
Garner Township, Sully county. The 
pony lies with head to the west and 
is very perfect in form. It is fourteen 
feet in length and six feet high. 


The Great Serpent 

A. serpent lies on the high bluff 
on the south side of Chapelle Creek, 
and parallel with that stream, at the 
center of the northwest quarter of 
section 16, township 110, range 74. 
It is composed of two lines of small 
boulders running parallel and about 
two feet apart. The boulders are very 
close together in the lines, sometimes 
touching. In a direct line from head 
to tail, the image is 309 feet, but fol- 


and about two hundred 


1 


7) 


Eggetbroten, Elmer 


lowing the convolutions of the body, it 
is 522 feet in length. The ears from 
tip to tip are 12 feet. It is perfectly 
preserved. On the north side of the 
image, between it and the creek, and 
twenty feet distant from the middle of 
the body of the “snake” is a crude 
image of a bird with outspread wings, 
undoubtedly the gens-mark of the 
people who constructed the main 
image. About one-half mile north- 
west from the image of the snake, in 
the north-west quarter of the south- 
west quarter of section 8, of the same 
township, there is a cobblestone turtle, 
with its head pointed directly toward 
“the snake.” See Archealogy. 


Effington is a village in northeast 
Roberts County. Name changed to 
New Effington. 


Egan is a town in eastern Moody 
County. Population, see census. “The 
Express,” established in 1878, is its 
newspaper. 


Egan, George W., 1876- ; born in 
Logan, Iowa; educated Iowa Univers- 
ity; located in Sioux Falls 1908; Re- 
publican primary candidate for gover- 
nor, 1910, 1912, 1916, 1922, and for 
senator in 1924, being defeated in each 
case. 


In re Egan 22 S. D. 355, 563; 24 S. 
301; 27 S. D: 163. 36° 8S. SD) e225. ares 
159-642, 38 S. D. 224, 458. 


D. 
D. 
State v. Egan 


44S an. acis U. S. Supreme Court 69 
L. Ed. 598 
Egge, John A., 1855- ; Corson; 


born in Norway, April 22nd; came to 
Minnehaha County in 1871 and en- 
gaged in farming; held several im- 
portant local official positions; legis- 
ator, 1895, 1901, 1903; State Senator, 
1907. 


Eggebroten, Elmer, 1878- ; born 
in Trent, Moody Co., S. D., May 4th; 
engaged in farming; held various 


+ 


Eggen, Carston 


township offices; delegate to Farmers 
National Congress in 1920; legislator, 
1921. 


Eggen, Carston, 1887- ; New Ef- 


fington; born near Barnesville, Min- 
nesota, August 18th; came to Roberts 
Co., S. D., in 1892; engaged in prac: 
tice of law; legislator, 1917. 


Eggers, Claus F., 1879- ; born in 
Germany; came to South Dakota in 
1881; engaged in farming; in Minne- 
haha Co. since 1907; president of 
Farmers Elevator Co. and treasurer 
of Telephone Company, Sioux Falls; 
legislator, 1923, 1925. 


Eggers, J. W., 1874- ; born in 
Clinton County, Iowa, March 22nd; 
came to South Dakota in 1895, locat- 
ing on a homestead in Charles Mix 
County; engaged in farming and 
stock raising; State Senator, 1921, 
1923; P. O., Wagner. 


Eggs are among the most valuable 
and important products of the State. 
During the periods of drought and 
grasshopper raids of early territorial 
days, eggs were one of the chief sup- 
ports of the people in the stricken 
districts. The Federal census of 1920 
gives the number of eggs produced 
(1919) 30,351,984 dozen and the value 
of chickens and eggs produced is 
placed at $16,050,023. 


Eide, M. D., 1879- ; Howard; born 
at Eide, Norway, February 16th; came 
to Miner Co., S. D., in 1882; engaged 
in real estate and insurance; clerk 
of courts in Miner County for four 
years; State Senator, 1919, 1921. 


“Fight Years of Life a Blank” is a 
romance by L. J. Ross. 


Eleanor is a post office in northern 
Meade County. Banking and shipping 
point is Sturgis, 52 miles s. w. 


Election Returns 


Election Returns. The vote for 
governor at each election has been as 
follows: _ 


1889 
AcaC ew Melletteg rep. ite «cs oie eras 53,964 
Pike MeClire;, dem: 20). olf is 23,840 
1890 
Ai Cm NCCIIELTE ST EDa,.. suad aietehtia.c. sents: « 34,487 
Where atviOter Celtics = sccteniie crn toe te 18,484 
ED eel ee POUC KS eNO Nec: oat nee ns eee 24,591 
1892 
Charles H. Sheldon; rep... . 3. es 33,414 
POLrera@on Chima sade. wer. a. oe 14,472 
ATmelLaeV ane OSG] pel nda: en 2 aise. 22,524 
1894 
Ghorless Hae sneldon.s LEDs «caas ects. 4 40,401 
LSet El OW.G el LIC cior sc eaiecairase create ons 26,568 
JaIMesPAceVVarGs GEM. sritiee cc ake 8,756 
Melvin: ID. Alexanders Ind inn. oss + ss 1,011 
1896 
Pan) & RAINSSTUGS TeDicr +o cree sie nc case 40,868 
Andrew E. Lee, (fusion) dem. and 
DOD tan ee gehecases oe oiicer: cl'e eerie ere 41,187 
Jeet tat SOT wile POM ea Vcc ys sc cone 722 
é 1898 
Karke Gat Phi Mipses be Dc. sesh. cuss sakes 36,949 
Andrew Hy dee, (fusion mss. oe oe 37,319 
KeIEO WIS Se PLO eis cide sole oka ens 891 
1900 
Charles Nz “Elerreid Rep ose. ae 53,803 
urre: H. J51en gat USO a enn ec Pte 40,091 
Hens SOAP lisle: PTO. ae a. bert me e roe sera! 
1B UDE SSH RR Gy FEO) Shee Fey coe CRE EY 316 
1902 
Charlies@ Ne Ererreid= Reps. .c4s.. 6% 48,196 
Johnigw .?, MartinwDemix ..st.ie oer 21,396 
Eleeeices CULCI Se Ole Os cr ete chee ate 2,245 
Jonn’ Cs Crawlord, 150G4..ce ot «sae 2,620 
1904 
AMM r a LoTOd, s eeepc ate oo ele cherie 68,561 
Lois Ne Crill: D eins ee. . elas 24,772 
Hreeman Knowles, Soc..:..¢;2.2%.% 3,028 
Bee EVVALNEGI OR ODe: oad tak cee tetes « 1,114 
Wie ok LO SAD SEV Oviorts: tos cestale oho 318 )0 6 2,916 
1906 
Goewmls Crawtord;#hepsudsiin «sen oe 48,709 
MONA eS tLransky-eDOini antes eee 19,923 
Freeman Knowles, Soc............ 2,542 
Koiute Lewis; eProeet sweats . acta. 3,398 
1908 
RODELE psa GSSCY,. ReODerc esc wee 62,989 
Andrew * Ho tlees Demi 2 sae tien os 44,837 
(eT KNADPENH- PLO wretch. he lewds ats Docu 
Jee Wnapp, ADOC ie send dele nese diet 2,542 
1910 
RoberteS? Viessey, Rep. .... sce. « ae 61,744 
Chauncey li Wood, Dems. 3.4. ! 37,983 
OPW « DUctertield, Pro. biel. <teic fois e 4,506 
Vinee (Ere COS ble TC hey hairs: cat ol endietenet 1,579 
1912 
Frank ‘Me"bDytne. REP: 2. ts se 57,160 
HawineSalonnson a Dera cd nc atlayc tel 53,850 
Om OULECr else ee One ete ces tia 3,339 
Samuel sO VLE ets O Cha atores weit Ss .c) viet 3,479 
1914 
Rina nice ssp yIies ReDe ca 1 suse s auaene 49,138 
James W. McCarter, Dem.....:... 34,542 
Gapkoe EHOMPSOMN,, s2RO, sisi dasdtstet cna 2,072 
OLITIE eS TTEL Dra O Goreces & crave catere atene 2,664 
Binoy Richards, “ind? Repti 24. hast 9,725 


195 


Electric 
1916 
PetersgNorbeck .. REeDaisi ot bie ee ets 72,789 
Orville” Rinehart, “Dem! -o. ee ce 50,545 
TU airchild;*SoOcGsacn cercterecverterets 3,556 
cy Ke Thompson, Brose ee ae SURGBRLU 
1918 
Reter= Norpeck,  Repee esi «.tdiertiene 5IA75 
Georges W.. Bird) Demis. 2... s-.n« vere s 17,858 
Orville VANGCrson, SOC. oisusiais sus gisdals & TAL 
Mark P. Bates, Non-partisan...... 25,118 
Knute  Wiewis, Plo. cm cts of osccle ue ausieter. 1,268 
1920 
Wie ee McMaster, Repose cence oes 103,592 
Wie WV LELO WES: a DGINE cikescctoteacusteioeccers 31,870 
Mark P. Bates, Non-partisan..... 48,426 
1922 
William H. McMaster, Rep........ 78,984 
worraine —Dalvc) Non=E alten... 46,033 
Louise Ne Crilly Dem ke kis oie eee 50,409. 
1924 
CarlsGunderson, ve Des nw ressieve miele waeke ne 109,894 
Wide CO ULLO Wt LCI tees toieae/ elon oeets ste none 46,663 
PAcmiae Plt Date Male — Loan aa ceie uers 27,027 
Rare ICO ALOS ae LNG tesneretcse eters remeaere 20,359 


Electric. See Hydro-Electric. 


Electric Baths and Practice. Qual- 
ified persons are licensed by the board 
of health to administer electric treat- 
ment. The license fee is $25. 





Code, 7731-38. 


“Elementary Economics.” <A school 
text-book upon political economy, by 
Herbert J. Davenport (q. v.) 


Elephants. Several sorts of ele- 
phants were native to South Dakota 
in the pre-glacial period. The Elephas 
Columbi was widely distributed. Teeth 
of this animal have been found at 
Rapid City, Pierre, Sioux Falls, Wak- 
pala and Yankton. The Eliphas 
Americanus has been found at Sioux 
Falls and upon the Moreau River. The 
mastodon and the Mammoth both 
roamed west of the Missouri and per- 
haps further east. 


Elk Creek rises in Central Lawrence 
County and runs east through Meade 
Co. to the Cheyenne River. 


Elkhorn is a railroad station in 
northwest Pennington County. The 
post office is Silver City, 144 mile west. 


Elliot, James D. 


Elk Mountain is a post office in 
northwest Custer County. The bank- 
ing and shipping point is Newcastle, 
Wyo. 15 miles northwest. 


Elk Point is county seat of Union 
County. Population, see census. “The 
Leader-Courier,” established in 1873, 
and the “Union County Herald,” in 
1913, are its newspapers. 


Elkton is a city in southeastern 
Brookings County. Population, see 
census. “The Record,” established in 
1893, is its newspaper. 


Ellefson, Eric J., 1889- * Dorn at 
Garretson, Minnehaha Co., S. D., De- 
cember 7th; educated, Augustana 
Col., Canton, and Univ. of S. D.; at- 
torney in Sioux Falls; State Senator, 
1923. 


Ellerman, Amy (Mrs. Calvin Coxe) 
born at Yankton, classical education 
Yankton college; musical in Berlin. 
Contralto of importance. 


Ellerman, Herman, 1849- ; veter- 
an of Civil War; pioneer of Yankton; 
county treasurer; collector of internal 
revenue, 1901-10; father of Amy Eller- 
man, contralto (q. v.). 


Ellerman, John N., 1878- ; born 
at Jamesville, Yankton Co., S. D., June 
18th; engaged in farming; was deputy 
treasurer of Yankton County and later 
became manager of the “Dakota Freie 
Presse;” in 1902 he engaged in real 
estate and loan business at Fairfax, 


- Gregory Co.; and was elected county 


treasurer; legislator, 1907. 


Ellingson is a post office in western 
Perkins County. Banking and shipping 
point is Hettinger, North Dakota, 15 
miles northeast. 


Elliot, James D., 1859- ; born at 
Mount Sterling, Illinois, Oct. 7; edu- 
cated under private tutors; studied 


196 


Elliott, A. F. 


law; county attorney, Bon Homme 
county, 1887-91; chairman state Re- 
publican central committee 1896; U. 
S. District attorney 1897-1907; judge 
U. S. district court for South Dakota 
since 1911. Home Sioux Falls. 


Elliott, A. F., legislator from Turn- 
er County, 1903. 


Ellis is a village in southern Minne- 
haha County. 


Ellisville is a discontinued post of- 
fice in southwestern Faulk County. 


Elm. American White Elm grows 
in every part of the State and has 
become the favorite shade tree. It is 


native along all streams and in the > 


Black Hills. 


Elm Creek rises in southern Hyde 
County and runs south through Buf- 
falo Co. into Crow Creek. 


Elm Creek is a railroad station in 
northern Fall River County. Bank- 
ing point and post office is Buffalo 
Gap, 3 miles northeast. 


Elm Creek is a northern affluent of 
the Belle Fourche River in eastern 
Meade County. 


Elmore is a station in northwestern 
Lawrence County. Banking point at 
Spearfish, 17 miles north. P. O. is 
Trojan. 


Elm River rises in North Dakota, 
enters South Dakota at the northwest 
corner of Brown County and falls 
into the James River at Columbia. 
It has well protected groves upon it 
making it an ideal winter resort for 
the Indians; the Cuthead Yanktonais 
formerly living along it and a trading 
post was established upon it in central 
western Brown County, before 1828 
for their accommodation. 


197 


Elrod, Samuel H. 


Elm Springs is a village in southern 
Meade County. Population, see cen- 
sus. 


Etmwood is a post office in north- 
east Haakon County. The banking and 
shipping point is Midland, 47 miles 
south. 


Elrod is a village in central Clark 
County. The original name was Ida, 
but that became obsolete, and Elrod 
was adopted. It was named by L. 
Kinzey for S. H. Elrod, governor 
of South Dakota. Population, see cen- 
sus. 


Elrod Elms. A row of fine elm trees 
planted upon the street parking in 
front of the State capitol by Governor 
Samuel H. Elrod during his admini- 
stration in 1905. 


Elrod, Samuel H., 1856- ; fifth 
governor of South Dakota; b., Coats- 
ville, Indiana, May 1; graduate of 
DePauw University; came to Da- 
kota territory 1882, and engaged 
in law-practice at Clark. Held 
many county offices, was Indian 
disbursing agent for the _ Sisse- 
tons, 1892; member, constitutional con- 
vention of 1883; governor of State, 
1905-7. Mr. Elrod was a conservative re- 
publican at the period of the rising tide 
of progressivism; he conducted the 
affairs of the State with prudence and 
strict economy, reducing the cost of 
government even below the minimum 
of Governor Herreid; but he was 
overwhelmed at the end of his first 
term by the tide of progressive re- 
publicanism which placed Coe I. 
Crawford in the governor’s chair. Mr. 
Elrod has continued to reside at Clark, 
where he is a leader in all community 
enterprises. He married Mary E. 
Masten, of Coatsville, in 1884 and has 
two children, Arthur Mellette, associ- 


' Elsmore 


ated with his father in the law of- 
fice, and Mrs. Barbara Knittel, of Ver: 
million. 


Elsmore is a railroad station in 
western Pennington County. The 
banking point is Rapid City, 14 miles 
east, and the post office, Hisega, 6 
miles west. 


Elsom, Joseph, 1840- * North- 
ville; born in Lincolnshire, England, 
December 13th; came to Spink Coun- 
ty in 1880; Civil War Veteran; engag- 
ed in grain business and held many 
positions of public trust; legislator, 
1909. 


Emanija was a townsite of the Da- 
kota Land Company, 1857, located on 
the Sioux River at the mouth of Split 
Rock Creek. 


FLIiStae Minne Cow lor 


Emanuel Creek. A considerable 


stream, rising in southwestern Hutch- 


inson County, flows south through 
Bon Homme Co. and enters the Mis- 
souri at Springfield. It was the Plum 
Creek of Lewis and Clark. 


Embalming. The practice of em- 
balming in South Dakota is regulated 
by a State board consisting of the 
president and secretary of the State 
board of health and three practicing 
embalmers appointed by the governor. 
The board is self-sustaining. No one 
shall practice embalming in the State 
without first passing an examination 
before the board. 





Code, 7779-86. 

Embezzlement. In South Dakota law 
embezzlement is the fraudulent appro- 
priation of property by a person to 
whom it has been entrusted. It is a 
crime of the same degree as larceny. 
The embezzler must answer criminally 


Enemy Swim 


for his crime and civilly for the dam- 
ages. 


Emblem, Floral, of State. See Ane- 
mone. 
Emergency Building Fund. See In- 


surance on State Property. 


Emery is a city in S. E. Hanson 
County. Population, see census. ‘The 
Enterprise,” established in 1891, is its 
newspaper. 


Emery, Theodore E., - ; born 
in Belleville, Illinois; moved to South 
Dakota in 1879 and filed on a home- 
stead in Hutchinson County; held 
numerous township offices; legislator, 
1905. P. O., Parkston. 


Emilie Island is on lower side of 
Little Bend (Missouri River) opposite 
the gorge. 


Emry, June; born Brighton, Iowa; 
B. S., U. of Chicago, A. M., Columbia; 
dean Eastern State Teachers College; 
president S. D. E. A., 1922-23. 


Enabling Act is the act of February 
22, 1889, providing for the admission 
of South Dakota, North Dakota, Mon- 
tana and Washington to the Union of 
States. It provided for the constitu- 
tional conventions, the number of del- 
egates, the time of election, and time 
and place of holding the same, with 
full regulations pertaining to it and 
places necessary limitations upon the 
matters the constitution could em- 
brace. It granted the school and in- 
stitution lands to the state. See 
Land Grants, Omnibus Bill. 


Enemy Creek rises in western Davi- 
son County and runs east into Han- 
son Co., emptying into James River 
west of Alexandria. 


Enemy Swim, a lake in eastern Day 
County, where, according to Sioux 


198 


Engineer, State 


tradition, a large party of Chippewa 
were entrapped and escaped by swim- 
ming across the lake. It is a summer 
and fishing resort. 


Engineer, State. The governor ap- 
points to the position of State engi- 
neer a technically qualified civil and 
hydraulic engineer for a term of four 
years. He has general supervision of 
the waters of the State and of the 
measurements, appropriation and dis- 
tribution thereof. He also is superin- 
tendent of the architecture and con- 
struction of all State buildings; he 
is superintendent of drainage projects, 
a member of the hydro-electric com- 
mission and through an assistant sup- 
ervises the heating of public build- 
ings. Since the creation of the office 
in 1907 the State Engineers have been: 
Samuel H. Lea, 1907-1913; Homer M. 
Derr, 1913-1919; John Berg, 1919- 





Code, 8183-8219. 


Engineering. There are schools of 
engineering at the State University, 
State. College and School of Mines. 
At the University there are courses 
in Mechanical, Civil, Electrical and 
Chemical Engineering; at the State 
College there are courses in Civil, Elec- 
trical and Mechanical Engineering; at 
the School of Mines, courses in Metal- 
lurgical, Mining, Chemical, Civil and 
Electrical Engineering. Graduates of 
each of these courses are given the 
degree of Bachelor of Science in 
Engineering for the particular course 
completed. Chapter 163, laws of 1925, 
requires professional engineers, archi- 
tects and land surveyors to be licensed 
by the State Board of Engineering and 
Architectural Examiners. 


England. See War, 2 (of 1812). 


Englehard is a discontinued post 
office in southeast Ziebach County. 


199 


Eno, Almon P. 


Banking and shipping point and post 
office, Eagle Butte, 12 miles north. 


Englesby, Charles H., 1867- ; 
born in Brown County, Minnesota, 
March 19th; came to Watertown in 


1879; State Adjutant General for sev- 
eral terms and served in the Philip- 
pine War as Captain; published 
“Watertown Kampeskian” from 1890 to 
1895; in cement contracting business, 
1902; State Senator, 1901, 1907, and 
member legislature, 1909; organized a 
regiment of cavalry for the World 
War; served in France. 


Englewood is a village in southern 
Lawrence County. 


English. While a preponderance of 
the settlers of South Dakota are of 
English ancestry, the direct immigra- 
tion from Great Britain is relatively 
small. By the census of 1920 there 
were in the State but 2,943 persons 
of English birth. 


English, Abner M., 1836-1909; pio- 
ner of Yankton, First Sergeant, Co. A., 
First South Dakota Cavalry; legislat- 
or; mayor of Yankton; historian of 
his regiment. 





Hist., IX, 240-1; X, 407. 
English, E. J., 1858- 
born in Lewis County, 
May 14th; came to South Dakota in 
1890; engaged in farming and car- 

pentering; legislator, 1909-1911. 
; born 


Engstrom, O. P. J., 1868- : 
in Osterdalen, Norway, Dec. 24; edu- 
cated in Norway and Minnesota; set- 
tled in Dakota, 1883; engaged in farm- 
ing and real estate at Summit, Rob- 
erts Co.; legislator, 1907, senator, 
1919-1921; State commissioner of 
school and public lands, 1925- 


Eno, Almon P., 1869- 
McCook Co.; born 


; De Smet; 
New York; 


; Montrose, 
in Osage, Iowa, 


Entomology 


October 29th; came to Moody Co., 
Dakota in 1873; engaged in lumber 
and grain business; held various city 
and school offices; legislator, 1923. 


Entomology. See Insects. 


Epiphany is a village in northeastern 
Hanson County. The banking and 
shipping point is Canova, 10 miles 
northeast. 


Episcopal Church. See Religion. 


Epstein, Ephraim, M., ............ oe ; na- 
tive of Russia; graduate, Andover 
Theological Seminary and of the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, New 
York; came to Yankton to practice med- 
icine in 1881 and soon thereafter was 
chosen first president of Dakota State 
University. He served in that capac- 
ity but one year; he afterward resid- 
ed in Chicago. Dr. Epstein was a 
Russian Jew by birth, but had become 
a Christian. 


Equality. Between those who are 
equally in the right, or equally in the 
wrong, the law does not interpose. 





Code, 56. 


Equal Suffrage. See Suffrage. 


Equity. He who seeks equity must 
do equity. 


Code, 48. 


Erickson, Carl J., 1872- ; How- 
ard; born in La Salle County, Illi- 
nois, March 14th; came to S. D., 1882; 
educated, Augustana Col., Canton; en- 
gaged in farming and teaching; secre- 
tary of local cooperative creamery 
company; president of Nansen Rural 
Telephone Company; legislator, 1911. 


Ericson, Edward C., 1856-1909; born 
in Sweden, August 24; graduate of the 
College of the City of New York; set- 
tled in Union county 1874; taught 
school and practiced law; county sup- 


Erwin, David A. 


erintendent of schools 1881-1882; mem- 
ber territorial councils of 1887 and 
1889; member of South Dakota sen- 
ate 1889 and 1891; regent of educa- 
tion, 1907-1909. 


Erickson, Emil, 1862- ; irene, 
Yankton Co.; born in Christiana, Nor- 
way, April 4th; came to Yankton Co., 
Dakota in 1875; engaged in farming; 
held various township offices; legis- 
lator, 1917, 1919. 


Ericson, E. W., 1858- ; Alcester; 
born in Sweden, March 16th; came to 
Union Co., Dakota in 1872; engaged 
in farming and stock raising; held 
township offices for 30 years; State 
Senator, 1915, 1917, 1919, 1921; mem- 
ber, State Budget Board, 1921. 


Erion, J. M., 1860- ; Mitchell; 
born at Mt. Vernon, Ohio, June 25th; 
came to Davison County in 1899 and 
engaged in the breeding of registered 
stock; president of the S. D. Improy- 
ed Stock Breeders’ Association many 
years; held numerous local positions; 
State Senator, 1907. . 


Erskine, Carroll D., 1882- ; born 
at Binghampton, N. Y., January 20th; 
grad., Lake Forest Col., Illinois; came 
to South Dakota in 1906, locating at 
Sturgis, where he has been pastor of 
the Presbyterian Church; chaplain in 
World War; State Senator, 1921, 1923, 
1925; member, State Budget Board, 
1923. 


Erwin is a town in northern Kings: 
bury County. 


Erwin, David A., 1861- ; Wessing- 
ton; born at Remington, Indiana, No- 
vember 21st; came to Hand Co., Da- 
kota in 1883; engaged in farming; 
assessor of Bates Township for 26 
years; legislator, 1919, 1923; State 
Senator, 1925. 


200 


Erwin, W. I. 


Erwin, W. lI., - ; born on a 
farm in Oakland County, Mich.; came 
to Groton, Brown Co., in 1887; engag- 
ed in real estate business and farm- 
ing; legislator, 1925. 


Esmond is a town in southwestern 
Kingsbury County. Founded by the 
Western Town Lot Co. in 1883. Was 
named by John E. Blunt, chief engi- 
neer of the C. & N. W. R. R. from 
Thackeray’s novel. It once carried a 
Biblical name of “Sana.” Population, 
see census. 


Estates. The laws of South Dakota 
recognize four classes of estates; as 
follows: Estates of inheritance (or 
perpetual estates) estaites for life; 
these are freeholds with title in fee 
simple; estates for years and estates 
at will, which are simply chattel in- 
terests in property. The owner of an 
estate in fee has the right to the 
surface and to everything permanently 
situated beneath or above it. The 
common law rule was that the owner 
of the fee owned everything from the 
center of the earth to the zenith above. 





Code, 311-36. 


Este is a railroad station in south- 
eastern Lawrence County. The post 
office is Nemo, 2 miles northwest. 


Estelline is a town in southeastern 
Hamlin County. Founded by the West- 
ern Town Lot Co. in 1882. Was nam- 
ed for a daughter of D. J. Spalding, 
the owner of the adjoining farm. “The 
Journal,” established in 1916, is its 
newspaper. Population, see census. 


Ethan is a town in southeastern 
Davison County. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Enterprise,’ established in 
1902, is its newspaper. 


Ethical Education. See Education; 


Ethical. 


201 


Evenson, John 


Eureka is a city in northwestern 
McPherson County. Founded in 1886. 
Population, see census. “The North- 
west Blade,” established in 1884, and 
“The Rundschau,” established in 1915, 
are its newspapers. 


Evander, Fred, 1869- ; Rosholt; 
born in Ystad, Sweden, November 4th; 
came to Roberts Co., South Dakota in 
1892; engaged in farming and associ- 
ated with the Evander Drug Company; 
held various township offices; legis- 
lator, 1917. 


Evangelical Church, See Religion. 


Evans, Arthur T., 1888- ; born 
Wellington, Illinois, May 22; A. B., U. 
of Illinois; A. M., U. of Colorado; Ph. 
D., Chicago; Professor State College 
since 1918. 


Evans, D. R., 1862- ; Belle 
Fourche; born in Wales, March 16th; 
came to Butte Co., Dakota in 1885; 
engaged in banking, farming and stock 
raising; was territorial judge, 1889; 
held various county offices; mayor of 
Belle Fourche for four years; State 
Senator in 1917. 


Evans, J. W., 1832- ; born in 
Ohio; a member of the Dakota Land 
Company that settled Sioux Falls in 
1857. Afterward resided in Yankton. 





SELISts OL.) ks. DAKOLa.-7 

Evarts Junction is a village in west- 
ern Walworth County. The banking 
point and post office is Glenham, 2 
miles northeast. 


Eveland, Henry L., 1874- ; born 
Galt, Missouri, Aug. 3; farmer, set- 
tled in Bonesteel,' 1904; auditor Greg- 
ory County 1915-17; State Tax Com- 
mission, 1917-25. 


Evenson, John, 1855- ; Harris- 
burg; born at Arendal, Norway, June 


Everson, E. H. 


17th; came to South Dakota in 1884; 
engaged in farming and stock raising; 
held township offices for many years; 
legislator, 1915, 1917. 


Everson, E. H., 1883- ; born at 
Stanton, Nebraska, January 9th; came 
to South Dakota in 1906, locating in 
Gregory County; engaged in farming; 
held various township offices and 
active in farmers’ union work; State 
Senator, 1923, 1925; P. O., St. Charles. 


Ewald, John, 1871- ; Pierpont; 
born at Grand Haven, Michigan, March 
9th; moved to Day Co., Dakota 
in 1885; engaged in the hardware and 
implement business; held a number 
of minor offices; legislator, 1905, 1907. 


Ewert, Adolph W., 1865- ; born, 
LaCrosse County, Wisconsin, June 18; 
studied law; settled in banking at 
Pierre, 1890; cashier National Bank 
of Commerce, 1890; mayor of Pierre, 
1892-6; State Senator, 1909, 1911; 
State treasurer, 1913-1917 treasurer, 
State Rural Credit Board, 1917-1925. 


Executive Accountant. The office of 
executive accountant was created in 
1911 to afford the governor means of 
knowing at all times the condition of 
the fiscal affairs of every office, de- 
partment and institution in the State. 
At that time John KE. Truran was ap- 
pointed to the position and continues 
in it. The primary duty of the execu- 
tive accountant is to examine, super- 
vise and report to the governor upon 
all books, accounts and reports of all 
State officers, boards and commis- 
sions, including all institutions, which 
examination shall be made at least 
once each year and as frequently as 
may appear necessary, without notice 
to the official in charge. 

The executive accountant is espec- 
ially charged with the duty of making 


202 


Exemptions 


a monthly examination of the accounts 
of the Rural Credits Board. He also 
annually, at least, examines the books 
of each county and prescribes meth- 
ods of uniform accounting for coun- 
ties. Upon request he may examine 
and report upon the accounts of any 
municipality or school district. The 
expense of county and municipal ex- 
aminations is paid by the county or 
municipality. The accounts of the 
executive accountant himself are 
subject to inspection by the superin- 
intendent of banks. ) 


Executory Contracts. See Contracts 


(Executory). 
Exemplary Damages. See Damages. 


Exemptions. Exemptions of home- 
steads and personal property from 
execution was a matter very dear to 
the hearts of the pioneers. Men rare- 
ly break up their personal and busi- 
ness relations to immigrate into a 
new region if they are prosperous. 
Most great migrations are the direct 
result of business depression. Dakota 
was no exception and very many pio- 
neers came into the new land because 
their affairs had become involved else- 
where. Chapter 37 of the laws of 
1862, (the first session of the legisla- 
ture) provided a homestead of 80 
acres with all buildings and appurt- 
enances; household goods to the ex- 
tent of $500, 3 cows, 10 swine, 1 yoke 
of cattle and a horse, or two yoke of 
cattle, or a span of horses, should be 
exempt from execution. Chapter 39 
of the same session exempted all prop- 
erty against debts incurred prior to 
establishing residence in the Terri- 
tory, Chap. 8, laws of 1866, provided 
in lieu of the specific personal prop- 
erty exemptions, an exemption 
of $1500 in cash or any personal 


Exemptions 


property. In the session of 1875 Col. 
Mark Sheafe, a member from Union 
County, introduced a bill briefly de- 
fining a homestead. In the committee 
upon judiciary, Colonel Gideon C. 
Moody recast it into an extended bill 
going into the entire matter of home- 
stead exemptions and at the end add- 
ed, “Chapter 37 of laws of 1862 is here- 
by repealed.” The bill was enacted 
and the session adjourned, when Sec- 
retary Hand concluded that all per- 
sonal property exemptions had been 
repealed. The Dakota public was 
shaken to its uttermost depts; it was 
declared that Sheafe, Moody and Jol- 
ley had conspired to deprive the peo- 
ple of their dearest right; an indig- 
nation meeting was convened and the 
distinguished authors of. the bill were 
burned in effigy. Colonel Moody arg- 
ued that the act of 1866 was left in- 
tact but without avail. Governor Pen- 
nington was hurried away to Wash- 
ington, where Congress was in ses- 
sion, and ten days later telegraphed 
that Congress had revoked the ob- 
noxious law and restored the exemp- 
tions of 1862 as extended by the act 
of 1866. The next year the code com- 
mission, extended the homestead ex- 
emption to 160 acres. Since statehood 
there has been some modification of 
the exemption law but it is. still very 
liberal. Code: 459 limits a homestead 
to 160 acres outside of a municipal- 
ity or one acre in a town. the absolute 
exemptions are unchanged, and the 
cash or cash value of personal exemp- 
tions other than absolute is $750 for 
a family or three hundred for a single 
person. Exemption is a _ personal 
privilege, and if owners, having due 
notice, permit exempt property to be 
sold upon legal process the sale is 
valid. 


Code, 2659. 


Expense Allowances 


Existence. That which does not ap- 
pear to exist is regarded by the law 
as if it does not exist. 





- Code, 62. 


Expeditions into South Dakota. The 
following are some of the important 
expeditions. into South Dakota, each 
of which is treated under the name of 
the enterprise: 


1743. Verendrye Brothers, through 
the northwestern part of the State to 
the Black Hills, thence to Fort Pierre 
and thence returning to Manitoba 
Hist., VII, 100. 


1794. Trudeau’s, up the Missouri tc 
Ashley Island. Hist., VII, 403. 

1802. LeRaye’s, up the Missouri to 
the Yellowstone. Hist., IV, 150. 

1804. Lewis and Clark, Hist., IX, 
514. 

4311). Astorian, Hist, X, .196; 

1812. Manuel Lisa’s, to build Fort 
Manuel, Hist., XII, 99. 

1823. Leavenworth’s. Hist., I, 181. 

1838. Nicollet and Fremont, to East 


Coteau, Hist., X, 69. 
1839. Nicollet and Fremont, to Fort 
Pierre and James River, Hist., X, 98. 


1844. Allen’s, to Sioux River, Hist., 
IX, 347. 
1845. Sumner’s, to Bigstone and 


Devil’s Lakes, Hist., [X, 368. 

1855. Harney’s, to Fort Pierre, Hist. 
PR ae, ate Bye 

1856. Warren’s, Valley of the Mis- 
souri River, Hist., XI, 149-53. 

1857. Nobles’, across to Missouri 
River from St. Paul, Hist., VI, 183. 

1857. Warren’s, to Black Hills, 
Hist., XI, 134, 153-163, 168-217. 

Expense Allowances. The subject of 
expense allowances for public offic- 
ers has been a source of much un- 
easiness and disturbance for many 
years. Sec. 2, Art XXI of the Consti- 
tution, fixing the compensation of 
public officers, provides: “They shal) 
receive no fees or perquisites for thi 
performance of any duties connecter 
with their offices.” Sec. 30, Art. VI, 
further declares, “No judge shall re- 


203 


Expense Allowances 


ceive any compensation, perquisite, 
or emoluments for or on account of 
his office in any form whatever, ex- 
cept salary.” Sec. 6, Art. III, pro- 
vides, “Members of the legislature 
shall receive no other pay or perqui- 
sites except per diem and mileage.” 
In 1905 the legislature appropriated 
the sum of $600 per year for the per- 
sonal expenses of the governor. The 
matter was the subject of serious dis- 
cussion, but no action was taken and 
the provision was abandoned. Chap- 
ter 239, 1911, provides that whenever 
a judge of the supreme court is com- 
pelled to remove from his legal resi- 
dence to reside at the capital he shall 
be entitled to fifty dollars each month 
in consideration of the expense in- 
curred by such removal. This act 
was tested in the case of McCoy vy. 
Handlin, (35 S. D. 487) and held con- 
stitutional, the court strictly discrim- 
inating between “compensation” and 
“expense.” As the members of the 
supreme court were parties in inter- 
est and for lack of any other legal 
tribunal were compelled to sit in and 
decide their own case, the decision 
gave much dissatisfaction. Chapter 
365, 1917 extended similar relief to the 
constitutional officers, and chapter 
159, 1919, gave $75. per month for ex- 
penses to the judges of the circuit 
courts; chap. 279, 1921, gave an ex- 
pense allowance to the members of 
the legislature. The same session in- 
creased the allowance to the supreme 
court judges to $1800 per year each. 
These acts created so much dissatis- 
faction and criticism that it was re- 
solved to have the entire matter de- 
termined by a disinterested court and 
Special Supreme Court Judges were 
convened—five of the most eminent 
lawyers of the State, representing ey- 
ery shade of political opinion, who, 


204 


Extortion 


after a very exhaustive review of the 
law and the authorities, decided the 
several acts constitutional. See Su- 
preme Court, Special. 


Experiment Station Bulletins. See 


Bulletins. 


Exploration of the Yellowstone Riv- 
er. The report of the explorations of 
Capt. W. F. Reynolds, in the year 
1859, who came to Fort Pierre and 
thence conducted a scientific explor- 
ation to the Yellowstone via the north- 
ern Black Hills; published as Senate 
Executive Document No. 77, 40th Con- 
gress, lst Session. Contains much of 
interest to South Dakota. 


Exposition. In law contemporan- 
eous exposition is regarded as the 
best. That is to say, an explanation 
at the time the thing occurred of 
what was intended is regarded as bet- 
ter than an explanation made long 
afterward. 





Code, 67. 

Expressions. In law particular ex- 
pressions qualify those which are gen- 
eral. 





Code, 66. 

Extortion. In South Dakota law ex- 
tortion is the obtaining of property 
from another with his consent, induc- 
ed by a wrongful use of force or fear, 
or under color of official right; ob- 
taining money or property by a threat 
to do an unlawful injury to the per- 
son or property of the individual or to 
any member of his family or to any 
relative; by accusing nim or any mem- 
ber of his family or any relative of 
crime; by exposing or imputing to 
him or them any deformity or dis- 
grace; by threat to expose any secret 
affecting him or them. Extortion is a 
crime punishable by five years in the 
penitentiary. 





Code, 4238-4244. 


Factory Acts 


See Child Labor. 


Fairbank is a post office in west- 
ern Sully County. Banking and ship- 
ping point is Gettysburg, 40 miles 
northeast. 


Factory Acts: 


Fairburn is a village in eastern Cus- 
ter County. Founded by the Pioneer 
Townsite Co. in 1886. Named for a 
nearby creek. 


Fairfax is a city in southeastern 
Gregory County. Named from Fairfax 
Court House, Virginia. Population, 
gee census. “The Advertiser,’ estab- 
lished in 1903, is its newspaper. 


Fairpoint is a post office in north- 
ern Meade County. Banking and ship- 
ping point is Newell, 33 miles west. 


Fair, State. The State Fair is held 
annually the first week in September 
at the State Fair Grounds in the City 
of Huron. The Fair is a State insti- 
tution, managed by the State Board of 
Agriculture and supported by the 
State. The buildings and plant have 
cost $225,500. The expense is largely 
defrayed by gate receipts, but the 
State appropriates about $25,000 an- 
nually for maintenance. It is a great 
exposition of the State’s resources and 
attracts extensive patronage. Attend- 
ance is largely determined by weath- 
er conditions. More than thirty thou- 
sand have attended upon a single day. 
The premiums offered for exhibits ag- 
gregate about $25,000. 


Fairview is a town in southeastern 
Lincoln County. “The Eagle,” estab- 
lished in 1902, is its newspaper. 


“Fairview’s Mystery” is a novel by 
George H. Marquis (q. V.). 

Faith is a town in northeastern 
Meade County. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Gazette,’ established in 
1910, is its newspaper. 


205 


False’ Weights and Measures 


Fallas, Feliecien, 1830-1909; native 
of France; squaw-man; member of 


territorial legislature, 1864-5. 


Fall River is the stream which runs 
down to the Cheyenne River through 
Hot Springs City. 


Fall River County. Created, 1883; 
organized, 1883; named for Fall Riv- 
er, an important branch of the Chey- 
enne within the county; bounded on 


the east by the 103d meridian of longi- 
tude; on the north by the north town- 


ship line of township 7 B. H. M.; on 
the west by the west boundary of 
South Dakota; on the south by the 
south boundary of South Dakota. First 
settled at Buffalo Gap, 1876. County 
seat, Hot Springs. Population, see 
census. Area, 1,123,840 acres. 


Falmer, Chris., 1859- ; born in 
Goodhue Co., Minn.; came to Day 
County, Dakota, in 1883 and engaged 
in farming; held various township of- 
fices; legislator, 1903. 


False Bottom Creek rises west of 
Lead and runs north through St. Onge 
to the Belle Fourche River. 


False Personation. In South Dakota 
law false impersonation of another by 
which one in such assumed character 
marries, gives bail or surety, sub- 
scribes or proves a written instru- 
ment, pretends to be an officer, re- 
ceives money or property, or (not be- 
ing a member) wears a Grand Army 


badge, is a crime and punishable by 
fine and imprisonment. 





Code, 4245-4250. 


False weights and measures. In 
South Dakota law every person who 
intentionally uses a false balance- 
weight or false measures in the pur- 
chase or sale of any commodity; or 
who knowingly retains in his posses- 


Fannemel, Peter M. 


sion any false weight or measure, is 
liable to fine and imprisonment. ’ 





Code, 4272-3. 


Peder M., 1871- : 
Sioux Falls; born November ist at 
Nordfjord, Norway; located in Sioux 
Falls in 1888; plasterer by trade; leg- 
islator, 1909. 


Fannemel, 


Farley is a village in northwestern 
Mellette County. Banking and ship- 
ping point is Belvidere, 11 miles n. w. 


Farmingdale is a village in eastern 
Pennington County. 


Farming. See Agriculture. 


Farmer is a village in northern Han; 
son County. 


Farm Island is six miles below 
Pierre; is more than three miles in 
length and contains about three sec- 
tions of land (1920 acres). From 1828 
the gardens of the Fur posts at 
Fort Pierre were upon this Island, and 
a good deal of corn was grown, justi- 
fying a mill for grinding at the fort. 
The name of the island comes from 
the facts of the fields and gardens 
upon it. The enabling act grants the 
island to the city of Pierre for park 
purposes. It has not been improved. 


Farnsworth is a discontinued post 
office in southeastern Beadle County, 
16 miles northwest of Carthage, its 
banking and shipping point. 


Farren, Henry B., 1848- ; born in 
Philadelphia, November 4th; engaged 
in carpenter business and contracting 


in Keokuk, Iowa; came to Dakota in 
1882 and located in Buffalo County; 


held various public offices; admitted 
to the bar in 1894; state’s attorney 
several years; legislator, 1903. 


Farwell is a discontinued post office 
in southeastern Sanborn County, 11 


‘ton. 


Faulk, Phil K 


miles south of Artesian, its shipping 
and banking point and post office. 


Fate, William H. H., 1840- $ pio- 
neer of Union County; ten years sup- 
erintendent of schools. 





Hist., X, 511, 515, 529. 


Faulk, Andrew J., 1814-1898; third 
governor of Dakota Territory, 1866-69; 
b., Pennsylvania. He was the father- 
in-law of Dr. Burleigh; who secured 
for him the position of Indian Trad- 
er at Yankton Agency in 1861. Dr. 
Burleigh went to Congress and was a 
supporter of the policies of President 
Andrew Johnson, whom he induced to 
appoint Faulk governor. He made an 
excellent executive and acquired help- 
ful influence with the Sioux. He 
was afterward for a long period clerk 
ef the U. S. Court of Dakota Territory 
at Yankton. 


Faulk County; created, 1873; organ- 
ized, 1883; named for Andrew J. 
Faulk (q. v.). Settled by a colony 
from St. Louis in 1882. Consists of 
townships 121, 122, 123 and 124 north, 
of ranges 66, -67, 68, 69, 70, 71 and 
72 west 5th P. M. County seat, Faulk- 
Area 651,520 acres. By an ar- 
rangement always questioned by resi- 
dents the county seat was located at 
LaFoon by Governor Ordway in 1883, 
and by popular vote was removed to 
Faulkton in 1886. 


“Faulk County, History of,” by C. 
H. Ellis, a pioneer. 508 pp. 1909. 


Faulk, Phil K., 1840- ; born in 
Pennsylvania; brother to Governor 
Faulk; veteran of Civil War in which 
he lost an arm; came to Yankton, 
1865; lawyer; county atterney, Yank- 
ton, in Wintermute trial; member, 
first State legislature. 


206 


Faulkton 


Faulkton is a city in central Faulk 
County. Founded by the Western 
Town Lot Co. in 1886. Named for An- 
drew Faulk, third territorial gover- 
nor. Population, see census. “The 
Record,” established in 1882, and ‘‘The 


Advocate,” in 1898, are its newspa- 
pers. 
Fauna. Under fauna have been in- 


cluded all representatives of the ani- 
mal kingdom identified in South Da- 
kota. It is probable that other rep- 
resentatives of each class are still to 
be identified and listed. This is es- 
specially true of insects: 


Amphibians and Reptiles 
Prof. William H. Over, in Bulletin 
12, of the South Dakota Geological and 


Natural History Survey, has made a 
descriptive list of the amphibians and 


reptiles of South Dakota, from which 
this list is taken: 


Salamanders: 
Tiger Salamander, the common liz- 
ard. 
Mud Puppies. 


Toads and Frogs: 
American toad. 
Western plains toad. 
Spadefoot toad. 
Cricket frog. 

Swamp tree frog. 
Leopard frog. 
Northern woods frog. 
Reptiles: 
Snapping turtle. 
Bell’s terrapin. 
Lesueur’s terrapin. 
Painted box turtle. 
Soft shelled turtle. 


Swifts, Lizards and Skinks: 
Yellow striped swift. 
Hernandez horned lizard. 
Six lined lizard. 

Five lined skink. 
Black banded skink. 


Snakes: 
Plains garter snake. 
Green garter snake. 
Red barred garter snake. 
Striped swamp snake. 


Fauna 


Dekay’s ground snake. 
Red-bellied snake. 
Blue racer. 

Fox snake. 

Bull snake. 

Green snake. 

Ring necked snake. 
Southern milk snake. 
Hog nosed snake. 
Western hog nosed snake. 
Prairie rattle-snake. 
House snake. 


Birds 

Under Audubon will be found a list 
of forty-one birds and 21 variants ob- 
served by that notable ernithologist 
and his staff while visiting South Da- 
kota in the months of May and Sep- 
tember, 1843. Herewith is given the 
list of 322 species made by Professors 
William H. Over and Craig S. Thoms 
in Bulletin No. 9 of the State geolog- 
ical and natural history survey, “The 
Birds of South Dakota.’ Each bird 
is given the number assigned to it by 
the American Ornithologist Union: 


Grebes and Loons: 
Western grebe. 
Holboell’s grebe. 
Horned grebe. 

Eared grebe. 
Pied-billed grebe. 
Loon. 


ge eS 


Gulls and Terns: 
51. Herring gull. 
54. Ringbilled gull. 
59. Franklin’s gull. 
60. Bonaparte’s gull. 
64. Caspian tern. 
69. Forster’s tern. 
70. Common tern. 
74. Least tern. 
77. Black tern 


Cormorants: 
120. Double-crested cormorant. 
Pelicans: 

125. White pelican. 

Ducks, Geese and Swans: 
129. Merganzer. 
130. Redbreasted merganzer. 
131. Hooded merganzer. 
132. Mallard 


207 


133. 
135. 
137. 
139, 
140. 
141. 
142. 
143. 
144. 
146. 
147. 
148. 


149. 
150. 
151. 
153. 
154. 
166. 
167. 
169. 


169a. 


169. 
170. 


171a. 


172. 


12a. 
172¢. 
1738: 


180. 
181. 


190. 


191, 
194. 
201. 
202. 


204. 
205. 
206. 


208. 
212. 
214. 
219. 
221. 


223. 
224. 


225. 


Fauna 


Black duck. 
Gadwell duck. 
Baldpate duck (widgeon?). 
Greenwinged teal. 
Blue-winged teal. 
Cinnamon teal. 
Shoveler. 

Pintail. 

Wood duck. 

Red head. 
Canvasback. 

Scaup duck, also called Blac-:- 
head and Bluebill. 
Lesser Scaup duck. 
Ring-necked duck. 
Golden-eye. 
Buffle*head. 

Old squaw duck. 
Surf scooter. 

Ruddy duck. 

Snow goose. 
Greater snow goose. 
Blue goose. 

Ross’s goose. 
White-fronted goose. 
Canada goose. 
Hutchins’s goose. 
Cackling goose. 
Brant. 

Whistling swan. 
Trumpeter swan. 


Bitterns and Herons: 
Bittern, also called Thunder 
pumper and shitepoke. 
Least bittern. 
Great blue heron. 
Green heron. 
Black-crowned night heron. 


Cranes: 
Whooping crane. 
Little brown crane. 
Sandhill crane. 


Rails, Gallinules and Coots: 
King rail. 

Virginia rail. 

Sora. 

Florida gallinule. 

Coot. 


Phalaropes (“Snipes’’) 


Northern phalarope. 
Wilson’s phalarope. 


Avocet: 
Avocet. 


208 


228. 
230. 
231. 


232. 
283: 
234. 
239. 
241. 
242. 
243a. 
246. 
248. 
249. 
251. 
254. 
256. 
256. 
258. 
258a. 


‘261. 


262. 
263. 
264. 
265. 
266. 


270. 
272. 
273. 
274. 
277. 
281. 


283a. 


Fauna 


Snipes and Sandpipers: 


Woodcock. 

Wilson’s snipe. 
Dowitcher. 

Long-billed dowitcher. 
Stilt sandpiper. 

Knot, “Robin Snipe.” 
Pectoral Sandpiper. 
Baird’s sandpiper. 
Least sandpiper. 
Red-backed sandpiper. 
Semipalmated sandpiper. 
Sanderling. : 

Marbled godwit. 
Hudsonian god wit. 
Greater yellow-legs. 
Yellow-legs. 

Solitary sandpiper. 
Willet. 

Western willet. 
Upland plover. 
Buff-breasted sandpiper. 
Spotted sandpiper. 
Long-billed curlew. 
Hudsonian curlew. 
Eskimo curlew. 


Plovers: 
Black-bellied plover. 
Golden plover. 
Killdeer. 
Semipalmated plover. 
Piping plover. 
Mountain plover. 


Turnstone: 
Ruddy turnstone. 


Bob Whites, Quails and Grouse: 


289. 
297. 
300b. 
305. 
308b. 
309. 


310a. 


Bob White. ; 
Dusky grouse, “Fool hen.” 
Gray ruffed grouse. 

Prairie chicken. 

Prairie sharptailed grouse. 

Sage hen. 

Ring-necked pheasant (“Chinese 
pheasant’”’). 


Turkey: 
The wild turkey,formerly abund- 
ant along the: Missouri River 
until 1875, is now extinct. 


Pigeons: 
Passenger pigeon (wild pigeon) 
formerly abundant, now extinct. 
Western mourning dove. 


325. 
326. 


ool. 
ook: 
332. 
Boos 
334. 
pots 
337a. 
BBE A 
342. 
343. 
347a. 
348. 
349. 
352. 
354. 
355. 
356a. 
357: 
357b. 
360. 
364. 
365. 
366. 
367. 
368. 
370. 
Bias 
372. 
Ste. 
373e. 
Sto 
375a. 
375b. 
376.. 
378. 


387. 
388. 
390. 


393. 
394b. 
394a. 
400. 
402. 
406. 


Fauna 


Vultures: 
Turkey buzzard 


ture). 
Black vulture. 


(turkey vul- 


Kite, Hawks, Eagles: 
Swallow-tailed kite. 
Marsh hawk. 
Sharp-shinned hawk. 
Cooper’s hawk. 
Goshawk (“hen hawk’). 
Red-tailed hawk. 
Krider’s hawk. 
Red-shouldered hawk. 
Swainson’s hawk. 
Broadwinged hawk. 
Rough-legged hawk. 
Ferruginous rough-leg. 
Golden eagle. 

Bald eagle. 

Gray gyrfalcon. 

Prairie falcon. 

Duck hawk. 

Pigeon hawk. 

Richardson’s pigeon hawk. 
Sparrow hawk. 

Osprey (fish hawk). 

Barn owl. 

Long-eared owl. 
Short-eared owl. 

Barred owl. 

Great gray owl. 
Richardson’s owl. 
Saw-whet owl. 

Screech owl. 

Rocky Mountain screech owl. 
Great Horned owl. 
Western horned owl. 
Arctic horned owl. | 
Snowy owl. 

Burrowing owl. 


Cuckoos (“rain crows”) 


Yellow billed cuckoo. 
Black billed cuckoo. 


Belted. 
Kingfisher: Occasionally found 
in State. 

Woodpeckers: 


Hairy Woodpecker. 
Batchelder’s Woodpecker. 
Downy Woodpecker. 

Artic Three-toed Woodpecker. 
Yellow-billed Sapsucker. 
Red-headed Woodpecker. 


408. 
409. 
412a. 
413. 


417. 


418. 


420. 
420a. 
420c. 


423, 
424, 
428, 


444, 
447. 
456. 
457. 
459. 
461. 
462. 
464. 
466. 
466a. 
467. 


474b. 
474c. 


475. 
477. 
484, 
486. 
488, 
491, 
492. 


Fauna 


Lewis’s woodpecker. 
Red-bellied woodpecker. 
Northern flicker. 
Red-shafted flicker: 


Goatsuckers: 
Whip-poor-will. 
Poor-will. 

Night hawk. 
Western night hawk. 
Sennett’s night hawk. 


Swifts: 


Chimney swift. 
White-throated swift. 
Ruby-throated Hummingbird. 


Flycatchers: 
Kingbird. 
Arkansas kingbird. 
Phoebe. 
Say’s phoebe. 
Olive-sided flyéatcher. 
Wood pewee. 
Western wood pewee. 
Western flycatcher. 
Traill’s flycatcher. 
Alder flycatcher. 
Least flycatcher. 


Larks: 


Prairie horned lark. 
Desert horned lark. 
Note: Look for Meadow lark 
under Blackbirds, etc. (below). 


Crows, Jays and Magpies: 


Magpie. 

Blue jay. 

Canada jay. ~ 
Raven. 

Crow. 

Clark’s nutcracker. 
Pinon jay. 


Blackbirds, orioles and meadow larks 


494. 
495. 
497. 
498. 
498d. 
501. 


506. 
507. 
508. 


Bobolink. 

Cowbird. 

Yellow-headed blackbird. 
Red-winged blackbird. 
Thick-billed redwing. 

1. Western meadow-lark (star- 
ling). 

Orchard oriole. 

Baltimore oriole. 

Bullock’s oriole. 


509. 
510. 


511b. 
Finches, Grosbeaks and Sparrows: 


514. 
515. 
517, 
521. 
522. 
528. 
529. 
530. 
533. 
534, 
536. 
537. 
538. 
539. 


540a. 
542a. 
542b. 


545. 


546a. 
547a. 


548. 
549, 
552. 
553. 


554. 


554a. 


558. 
559. 
560. 


560a. 


561. 


563a. 


566. 
567. 
581. 


581). 


583. 
585. 
587. 
588. 
593. 
595. 
596. 


597a. 


598. 
599. 
604. 
605. 


607. 
608. 


Fauna 


Rusty blackbird. 
Brewer’s blackbird. 
Bronzed grackle. 


Evening grosbeak. 

Pine grosbeak. 

Purple finch. 

Crossbill. 

White-winged crossbill. 
Redpoll. 

Goldfinch. 

Arkansas goldfinch. 

Pine siskin (finch). 

Snow bunting. 

Lapland longspur. 

Smith’s longspur. 
Chestnut-collared longspur. 
McCowan’s longspur. 
Western vesper sparrow. 
Savannah sparrow. 
Western savannah sparrow. 
Baird’s sparrow. 


Western grasshopper sparrow. 


Western Henslow’s sparrow. 
Leconte’s sparrow. 

1. Nelson’s sparrow. 
Lark sparrow. 

Harris’s sparrow. 
English sparrow. 
White-crowned sparrow. 
Gambel’s sparrow. 
White-throated sparrow. 
Tree sparrow. 

Chipping sparrow. 
Western chipping sparrow. 
Clay-colored sparrow. 
Western field sparrow. 
White-winged junco., 
Slate-colored junco. 
Song sparrow. 

Dakota song sparrow. 
Lincoln’s sparrow. 

Fox sparrow. 
Towhee, ‘“chewink.”’ 
Arctic towhee, 
Cardinal. 

Rose-breasted grosbeak. 
Black-headed grosbeak. 
Western blue grosbeak. 
Indigo bunting. 

Lazuli bunting. 
Dickcissel. 

Lark bunting. 


Tanagers: 


Western tanager. 
Scarlet tanager,. 


611. 
612. 
613. 
614. 
615. 
616. 
617. 


618. 
619. 


621. 
622a. 


624. 
627. 
627a. 
629. 
629b. 
633. 


636 
645. 
646. 
647. 
652. 
655. 
‘656. 
657. 
659. 
660. 
661. 
662. 
667. 
672. 
674. 
675a. 
6709. 
680. 
681la. 
683. 
685. 
687. 


697. 
700. 


701. 


Fauna 


Swallows: 

Purple martin. 

Cliff swallow. 

Barn swallow. 

Tree swallow. 

Northern violet-green swallow. 
Bank swallow. 

Rough-winged swallow. 


Waxwings: 
Bohemian waxwing. 
Cedar waxwing. 


Shrikes: 
Northern shrike. 
White-rumped shrike. 


Vireos: 
Red-eyed vireo. 
Warbling vireo. 
Western warbling vireo. 
Blue-headed vireo. 
Plumbeous vireo. 
Bell’s vireo, “Greenlet.” 


Warblers: 
Black and white warbler. 
Nashville warbler. 
Orange-crowned warbler. 
Tennessee warbler. 
Yellow warbler. 
Myrtle warbler. 
Audubon’s warbler. 
Magnolia warbler. 
Chestnut-sided warbler. 
Bay-breasted warbler. 
Black-poll warbler. 
Blackburnian warbler. 
Black-throated green w. 
Palm warbler. 
Oven-bird. 
Grinnell’s water-thrush. 

Mourning warbler. 
Macgillivray’s warbler. . 
Western yellow throat. 
Yellowbreasted chat. 
Wilson’s warbler. 
Redstart. 
Pipits: 

init stiller 
Sprague’s pipit. 


Dippers: 
Dipper, “water ouzel.” 


Thrashers and Mocking Birds: 


702. 
703a. 
704. 
705. 


210 


Sage thrashers. 
Western mocking bird. 
Catbird. 

Brown thrasher. 


Fauna 


Wrens: 
715.. Rock wren. 
721a. Western house wren. 
722. Winter wren. 
724. Short-billed marsh wren. 
725d. Prairie Marsh wren. 


Creepers: 
726. Brown Creeper. 


Nuthatches and Chickadees: 
727. White-breasted nuthatch. 
728. Red-breasted nuthatch. 
731. Tufted titmouse. 
735. Chickadee. 
735a. Long-tailed chickadee. 


Kinglets: 
748.. Golden-crowned kinglet. 
749. Ruby-crowned kinglet. 


Thrushes and Bluebirds: 


754. Townsend’s solitaire. 
755. Wood thrush. 


756. Veery. 

756a. Willow thrush. 

757. Gray-cheeked thrush. 
758a. Olive-backed thrush. 
759b. Hermit thrush. 

761. Robin. 

76la. Western robin. 

766. Bluebird. 

768. Mountain bluebird. 


Checking the above list with that 
of Audubon, it seems probable that 
Audubon found some varieties not now 
here, while civilization has brought to 
us vast numbers not here in 1843. 


Fish 

All game fish are carefully protect- 
ed by law; fishing is under the di- 
rection of the game warden. Trout 
may not be taken from Sept. 30 to 
March 3lst. Other fish during March 
and April. Small fish must be return- 
ed to the water. Except in the Mis- 
souri River no seining is allowed. 
Only 25 protected fish may be taken 
in one day. All fishermen must have 
a State license. 

Prof. Over, State naturalist, says: 
“The fishes of South Dakota have not 


211 


Fauna 


been determined or identified. The 
following is a partial list, after the 
classification of David Starr Jordan. 
There are probably a half dozen spe- 
cies that could be added to the Sucker 
family and the same number addi- 
tional of Minnows. In all, the list 
will probably be extended by twenty 
species:”’ 


Family Polyodontidae. (The Paddle- 
Fishes)—Paddle-fish; spoon-bill, poly- 
dodon spathula. Locally distributed 
over the State in quiet, deep waters 
with muddy bottoms. Has been taken 


from the Vermillion, James, Grand 
and Missouri Rivers. 
Family Acipenseridae. (The Sturg- 


eons)—Lake or Rock Sturgeon, Aci- 
penser rubicundus. Fairly common in 
the Missouri River and in Big Stone 
Lake. 


Family lLepisosteidae. 
Fishes)—Long-nosed Gar, lepisosteus 
osseus. Found in the Missouri River 
and Big Stone Lake up to a length of 
five feet. 

Short-nosed Sturgeon, lepisosteus 
platystomus. A smaller form found 
in all the rivers of the eastern part of 
the State. 


Family Amiidae. (The Bow-Fins)— 
Dog-fish; grindle, amia calva. Big 
Stone Lake. 


Family Siluridae. (The Cat-Fishes)— 
Channel Cat, Ictalurus punctatus. In 
Big Stone Lake and the Missouri, 


(The Gar- 


James, Vermillion and Big Sioux 
Rivers. 
Blue Cat, Ameiurus _ nigricans. 


Common in the Missouri River where 
it reaches a weight of 150 lbs. 

Yellow Cat, Ameiurus natalis. 
common in the Missouri River. 
~ Bullhead, Ameiurus nebulosus. Com- 
mon in all waters of the State. 


Family Catostomidae. (The Suck- 
ers)—Buffalo Fish, Ictiobus cyprinella. 
Big Stone Lake and the Missouri Riv- 
er; occasionally in the smaller rivers 
of the eastern part of the State. 

Quill-back, Ictiobus velifer. Rivers 
of the eastern part of the State. 


Not 


Fauna 


Common Sucker, Catostomus teres. 
Common in rivers and larger lakes 
of the State. 

Stone Roller, catostomus nigricans. 
Big Stone Lake. 

Red Horse, Moxostoma macrolepi- 
dotum. Big Stone Lake and rivers of 
the eastern part of the State. 


Family Cyprinidae. (The Carp; 
Dace; Shiner.)—Carp, cyprinus carpio. 
Common in still waters of the State. 
The Carp is a native of China, was 
introduced into Europe and_ later 
brought to the United States. It may 
be divided into several sub-species. 

Horned Dace, semotilus atromacu- 
latus. Common in the smaller streams 
of the eastern part of the State. 

Shiner, notemigonus chrysoleucus. 
Common in the smaller streams of the 
eastern part of the State. 


Family Clupeidae. (The Herrings.) 
—Skip Jack, clupea chrysochloris. Riv- 
ers of the eastern part of the State. 

Hickory Shad, Dorosoma cepedia- 
num. Rare in rivers of the eastern 
part of the State. 


Family Salmonidae. (The Trout.)— 
Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. 
Streams of the Black Hills and intro- 
duced into a few of the streams of the 
eastern part of the State. 

Lochlaven, introduced in streams of 
the Black Hills. 

Rainbow, introduced in streams of 
the Black Hills. 


Family Esocidae. (The Pikes)— 
Pickerel, Esox vermiculatus. Rivers 
and lakes of the eastern part of the 
State. 

Northern Pike, Esox lucius. Lake 
Traverse, Big Stone Lake and perhaps 
some of the other larger lakes of the 
State. 


Family Anguillidae. (The Eels)— 
Common Eel, Anguilla anguilla. Occas- 
ionally in rivers of the eastern part 
of the State and in Big Stone Lake. 


Family Gasterosteidae. (The Stickle- 
backs)—Brook Stickleback, - Eucalia 
inconstans. Streams of the eastern 
part of the State. 


Family Centrarchidae. (The Sun- 
Fishes)— Crappie, Pomoxis annularis. 


212 


Fauna 


Lakes of the eastern part of the State. 
Occasionally in the rivers. 

Rock Bass, Ambloplites rupestris. 
Lakes of the northeast corner of the 
State. 

Sun-fish, Eupomatis gibbosus. Lakes 
of the eastern part of the State. 


Blue-gill, Lepomis pallidus. Lakes 
of the northeastern part of the State. 


Small mouthed Black Bass, Microp- 
terus dolomieu. Big Stone Lake. 


Large-mouthed Black Bass, Microp- 
terus salmoides. Big Stone Lake and 
introduced into many lakes of the 
State. 


Family Percidae. (The Perches.)— 
Yellow Perch, Perca flavescens. Com- 
mon in lakes over the State. 

Wall-eyed Pike, Stizostedon vitreum. 
Big Stone Lake and rivers of the east- 
ern part of the State. Introduced 
over the State. 

Sand Pike, Stizostedion canadense. 
Big Stone Lake and occasionally in 
the Missouri River. 


Family Serranidae. (The Sea Bass.) 
—White Bass; Silver Bass, Roccus 
chrysops. Big Stone Lake and occas- 
ionally in lakes and rivers of the east- 
ern part of the State. 


Family Sciaendae. (The Drums.)— 
Sheep’s Head, Aplodinotus' grun- 
niens. Big Stone Lake and larger riy- 
ers of the eastern part of the State. 


Family Gadidae. (The Cod-Fishes.) 
—Burbot; Eel-pout, Lota lota var. ma- 
culosa. Some seasons abundant at the 
mouths of the James, Vermillion and 
Big Sioux Rivers. 


Insects 
The work of collecting and classi- 
fying the thousands of varieties of in- 
sects which infest this region has only 
been fairly begun. Dr. Harry C. Sev- 
erin, state entymologist, is diligently 
collecting and has systematically laid 
out his work in a series of projects 
to be taken up as time permits, the 
several projects involving the sever- 

al families as follows: 


Fauna 


Grasshoppers, Locusts and Crickets, 
(orthoptera) 
Grasshoppers, (acrididae). 
Grouse Locusts, (tettigidae). 
Long horned Grasshoppers, 
idae). 
Crickets, (gryllidae). 


(Locust- 


Other Families 

Walking Sticks, (phasmoidea). 
Earwigs, (dermaptera). 
Thrips, (thysanoptera). 
Praying Mantis, (mantoidea). 
Cockroaches and roaches (blattoidea). 
White Ants, (isoptera). 
Booklice and Bark living 

(correndentia). 
Bird lice, animal lice, (mallophaga). 


insects, 


Sucking lice, of animals, (siphuncu- 
lata). 
Hymenoptera 
Saw Flies and Horn-tails, (tenthred- 
- jnoidea). 


Ichneumon flies. 

All Flies, (cynipoidea). 

Chalcis Flies, (chalcidoinea). 

Serphoidea. 

Ants, (formicoidea). 

Cuckoo Flies (chrysidoidea). 

Social and Solitary Wasps, 
poidea). 

Digger Wasps, (specoidea). 

Bees, (apoidea). 


(ves- 


Beetles, (coleoptera) 
Sixteen species of beetles have been 
identified. 

Dragon flies and Damsel flies, (Odon- 
ata). 

May flies, (plectoptera). 

Stone flies, (plecoptera) . 

Ant Lions, Lace winged flies, 
roptera). 

Scorpion flies, (panorpatae). 

Caddice flies, (trichoptera). 

Moths, Skippers and Butterflies, (lep- 
idoptera). 

Flies, (diptera). This family includes 
craneflies, mosquitos, midges fungus 
gnats, gall gnats, march flies, horse 
flies, soldier flies, robber flies, bee 
flies, syrphus flies, bot flies, tachi- 
nid flies, flesh flies. 

Fleas, (suctoria). 


(neu- 


213 


Fauna 


Homoptera, including cicadas, tree 
hoppers, spittle insects, leaf hop- 
pers, lantern flies, scale insects, 
jumping plant lice, white flies, and 


plant lice. These are divided into 
16 classes. 
Hemiptera. These are the true bugs. 


Dr. H. M. Parshley, for the depart- 
ment of Entymology has made a re- 
port upon the collected hemiptera- 
heteroptera of the state in Bulletin 
No. 2. He finds 28 species character- 
istic of this locality, as follows:. 


Galgupha nigra. 
Peribalus piceus. 
Thyanta brevis. 
Murganita histrionica. 
Archimerus alternatus. 
Chariesterus antennator. 
Catorhintha mendica. 
Aufieus impressicollis. 
Corizus viridicatus. 
Ischnodemus brevicornus. 
Geocorus pallens. 
Uhleriola floralis. 
Leptostyla oblonga. 
Apiomerus spissipes. 
Ecerotbia decora. 
Deraeocoris ornatus. 
Deraeocoris histrio 
Halticotoma valida. 
Dicyphus notatus. 
Labops hesperius. 
Hadronema picta. 
Orthotylus viridicatus. 
Orthotylus viridis. 
Orthotylus fumidus. 
Ilnacora cholis. 
Ilnacora stalii. 
Rhagovelia oriander. 
Ambrysus heidimanni. 


Dr. Parshley lists the following fam- 
ilies and species and notes the locali- 


ties where found: 


Family Scutelleridae 


Homaemus aeneifrons, Custer. 
Homaemus bijugis, Capa, Hot Springs 
and Sisseton. 


Family Cydnidae 
Corimelaena pulicaria, Bigstone, 
Brookings, Ipswich, Lake Oakwood, 
Lennox, Sisseton. 
Corimelaena lateralis, Brookings. 


Fauna 


Galgupha Atra, Brookings, Sisseton. 
Galgupha nitiduloides. 

Galgupha nigra, Lake Oakwood. 
Sehirus, cinctus, Brookings. 


Family Pentatomidae 


Brochymena  quadripustulata, Capa, 
Yankton. 

Peribalus limbolaris, Brookings, Capa, 
Chamberlain, Sisseton, Yankton. 

Peribalis piceus, Capa, Dallas. 

Chlochroa uhleri, Capa, Charles Mix. 

Euschistus euschistoides, Capa. 

Euschistus tristigmus, Big Stone, Fort 
Pierre. 

Euschistus  variolarius, 
Vermillion, Yankton. 
Coenus delius, Brookings, Lake Oak- 

wood, Sisseton. 

Hymenarcys nervosa. 

Neottoglossa undata, Lake Oakwood. 

Neottiglossa sulcifrons, Brookings. 

Cosmopepla bimaculata, Brookings, 
Capa, Custer. 

Thyanta custator, Capa, Chamberlain, 
Fort Pierre, Hot Springs, Sioux 
Falls, Yankton. 

Thyanta brevis, Cottonwood. 

Murganita histrionica, Capa. 

Acrosternum hilare. 

Banasa dimiriata, Brookings. 

Perillus bioculatus, Capa, Rapid City. 

Apateticus bracteatus, Brookings, 

Capa, Fort Pierre, Ipswich, Yankton. 


Podisus maculiventris, Brookings. 


Brookings, 


Family Coreidae 


Merocoris distinctus, 
Vermillion, Yankton. 
Lepto glossus occidentalis, Brookings. 
Archimerus alternatus. 
EKuthochtha galeator. 
Chariesterus. antennator, 
Capa. 
Catorhintha mendica, Brookings, Capa. 
Anasa tristis, Mt. Vernon, Platte. 
Coriomeris humilis, Lemmon. 


Capa, Custer, 


Brookings, 


Family Alydidae 


Protenor belfragii, Brookings. 

Megalotomus quinquespinosus, Custer. 

Alydus eurinus, Brookings. 

Alydus pilosulus, Capa, Pierre. 

Alydus Conspersus, Ft. Pierre, Oak- 
wood, Custer, Capa. 


Fauna 


Family Corisidae 

Harmostus reflexulus, Brookings, Big 

Stone, Capa, Custer, Fort Pierre, 

Lake Oakwood, Rapid City, Sisseton. 
Aufeius impressicollis, Hot Springs. 
Corizus viridicatus, Custer. 
Corizus, Crassicornis, Custer. 
Corizus' lateralis, Brookings, 

Fort Pierre, Rapid City. 
Leptocoris trivitattus, Capa, Yankton. 


Capa, 


Family Neididae 
Neides muticus, Brookings, Custer. 


Jalysus spinosus, Brookings, Capa, 
Pierre, Vermillion. 

Family Lygaeidae 
Oncopeltus faciatus, Brookings. 
Lygaeus turcicus. 

Lygaeus kalmii, Brookings, Custer 
Hot Springs. 

Lygaeus pusio, Hot Springs. 

Nysius californicus, Brookings, Fort 


Pierre, Lake Oakwood. 
Nysius ericae, Aberdeen, Big Stone, 
Brookings, Capa, Ft. Pierre. 
Hot Springs, Rapid City, Sisseton. 
Ischnorhynchus geminatus, Brookings. 


Cymus  luridus, Brookings, Capa, 
Pierre, Vermillion. 
Ischnodemus falicus, Big Stone, 


Brookings, Capa. 

Ischnodemus brevicornis, Brookings. 

Blissus leucopteris, Tyndall, Wagner. 

Geocoris bullatus, Brookings, Pierre, 
Lake Oakwood. 

Geocoris pallens, Brookings. 

Geocoris uliginosus, Brookings. 

Oedancala dorsalis, Capa. 

Sphaerobius insignis, Capa. 

Ligyrocoris diffusus, Big Stone, Brook- 
ings, Lake Oakwood, Sisseton, Ver- 
million. 

Perigenes constrictus, Vermillion. 

Zeridoneus costalis, Brookings. 

Pseudocnemodus canadensis, 
Springs. 

Peritrechus fraternus, Brookings. 

Sphragisticus nebulosus, Big Stone and 
Brookings. 

Uhleriola floralis, Pierre. 

Emblethis vicarius, common. 


Hot 


Family Piesmidae 

Piesma cinera, Brookings, 
Sisseton, Vermillion. 

Piesma cinera inornata, Ipswich. 


Ipswich, 


Z14 


Fauna 


Family Tingidae 
Gargaphia tiliae, Big Stone. 
Leptostyla oblonga, Big Stone. 
Corythucha ulmi, Big Stone. 
Corythucha distinecta, Rapid City. 
Corythucha marmorata, Big Stone. 
Corythucha marmorata informis, Big 
Stone. 
Corythucha arcuata, Big Stone, Brook- 
ings, Yankton. 
Corythucha arcuata Mali, Big Stone, 
Oakwood, Sisseton. 
Leptoyphy Mutica, 
Pierre. 


Familiy: Phymatidae 
Phymata erosa_ fasciata, Brookings, 


Capa, Elmira, Hot Springs, Oak- 
wood, Sisseton. 


Hot Springs, 


Family Reduviidae 

Barce uhleri, Brookings. 
Barce uhleri brunnea, Brookings. 
Reduvius personatus, Brookings, Ver- 

million. 
Melanolestes picipes, Interior. 
Apimerous spissipes, Piedmont. 
Fitchia aptera. 
Sinea diadema, Brookings. 


Family Nabidae 

Nabis subcoleoptratus, Oakwood. 

Nabis ferus, Big Stone, Brookings, 
Capa, Hot Springs, Oakwood, 
Pierre, Sisseton, Vermillion. 

Nabis alternatus, Capa. 

Nabis rufusculus, Brookings. 

mae roseipennis, Brookings, Vermil- 
ion. 


Family Cimicidae 
Cimex lectularis, Fort Pierre. 


Family Anthocoridae 
Anthocoris borealis, Fort Pierre. 
Triphleps insidiosa, Capa, 

Springs, Pierre, Smithville. 
Triphleps insidiosa tristicolor, Capa, 
Pierre. — 


Hot 


Family Miridae 
Stenodema trispinosum, Brookings. 
Stenodema vicinum, Brookings. 
Megaloceroea debilis, Capa. 
Trigonotylus _ruficornis, 

Capa, Sisseton. 
Trigonotylus tarsalis, Brookings. 
Teratocoris discolor, Brookings, Capa. 
Neurocolpus nubilis, Brookings. 


Brookings, 


215 


Fauna 


Phytocoris eximius, Brookings. 

Phytocoris neglectus, Brookings. 

Phytocoris salisis, Brookings. 

Phytocoris conspurcatus, Brookings. 

Ecertobia decora, Brookings. 

Adelphocoris rapidus, Brookings, Sis- 
seton, Vermillion. 

Alelphocoris superbus, Capa, Custer. 

Irsibia brachycerus, Brookings, Capa. 

Paracalocoris colon, Brookings. 

Poeciloscytus basalis, Brookings. 

Poecilocapsus lineatus, Brookings. 

Capsus ater, Brookings, Capa. 

Lygidae rebecula, Brookings. 

Lygidea rubecula rosacea, Brookings. 

Lygus pratensis, Arlington, Big Stone, 
Brookings, Ft. Pierre, Hot Springs, 
Oakwood, Sisseton, Vermillion, 
Yankton. 

Lygus elisus, Brookings, Rapid City, 
Sisseton. 

Lygus plagiatus, Arlington, Brookings, 
Capa, Ft. Pierre, Hot Springs. 

Lygus rubicundus, Brookings, 
wood. 

Neoborus amoenus, Brookings, Pierre. 

Neoborus amoenus scutellaris, Brook- 
ings. 

Neoborus canadeusis, Brookings. 

Cimatlan. 

Deraocoris ornatus, Yankton. 

Deraocoris histrio, Big Stone, Brook- 
ings, Oakwood. 

Deraocoris aphidiphagus, Brookings. 

Deraocoris quercicola, Oakwood. 

Halticotoma valida, Capa, 
Springs, Pierre. 

Orectoderus obliquus, Capa. 

Dicyphus Notatus, Brookings. 

Labops hesperius, Capa. 

Strongylocoris stygieus, Brookings. 

Ceratocapus modestus, Brookings. 

Lopidea, Capa. 

Hadronema picta, Capa. 

Diaphnidia pellucida, Brookings. 

Orthotylus viridicatus, Capa. 

Orthotylus flavosparsus, Brookings. 

Orthotylus viridus, Brookings. 

Orthotylus fumidus, Brookings. 

Ilnacora chloris, Capa. 

Ilnacora stalii, Pierre. 

Ilnacora malina, Brookings. 


Oak- 


Hot 


Chlamydatus associatus, Arlington, 
Big Stone, Brookings, Capa, Ft. 
Pierre, Hot Springs, Rapid City, 


Sisseton, Smithville. 


Fauna 


Family Gerridae 
Gerris marginatus, Brookings. 
Gerris buenoi, Brookings. 
Limnoporus rufoscutellatus, Custer. 
Metrobates hesperius, Brookings. 


Family Veliidae 
Rhagovelia oriander, Brookings. 


Family Mesovelidae 


Mesovelia mulsanti, Brookings, Oak- 
wood. | 
Family Notonectidae 

Notonecta irrorata. 

Notonecta undulata, Brookings. 
Notonecta insulata, Capa. 
Buenoa margaritacea, Capa. 


Family Naucoridea 


Pelocoris femoratus, Hot Springs. 
Ambrysus heidemanni, Hot Springs. 


Family Nepidae 
Ranatra americana, Brookings, Capa. 
Ranatra kirkaldyi, Brookings. 
Rantra protensa, Oakwood. 


Family Belostomatidae 


Lethocerus americanus, Brookings. 
Belostoma flumineum, Oakwood. 


Family Corixidae 
Several species. 


Membracidae 
Dr. Severin catalogues the following 
species of membracidae collected by 
himself in South Dakota: 


Ceresa Diceros, Brookings, Capa, Lake 
Henricks, Volin and Waubay. 

Ceresa bubalis, common. 

Ceresa Stimulea, Big Stone, Brook- 
ings. 

Ceresa Taurina, common. 

Ceresa Constans, Canton, Lake Hend- 
ricks, Mitchell, Yankton. 

Ceresa Borealis, Brookings. 

Ceresa basalis, Game Lodge and Syl- 
van Lake. 

Ceresa Femorata, common. 

Stictocephala inermis, common. 

Stictocephala substriata, Capa. 

Stictocephala festina, Oakwood, Rap- 
id City. 

Acutalis tararea, Brookings, White. 


Fauna 


Acutalis tararea Semicrema, Brook- 
ings, White. 

Micrutalis Calva, Vermillion, Yankton. 

Glossonatus Crataegi, Brookings. — 

Heliria Scalan’s, Brookings. 

Heliria fagi, Brookings. 

Telamona Barbata, Lake Hendricks. 

Telamona Virida, Brookings, Newell. 

Telamona Obsoleta, Brookings, Lake 
Hendricks. 

Telamona Reclivata, Deadwood, New- 
ell, Nisland, Whitewood. 

Telemona Decorata, Brookings. 

Telemona Pruinosa, Brookings Coun- 
ly. 

Telamona Monticola, ‘Newell, Nisland, 
Lake Hendricks. 

Telamona Ampelopsidis, Brookings. 

Telamona Tristis Coryli, Whitewood. 

Telonica pyramidata, Canton,  Ip- 
swich, Newell. 

Archasia Galeata, Yankton. 

Cyrtobolus Maculifrontis, Lake Hend- 
ricks, Oakwood. 

Cyrtobolus Inermis, Lake Oakwood. 

Cyrtobolus Griseus, Lakes Hendricks 
and Oakwood. 

Crytobolus Cinereus, common. 

Cyrtobolus rufulus, common. 

Atymna querci, common. 

Xanthobolus Muticus, Oakwood. 
Vanduzea Triguttata, Canton, Capa, 
Interior, Philip, Rapid City, Volin. 

Entylia Concisa, Big Stone. 
Publia Concava, Big Stone, Brookings, 
Canton, Hurley, Volin, Yankton. 
Publia Reticulata, Brookings. 
Publia Modesta, Common. 
Campylenchia Latipes, Common. 
Enchenopa Binotata, Big Stone, White. 
Microcentrus Perdita, Canton, Yank- 
ton. 
Phasmoida ? 
The phasmoida are the “walking 
sticks” of our childhood; the long un- 
gainly dead twig like insects that chil- 
dren are told will enter their ears 
if given an opportunity. They are 
plant eaters. 


Diapheromera Fermorata, Canton. _ 

Diapheromera Veliei, Brookings, Can- 
ton, Capa, Chamberlain, Game 
Lodge, Lake Hendricks, Martin, 
Sioux Falls, White, Yankton. 

Parabacillus Coloradus, Capa, Cham- 
berlain, Martin. 


216 


Fauna. 


Mantoidea 

Praying Mantids, a rather grotesque 
creature looking like a small deform- 
ed grasshopper, who hold their strong 
anterior legs in the position of a monk 
at his prayers. They are carnivorous. 
Litaneutria Minor, Capa, Game Park, 

Hot Springs, Interior, Newell, 

Wasta; all west of the Missouri. 


Cicadellidae 
These include the leaf hoppers, vo- 
racious vegetable feeders destructive 
to clovers and many garden plants. 
The most harmful 
Agallia Sanguinolenta, destroy clov- 
ers. 
Deltocephalus inimicus, destroy small 
grain and grasses. 
Cicadula Sexnotata,- 
__ grains and grasses. 
Empoasca Mali, destroy potatoes and 
apples. 
Erythoneura Comes, destroy grapes. 


—_—_ 


destroy small 


Agallia Novella, Brookings. 

Agallia 4-punctata, Brookings. 

Agallia Sanguinolenta, Brookings, 
~Capa, Faulkton,. Fort Pierre, Mitch- 
ell, Sioux Falls. 

Agallia Uhleri, Brookings, 
Faulkton, Fort Pierre. 

Idiocerus Pallidus, Brookings, 
Flandreau, Fort Pierre. 

Idiocerus Saturalis, Brookings. 

Idiocerus Alternatus, Capa. 

Idiocerus Verticus, Brookings, 
Fort Pierre. 

Idiocerus Ramentosus, 


Capa, 


Capa, 


Capa, 


Fort Pierre, 


Yankton. 
[diocerus Brunneus, Capa, Yankton. 
Idiocerus Snowi, Brookings, Capa, 


Fort Pierre. 

Macropsis Viridia, Brookings, Fland- 
reau. 
Macropsis 
Capa. 

Macropsis Sordida, Brookings. 

Oncometopia lateralis, Capa, Lemmon. 

Oncometopia lateralis limbata, Com- 
mon. 

Cicadella Gothica, Fort Pierre, Hot 
Springs. 

Helochara Communis, Brookings. 

Graphocephala Coccinea, Fort Pierre. 


Trimaculata, Brookings, 


Fauna 


Draeculacephala Angulifera, Brook- 
ings and Capa. 

Draeculacephala Mollipes, Brookings, 
Capa, Freeman. 

Draeculacephala Novaboracensis, 
Brookings, Ipswich, Sisseton. 

Gypona Octolineata, Brookings, Capa, 
Ft. Pierre, Yankton. 

Xerophloea Viridis, Aberdeen, Brook- 
ings, Capa, Fort Pierre. 

Xestocephalus Publicaris, Brookings. 

Dorycephalus Platyrhynchus, Capa. 

Parabolacratus Flavidus, Brookings. 

Parabolacratus Viridus, Brookings, 
Capa, Ipswich, Sisseton. 

Mesamia Nigrodorsum, Capa. 

Mesamia Straminea, Capa. 

Mesamia Vitellina, Capa. 

Scaphoideus Auroniteus, Brookings. 

Scaphoideus Lobatus, Brookings, Fort 
Pierre. 


Scaphoideus Immistus, Brookings, 
Capa, Fort Pierre. 
Platymetopius, Acutus, Brookings 


Capa, Ft. Pierre, Hot Springs. 
Platymetopius Acutus Dubius, Capa, 
Yankton. 

Platymetopius Oregonensis, Capa. 

Platymetopius Cinereus, Capa. 

Platymetopius Frontalis, Brookings, 
‘Fort Pierre. 

Deltocephalus Reflexus, Sisseton. 

Deltocephalus Abbreviatus, Brookings. 

Deltocephalus Sayi, Brookings, Capa, 
Fort Pierre. 


Deltocephalus Inimicus, Brookings, 
Capa, Freeman, Ft. Pierre. 

Deltocephalus Signatifrons, Fort 
Pierre. 


Deltocephalus Debilis, Brookings. 

Deltocephalus Collinus, Capa. 

Deltocephalus Monticolor, Fort Pierre. 

Deltocephalus Affinus, Brookings, 
Flandreau, Yankton. 

Deltocephalus Striatus, Brookings. 

Oconura Argenteolus, Capa, Interior. 

Oconura Atropuncta, Capa. 

Nephotettix Terrebrans, Capa, Pierre. 

Euscelis Magnus, Capa. 

Euscelis Exitiosus, Brookings, Capa, 
Freeman, Fort Pierre, Sisseton. 

Euscelis Striolus, Brookings. 

Euscelis Parallelus, Brookings. 

Euscelis Extrusa, Brookings. 

Euscelis Comma, Capa, Mitchell. 

Euscelis Curtisii, Brookings. 

Euscelis Obsoletus, Brookings. 


Z17 


Fauna 


Eutettix Seminudus, Brookings, Fland- 
reau, Yankton. 
Eutettix Cinctus, Fort Pierre. 
Hutettix Strobi,. Aberdeen, Brookings, 
Capa, Fort Pierre, Fairfax. 
Phelpsius Decorus, Capa, Fort Pierre. 
Phelpsius Cumulatus, Capa. 
Phelpsius Altus, Brookings, Capa. 
Phelpsius Turpiculus, Brookings. 
Phelpsius Irroratus, Brookings, 
Pierre. 
Phelpsius 
Pierre. 
Phelpsius Nebulosus, Brookings. 
Acinaptarus Acuminatus, Capa. 
Thamnotettex Clitallarius, Brookings, 
Fort Pierre. 
Thamnotettex 
Capa. 
Thamnotettex Nigrifrons, Brookings. 
Thamnotettex Inornatus, Brookings. 
Chlorotettix Unicolor, Capa. 
Chlorotettix Spatulatus, Capa. 
Cicadula Punctifrons, Brookings. 
Cicadula Sexnotata, Aberdeen, Capa, 


Fort 


Truncatus, Brookings, Fort 


Ciliatus, Brookings, 


Brookings, Fort Pierre, Ipswich, 
Pierre, Waubay. 
Balcutha Punctata, Brookings, Fort 


Pierre. 
Balcutha Impicta, Brookings, Hurley. 


EKugnathodus Adominalis, Brookings, 
Hurley. 

Dikraneura Mali, Brookings. 

Dikraneura Abnormis, Brookings, 
Fort Pierre. 

Dikraneura Fieberi, Brookings, Fort 


Pierre. 
Empoasca Trifasciata, Fort Pierre. 
Empoasca Obtusa, Aberdeen, Brook- 
ings, Capa, Fort Pierre, Ipswich, 
Yankton. 
Empoasca Atrolabes, Brookings. 
Empoasca Nigroscuta, Capa, 
Pierre. 
Empoasca Pallida, Brookings. 
Empoasca Aspersia, Capa, Fort Pierre. 
Empoasca Alboneura, Fort Pierre. 
Empoasca Mali, Brookings, Capa, Fort 
- Pierre. mete 8 
Empoasca Flavacens, Brookings, Capa. 
Empoa Querci, Brookings. 
Empoa Querci Gillettei, Brookings. 
Empoa Rosae, Brookings. 
Empoa Albicans, Brookings, 
Prerre. 
Erythroneura Tricincta, Fort Pierre. 


Fort. 


Fort 


Fauna 


Erythroneura Comes, Brookings, Fort 
Pierre, Hot Springs. 

Erythroneura Comes Maculata, Brook- 
ings. 

Erythroneura 
Pierre. 

Erythroneura Vitis, Fort Pierre. 

Erythroneura Vitis Stricta, Brookings, 
Fort Pierre. 


Comes Ziczac, Fort 


Fort 


Erythroneura Obliqua, Capa, 
Pierre. 
Erythroneura Vulnerata, Brookings, 


Fort Pierre. 


Pests. Chiefly the attention of the 
entomological department is directed 
to the control and eradication of in- 
sect pests injurious to horticulture and 
agriculture. The reports of the de- 
partment from year to year are devot- 
ed to the results with specific pests. 
Enemies of Plums and Sand Cherries 

Caterpillar (samia cecropia)—They 
should be gathered by hand and. de- 
stroyed. Spray with lead arsenate, 1 
ounce to one gallon of water. 

Leaf Crumpler (mineola indigenel- 
la)—In early spring gather and de- 
stroy the nests; spray with lead arse- 
nate, 1 ounce to one gallon, just be- 
fore the blossoms open and again in 
the fall. 

Lice, Aphis—Spray with three-quar- 
ters of a teaspoonful of “black leaf 
40” to 1 gallon of water in which is 
dissolved one-half ounce of laundry 
soap; after the eggs are hatched and 
while the lice are clustered on the 
open buds. 

Red Spider (tetranychus bimaculat- 
us)—These are very small and work 
in hot, dry weather. Their work is 
ioften attributed to the weather. When 
leaves begin to dry up unseasonably 
look out for the red spider on the 
underside of the leaves. Spray with 
1 pound of powdered sulphur and 2 
ounces Of soap to 8 gallons of water. 

Clover mite (bryobia pratensis)— 
Spray same as red spider. 


218 


Fauna 


Plum Sphinx (sphinx drupiferarum) 
—Use the cecropia spray. 

Tent Caterpillar (malacosoma amer- 
icana)—Spins the tentlike webs across 
the crotches of plum trees. Use the 
cecropia spray, but when the tents 
have formed pick them out by hand 
and burn them. 

Web-spinning Sawfly (neurotoma in- 
conspicua)—These pests frequently 
defoliate the plum trees. Spray with 
lead arsenate, 1 ounce to 1% gallons 
of water. 

Curculio (conotrachelus nenuphar) 
—This is a snout beetle and is very 
destructive. Keep the orchard free 
from weeds; prune trees so sun 
shines through them; spray with lead 
arsenate, 5 ounces to six gallons 
water. 

Shothole Fungus (cylindrosporium 


padi) — When in mid-summer small 
holes appear in the plum leaves spray 


with lime sulphur wash, in part to 40 
gallons of water. Rake and burn all 
fallen leaves. 

Brown Rot (scelerotinia fructigene) 
—Small decayed areas on the fruit. 
Spray with lime sulphur as for Shot- 
hole fungus. 

Gouger (cocotorus'_ scuttelaris)— 
Much like and same treatment as cur- 
culio. 

Pocket (exoascus  pruni)—Called 
plum bladders, or blasted plums. 
Spray as for Brown Rot. 

Scab (cladosporium carpophilum)— 
The dark scab that forms on plums 
shortly before ripening. Spray as for 
Brown Rot. 

Black Knot (plowrighta morbosa)— 
The black growth on twigs and 
branches of plum trees. Prune out 
the diseased limbs and spray for 
Brown Rot. 

Borer (syanthedon pictipes)—This 
pest lives under the bark of plums 


‘with a blunt head. 


Fauna 


frequently causing a gum to exude. 
If the orchard is well cultivated and 
sprayed for other pests the borer is 
not likely to get established, but if 
they become bad, dig up and burn the 


trees. 
Buffalo Tree Hopper (ceresa Bubal- 


is)—These pests slit the bark for the 
purpose of laying their eggs. They 
are a hopping bug about *%4 inch long 
Keep orchard 


clean, prune out and burn infected 
branches. 
Oystershell Scale (lepidosaphes 


ulmi)—A scale which covers the limbs 
and finally kills the tree. Spray as 
for brown rot. 

Putnam’s Scale (aspidiotus ancylus) 
—Much like the oystershell scale and 
subject to same treatment. 

Crown Gall (psuedomonas tumefac- 
iens)—A tumor like growth about the 
root of the trees. There is no treat- 
ment but to destroy infected trees. 
Enemies of Gooseberries and Currants 

Borers—These work chiefly in dead 
canes, but may attack the living canes. 
Cut out and burn all dead or wilted 
canes. 

Powdery Mildew(sphaerotheca mors- 
uvae)—A white powdery growth upon 
the leaves and stems. It is quite 
fatal and hard to control. Prune and 
destroy all affected parts; spray with 
one ounce of liver of sulphur to two 
gallons of water, every two weeks. 
European Lecanium (lecanium corni 
bouche)—The bug appears in the 
spring in adult form, the eggs are laid 
and the old die, the young hatch and 
soon form on the underside of the 
leaf where they suck the life out of 
the plant. Spray with kerosene emul- 
sion. (Soap % pound, water 1 gal- 
lon, kerosene 2 gallons) diluted. 

Oyster shell scale and Putnam’s 
scale both attack gooseberries and 


219 


Fauna 


currants. For treatment see under 
enemies of Plums. 

Anthracnose (pseudopeziza ribes)— 
Cover the leaves with small round 
dots which causes them to turn yel- 
low and die. Spray with Bordeaux 
Mixture (3 pounds quicklime, 3 pounds 
blue vitriol and fifty gallons of water). 

Currant Aphis, or Plant Louse (my- 


zus ribis)—These lice gather on the. 


under side of the leaf and cause the 
plant to become discolored. Spray 
when buds are forming and two weeks 
later with kerosene emulsion diluted 
seven parts water to one of emulsion 
stock. 

European Currant Rust (cronartium 
ribicola)—This is the white pine blis- 
ter rust. It is believed that it has 
been eradicated here. 

European Currant Worm (pteronus 
ribesii)—The most destructive enemy 
of the currant is very common. {ft is 
the offspring of the sawfly. Spray 
with lead arsenate, or Paris green. 

Oblique-banded Leaf Roller (archips 
rosaceana)—Spray with lead arsenate. 
Leaf Spots—Spray as for anthracnose. 

Span Worm (cymatophora ribearia) 
—The inch worm. Spray with lead 
arsenate or paris green. 

Powdery Mildew and Red Spider are 
enemies of currants and Gooseberries. 
See under plums. 


Enemies of the Apple Tree 


Coddling Moth (carpocapsa pomo- 
nella) — The parent of the apple 
worm. The young caterpillar makes 
its way at once into the young apple 
through the blossom end. Spray with 
lead arsenate immediately after the 
petals of the blossom fall. 

Apple Maggot (rhagoletis pomonel- 
la)—These maggits are hatched from 
eggs laid by a fly, which pierces the 
skin of the apple in mid-summer. The 


Fauna 


larvae bore through the fruit. Spray 
with lead arsenate about July 1, and 
repeat two weeks later. 

Fall Webworm (hyphantria cunea) 
—This is the caterpillar that spins 
webs in apples, cottonwoods and many 
other trees. Spray with lead arsenate 
early in May. 

Leaf Crumpler (mineola indigenella) 
—This pest attacks many trees but 
is partial to the apple. Gather and 
burn the curled leaves and spray with 
lead arsenate. 

Unspotted Tentiform Leaf-miner 
(ornix germinatella)—These caterpil- 
lars construct mines within the leaves. 
They pass the winter upon the 
dead leaves and the only remedy is 
to gather and burn the fallen foliage. 

White-marked Tussock Moth (herm- 
erocampa  leucostigma)—A_ general 
pest of shade and fruit trees. The 
best control is by hunting out and de- 
stroying the coccoons which are at- 
tached to the body of the tree or to 
fences, or other nearby plants. 

Green Apple Aphis (aphis pomi)—A 
minute, green plant louse that feeds 


‘on the apple leaves and is destructive. 


Spray with kerosene emulsion, 1 gal- 
lon of standard emulsion to 6 gallons 
of water, early in the spring, and 
again a month later. 

Scurfy Scale (chionaspis furfura)— 

To the layman not much different 
from the oystershell scale and yields 
to same treatment. 
_Flat-headed Apple Tree Borer 
(chrysobothris femorata)—This pest 
injures most other trees, usually at- 
tacking those that are weakened by 
injury of any sort. Prune injured 
branches, paint injured places on the 
tree bodies; and if the pest is persist- 
ent wrap the entire body of the tree 
with paper and fasten with twine. Re- 
move the paper in the winter. 


4 ~ 


220 


Fauna 


Enemies of Wheat 


Wheat Stem Maggot (meromyza 
americana)—In some years quite gen- 
erally distributed. 

Chinch bugs. 

(Pediculoides Ventricocus and 
Trombidium are parasites which feed 
upon the wheat stem maggots and 
upon the fly that produces them.) 


5. Mammals 


The following is a list of mammals 
native to South Dakota observed by 
the naturalists accompanying Lieut. 
G. K. Warren in 1855-7: 


Antelope or pronghorn (antilocapra 
Americana). 

Badger (taxidea Americana). 

Bat (Vespertilio noctivagans). 

Bat (Vespertilio novaboracensis). 

Bat (Vespertilio pruinosus). 

Bear, grizzly (ursus horribilis). 

Beaver (castor Canadensis). / 

Bighorn; see Mountain Sheep. 

Buffalo (bos Americanus). 

Coyote (canis latrans). 

Deer, mule (cervus macrotis). 

Deer, white tailed (cervus leucurus). 

Elk (cervus Canadensis). 

Fox, swift (vulpes velox). 

Fox, red (vulpes macrourus). 

Gopher, Ft. Union (thomomys rufe- 
scens. 

Gopher, 
lini). 

Gopher, pocket (geomys bursarius). 

Gopher, striped (spermophilus tride- 
cem-lineatus). 


gray (spermophilus frank- 


Gopher, * Townsend’s (spermophilus 
Townsendii). 
Marmot, yellowfooted (arctomys flav- 


iventer). 
Mole (scalops argentus). 
Mountain sheep or bighorn (ovis mon- 
tana). 
Mouse, common (mus musculus). 
Mouse, jumping (jaculus hundsonius). 
Mouse, meadow( arvicolo haydeni). 
Mouse, Missouri (hesperomys leuco- 
gaster). 
Mouse, pocket (perognathus flavius). 
Mouse, Sonorian (hesperomys Sonor- 
iensis). 
Muskrat (fiber zibethicus). 


221 


Fauna 


Otter (lutra Canadensis). 


Prairie dog (cynomys ludovicianus). 

Rabbit, gray (lepus sylvaticus). 

Rabbit, prairie hare (lepus campes- 
tris). 

Rabbit, sage hare (lepus artemisia). 

Raccoon (procyon lotor). 

Rat, common (mus rattus). 

Rat, Kangaroo (dipodomys ordii). 

Rat, mountain (neotoma cinerea). 

Sheep, bighorn (orvis montana). 

Shrew (blarina brevicauda). 

Shrew, Hayden’s (sorex Haydeni). 

Skunk (mephitis mephitica). 

Squirrel, gray (sciurus Carolinensis). 


Squirrel, Missouri striped (tamias 
quadrivittatus). 

Squirrel, mountain gray (Sciurus fre- 
montii). 


Squirrel, Red (sciurus Hudsonius). 

Squirrel, Western fox (sciurus ludo- 
vicianus). 

Weasel (putorius longicauda). 

Wildcat’ (lynx rufus). 

Wolf (canis occidentalis). 


6. Mollusca 


The following list of mollusks na- 
tive to South Dakota was collected by 
Prof. Over, State naturalist; specimens 
are preserved in the museum of the 
State University: 


Vallonia costata Mull., Deuel Co., Rob- 
erts Co. 

Vallonia pulchella Mull. Deuel Co. 

Vallonia parvula Sterki, Clay, Deuel 
and Brule Counties. 

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Common 
over the State. 

Vallonia perspectiva Sterki. 
Co. 

Oreohelix cooperi W. G. B. Spearfish 
Canyon, Lawrence Co. 

Polygyra monodon Rack. Woods 
along Vermillion River, Clay Co. 

Pupoides marginatus Say. Common in 


Deuel 


the semi-arid districts. Also in 
Clay Co. 
Pupoides inornatus Vanatta. Type lot 


from drift along White River, Wash- 
ington Co. Also collected along In- 
dian Creek, eastern Pennington Co. 
Bifidaria tappaniana Ads. Clay and 
Deuel Counties. 
Bifidaria clappi Sterki. Pennington Co. 


Fauna 


Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki. One spec- 
imen taken in woods along Spear- 
fish Creek in Lawrence Co. 

Bifidaria agana Pils and Van. 
general over the State. 

Bifidaria contracta Say. Clay Co. 

Bifidaria procera Gld. All through the 
southern part of State. 

Bifidaria armifera Say. Common over 
the State. 

Bifidaria armifera abbreviata Sterki. 
Perkins Co. 

Bifidaria pentodon Say. 
State. 

Pupilla muscorum L. Washington Co. 

Pupilla blandi Morse. Pennington and 
Brule Counties. 

Vertigo ovata Say. Deuel and Clay 
Counties. Probably common in 
eastern part of State. 

Vertigo milium Gld. Found in drift 
along Missouri River at Chamber- 
lain, Brule Co. 

Cochlicopa lubrica Mull. Clay, Law- 
rence and Deuel Counties. 

Vitrina Alaskana Dall. Lawrence Co. 

Polita hammonis Strom. Clay, Deuel 
and Pennington Counties. 

Euconulus fulvus Mull. Pennington, 
Lawrence, Harding and Deuel Coun- 
ties. 

Zonitcides arborea Say. Locally over 
the State. 

Bonitoides minuscula Binn. 
over the State. 
Zonitoides nitida Mull. Clay, Deuel 
and Washabaugh Counties. 

Zonitoides singleyana Pils. 
Clay and Custer Counties. 

Agriolimax campestris Binn. Harding 

Co. Probably also in eastern part of 
State. 

Pyramidula alternata Say. Clay Co. 

Pyramidula cronkhite News. Deuel 
Co. 

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pils. 

Clay, Pennington, Lawrence and Rob- 
erts Counties. 

Helicodiscus parallelus Say. Clay, 

Washington, Deuel, Roberts and Brule 
Cos. 

Punctum pygmaeum Drap. Deuel and 
Lawrence Counties. 

Punctum californicum Pils. Clay Co. 

Succinea nuttalliana Say. Deuel Co. 

Succinea higginsi Gld. Deuel Co. 

Succinea avara Say. Common over 
the State. 


Quite 


Over the 


Common 


Brule, 


222 


Fauna 


Succinea grosvenorii Lea. Common 
over the plains and prairies. 


Carychium exile H. C. Lea. Stanley 
Go...Clay.-Go. 
Carychium exiguum Say. Clay and 


Deuel Counties. 

Lymnaea elodes Say. Clay Co. 

Lymnaea tryoni Lea. Deuel Co. 

Lymnaea obrussa Say. Black Hills. 

Lymnaea palustris Mull. Generally 
distributed over the State. 

Lymnaea palustris michiganensis 
Walker. Deuel Co. 

Lymnaea parva Lea. 
Deuel Counties. 

Lymnaea caperata Say. Common over 
the State. 

Lymnaea humilis modicella 
Deuel, Clay, Butte, 
Harding Counties. 

Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say. Over 
eastern part of State. 


Perkins and 


Say. 
Perkins and 


Lymnaea cockerilli Pils. and Ferr. 
Over the State. 
Lymnaea techella Hald. Harding Co. 


Physa sayi Tapp. Perkins, Deuel and 
Harding Counties. 

Physa ancillaria Say. Codington Co. 

Physa humerosa Gld. Spink Co. 

Physa crandalli Baker. Fish ponds 
at hatchery, Lawrence Co. - 

Physa walkeri Crandall (?) Spink Co. 
Turtle River. 
Physa integra Hald. Rare over the 
State. 

Physa gyrina Say. Abundant over the 
State. 

Aplexa hypnorum L. Deuel Co. 


Planorbis umbilicatellus Ckll. Perk- 
ins Co. 
Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Locally 


found over the State... Reported by 
Audubon in 1840 from Missouri Riv- 
er, probably at mouth of some creek 
flowing in from the east. 
Planorbis parvus Say. Deuel, Pen- 
nington, Clay and Harding Counties. 


Planorbis exacuus Say. Deuel Co. 
near Altamont. 
Planorbis trivolvis Say. Quite com- 


mon over the State. Also collect- 
ed in Beadle Co. in 1895 by S. F. 
Adams. 

Planorbis deflectus Say. Clay, Perk- 
ins, Deuel, Washington and Wash- 
abaugh Counties. 

Planorbis tumidus 
Deuel Counties. 


Pfr. Perkins and 


Fauna 


Segmentina christyi Dall. Dead shells 
were abundant at a small pond in 
Deuel Co. in 1908. 


Ancylus Parallelus  Hald. Deuel 
County. 

Valvata tricarinata Say. Eastern S. 

Campeloma integrum Say. Clay Co. 


Vermillion River. One sinistral. 

Somatogyrus subglobosus Say. Deuel 
Co. 

Somatogyrus integer Say. 
and Clay Counties. 

Amnicola cincinnatiensis Anth. Spink 
Co. Turtle River. 

Amnicola limosa Say. Codington and 
Clay Counties. 

Amnicola emarginata Kust (Cincinnat- 
tia binneyana) Codington and Clay 
Counties. 

Lampsilis luteolus Lam. Clay, Deuel, 
Codington and Spink Counties. One 
“dead” specimen was found in the 
Little Missouri River in Harding 
Co. It is doubtful if it exists there 
at present, but may be found in the 
same river at higher elevation and 
in a sandy loam formation in Mon- 
tana. 

Lampsilis ventricosus Barnes. 

Lampsilis Laevissimus Lea. 

Lampsilis alatus Say. 


Codington 


Lampsilis parvus' Barnes. Eastern 
part of State. 
Lampsilis gracilis Barnes: The above 


five species are no doubt more or 
less common in the Big Sioux, Ver- 
million and James Rivers. 

Lampsilis anodontoides Lea. 

Lampsilis subrostratus Say. 
Brule Creek, Union County. 

Lampsilis rectus Lamk. Brule Creek, 
Union Co. 

Plagiola elegans Lea. Clay Co. 

Strophitus edentulus Say. Lake Kam- 
peska, Codington Co. 

Strophitus edentulus pavonius Lea. 
Hidewood Creek, Deuel Co. 


Clay Co. 
Rare in 


Anodonta Dakota Frierson. Clear 
Lake, Deuel Co. 

Anodonta grandis’ Say. Perkins, 
Deuel, Spink, Clay and Codington 


Counties. 
Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Deuel 
and Codington Counties, 
Anodonta grandis’ gigantea 
Deuel Co. 


i 


Lea. 


223 


Fauna 


Anodontoides ferussacianus Lea. 
Washabaugh and Deuel Counties. 
Anodontoides ferussacianus subcylin- 
draceus Lea. Deuel and Davison 

Counties. 

Symphynota compressa Lea. 
Co. 

Symphynota complanata Barnes. Clay 
and Deuel Counties. 


Deuel 


Symphynota complanata  katherina 
Lea. Lake Kampeska, Codington 
‘Co. 

Arcidens Confragosus Say. Clay Co. 

Quadrula lachrymosa Lea. Clay Co. 

Quadrula pustulosa Lea. 

Quadrula undulata Barnes. Deuel, 
Clay and Spink Counties. 

Sphaerium sulcatum Lam. Washa- 


baugh and Deuel Counties. 
Sphaerium rhomboideum Say. 

wood Creek, Deuel Co. 
Sphaerium simile Say. Deuel Co. 


Hide- 


Sphaerium stramineum Conr. Lake 
Kampeska, Codington Co. 

Sphaerium striatinum lam. Deuel 
Co. 

Sphaerium' striatinum acuminatum 
Prime. Ziebach, Harding, Perkins 
and Butte Counties. 

Musculium partumeium Say. Deuel 
Co. 

Musculium secure Prime. Penning- 
ton and Perkins Counties. 

Musculium jayense Prime. Ziebach, 
Perkins and Deuel Counties. 

Pisidium contortum Prime. Harding 
Co. 

Pisidium mainense Sterki. Deuel Co. 
(or near it). 

Pisidium affine Sterki. Deuel Co. 

Pisidium subrotundum Sterki. Pen- 
nington Co. 

Pisidium abditum Hald. Pennington 
and Washington Counties. 

Pisidium variabile Prime. Washa- 
baugh Co. 

Pisidium kirklandi Sterki. Deuel Co. 

Pisidium compressum Prime. Deuel 
Co. 

Pisidium compressum laevigatum 
Sterki. Deuel Co. 

Pisidium sargentii Sterki. Deuel Co. 

Pisidium overi Sterki. Deep water- 


hole in creek one-half mile south of 

Clear Lake, Deuel Co. 
Pisidium walkeri Sterki. 

Creek, Deuel Co. 


Hidewood 


Fauna 
Pisidium pauperculum~ crystalense 
Sterki. Deuel Co. 


The following post-glacial fossils, 
Wisconsin drift, were taken from a 
well 20 feet beneath the surface, 3 
miles north of Grandview, Douglas 
Conrin 188s Dy sProl. la st ONG, ak 
that time State Geologist. The speci- 
mens were identified by Frank C. 
Baker: 

Pisidium compressum Prime. 
Pisidium variabile Prime. 
Pisidium medianum Sterki (?) 
Valvata tricarinata Say. 
Valvata lewisii Currier. 
Succinea avara Say. 


Physa sp. (immature). 

Lymnaea (Galba) palustris Mull. 

Lymnaea Stagnalis appressa Say. 

Planorbis trivolvis Say. 

Planorbis bicarinatus Say, (antrosus 
Conrad). 

Planorbis antrosus striatus Baker. 


Planorbis deflectus Say. 
Planorbis parvus Say. 
Planorbis exacutus Say. 


Additional Records to the above 
list, Sept., 1924. 


Alasmidonta Truncata B. H. W., riv- 
ers of the eastern part of the State. 

Alasmidonta calceola Lea. Minnehaha 
County. 

Quadrula rubignosus Lea. Rivers of 
the eastern part of the State. 

Quadrula tuberculata Raf. Lincoln 
County. 


Quadrula coccinea. Clay County. 


Quadrula costata Raf. Fire Steel 
Creek, Davison County. 
Cookeria southalli Marshall. 


James 
River at Huron. ; 
Lampsilis ventricosus Canadensis. Lea. 
Lake Byron, Beadle County. 
Anodonta marginata Say. Lake Kam- 
peska. 
Campeloma subsolidum. Anth. Davi- 
son County. 
Vitrea hammonis 
County. 


Strom. Marshall 


Segmentina crassilabris Walk. Jim 

Creek, Roberts County. 

Planorbis hitsutus Gld. Marshall 
County. 

Planorbis vermicularis Gld. Roberts 
County. 


Fenians in South Dakota 


Amnicola walkeri. Pils. Marshall 
County. 

Ferrissia rivularis Say. Lake Byron, 
Beadle County. 

Ferrissia parallela Hald. 
County. 

Ferrissia tarda Say. Roberts County. 

Siccinea haydeni W. G. Binn. Mar- 
shall County. 

Bifidaria procera McClungi H. & J. 
Common in draws west of the Mis- 


souri River. 


Marshall 





“The Nautilus’’ (Mazeetias Nov., 1915, 
p. 90; Dec. 1915, p. 79. 

Fechet, Capt. Edmond G.,, 18.....-19......; 
b., Michigan; was the officer in 
charge of the battalion sent down to 
Grand River, Dec. 15, 1890, the morn- 
ing of the capture and death of Sit- 
ting Bull. The soldiers took no part 
in the tragedy, but arrived in time 
to drive back the hostiles and carry 
away the bodies of the policemen and 
Sitting Bull. 





Hist., IV, 185; also II, 477. 
Federal Court. See Courts. 


Fedora is a village in western Min- 
er County. Population, see census. 
“The Messenger,” established in 1909; 
is its newspaper. 


Fenians in South Dakota. In 1869 
Charles Collins, an eccentric newspa- 
per man of Sioux City, established a 
settlement at Brule City, in Brule 
County, directly opposite the mouth 
of White River. It is now known 
that he was acting in connection with 
John O’Neil, the notable Fenian lead- 
er, who was responsible for the Fen- 
ian invasion of Canada near Niagara 
Falls in 1865. It was O’Neil’s plan to 
establish a colony of Fenians on the 
Missouri and at. the propitious mo- 
ment enter Canada through the back 
door, at Pembina. The response to 
his appeals for settlers was disap- 
pointing; but finally he got about 60 


224. 


Fenzl, Frank J. 


men together and allowed them to ‘“‘fil- 
ter” in small numbers, two or three 
at a time, up the Missouri to a point 
thirty or forty miles above Bismarck, 
where they gathered and marched 
across the prairie to Pembina, where 
on the morning of October 5th, 1871, 
they crossed the line into Canada and 
took possession of the Hudson Bay 
post and trading house. A _ detach- 
ment of U. S. Soliders from Fort Pem- 
bina at once went over the line and 
upon their approach O’Neil abandon- 
ed the post and hastened away; but 
being pursued, he and two other of- 
ficers were taken into custody, while 
the remainder of his force escaped. 
The soldiers secured 77 breechload- 
ing rifles, 17 muzzle loading muskets, 
5 carbines, 11 sabers and 12,000 cart- 
ridges which the Fenians abandoned. 
They were tried in the U. S. Court 
at Pembina in June, 1872, and dis- 
charged for lack of jurisdiction. 
O’Neil did not return to Brule City, 
but at once took up the laudable pur- 
pose of founding agricultural colonies 
of his countrymen in the West, and 
established three, the most import- 
ant of which bears his name, O’Neil, 
Nebraska. . 





Hist... Vi, 177 


Fenzl, Frank J., 1873- ‘4 bornsin 
Kralovice, Bohemia, May 26th; came 
to Armour, Douglas Co., 1896; engag- 
ed in tailoring and later owned a 
clothing store; State Senator, 1913. 


Ferguson, Duncan, - ; born 
in Fillmore County, Minnesota; mov- 
ed to Lake County, S. D., in 1888 and 
engaged in farming; legislator, 1901, 
T2032; 


Ferney is a village in southeastern 
Brown County. Platted by the West- 
ern Town Lot Co. in 1886. Named 


225 


Ffennel, Rev. R. Archer B. 


for W. H. Ferney, one of the survey- 
ors who laid out the town. 


Ferns. See Flora. 


Ferry. Ferries on streams in this 
State are licensed by general law. In 
the early territorial days ferry rights 
were granted by act of the legislature 
and were a valuable franchise. Con- 
flicting ferry rights at the crossing of 
the Big Sioux River, near Sioux City, 
led to extended litigation through con- 
flict of Iowa and Dakota Territory 
ferry grants. 


Fetterman Massacre, was the de- 
struction of Col. William Judd Fetter- 
man and eighty men under his com- 
mand, near Fort Phil Kearny, Wyom- 
ing, by Sioux under Red Cloud, Dec. 
21, 1866. It is one of the notable 
tragedies in American military his- 
tory. Indians appearing near the post, 
Gen. Henry Carrington commanding 
directed Col. Fetterman to go out 
with a detail and drive them off. Fet- 
terman was led into an ambush and 
his entire command killed. Red Cloud 
and his warriors were South Dakot- 
ans. 





ELIS Leeeeaobo pe okie LOL: 
andy hgchters,” by) Dr. 


“Indian Fights 
Cyrus Townsend 


Brady. War. 1867. 
Fetzner, Frank T., 1885- ; born 
at Brownsville, Minnesota, October 


ard; came to Hamill, Tripp Co., S. D., 
in 1910; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; held township and school of- 
fices; legislator, 1923, 1925. 


Few, George H., 1855- ; born at 
Albion, N. Y., December 23; engaged 
in mercantile business at Flandreau, 
1878-1898; first mayor of Flandreau; 
State senator, 1901, 1903. 


Ffennel, Rev. R. Archer B., - 
. 1876; Episcopal missionary to the 
Sioux at Fort Bennett; of English 


' Fiction 


birth; killed by a hostile Indian, Sept. 
OT: 


Fiction. See Literature of South 
Dakota VIII. 


Field Artillery Regiment. See War, 
12 (World War—147th regt. F. A.), 
15 (Decoration of regtl. flags by the 
French). 


Fielder is an abandoned post office 
in northwestern Hughes County. The 
banking and shipping point is Pierre, 
17 miles southeast. 


Fife is a railroad station in southern 
Brown County, 5 miles east of Mina, 
its banking point and post office. 


Fifield, L. Wendell, 1891- ; born 
Berrien, Michigan, June 10; A. B., 
Oberlin; B. D., Chicago Sem.; Pastor, 
Cong. Church, Sioux Falis. Author, 
“How to Use the Bible,” official text 
fOrc ya Via Che As 


Fillaus, A. J., 1882- ; born in 
Bon Homme County, S. D., August 
29th; engaged in lumber business, 


Dante, Charles’: Mix Co., 1909-20; then 
engaged ‘in real estate and insurance 
business, Lake Andes; legislator, 1921, 
19232. 


Finance, State Board of. Consists 
of the governor, treasurer, secretary 
of State, auditor and superintendent 
of banks. “It shall have advisory 
supervision of the safe keeping of 


all funds coming into the State treas-. 


ury and all other funds belonging to 
the State coming into the possession 
of any State board, officer or institu- 
tion, and supervision of all of the fis- 
cal affairs of the State.” The Civil 
Administrative act of 1925 adds the 
attorney general and the commission- 
er of finance to the board. 





Code, 6872. 


Fire Prevention 


Finch. The finch family is the larg- 
est bird family in the State. It in- 
cludes the finches proper, sparrows, 
grosbeaks and others. Forty-nine 
members of this family have been 
identified here. See Birds. 


Finch, F. A., 1866- ; born at Al- 
bion, Michigan, January 29th; came to 
Mina, Edmunds Co., Dakota in 1886; 
engaged in farming and real estate, 
later in Lemmon; State Senator, 1919. 

Finding. The finder of a thing lost 
is simply a depositary (See Deposits) 
and must govern himself as such. He 
has no title in the thing he finds. 


Code, 1007-15. 


Finnerud, Hans M., 1859- i 1 Fe 
Norway; grad., Beloit Col. and Hahn- 
emann Medical Col., Chicago; locat- 
ed at Watertown in 1890; physician 
and surgeon; member, State board of 
regents, of State board of charities 
and corrections, and of board of medi- 
cal examiners; State Senator, 1913. 





Kingsbury, V, 301. 


Finnie, John, 1846-1924; born in On- 
tario, Canada, January 17th; came to 
Union County, Dakota in 1872; engag- 
ed in farming; school director for nine- 
teen years; legislator, 1911. 


Fire Clay. Extensive deposits of 
fire clay are found. near Rapid City 
and perhaps elsewhere in the State. 


Fire Prevention. The State exer- 
cises its police power to prevent de- 
structive fires. From September to 
June inclusive ‘no prairie or stubble 
fire shall be set except it be enclosed 
by a strip of well plowed land fifty 
feet in width. Arson is a felony. State 
fire marshals are provided to patrol 


. the State and have large police pow- 


ers to prevent fires. State and feder- 


226 


Fires 


al governments co-operate to prevent 
fires in the forest areas. 

Code, 9125. For fire protection in 
the forests there is an elaborate sys- 
tem of forest rangers under the gen- 
eral direction of the Forest supervis- 
or whose office is at Deadwood. 
Throughout the open season a 1ook- 
out is maintained upon Harney Peak, 
whence with strong glasses the en- 
tire forest is under observation and 
with instruments the appearance of 
a fire is soon located and the rangers 
at once notified by telephone. The 
soldiers quartered at Fort Meade are 


available for fighting fires in great 
emergencies. 
Fires. See Deadwood: Disasters: 


Homestake Mine: Hospital for the 


Insane. 


Firesteel is a village in northwest- 
ern Dewey County. 


Firesteel Creek is a stream rising in 
the coteau in northwest Aurora Coun- 
ty and running easterwardly empties 
into the James River, near Mitchell. 
In its lower course it cuts through 
Niobrara chalk rock. 


Firesteel Creek, North Branch, rises 
in northern Jerauld County and falls 
into Firesteel Creek in western Day- 
ison County. 


Firesteel Creek is a southern afflu- 
ent to Grand River in central south- 
ern Corson County. 


First Things. Here are grouped 
some of the first things and first inci- 
dents in South Dakota history: 

First white men known to have been 
upon South Dakota soil were Francois 
and Louis Joseph Verendrye, Louis 
La Londe and A. Miotte, 1742. 

First white resident, probably Pierre 
Dorion (or Durion) who seems to 
have settled at the mouth of James 
River about 1780. 


First Things 


‘First white woman to come into 
the region, Pelagie LaBarge, wife of 
Joseph La Barge, captain of the steam- 
boat “Martha,” in 1847. 

First house erected by white men, 
the Trudeau house, was on the bank 
of the Missouri River near White 
Swan, Charles Mix County, in Novem- 
ber, 1794. 

First white child born in South Da- 
kota, Mary Houston Atkinson, at Fort 
Pierre, January 8, 1857. 

First permanent white settlement 
was at Fort Pierre, 1817, by Joseph 
La Framboise. 

First domestic live stock was 
brought into South Dakota by Manuel 
Lisa in 1812; he had cattle, hogs and 
house-cats. 

First steamboat to reach the upper 
Missouri River at Fort Pierre was the 


“Yellowstone,” Captain, B. Young, 
1831. In 1832 it went up to Fort 
Union. 


First engagement between U. S. 
troops and Indians in South Dakota 
was the fight of Hnsign Prior’s men 
with the Arickara, 1807. 

First government homestead to be 
filed in South Dakota was by Mahlon 
Gore, instantly upon the stroke of 12, 
morning of January 1, 1863, at Ver- 
million. This was also the first home- 
stead in the United States. 

First school in South Dakota, 1857, 
at Fort Randall. 

First school-master, Dr. Franklin 
Caulkins, who taught at Fort Randall 
(1857) and at Vermillion (1860). 

First school building was at Bon 
Homme, 1860. 

First Teacher’s Institute was at 
Elkpoint, Nov. 10, 1867, under James 
S. Foster, Territorial superintendent, 
and Darwin Phillips, superintendent 
of Union County. 


First recorded Christian prayer in 
South Dakota was by Jedediah S. 
Smith, near Mobridge, June 2, 1823. 

First Christian sermon, by Rev. 
Stephen Return Riggs, at Fort Pierre, 
September 20, 1840. 

First church organization was at 
Vermillion by Methodists, 1860. 

First church building was at Ver- 
million, Presbyterian, 1860. 


227 


First White Woman 


First white woman in the Black 
Hills was Mrs. Annie E. ‘Tallent (wife 
of D. G.) in December, 1874. See “The 
Black Hills: or the Last Hunting 
Grounds.” 

First White Woman. See LaBarge, 
Martha: Tallent, Annie E. 


Fischer, J. H., 1869- ; born at 
Rochester, Minn., July 1st; came to 
South Dakota in 1897; engaged in 
the general mercantile and banking 
business; member of board of educa- 
tion, postmaster and justice of the 


peace, Mound City, Campbell Co.; 
State Senator, 1913. 
Fish. See Fauna. Game Warden; 


Department of Game and Fish. 


Fish Lake is in southeastern Deuel 
County. <A fine body of water. 


Fisher, Frank R., 1875- =) SDObU 
at Troy Mills, Iowa, December 30th; 
attorney; came to South Dakota in 
1909, locating at Miller; state’s at- 
torney of Hand County for six years 
and city attorney of Miller for eight 
years; State Senator, 1923; appointed 
by Gov. Gunderson as an additional 
judge of the Ninth Circuit under the 
act. OL 1925; 


Fiske, Edmund W., 1874- ; born 


London, Ont.; studied at Olivet and 
Redfield Colleges; U. S. Dist. Attor- 
ney, 1919-21. 


Fiske, George D.; manager of the 
Frost, Todd & Company trading store 
at Yankton from 1858. Frozen in 
the great storm of January, 1860, the 
first death in the white settlement. 


Fitch, Edwin P., 1840- SOLD ak 
South Bridgewater, Maine, March 
22nd; sergeant in Maine Infantry in 
the Civil War; county commissioner 
in Chippewa County, Wis.; located 
in Sanborn County, S. D., in 1883; 
later moved to Turner County and 


228 


Flag of South Dakota 


engaged successfully in farming; leg- 
islator, 1907, 1909; P.°O:; Parker. 


Fitzgerald, John J., 185.- ; na- 
tive of Illinois; merchant of Madi- 
son; State senator, 1893, 1899. 


Fixtures. If a tenant affix anything 
to real property with cement, plaster, 
bolts or nails, without an agreement 
permitting him to remove it; the thing 
so affixed belongs to the owner of the 
property and cannot be removed by 
the tenant. 





Code, 497. 


Flaa, Joseph, 1893- ; -borm. an 
Boyd, Minn., July 8th; came to Re- 
villo, Grant County, in 1910; publisher 
of “The Weekly Item” at Revillo; 
held numerous town and school of- 
fices; first ass’t clerk of the House 
in legislature 1917; chief of engross- 
ing and enrolling force of the Senate 
in 1921 and 23; legislator, 1925. 


Fladmoe is a post office in southern 
Harding County,:8 miles south of Buf- 
falo, its banking point and 15 miles 
north of Bowman, North Dakota, its 
shipping point. 


Flage, George. An employe of Gen- 
eral William H. Ashley, killed at the 
Arickara towns, June 2, 1823. 


Flag of South Dakota. “The flag 
of South Dakota shall consist of a 
field of blue, one and two-thirds as 
long as it is wide, in the center of 
which shall be a blazing sun in gold, 
two-fifths as wide in diameter as the 
width of the flag. Above this sun 
shall be arranged in the arc of a 
circle, in gold letters, the words ‘South 
Dakota’ and below the sun in the arc 
of a circle shall be arranged the 
words in gold letters, ‘The Sunshine 
State,’ and on the reverse of the blaz- 
ing sun shall be printed in dark blue 


Flandrau, Charles Eugene 


the great seal of the state of South 
Dakota. The edges of the flag shall 
be trimmed with a fringe of gold, to 
be in proportion to the width of the 
flag. The staff shall be surmounted 
by a spearhead to which shall be at- 
tached cord and tassels of suitable 
length and size.’ The State flag 
was designed by Ida M. Anding, leg- 
islative librarian, in 1909. | 





"Code, 5064. 
Flandrau, Charles Eugene, Judge. 
1828-1903; was Agent of the Upper 


Sioux in Minnesota in 1857 and negot- 
iated the rescue of Abbie Gardner 
Sharpe. Flandreau, South Dakota, is 
named in his honor. Justice, supreme 
court, Minn., 1857-64. See Sharpe, 
Abbie G. 





PrtistiiMinn.: Il, 1385-6 ete; *Minn: iin 
3 Centuries,”’ III, 447-50. 

Flandreau, county seat, Moody Co.; 
first settled, 1857; in 1858 Indians 
scared settlers away; next settled in 
March, 1869, by a colony of twenty- 
five families of Sioux from Santee 
Agency, Nebraska, who desired to live 
as white men and Christians; fifteen 
other Sioux families joined them. in 
1869; “they were the first Sioux (in 
Dakota Ter.) to adopt the spirit and 
life of our American civilization;”’ in 
1876, there were 85 Indian home- 
steads here and in 1878 the Indians 
here numbered 365; in 1872 F. W. 
Pettigrew and other white settlers 
came in and lived on friendly terms 
with the Indians. Aug. 11, 1873, Gov. 
Burbank organized Moody Co. (which 
see). Riggs Institute, a large school 
for Indians, is located here. The 
town has sash and door and auto 
accessory factories. Population, see 
census. “The Moody County Enter- 
prise,’ established in 1878, ‘“‘The Her- 
ald,” established in 1892, and “The 


229 


Flint 


Review,” a monthly paper, establish- 
ed in 1903, are its newspapers. 


Flat Creek rises in North Dakota 
and flows south to the North Fork of 
Grand river. 


Flatiron is a discontinued post of- 
fice in central Lawrence County. The 
shipping and banking point is Lead, 
3 miles northwest. 


“Flatiron Reservation” is the Sisse- 
ton and Wahpeton Indian Reserva- 
tion located between Lake Traverse 
and Lake Kampeska. See Indian 
Treaties, 3 and 7. 


Flax. See Agriculture, 3. 


We have ’em. Not bad. 


Lewis L., 1864- ; born 
at Butler, Pennsylvania, December 
12th; educated at Waynesburg Col- 
lege, Penn.; came to Yankton in 1892, 
afterward locating in Turner County; 
State’s attorney for Turner Co., 1895- 
99, 1906-10; member, school board and 
mayor of Parker; State Senator, 1911; 
Judge, Circuit Court, 1917- 


Fleitz, Eihardt, 1848- ; born in 
Germany; veteran of the Civil War; 
came to Dakota with the 22nd Infan- 
try, to garrison Fort Dakota, at Sioux 
Falls, in 1866, and spent the remaind- 
er of his life in that vicinity. 


Flea. 


Fleeger, 


Fletcher, James Hayden, 1843-1921; 
born in Queens County, Prince Edward 
Island; settled in Brown County, 1883; 
farmer, member, territorial legisla- 
ture, 1889; first lieutenant-governor of 
South Dakota, 1889-1891; removed to 
Washington. 


Flicker is a fine bird of the wood- 
pecker family, found in all sections 
of the State. See Birds. 


Flint is found everywhere in the 
glacial drift and abundantly in the 


Flint Rock Hills 


Black Hills. Its chief use was for 
arrows and artifacts by the Indians. 
These artifacts were formed by break- 
ing the flint in to spalls of suitable 
size and then placing them upon a 
pad of buckskin and forming them 
by pressing the edges with a blade 
of hard wood or bone; the brittle 
rock giving way under the pressure. 
Some of the men became very ex- 
pert in thus forming arrows and arti- 
facts. Each tribe made its arrows by 
an exclusive pattern so that it is still 
easy to identify the makers by the 
form of the arrows they used. The 
Arickara made a small point of exqui- 
site workmanship about three-quarters 
of an inch in length and a half inch 
wide at the base. They were exceed- 
ingly thin and delicate. The hunt- 
ing arrows were notched near the 
base so they might be attached firm- 
ly to the shaft and be recovered for 
further use, but the war arrows were 
not notched but were loosely inserted 
into the split shaft that they might 
penetrate and remain in the body of 
the enemy. 

The Sioux arrow is much larger and 
clumsier than that of the Ree and is 
an inch and three-quarters in length 
and an inch wide; it is “ fat” being 
a quarter of an inch or more in thick- 
ness in the middle. The war arrow 
is wedge shaped at the top for in- 
sertion in the split shaft, but the hunt- 
ing arrow has a sort of flat head upon 
it by means of which it can be bound 
to the shaft. 


Handbook of American Indians I, 90. 
Flint Rock Hills are a low range 
along the northeast line of Meade 


County. 
Floods. See Missouri River. 
Flora. There has been no compre- 


hensive flora of South Dakota com- 


Flora 


piled. Practically all of the early 
explorers left lists of plants and flow- 
c-s observed, and in recent years 
1 rge sections of the flora have been 
worked out. 


In 1811 the Missouri River region 
was visited by John Bradbury, the 
English naturalist, and Thomas Nut- 
tall, the distinguished American bot- 
anist, who published his observations 
in 1818 in “The Genera’ of North 
American Plants.” 


Father Peter De Smet was a Care- 
ful observer and a man of wide in- 
formation. In his “history of Western 
Missions and Missionaries” he left ex- 
haustive lists of the plants he ob- 
served in this region. 


Mr. Charles Geyer, naturalist, ac- 
companying Nicollet and Fremont in 
their explorations in 1838 and 1839, 
made a very careful and _ scientific 
list of the plants observed between 
the Mississippi and the Missouri. His 
list embraces 24 printed pages and is 
perhaps as comprehensive as any one 
yet printed (p. 143, House Document 
52, 28th Congress, 2nd Session.) 


Dr. Ferdinand V. Hayden spent sev- 
eral seasons in Dakota and was botan- 
ist accompanying the Warren expedi- 
tions of 1855-6-7. He compiled a list 
of 593 botanical specimens covering 
as many plants and variants. These 
were found chiefly in South Dakota. 
Forty-eight varieties he designates as 
new. 

Bulletin No. 64 of the U. S. Experi- 
ment Station at Brookings, by Prof. 
D. A. Saunders, is devoted to the 
Ferns and Flowering Plants of South 
Dakota. This was published in 1899 
and is a very complete list, which 
gives the habitat of each plant. 

Bulletin No. 69, of the Experiment 
Station, embraces the native and in- 


230 


Flora 


troduced forage plants and is also by 
Prof. D. A. Saunders. 


Bulletin No. 4 of the South Dakota 
Geological and Natural History Sur- 
very, in part deals with the Flora 
and Fauna of Tripp and Gregory 
Counties. The work was done by 
Sheridan Jones, under the direction 
of Dr. Ellwood C. Perisho, state geol- 
ogist, in 1908. There is an extensive 
composite list of plants and fauna. 


Bulletin No. 5 of the Geological 
and natural history survey covers 
the geograhpy, geology and biology of 
Bennett, Mellette, Todd and Washa- 
baugh Counties, with extensive list 
of plants, made by Stephen S. Visher, 
under the direction of Dr. Perisho. 


Bulletin No. 6, Geology and Natur- 
al History Survey, is a report on the 
Biology of Harding County, with a 
good list of plants, by Mr. Visher. 


Ferns and Flowering Plants 


For the following list of the native 
ferns and flowering plants of South 
Dakota, I am chiefly indebted to Bulle- 
tin No. 64, of the State Experiment 
Station, by Dr. D. A. Saunders, once 
at the head of the department of 
Botany; this bulletin was published in 
1899. Since that date the number of 
species identified has been somewhat 
enlarged and the _ classification of 
them somewhat simplified; but no 
comprehensive list since that time has 
been compiled: 


Students are recommended to make 
their collections in the field to use 
this as a finding list and then in the 
absence of treatises on botany, with 
the aid of any standard dictionary to 
identify the species. 


231 


Flora 


Ferns (Pteridophytes.) 


The Adder Tongue Family. (Ophio- 
glossaceae.) 


Matricary Grapefern (borychium ma- 
tricarifollum), near Custer. 

Virginian Grapefern (botrychium vir- 
ginianum), Roberts Co.; Black 
Hills. 


True Ferns (Polypodiaceae) 


Sensitive fern (onoclea_ sensibilis) 
near Rapid City. 

Ostrich-fern, (onoclea struthiopteris) 
Roberts Co., Black Hills. 


Rocky Mountain Woodsia, (woodsia 
scopulina) Black Hills. 
Oregon Woodsia; common in Black 


Hills. 
Brittle fern, (cystopteris fragilis) gen- 
eral. 


Oak-fern, (phegopteris dryopteris) 
Black Hills. 
Male fern, (dryopteris  felix-mas) 


Black Hills. 

Maiden-hair (asplenium trichomanes) 

Black Hills. 

Lady-fern (asplenium felix,foemina). 
Northern Spleanwort, (asplenium sep- 
tentrionale) Black Hills. 

Venus-Hair (adiantum capillus-vener- 
is) Black Hills. 

Brake, (pteris aquilina) near Custer. 

Purple-stemmed Cliff-brake (pellaea 
atropurpurea) Black Hills. 

Brewer’s Cliff-Brake, (pellea breweri) 

Black Hills. 
Slender Lip-fern, 

is) Black Hills. 
Common polypody, 

gare) Black Hills. 
Round-lobed Polypody, (polypodium 
vulgare rotundatum) near Custer. 


(cheilanthes gracil- 


(polypodium vul- 


Marsilea Family 


Hairy marsilea,(marsilea vestia) Black 
Hills. 


Horsetail Family (equisetaceae) 


Field Horsetail (equisetum arvense) 
in Sioux Valley and Black Hills. 

Wood horsetail, (equisetum sylvati- 
cum) Black Hills. 

Swamp Horsetail (equise tum fluvia- 
tile) near Bigstone and ‘Traverse 
Lakes. 

Stout scouring rush, 
bustum) common. 


(equisetum ro- 


Flora 


Smooth Scouring Rush, 
laevigatum) common. 
Club Moss Family, (lycopodiaceae) 

Ground Pine (lycopodium obscurum) 
Black Hills. 

The Little Club Mosses, Rock Selag- 
inella (selaginella rupestris) Black 
Hills. 

Seed Bearing Plants 
Pines 


Western Yellow Pine, (pinus ponder- 
osa scopulorum) Black Hills. 

White Spruce, (picea Canadensis) 
Black Hills. 

Juniper, (juniperus nana) Black Hills. 

Creeping Red Cedar (juniperus sabina 
prostrata,) Black Hills. 

Common Juniper, (juniperus sabina 
prostrata,) Black Hills. 

Red Cedar (juniperus 
west of Missouri River. 


(equisetum 


Virginiana) 


True Flowering Plants 
Cattail Family, (typhaceae) 


Broad Leaved Cattail, (typha latifolia) 
common. 

Broad Fruited Bur-reed (sparganium 
eurycarpum) common. 


Naiad Family (naidaceae) 


Long-leaved pond-weed, (potamoge- 
ton lonchites) common. 

Large leaved pond-weed, potamoge- 
ton amplifolius) common. 

Various leaved Pond-weed (potamog- 
eton heterophyllus) east of Mis- 
souri R. 

Clasping leaved P. (potamogeton per- 
foliatus Richardsonii) eastern part. 

Northern pond-weed, (potamogeton al- 
pinus) near Brookings. 

Leafy pond-weed, (potamogeton foli- 
osus) common. 

Morong pond-weed, (potamogeton foli- 
osus niagarensis) Sioux River. 

Ell-grass pond-weed (potamogeton zos- 
teraefolius) Sioux and James R. 

Hill’s pond-weed (potamogeton hillii) 
Sioux Valley. 

Small pond-weed (potamogeton pusil- 
lus) East of Missouri River. 

Fennel-leaved pond-weed, (potamoge- 
ton pectinatus) common. 

Western pond-weed (potamogeton 
marinus occidentalis) Black Hills. 
Swamp pond-weed, (potamogeton pa- 

lustris) Sioux Valley. 


232 


Flora 
Zanichellia, (zanichellia palustris) 
common. 
Western Ruppia, (ruppia occidentalis) 
near Gary. 
Slender -Naias (naias_ flexilis) com- 
mon. 


Arrow Grass Family 


Marsh Arrow-grass, (triglochin palus- 
tris) Minnesota valley. 

Seaside Arrow-grass, (triglochin mari- 
tima) common, 


Water-Plantain Family 


Water-plantain, (alisma plantago 
aquatica) common. 

Upright Bur-head, (echinodorus cordi- 
folius) near Sioux Falls. 

Lopotocarpus, (lophotocarpus calycin- 
us) east of Missouri River. 

Arum-leaved Arrowhead (sagittaria 
arifolia) eastern and Black Hills. 

Grass-leaved Arrowhead, (sagittaria 
graminea) east of Missouri. 

Broad leaved Arrowhead, (saggittaria 
latifolia) common. 


Tape-Grass Family 


Waterweed, Ditchmoss, (philotria 
Canadensis) eastern part. 
Tape-gerass, Ell-grass, (vallisneria 


spiralis) northeast part. 


Grass Family 


Hall’s Beard-Grass, Turkeyfoot grass 
(andropogon Hallii,) west, Missouri. 

Broom Beardgrass, (andropogon sco- 
parius) common. 

Forked Beardgrass, (andropogon fur- 
catus) east of Missouri River. 

Bushy Blue-Stem, Indian Grass, 

(chrysopogon avenaceus) east of Mis- 
souri R. 

Small Grab Grass (syntherisma line- 
aris) near Yankton and Sioux Falls. 

Finger Grass, large crab grass (Syn- 


therisma sanguinalis) east, Mis- 
souri. 
Barnyard grass, (tanicum crus-galli) 
common. 


Seribner’s Panicum, (panicum Scrib- 
nerianum) eastern part. 

Wilcox’s Panicum, (panicum Wilcox- 
ianum) northeast part. 

Forked panicum, (panicum dichoto- 
mum) northeast part. 

Velvety panicum (panicum viscidum) 
Sioux Valley and Black Hills. 


Flora 


Starved panicum, (panicum depauper- 
atum). Sioux Valley and Black Hills. 

Tall smooth panicum, (panicum vir- 
gatum) common. 


Witch grass, (panicum' capillare) 
common. 

Foxtail, pigeon grass, (ixophorus 
glaucus) common. 

Green Foxtail, (ixophorus' virdus) 
common. 


Hungarian grass, (ixophorus Italicus) 
Sioux Valley. 

Sand-burr (cenchrus tribuloides) com- 
mon. 
Wild Rice, Indian Rice, Water Oats, 
zizania aquatica) east, Missouri. 
White grass, (homalocenchrus virgin- 
icus) in eastern part. 

Rice Cut Grass, (homalocenchrus ory- 
zoides) east of Missouri. 

Canary grass (phalaris arundinacea) 
east, Missouri and Black Hills. 

Canary grass (phalaris Canariensis) 
eastern part of State. 
Senaca grass (savastana odorata) 
east, Missouri and in Black Hills. 
Purple Aristida, (aristida purpurea) 
west of James River. 

Macoun’s Stipa, (stipa Macounii) in 
Black Hills. 

Green Stipa, 
mon. 

Black Oat grass, 
northeastern part. 

Western stipa, (stipa comata) west of 
Missouri River. 

Porcupine’ grass, 
common. 
Small flowered mountain rice (ory- 
zopsis micrantha) west, Missouri. 
White grained mountain rice, (ory- 
zopsis asperifolio) Black Hills. 

Black fruited mountain rice (oryzop- 
sis melanocarpa) northeast part. 

Silky rice, (oryzopsis cuspidata) com- 
mon. 

Slender mountain rice (oryzopsis jun- 
cea) Black Hills. 

Meadow Muhlenbergia, (Muhlenbergia 
Mexicana) east of Missouri River. 

Muhlenbergia Racemosa. Missouri 
Valley eastward and Black Hills. 


(stipa viridula) com- 


(stipa avenacea) 


(stipa Spartea,) 


Minnesota Muhlenbergia, Minnesota 
Valley. 
Wood Muhlenbergia, (muhlenbergia 


sylvatica) in northeastern part. 
Wright’s Muhlenbergia, (muhlenberg- 
ia Wrightii) in Black Hills. 


233 


Flora 


Brachelytrum (brachelytrum erectum) 
eastern part and Black Hills. 
Timothy, (phleum pratense,) eastern 
part. ; 
Marsh Foxtail, (alopecurus 
latus) Sioux Valley. 
Rough Rush-Grass, (sporobolus asper,) 
common. 
Sheathed Rush-Grass, sporobolus 
vaginaeflorus) eastern part. 
Prairie Rush-Grass, (sporobolus cusp- 
idatus) common. 
Small Rush-Grass, (sporobolus. neg- 
lectus) northeast part. 
Hair-Grass, Drop Seed, 
airoides) western part. 
Sand-Drop Seed (sporobolus cryptan- 
drus,) east of Missouri River. 
Northern drop seed (sporobolus het- 
erolepis) east of Missouri River. 
Rough leaved Drop-Seed (sporobolus, 
asperifolius) west of James River. 
Wood-Reed Grass, (cinna_ arundi- 
nacea) southern Sioux Valley. 
Slender wood-reed grass, (cinna ’lati- 
folia) near Brookings. 
Red Top, (agrostis alba) 
section. 
Rough-leaved Bent-Grass, 
exerata) Black Hills. 
Brown Bent-Grass, (agrostis canina) 
Missouri valley. 

Thin-grass, (agrostis perennans) east- 
ern part; Black Hills. 

Rough Hair-grass, (agrostis hyemalis) 
east of Missouri River. 

Macoun’s Reed-Grass, (calamagrostis 
Macouniana) east of the Missouri. 

Blue Joint, (calamagrostis Canaden- 
sis) east of Missouri River. 

Pickering’s Reed Grass, (calamagros- 
tis breviseta) Black Hills. 

Bog Reed-Grass, (calamagrostis con- 
finis) eastern valleys. 

Narrow Reed-Grass, (calamagrostis 
neglecta) near Brookings. 


genicu- 


(sporobolus 


in eastern 


(agrostis 


Montana Reed-Grass (calamagrostis 
Montanensis) Sioux and James 
Rivers. 


Long Leaved Reed-Grass (calamovilfa 
longifolia) common. 


Purple Oats, (avena_ striata) Black 
Hills. 
Wild Oats, (avena fatua) eastern 
part. 
Oat-Grass (arrhenatherum _ elatius) 


near Brookings. 


Flora 


Wild Oat-Grass, (danthona_ spicata) 
Black Hills. 
Tall Marsh-Grass (spartina cynosuro- 


ides) common. 


Inland Cord- Grass, (spartina gracilis) . 


common. 
Schedonnardus Paniculatus, along 
Black Hills trails and near Yank- 
ton. 
Hairy Mesquite-Grass, (bouteloua hir- 
suta) common. 
Mesquite-Grags, “false buffalograss” 
(bouteloua oligostachya) common. 
Racemed Bouteloua (bouteloua curti- 
pendula) common. 

Beckmannia erucaeformis, common. 

Buffalo-Grass (bulbilis dactyloides) 
once common; disappearing in east. 

Munro’s Grass, (Munroa squarrosa) 
west of Missouri River. 

Reed-Grass (phragmites phragmites) 
east of Missouri River. 

Salt-Meadow Diplachne (diplachne 
fascicularis) east of Missouri River. 

Tufted eragrostis (eragrostis pilosa) 
eastern and southern parts. 

Pursh’s Eragrostis, (eragrostis Pur- 
shii) eastern part. 

Strong Scented Eragrostis (eragrostis 
major) east of Missouri River. 

Creeping Aragrostis, (eragrostis 
pnoides) east of Missouri River. 

Blunt Scaled Etonia (etonia obtusata) 
east of Missouri; Black Hills. 

Pennsylvania Etonia (etonia Pennsyl- 
vanica) east of Missouri. 

Koeleria, (koeleria cristata) west of 
Missouri River. 

Waterwhirl-Grass, 
tica) Black Hills. 

Marsh Spike-Grass, (distichlis spicata) 
common. 

Orchard-Grass, 
Black Hills. 

Wire-Grass, (poa compressa) east of 
Missouri. 

Kentucky Blue-Grass, (poa pratensis) 
native in Black Hills. 

Prairie Meadow-Grass, (poa pseudo- 
pratensis) near Hot Springs. 

Rough Meadow-Grass, (poa trivialis) 
near Brookings. 

False Red-top (poa flava) eastern part. 

Wood Meadow-Grass (poa nemoralis) 
Sioux and James Rivers, Black 
Hills. 

Weak Spear-Grass, (poa debilis) north- 
eastern part. 


hy- 


(catabrosia aqua- 


(dactylis glomerata) 


234 


Flora 


Grove Meadow-Grass, (poa alsodes,) 
northeast and Black Hills. 

Prairie Spear Grass, (poa_ arida) 
Sioux and James Valleys. 

Alpina Spear-Grass, (poa 
near Hot Springs. 

Buckley’s Spear-Grass, (poa Buckley- 
ana) near Hot Springs. 
Smooth Poa, (poa laevis) west of Mis- 
souri River. 
Fendler’s Poa, 
Black Hills. 
Nevada Poa, (poa Nevadensis) Black 
Hills. 

Annual Meadow-Grass, (poa annua) 
Elk Canyon (Black H.) 

Nerved Manna-Grass (panicularia 
nervata) northeast and Black Hills. 

Reed Meadow-Grass (panicularia 
Americana) Sioux River and Black 
Hills. 

Floating Meadow-Grass, 
fluitans) Sioux Valley. 

Slender Fescue, (festuca octoflora) 
west of James River. 

Sheep’s Fescue, (festuca ovina) Black 
Hills. 
Nodding Fescue, 
eastern part. 
Fringed Brome (bromus ciliatus) east- 
ern section and Black Hills. 

Kalm’s Chess, (bromus Kalmii) Black 
Hills. 

Bromus Pimpellianus, in Black Hills. 

Cough-Grass “Quack Grass” (agro- 
pyron repens) east of Missouri 
River. 

Purplish Wheat-Grass (agropyron 
violaceum) east of Missouri River. 

Western Wheat-grass, (agropyron 
spicatum) common. 

Slender Wheat-Grass, (agropyron ten- 
erum) common. 

Rough Wheat-Grass, (agropyron stry- 
gosum) Badlands. 
Awned Wheat-Grass, (agropyron cani- 
num) common. 
Squirrel-Tail-Grass 
tum) common. 
Slender Wild Rye (elymus striatus) 
east of Missouri R., Black Hills. 
Terrell-Grass; Wild Rye, (elymus vir- 
ginicus) common. 

Nodding Wild Rye, (elymus Canaden-_ 
sis) common. 

Macoun’s Wild Rye, (elymus 
counii) northeast section. 


alpina) 


(poa_  fendleriana) 


(panicularia 


(festuca mutans) 


(hordeum- juba- 


Ma- 


Flora 


Long Bristled Wild Rye, (elymus 
elymoides) west of Missouri River. 

Western Wild Rye, (elymus dasy- 
stachys) Black Hills. 


The Sedge Family 
Awned Cyperus (cyperus inflexus) east 
of Missouri River. 

Schweinitz Cyperus, (cyperus 
Schweinitzii) east of Missouri R. 
Short Pointed Cyperus, (cyperus 

acuminatus) common. 
Red-Rooted Cyperus (cyperus 
throrhizos) Sioux and James R. 
Straw-Colored Cyperus, (cyperus stri- 
gosus) Minnesota Valley. 
Globose Cyperus (cyperus ovularis) 
Sioux and Minnesota Rivers. 
Englemann’s Spike-Rush, (eleocharis 
Englemanni Missouri R., east. 
Creeping Spike-Rush, eleocharis pa- 
lustris) Black Hills, Sioux R., James 


ery- 


Needle Spike-Rush, (eleocharis acicu- 
laris) common. 

Flat Stemmed Spike-Rush, (eleocharis 
acuminata) near Hot Springs. 

Matted Spike -Rush, (eleocharis in- 
termedia) near Brookings. 


Few-Flowered  Club-Rush, (scirpus 
paucifiorus) near Custer. 
Weak-Stalked Club-Rush, (scirpus 


debilis) Missouri Valley. 
Three Squares (scirpus Americanus) 
common. 


Great Bulrush, (scirpus_ lacustris,) 
common. 
River Bulrush, (scirpus fluviatilis) 


east of Missouri River. 

Dark Green Bulrush (scirpus atrovir- 
ens) Sioux and Minn. Valleys. 

Pale Sedge, (scirpus atrovirens palli- 
dus,) Black Hills. 

Wood-Grass, (scirpus cyperinus) near 
Custer. ; 
Tall Cotton-Grass, (eriophorum poly- 
stachyon) Sioux Valley. 

Slender Cotton-Grass, 
gracile) near Elkton. 
‘Hop Like Sedge, (carex lupuliformis) 
Minn. and Sioux Valleys. 
Festival-Sedge, (carex festiva) 

Hills. 
Bottle-Sedge, (carex utriculata) Minn. 
R., Sioux R., Black Hills. 
Porcupine-Sedge, (carex hystricina) 
Sioux Valley. 


(eriophorum 


Black 


235 


Flora 


Necklace-Sedge, (carex monjle) Sioux 
Valley. 

Retrorse Sedge, (carex retrorsa) Sioux 
and James Valleys. 

Cyperus-like-Sedge, (carex 
cyperus) Sioux Valley. 

Hairy fruited Sedge (carex  tricho- 
carpa) eastern and southern parts. 

Awned Sedge, (carex aristata) Sioux 
‘Valley. 

Houghton’s Sedge, (carex Houghtonii) 
near Brookings. 

Wooly Sedge, (carex lanuginosa) east- 
ern section. 

Slender Sedge, (carex filiformis) near 
Brookings. 

Tussock Sedge, (carex stricta,) east 
of James River. 

Hayden’s Sedge, (carex Haydenii) 
east of James River. 

Nebraska Sedge, (carex Nebraskensis) 
near Custer. 

Long Beaked Sedge (carex longiros- 
tris) Sioux R., Minn. R., Black Hills. 

Assiniboia Sedge, (carex assiniboin- 
ensis) northeastern part. 


pseudo- 


Hair-like Sedge, (carex  capillaria) 
northeast section. : 

Gray Sedge, (carex grisea) near 
Brookings. 

Wood Sedge, (carex tetanica) Sioux 
Valley. 

Mead’s Sedge, (carex Meadii) near 
Brookings. 


Loose-flowered Sedge, (carex laxi- 
flora blanda) eastern part. 

Golden-fruited Sedge, (carex aurea) 
near Lead (Black H.) 

Richardson’s Sedge (carex Richard- 
sonii) Sioux R., James R., ‘Black 
Hills. 

Fibrous-rooted Sedge, 
lata) northeast. 

Pennsylvania Sedge (carex Pennsyl- 
vanica) common. 

Emmons’s Sedge, (carex varia) Black 
Hills. 

Thread-leaved Sedge, (carex filifolia) 
common. 

Involute-leaved Sedge, 
phylla) common. 

Clustered Field Sedge,(carex marcida) 
north east part and Black Hills . 

Heavy Sedge, (carex gravida) Sioux 
Valley, northeast part. 

Fox Sedge, (carex vulpinoidea) east 
of Missouri River. 


(carex pedicel- 


(carex sten- 


Flora 


Sartwell’s Sedge, 
eastern part. 

Soft-leaved Sedge, 
Sylvan Lake. 

Stellate Sedge, 
east section. 

Little Prickly Sedge, (carex sterilis) 
near White, Brookings Co. 

Hillside Sedge (carex siccata) Black 
Hills and east of Missouri River. 
Blunt broom Sedge, (carex  tribu- 

loides) Sioux Valley. 
Carex Tribuloides Bebbii, Black Hills. 


(carex Sartwellii) 
(carex tenella) 


(carex rosea) north- 


Hay Sedge, (carex foenea) near 
Brookings. . 
Dewey’s Sedge (carex Deweyana) 


Black Hills and Sioux Valley. 
Straw Sedge (carex straminea) east- 


ern part. 

Fescue Sedge, (carex festucaceae) 
near Brookings. 

Bicknell’s Sedge, (carex Bicknellii) 


near Hot Springs. 
Long-beaked Sedge, (carex sychnoce- 
phala) in northeast section. 


The Arum Family 


Indian Turnip Dakota ‘‘tipsinna,” (ari- 
saema triphyllum) common. 

Sweet Flag, (acorus calamus) extreme 
eastern part. 


Duckweed Family 


Greater Duckweed, (spirodella poly- 
rhiza) common. 

Star Duckweed, (lemna trisulca) east 
of Missouri River. 

Lesser Duckweed, (lemna minor) com- 
mon. 

Spiderwort Family 

Spiderwort, (tradescantia virginiana) 

common. 


Pickerelweed Family 


Smaller Mud Plantain (heteranthera 
limosa) E. of Missouri R. 

Water Star-Grass (heteranthera 
dubia) east of Missouri River. 


Rush Family 
Bog Rush, (juncus’ effusus) 
River valley. 
Toad Rush, (juncus bufonius) Black 
Hills. 
Slender Rush, (juncus tenuis) Sioux 
R., James R., Black Hills. 


Sioux 


236 


Flora 


Vasey’s Rush, (juncus Vaseyi) near 
Hot Springs. F 

Long-styled Rush, (juncus longistylis) 
near Lead (Black H.). 

Knotted Rush, (juncus nodosus) Black 
Hills and E. of James R. 

Torrey’s Rush (juncus Torreyi) Black 
Hills and E. of Missouri R. 

Mountain Sedge, (juncus xiphioides 
montanus) near Custer. 

Hairy Rush, (juncoides 
Black Hills. 


comosum) 


Bunch-Flower Family 
Glaucus Zygadenus, (zygadenus 
gans) common. 
Poisonous Zygadenus (zygadenus veno- 
sus) Black Hills. 
Large-flowered Bellwort (Uvularia 
grandiflora) northeast section. 


ele- 


The Lily Family 

Leucocrinum,(leucocrinum montanum) 
Black Hills and vicinity. 

Wild Leek, (allium tricoccum) north- 
eastern part. 

Nodding Wild Onion, (allium cernuum) 
Sioux R. and Black Hills. 

Prairie Wild Onion, (allium stellat- 
um) Black Hills, Sioux River. 

Meadow Garlic, (allium Canadensis) 
Sioux valley. 

Nuttall’s Wild Onion, (allium Nuttal- 
lii) southeastern part. 

Fraser’s Wild Onion (allium reticula- 
tum) E. of Missouri, B. H. 

Geyer’s Wild Onion, (allium Geyeri) 
Black Hills. 

Western Red Lily, (lilium umbellat- 
um) Minnesota valley and B. H. 

Purple Fritillaria, (fritillaria atro- 
purpurea) Badlands. 

Nuttall’s Mariposa Lily, 
Nuttallii) Black Hills. 

Gunnison’s Mariposa Lily, (calochort- 
us Gunnisonii) Black Hills, Bad- 
lands. 

Bear Grass, Indian Soap-weed (yucca 
glauca) west of Missouri River. 


(calochortus 


Lily of the Valley Family 
Asparagus, (asparagus officinalis) 
eastern section. 
Wild Spikenard (vagnera racemosa) 
Sioux and Minnesota Valleys. 
Star-flowered Solomon’s Seal (vagnera 
stellata) E. of Missouri R. 


Flora 


Western Solomon’s Seal, (vagnera 
-amquexicaulis) Black Hills. 

False Lilly of the Valley (unifolium 
Canadense) Minn. Valley, Black 
Hills. 

Rough-fruited Diosporum (diosporum 
trachycarpum) Black Hills. 

Clasping-leaved Twist-foot, (streptop- 
us amplexifolius) Sylvan Lake. 

True Solomon’s Seal (polygonatum 
commutatum) E. of Missouri R. and 
Bat: 


Ill-scented Wake Robin, (trillium erec- 
tum) Minnesota Valley. 


The Smilax Family 
Carrion Flower, (smilax herbacea) 
common. 
Hispid Greenbrier, 
southeast portion. 


(smilax hispida) 


Amaryllis Family 


Star-Grass, (hypoxis hirsuta) eastern 
section. 
Iris Family 
Western Flag, (iris Missouriensis) 


Black Hills. 
Pointed Blue-eyed Grass, (sisyrinch- 


ium augustifolium,) east of Missouri 
River and Black Hills. 


The Orchid Family 

Small White Ladies’ Slipper (cypre- 
pedium candidum) eastern part. 

Large Yellow Ladies’ Slipper (cypre- 
pedium hirsutum) Minnesota Val- 
ley. 

Small Yellow Ladies’ Slipper (cypre- 
pedium parviflorum) B. H., Minn. 
V. 

Tall Green Orchis, (habenaria hyper- 
borea) western portion. 

Long Bracted Orchis (habenaria 
bracteata) Minn. V., Black H. 

Prairie White-fringed Orchis (habe- 
naria leucophaea) Brookings. 

Hooded Ladies’ Tresses (gyrostachys 
Romanzoffiana, Sioux V., B. H. 


Lesser Rattlesnake Plantain, (peram- — 


ium repens) Black Hills. 
Early Coral-Root, (corallorhiza Coral- 
lorhiza,) Minn. V., Black Hills. 
Large Coral-Root, (corallorhiza multi- 
flora) Black Hills. 


Flora 


Dicotyledones 
The Walnut Family 


Black Walnut, (juglans nigra) south- 
east part. 


The Willow Family 


Balsam Poplar, (populus balsamifera) 
Minnesota Valley. 


Narrow-leaved Cottonwood (populus 
angustifolia) Black Hills. 

Black Cottonwood, populus acumi- 
nata) Black Hills. 

American Aspen (populus’' tremu- 


loides) west of Missouri River. 

Cottonwood, (populus deltoides) com- 
mon. 

Black Willow, 
James River. 

Sand-bar’ willow, 
common. 

Bebb’s Willow (salix Bebbiana) Minn. 
Valley; Black H. 

Prairie Willow, (salix humilis) Minn- 
-esota Valley. 

Glaucus Willow,  (salix 
Minn. Valley; Black H. 

Heart-leaved Willow, (salix cordata) 
common. 

Balsam Willow, (salix balsamifera) 
Minnesota Valley. 

Furry Willow, (salix adenophylla) 
northeast coteau. 

Bog Willow, (salix myrtilloides) Min- 
nesota Valley. 


(salix nigra) east of 


(salix fluviatilis) 


discolor,) 


The Birch Family 
Iron-Wood, (ostrya virginica) Minne- 

sota Valley; Black Hills. 
Hazelnut (corylus Americana) Minn. 

V., Sioux V., Black Hills. 


Beaked Hazelnut, (corylus rostrata) 
Black Hills. 


Canoe__— Birch, 
Black Hills. 


Western Red Birch, (betula occident- 
alis) Black Hills. 


Scrub’ Birch, (betula 
Black Hills. 


The Beech Family 


Burr Oak, (quercus macrocarpa,) 
common. 


(betula papyrifera) 


glandulosa) 


The Elm Family 


White Elm, (ulmus Americana) com- 
mon. 


237 


Flora 


Slippery Elm, (ulmus fluva) south- 
eastern section. 

Hackberry, (celtis occidentalis) com- 
mon. 


The Mulberry Family 


Red Mulberry, (morus rubra) south- 
eastern section. 

Hops, (humulus lupulus,) common. 

Hemp, (cannabia sativa) east of Mis- 
souri River. 


The Nettle Family 


Slender Nettle, (urtica gracilis) com- 
mon. 

Wood Nettle, (urticastrum divaricat- 
um) east of Missouri River. 

Clearweed (adicea pumila) Minnesota 
and Sioux valleys. 

Pennsylvania Pellitory (parietaria 
Pennsylvanica) E. of Missouri R., 
Bers 


Sandal-wood Family 


Bastard Toad-flax, (comandra umbel- 
lata) east of Missouri River. 

Pale Comandra, (comandra pallida) 
Missouri R. and westward. 


Buckwheat Family 


Annual Eriogonum, (eriogonum an- 
num) west of Missouri River. 

Branched Eriogonum,(eriogonum mult- 
iceps) west of Missouri River. 

Few-flowered Eriogonum, (eriogonum 
pauciflorum) Black Hills. 

Yellow EHriogonum, (eriogonum flav- 
um) Black Hills. 

Sheep Sorrel, (rumex  acetosella) 
Sioux Valley, Black Hills. 

Veined Dock, (rumex venosus) west 
of Missouri River. 

Peach-leaved Dock, (rumex altissi- 
mus) east of Missouri River. 

Pale Dock, (rumex salicifolius) com- 
mon. 

Great-water Dock (rumex Britannica) 
Minn. and Sioux valleys. 

Western Dock, (rumex occidentalis) 
west of Missouri River. 

Curled Dock, (rumex crispus) E. of 
Missouri R.; Black Hills. 

Golden Dock, (rumex persicarioides) 
east of Missouri River. 

Alpine Bistort, (polygonum vivipar- 
um) Black Hills. 

Water Persicaria, (polygonum am- 
phibium) eastern valleys. 


238 


Flora 


Hartwright’s Persicaria, (polygonum 
Hartwrightii) Sioux valley. 
Swamp Persicaria, (polygonum emer- 

sum) common. 
Dock-leaved Persicaria, 
lapathifolium) common. 


(polygonum 


Polygonum .Lapathifolium incanum, 
common. 
Ladies’ Thumb, (polygonum Persi- 


caria) E. of Missouri R.; B. H. 

Pennyslvania Persicaria, East of Mis- 
souri River. 

Smart-weed, (polygonum hydropiper) 
eastern section. 

Water Smart-weed, (polygonum punc- 
tatum) Minnesota valley. 

Knot Grass, (polygonum aviculare) 
common. 

Shore Knot-Weed, 
torale) Black Hills. 

Erect Knot-Weed, (polygonum erect- 
um) common. 

Bushy Knot-Weed, (polygonum ramo- | 
sissimum) common. 

Prairie Knot-weed, (polygonum cam- 
porum) east of Missouri River. 

Slender Knot-weed,(polygonum tenue) 
east of Missouri River. 

Douglas Knot-weed, (polygonum 
Douglassii) Black H.; Sand Lake. 
Black Bind-Weed (polygonum _ con- 

volvulus) common. 
Climbing False Buckwheat  (poly- 
gonum scandens) E. of Missouri R. 
Western Persicaria, (polygonum 
sawachense) near Custer. 


(polygonum lit- 


Goosefoot Family 
Lamb’s Quarter, Pig-weed, 
opdium album) common. 
Oak-leaved Goosefoot (chenopodium 
glaucum) Sioux and Minn. V. 
Narrow-leaved Goosefoot, (chenopod- 
ium leptophyllum) Black Hills. 
Oblong-leaved Chenopod (chenopod- 
ium leptophyllum oblongifolium, ) 
Cheyenne valley. 
Bosc’s Goosefoot, (chenopodium Bosci- 
anum) Minnesota Valley. 


(chen- 


Fremont’s Goosefoot, (chenopodium 
Fremontii) Black Hills. 
Chenopodium Fremontii Incanum, 


Black Hills. 

Maple-leaved Goosefoot (chenopodium 
hybridum) Minn. V., Sioux V., Black 
Hills. 


Flora 


Red Goosefoot, (chenopodium  rub- 
rum) eastern part. 

Strawberry Blight, (blitum capitatum) 
Black Hills. 

Cycloma, (cycloma _ atriplicifolium) 
Black Hills; Rapid City. 

Monolepis (monolepis Nuttalliana) 
west of Missouri River. 

Halbert-leaved Orache, (atriplex has- 
tata) common. 

Silver Orache, (atriplex 
west of Missouri River. 

Bushy Atriplex, (atriplex canescens) 
west of Missouri River. 


argentea) 


White Sage, (eurotia lanata) Bad- 
lands. 
Bug-Seed, (corispermum hysopifol- 


ium) Bad lands. 

Slender Pigweed (amaranthus hybrid- 
cea) east of James R. 

Western Blight, (dondia depressa) 
common. 

Russian Thistle, (salsola tragus) com- 
mon. 

Amaranth Family 

Rough Pigweed, (amaranthus retro- 
flexus) common. 

Slender Pigweed (amaranthus hybrid- 
us) east of Missouri River. 

Prostrate Amaranth (amaranthus Dli- 
toides) east of Missouri R. 

Tumbleweed, (amaranthus 
ans) common. 

Western Water-Hemp (acnida tamar- 
ascina) east of Missouri R. 

Tubercaled Water-hemp (acnida tam- 
arascina tuberculata) E. Mo. R. 


graeciz- 


Four-o-clock Family 


Heart-leaved Umbrella-wort (allionia 
nyctaginea) common. 

Pale Umbrellawort,. (allionia albida,) 
Black Hills. 

Hairy Umbrellawort, (allionia hirsuta) 
common. 

Narrow-leaved Umbrellawort (allionia 
linearis) west of Missouri R. 

White Abronia, (abronia fragrans) 
Badlands. 


The Purslane Family 
Fame-flower (talinum = teretifolium) 
near Dell Rapids; in Black Hills. 
Spanish Lettuce, (Claytonia perfoliata 
amplectens) Black Hills. 
Pursley, Purslane, (portulaca 
racea,) common. 


ole- 


239 


Flora 


The Pink Family 


Night-flowering Catchfly, (silena noct- 
iflora) Sioux valley. 

White Champion, (lynchinis 
near Brookings. 

Drummond’s Pink, (lynchinis Drum- 
mondii) Black Hills. 

Soapwort, Bouncing Bet, 
officinalis) Sioux Valley. 

Cow-herd, (vaccaria vaccaria) Black 
Hills, Minn V., Sioux V. 

Chickweed, (alsine media,)) Sioux val- 
ley. 

Long-leaved Stichwort, (alsine long- 
ifolia) Minn. V., Sioux V. 

Northern stichwort, (alsine borealis) 
northeast section. 

Corn-Cockle, (agrostemma 
east of Missouri River. 

Moss-Champion, (silena acaulis) Black 
Hills. 

Starry Champion, 
near Flandreau. 

Bladder-Champion, 
near Brookings. 

Sleepy Catchfiy, (silena antirrhina) 
E. of James River. 

Powderhorn, (cerastium longipedunc- 
ulatum) Black Hills. 

Short-stalked Chickweed (cerastium 
brachypodium) E. of: Mo. R.; B. H. 

Field Chickweed, (cerastium arvense, ) 
EK. of Missouri R., B. H. 

Cerastium Arvense Oblongifolium, 
Sioux R., James R.; Black Hills. 

Hooker’s Sandwort, (arenaria Hook- 
erii) Black Hills. 


alba) 


(saponaria 


githago) 


(silena stellata) 


(silena vulgaris) 


Vernal Sandwort, (arenaria verna) 
Black Hills. 
Rock Sandwort, (arenaria_ stricta) 


Black Hills. 
Blunt leaved Sandwort, - (moeringia 
lateriflora) Minn. valley; B. H. 
Spurry Corn Spurry (spergula ar- 
venses) Sioux valley. 
James Whitlow-wort, 
Jamesii) Black Hills. 


(paronychia 


Water Lily Family 
Large Yellow Pond Lily, (nymphaea 
re advena,) cOmmon. 
Pond Lily, (nymphaea oderata) Sioux 
valley. 
Hornwort Family 


Hornwort, (ceratophyllum demersum) 
east of Missouri River. 


Flora 


Crowfoot or Buttercup Family 

Marsh Marigold, (caltha palustris) 
Minnesota valley. 

Red Baneberry, (actaea rubra) Sioux 
valley and Black Hills. 

Western Baneberry, (actaea rubra ar- 
guta,) Black Hills. 

White Baneberry, (actaea alba) Sioux 
Valley. 

Wild Columbine (acquilegia canaden- 
sis) Eastern part; and B. H. 

Aquilegia Canadensis Formosa, in 
Black Hills. 

Small-flowered Columbine, 
brevistyla) Black Hills. 

Carolina Larkspur (delphinium Caro- 
linianum) east of Missouri R. 

Mewzie’s Larkspur, (delphinium bi- 
color) Black Hills. 

Tall Larkspur, (delphinium urceolat- 
um) Black Hills. 

Fisher’s Monkshood, Wolfsbane (aco- 
nitum Fischeri) Black Hills. 

Caroline Anemone (anemone Carolin- 
iana) east of Missouri R. 

Red Wind Flower, (anemone multi- 
fida) Black Hills. 

Long-fruited Anemone, (anemone cyl- 
indrica) common. 

Tall Anemone (anemone virginiana) 
Minn. and Sioux valleys. 

Canadian Anemone, (anemone Can- 
adensis) east of Missouri River. 
Pasque Flower, (anemone pulsatilla 

hirsutissima) common. 


(aquilegia 


Virginian Virgin’s Bower, (clematis 
Virginiana) eastern S. D. 
Western Virgin’s Bower, (clematis 


ligusticifolia) west of Missouri R. 


Scott’s Clematis, (clematis Scottii) 
Black Hills. 
Alpine Clematis, (clematis alpina 


tenuiloba) Black Hills. 

Mousetail, (myosurus minimus) Cen- 
tral section. 

Yellow Water-Crowfoot (ranunculus 
delphinifolius) E. of Mo. R. 

Prairie Crowfoot, (ranunculus ovalis) 
common. 


Kidney-leaved Crowfoot, (ranunculus 
abortivus) common. 
Celery-leaved Crowfoot (ranunculus 


sceleratus) E. of James R. 
Bristly Buttercup, (ranunculus Penn- 
sylvanicus) E. of James R. 
Macoun’s Buttercup (ranunculus Ma- 
counii) E. of James R. and B. H. 


240 


Flora 


Ranunculus pedatifidus cardiophyllus, 
Black Hills. 

Swamp Buttercup (ranunculus'§ sep- 
tentrionalis) Minnesota and Sioux 
valleys. 

Water Crowfoot,, (batrachium divari- 
catum) common. 

Seaside Crowfoot, (oxygraphis cymba- 
laria) Common. 

Early Meadow Rue (thalictrum dio- 
cium) James River and eastward. 
Veiny Meadow Rue, (thalictrum ven- 

ulosum) Black Hills. 

Western Meadow Rue, (thalictrum oc- 
cidentale) Black Hills. 

Purplish Meadow Rue, 
purpurascens) common. 


(thalictrum 


Barberry Family 


Trailing Mahonia, (berberis aquifol- 
ium) Black Hills. 

Blue Cohosh, (caulophyllum thalic- 
troides) Minnesota valley. 


Moonseed Family 


Canada Moonseed, (menispermum 
Canadense) east of Missouri R. 


Poppy Family 
White Prickly Poppy, (argemone al- 
ba) west of Missouri River. 
Bloodroot, (sanguinaria canadensis) 
Minnesota valley. ; 
Dutchman’s Breeches, (bicuculla cu- 
cullaria) eastern section. 
Golden Corydalis, (capnoides aureum) 
eastern part and Black Hills. 
Curved-fruited Corydalis, (capnoides 
curvisliqum) Black Hills. 


Mustard Family 


Stanleya, (Stanleya pinnata) Black 
Hills. 

Wild Pepper-Grass, (lepidum virgin- 
icum) eastern part. . 

Apetalous Pepper-Grass (lepidium 
apetalum) east of Missouri R. 

Cut-leaved Pepper-Grass (lepidium in- 


cisum) Black Hills. 


Field Pepper-Grass, (thalaspi Ar- 
vense) Sioux valley. 
Hedge Mustard (sisymbrium  oOffici- 


nale) east of Missouri River. 
Tumbling Mustard, (sisymbrium altis- 
simum) Minnesota valley. 
Black Mustard (brassica nigra) com- 
mon. 


eae oe 


Flora 


Wild Mustard (brassica arvensis) 
common. 

White Mustard (sinapsis alba) com- 
mon. 

Spreading Yellow Cress (roripa sini- 
ata) east of Missouri River. 

Marsh Water Cress (roripa palustris) 
common. 

Hispid Yellow Cress (roripa hispida) 
east of Missouri River. 

Water Cress (roripa nasturtium) near 
Hot Springs. 

Hitchcock’s Horse Radish (roripa 
armoracia) Sioux valley. 

Bulbous Cress (cardamine bulbosa) 
eastern section. 

American Water Cress (cardimine 
rotundifolia) Minnesota valley. 

Cookoo Flower (cardamine pratensis) 
Minnesota valley. 

Double Bladder Pod (physaria didy- 
mocarpa) Black Hills. 

Low Bladder Pod (lesquerella_ spa- 
thulata) Black Hills. 

Silvery Bladder Pod _ (lesquerella 
argentia arenosa) Black Hills. 

Shepard’s Purse (bursa bursa pastor- 
is) E. of Missouri. 

False Flax (camelina savita) Sioux 
valley and Black Hills. 

Carolina Whitlow Grass (draba caro- 
liniana) west of James: River. 

Drab Caroliniana Micrantha, Black 
Hills. 

Wood Whitlow Grass (draba nemo- 
rasa) Sioux valley and Black Hills. 

Golden Whitlow Grass (draba aurea) 
Black Hills. 

Western Tansy Mustard (sophia in- 
cisa) common. 

Hastings Tansy Mustard 
hartwegiana) Sioux valley. 

Hairy Rock Grass (arabis hirsuta) 
east of James R. and Black Hills. 

Sickle-Pod (arabis canadensis) Minne- 
sota valley. 


Purple Rock-Cress (arabis  brachy- 
carpa) Minnesota valley. 

Tower Mustard (arabis glabra) Min- 
nesota valley and Black Hills. 

Horboell’s Rock Cress (arabis_ hor- 
boellii) Black Hills. 

Treachle Mustard (erysimum cheir- 
anthoides) Sioux valley and B. H. 

Small Erysimum (erysimum § incon- 
spicuum) Sioux valley and B. H. 


(sophia 


241 


Flora 


Sand Erysimum (erysimum syrticol- 
um) Minnesota valley. 

Western Wall-Flower (erysimum aspe- 
rum,) Missouri valley and westward. 

Matthiola fenestralis Walworth Coun- 
LY: 


_Hare’s-ear Mustard (coringia orient- 


alis) east of Missouri R. 


Caper Family 


Pink Cleome (cleoma serrulata) Mis- 
souri Valley and westward. 


Clammy Weed  (polanisia  trachy- 
sperma) common. 
Orpine Family 6 


Western Stone Crop, (sedum_ steno- 
petalum) Black Hills. 

Virginia Stone Crop (penthorium se- 
doides) eastern part. 


Saxifrage Family 

Nodding Saxifrage (saxifrage cernua) 
Black Hills. 

Rough Heuchera, Alum-root (heuchera 
hispida) east of Missouri and B. H. 

Small-flowered ~-Alum-root (heuchera 
parviflora) Black Hills. 

Grass of Parnassus (parnassia caro- 
liniana) eastern part. 

Small-flowered Grass of Parnassus 
(parnassia parviflora) Minnesota 
valley and Black Hills. 

Small-flowered Tellima (tellima parvi- 
flora) Black Hillis. 


Gooseberry Family 


Missouri Gooseberry (ribes gracile) 
Minn. and Sioux V. 

Northern Gooseberry (ribes oxycan- 
thoides) eastern part and B. H. 

Swamp Gooseberry (ribes lacustre) 
Black Hills. 

Bristly Gooseberry (ribes setosum) 
Black Hills and adjoining region. 
Wild Black Currant (ribes floridum) 

Missouri River and eastward. 
Squaw Currant, (ribes cereum) Black 
Hills. 
Golden or Buffalo Currant (ribes 
aureum) Missouri River and west- 
ward. 


Rose Family 


Nine bark (opulaster opuliflorlius) 
Black Hills. 

Small-flowered Ninebark (opulaster 
monogyna) Black Hills. 


Flora 


Willow-leaved Meadowsweet (spirea 
salicifolia) eastern section. 

Corymbed Spirea (spiraea 
Black Hills. 

Tufted Meadowsweet (luetkea caespe- 
tosa) Black Hills. 


lucida) 


Salmon-Berry (rubus parviflorus) 
Black Hills. 

Red Raspberry (rubus | strigosus) 
common. 


Black Raspberry (rubus occidentalis) 
east of Missouri R. 

Dwarf Raspberry (rubus Americanus) 
Minnesota valley and Black Hills. 


Strawberry (fragaria Virginiana) 
common. 
Woodstrawberry, Indian Strawberry 


(fragaria americana) Minnesota VY. 
Lele & b 

Tali Cinquefoil 
common. 

Snowy Cinquefoil (potentilla nicea dis- 
secta) Black Hills. 

Rough Cinquefoil (potentilla monspe- 
liensis) CcOMmmon. 

Diffuse Cinquefoil (potentilla leuco- 
carpa) Black Hills and Sioux valley. 

Bushy Cinquefoil (potentilla para- 
doxa) common. ; 

Wooly Cinquefoil (potentilla hippiana) 
Black Hills. 

Potentilla Hippiana 
Hills. 

Prairie Cinquefoil (potentilla Pennsyl- 
vanica) east of Missouri, Black 
Hills. 

Shrubby Cinquefoil (potentilla fruit- 
icosa) Black Hills. 

Silverweed (potentilla anserina) east 
of Missouri R. 

Glandular Cinquefoil (potentilla gland- 
ulosa) Black Hills. 

Slender Cinquefoil 
cilis) Black Hills. 

Potentilla Gracilis Fastigiata, Black 
Hills. 

Elegant Cinquefoil (potentilla concin- 
na) near Custer. 

Potentilla Concinna nth Sah near 
Deadwood. 

Long Plumed Purple Avens ee 
ciliatum) common. 

White Avens (geum canadensis) east 
of Missouri. 

Rough Avens (geum 
eastern section. 

Large-leaved Avens (geum marcro- 
phyllum) Black Hills. 


(potentilla arguta) 


Diffusa Black 


(potentilla gra- 


virginianum) 


242 


Flora 


Yellow Avens (geum stricta) common. 

Small-leaved Cercocarpus (cercocarp- 
us parvilfolius) Black Hills. 

Hairy Agrimonia (agrimonia hirsuta) 
James valley and eastward, B. H. 
Many-flowered Agrimonia (agrimonia 

parviflora) eastern section. 

Meadow Rose (rosa blanda) eastern 
section. 

Prickly Rose (rosa acicularis,) Black 
Hills. 

Wood Rose 
Hills. 

The Apple Family 

Western Mountain Ash (sorbus sam- 
bucifolia) near Sturgis. 

June Berry, Service Berry (amelanch- 
ier Canadensis) Sioux River. 

Round-leaved June Berry (amelanch- 
ier rotundifolia) Minnesota and 
Sioux valleys. 

Northwestern June Berry (amelanch- 
ier alnifolia) common. 

Long-spined Thorn Apple (crataegus 
macracantha) B. H., James R. and 
E. 

Red-fruited Thorn Apple (crataegus 
mollis,) James River and eastward. 


(Rosa Woodesii) Black 


The Plum Family 


Wild Plums (prunus Americana) com- 
mon. 

Western Sand Cherry (prunus Bes- 
seyi) James Valley and westward. 
Pin Cherry or Wild Red Cherry (prun- 

us Pennsylvanica) Black Hills. 
Choke Cherry (prunus Virginiana) 
common. 

Western Wild Cherry (prunus demis- 
sa) Missouri River and westward. 
Black Cherry (prunus serotina) Minn- 

esota and Sioux valleys. 


Minosa Family 


Acuan Illinoinses, James valley and 
eastward. 

Sensitive Brier (morongia uncinata) 
Missouri valley and westward. 


Senna Family 


Red-bud (cersis Canadensis) mouth of 
Sioux R. 

Sensitive Pea (cassia chamaecrista) 
southeastern portion. 

Sweet Locust (gleditsia triacanthos) 
extreme southeast. 

Kentucky Coffee Tree (gymnocladus 
dioica) extreme southeast. 


Flora 


Pea Family 


Silky Sophora (sophora sericea,) west 
of Missouri R. 

Prairie Thermopsis (thermopsis rhom- 
bifolia) Missouri R. and westward. 

Rattle-box (crotalaria sagitalis) south- 
eastern portion. 

Wooly Lupine 
Black Hills. 

Small-flowered Lupine (lupius parvi- 
florus,) Black Hills. 

Low Lupine (lupinus pusillus) Mis- 
souri R. and westward. , 

White Sweet Clover (melilotus alba) 
common. 

Sweet Yellow Clover (melilotus offic- 
inalis) common. 

Low Hop Clover (trifolium procumb- 
ens) Sioux Valley. 

Running Buffalo Clover (trifolium stol- 
oniferum) Minn. and Sioux V. 

Beckwith’s Clover (trifollum  beck- 
withii) E. part, our only native clov- 
er. 

White Clover (trifolium repens) east- 
ern part and Black Hills. 

Red Clover (trifolium pratense) Sioux 
valley. 

Prairie Bird’s-foot Trefoil 
Americanus) common. 

Few-flowered Psoralea (psoralea tenu- 
iflora) west of Missouri R. 

Digitate Psoralea (psoralea digitata) 
Missouri. River westward. 

Silver-leaf Psoralea (psoralea agro- 
phylla) common. 

Large-bracted Psoralea (psoralea cus- 
pidata) Missouri and westward. 

Prairie Turnip, Indian Turnip (psora- 
lea esculenta) common. 

Lance-leaved Psoralea (psoralea 
lanceolata) extreme southeast. 

False Indigo, Lead Plant (amorpha 
fruticosa) common. 

Fragrant False Indigo (amorpha nana) 
common. 

Shoestrings, Lead Plant 
canescens) common. 
Slender Parosela (parosela enneandra) 

west of Missouri R. 
Pink Parosela (parosela dalea) Mis- 
souri valley and eastward. 


(lupinus'_ sericeus) 


(lotus 


(amorpha 


Flora 


Dense-flowered Prairie Clover (kuhn- 
istera compacta) Missouri R. west- 
ward. 

Violet Prairie Clover 
purpura) common. 
Hairy Prairie Clover (kuhnistera vil- 

losa) Badlands. 

Buffalo Pea, Ground Plum (astragalus 
crassicarpus) common. 

Larger Ground Plum (astragaus Mex- 
icanus) near Brookings. 

Platte Milk Vetch (astragalus platten- 
sis) Sioux valley and B. H. 
Carolina Milk Vetch (astragalus caro- 
linanus) eastern part and B. H. 
Ascending Milk Vetch (astragalus ad- 

surgens) common. 

Cock’s Head (astragalus hypoglottis) 

B. H., Missouri R., eastward. 

Drummond’s Milk Vetch (astragalus 
drummondii) Black Hills. 

Racemose Milk Vetch (astragalus 
racemosus) west of Missouri R. 

Grooved Milk Vetch (astragalus bisul- 
catus) Black Hills. 

Low Milk Vetch (astragalus lotiflorus) 
Black Hills. 

Missouri Milk Vetch (astragalus Mis- 
souriensis) west Missouri. 

Slender Milk Vetch (astragalus gTa- 
cilis) Minnesota V. and Black Hills. 

Notched Milk Vetch (astragalus mic- 
rolobus) Black Hills. 

Flexile Milk Vetch (astragalus flexuo- 

sis) common. 

Indian Milk Vetch (astragalus aborig- 
inum) Black Hills. 
Astragalus Aboriginum 

us, Black Hills. 

Alpine Milk Vetch (astragalus alpin- 
us) Black Hills. 


(kuhnistera 


Glaberiuscul- 


Astragalus convallarius, Black Hills. 


Golden Parosela (parosela aurea) Mis- 


souri V. and westward. 
White Prairie Clover 
candida) common. 


(Kuhnistera 


243 


Arctic Milk Vetch (phaca Americana) 
Black Hills. 

Loose-flowered Milk Vetch (homalob- 
us tenellus) Black Hills. 

Prickly Milk Vetch (homalobus mon- 
tanus) Badlands. 

Tufted Milk Vetch (homalobus caespi- 
tosa) Black Hills. 

Sessile-flowered Milk Vetch (orophaca 
caespitosa) west of Missouri R. 
Loco-Weed (spiesia Lamberti) com- 

mon. 
Spiesia Lamberti 
Missouri R. 


Sericea, west of 


Flora 


Viscid Loco-Weed 
near Custer. 

Wild Licorice Buffalo Burr (glycyr- 
rhisa lepidota) common. 

Hedysarum (hedysarum Americanum) 
Black Hills. 

Broad-leaved Tick-Trefoil 
grandiflora) eastern part. 

Illinois Tick-Trefoil (meibomia illi- 
‘noesensis) Minnesota valley. 

Round-headed Bush Clover (lespedesa 
capitata) southeastern section. 

American Vetch (vicia Americana) 
eastern part, and Black Hills. 

Vicia Americana Truncata, common. 

Narrow-leaved Vetch (vicia linearis) 
common. 

Vetch,. Tare (vicia sativa) Sioux Val- 
ley. 

Veiny Pea, Wild Pea (lathyrus veno- 
sus) eastern part. 

Marsh Vetchling (lathyrus palustris) 
east of Missouri R. 

Showy Vetchling (lathyrus ornatus) 
Missouri R. and westward. 

Cream-colored Vetchling 
ochroleucus) Black Hills. 

Hog Peanut (falcata comosa) Black 
Hills. 

Pitcher’s Hog Peanut (falcata pitch- 
eri) Minnesota valley. 
Groundnut (apois apois) 
and Sioux valleys. 
Trailing Wild Bean (strophostyles hel- 

vola) east of Missouri R. 
Small Wild Bean (strophostyles pauc- 
iflora) eastern part. 


(spiesia viscida) 


(meibomia 


(lathyrus 


Minnesota 


Geranium Family 


Long-stalked Crane’s Bill (geranium 
columbinum) Charles Mix County. 


Carolina Crane’s Bill (geranium Caro- 


linianum) Black 
eastern part. 

Cut-leaved Crane’s Bill (geranium dis- 
sectum) Black Hills. 

Richardson’s Crane’s Bill (geranium 
richardsonii) Black Hills. 

Viscid Crane’s Bill (geranium viscos- 
issimum) Black Hills. 


Hills and _ south: 


Wood-Sorrel Family 
Violet Wood-Sorrel (oxalis violacea) 
James valley and eastward. 
Upright Yellow Wood-Sorrel 
stricta) common. 


(oxalis 


244 


Flora 


Flax Family 


Lewis’ Wild Flax (linum 
Black Hills. 
Grooved Yellow Flax (inum sulcat- 


um) common. 


Lewisii) 


Large-flowered-Yellow Flax (linum 
rigidum) common. 
Rue Family 


Prickly Ash (xanthoxylum American- 
um) Missouri R. and eastward. 


Milkwort Family 


Whorled Milkwort (polygala verticil- 
lata) common. 

Polygala Senega Latifolia, Northern 
Black Hills. 

White Milkwort (polygala alba) B. H., 
Missouri R., and eastward. 


Spurge Family 

Texas Crotan (croton Texensis) west 
of Missouri R. 

White-flowered Spurge (euphorba pet- 
aloidea) west of Missouri R. 

Geyer’s Spurge (euphorbia geyeri) 
west of Missouri R. 

Thyme-leaved Spurge (euphorbia 
serpyilifolia) eastern section. 

Round-leaved Spurge (euphorbia serp- 
ens) Charles Mix County. 

Ridge-seeded Spurge (euphorbia glyp- 
tosperma) common. - 

Milk Purslane (euphorbia maculata) 
Sioux and James valleys. 

Narrow-seeded Spurge (euphorb:a 
strictospora) west of Missouri R. 

Upright Spotted Spurge (euphorbia 
nutans) eastern section. 

Angled Spurge (euphorbia hexogona) 
Missouri valley and westward. 

White Margined Spurge (euphorbia 
marginata) along southern border. 

Toothed Spurge (euphorbia dentata) 
Southern part. 

Various-leaved Spurge (euphorbia 
heterophylla) southeastern part. 
Reticulate-seeded Spurge (euphorbia 

dicryosporma) near Aberdeen. 
Rocky Mountain Spurge (euphorbia 
robusta,) west of Missouri R. 


Water Starwort Family 
Water Fennel (callitriche palustris) 
common. 
Autumnal Starwort (callitricha bifida) 
eastern section. 


Flora 


Sumac Family 

Staghorn Sumac (rhus hirta) Charles 
Mix County. 

Smooth Sumac (rhus glabra) Black 
Hills and east of Missouri R. 

Skunk-bush (rhus triblobata) west of 
Missouri R. 

Poison Oak, Poison Ivy (rhus radi- 
cans) common. 


Staff Tree Family 


Burning Bush, Wahoo (euonymus 
atropurpureous) southeastern § sec- 
tion. 


Bittersweet (celastrus scandens) com- 
mon. 
Maple Family 
Silver Maple, Soft Maple (acer sac- 
charinum) southeastern section. 
Sugar Maple, Rock Maple (acer sac- 
charum) Minnesota valley. 
Box Elder, Ash-leaved Maple 
Negundo) common. 


(acer 


Jewel-weed Family 
Spotted Touch-me-not (impatiens  bi- 
flora) eastern part. 
Pale Touch-me-not (impatiens aurea) 
Minnesota valley. 


Buckthorn Family 

Velvety Redroot (ceanothus 
inus) Black Hills. 

Fendler’s Redroot (ceanothus Fend- 
lerii) Black Hills. : 


Grape Family 
Riverside Grape (vitis Vulpina) east 
of Missouri R. © 
False Virginia Creeper, Woodbine 
(parthenocissus quinquefolia) com- 
mon. 


velvut- 


Linden Family 
Basswood, Americap Linden 
Americana) eastern section. 


(tilia 


Mallow Family 
High Mallow (malva 
Sioux valley. 
Cheese’s Running Mallow (malva fro- 
tundifolia) southeastern part. 
Whorled Mallow (malva verticallata 
crispa) Sioux valley. 
Red Mallow malvastrum coccineum) 
James valley and westward. 


Sylvestris) 


Indian Mallow (abutilon abutilon) 
southeastern portion. 
Flower-of-an-Hour, Venice Mallow 


(Hibiscus trionum) southeast part. 


245 


Flora 


St. Johnswort Family 
Canadian St. Johnswort (hypericum 
Canadense) Minnesota Valley, Black 
Hills. 
Waterwort Family 
Long-stemmed Waterwort elatine tri- 
andra) common. 


Rock Rose Family 
Hoary Frostweed (helianthemum 
majus) Black Hills. 


Violet Family 

Prairie Violet (viola pedatifida) com- 
mon. 

Meadow Violet (viola obliqua) 
mon. 

Bird’s-foot Violet (viola pedata) Min- 
nesota valley. 

Marsh Violet (viola palustris) Black 
Hills. 

Sweet White Violet (viola blanda) 
Black Hills. 

Nuttall’s Violet (viola Nuttallii) James 
valley and westward. 

Hairy Yellow Violet (viola pubescens) 
southeast and Black Hills. 

Smoothish Yellow Violet (viola scab- 
riuscula) eastern part and B. H. 

Canadian Violet (viola canadensis) 
eastern part and B. H. 

Sand Violet (viola arenaria) 
Rapid City. 

Viola Canina Adunca, Black Hills. 


Loasa Family (Gumbo Lilies) 
Few Seeded Mentzelia (mentzelia oli- 
gosperma) near Black Hills. 
Bractless Mentzelia (mentzelia nuda) 
Black Hills. 
Showy Mentzelia (mentzelia decape- 
tala) Missouri valley and westward. 


com- 


near 


Cactus Family 
Western Prickly Pear (opuntia humi- 
fusa) Black Hills and near by. 


Brittle Opuntia (opuntia fragilis) 
Black Hills. 
Missouri Cactus (cactus Missourien- 


sis) Missouri River and westward. 
Purple Cactus (cactus viviparus) Mis- 
souri River and westward. 


Oleaster Family 
Silver Berry (elaeagnus 
Black Hills. 

Canadian Buffalo Berry (lepargyraea 
Canadensis) west of Missouri R. 
Buffalo Berry (lepargyraea argentea) 

Missouri valley and westward. 


argentea) 


Flora 


Loosestrife Family 
Long-leaved Ammannia (ammannia 
coccinea) east of Missouri River. 
Wing-angled Loosestrife (lythrum ala- 

tum) east of Missouri River. 


Evening Primrose Family 
Fireweed, Great Willow Herb (cha- 
maenerion augustifolium) Minnesota 
valley and Black Hills. 
Linear-leaved Willow Herb (epilob- 
ium lineare) east part and B. H. 
Panicled Willow Herb (epilobium pan- 
iculatum) Black Hills. 
Purple-leaved Willow Herb (epilobi- 
un coloratum) Minnesota valley. 
Northern Willow Herb  (epilobium 
adenocaulon) common. 
Hornemann’s Willow Herb (epilobium 
hornemannii) Black Hills. 
Drummond’s: Willow Herb (epilobium 
drummondii) Black Hills. 
Evening Primrose (onagra_ biennis) 
common. 
Sinuate-leaved Evening Primrose 
(Oenothera laciniata) Black Hills. 
Prairie Evening Primrose (anogra al- 
bicaulis) common. 

Cut-leaved Hvening Primrose (anogra 
coronopifolia) B. H. and near by. 

Anogra Pallida leptophylla, Black 
Hilis; 

Scaposa Primrose (pachylophus caes- 
pitosa) west of Missouri River. 

Tooth-leaved Primrose (meriolix ser- 
rulata) common. 

Small-flowered Gaura (gaura_ parvi- 
floria) west of Missouri R. 

Scarlet Gaura (gaura coccinea) com- 
mon. 

Bushy Gayophyton (gayophyton ra- 
mosissimum) Black Hills. 

Enchanter’s Nightshade (circaea lut- 
etiana) Minnesota valley and Black 
Hills. 

Alpine Enchanter’s Nightshade (cir- 
caea alpina) Black Hills. 


Water Millfoil Family 
Bottle Brush (hippuris vulgaris) 
Sioux R. to Missouri R. 

Spiked Water Millfoil (myriophyllum 
spicatum) James River and east. 
Whorled Water Millfoil (myriophyl- 
lum verticillatum) eastern part. 
Various-leaved Water Millfoil (myrio- 
phyllum heterophyllum) Sioux val- 

ley. 


“Mountain 


Flora 


Ginseng Family 
American Spikenard (aralia 
mosa) Minnesota valley. 
Wild Sarsaparilla (aralia nudicaulis) 
Minnesota valley and Black Hills. 


Tace- 


Carrot Family 


Wild Carrot (daucus carrota) Min- 
nesota and Sioux valleys. 

Cow Parsnip (heracleum lanatum) 
eastern part and Black Hills. 

Wild Parsnips (pastinaca 
Black Hills. 

White-flowered Parsley peucedanum 
nudicaule) Missouri valley east. 

Fennel-leaved Parsley (peucedanum 
foeniculaceum) found on James, 
Missouri and White Rivers. 

Hairy Parsley (peucedanum villosum) 
James valley and westward. 

Plain Cymopterus (cymopterua acaul- 
is) west of Missouri R. 

Cymopterus 
montanus) Black Hills. 

Button Snakeroot (eryngium aquati- 
cum) near Sioux Falls. 

Black Snakeroot (sanicula Maryland- 
ica) Minnesota and Sioux valleys. 
Short-styled Snakeroot (sanicula Can- 
adensis) eastern part and Black 

Hills. 

Scapose Musineon (musineon tenni- 
folium) Black Hills. 

Leafy Musineon (musineon divaricat- 
um) west of Missouri R. 

Musineon Trachysperma near Her- 
mosa. 

Wooly Sweet Cicely (Washingtonia 
claytoni) eastern part. 

Smoother Sweet Cicely (Washing- 
tonia longistylis) eastern part and 
Black Hills. 

Western Sweet Cicely (Washingtonia 
nuda) Black Hills. 

Hemlock Water Parsnips (sium cicu- 
taeafolium) east of Missouri R. 


sativa) 


(cymopterus 


Golden Meadow Parsnips  (zizia 
aurea) east of Missouri R. 
Heart-leaved Alexander (zizia_ cor- 


data) eastern part and B. H. 

Caraway (carum carui) Sioux valley 
and Black Hills. 

Gairdner’s Caraway (carum gairdneri) 
Black Hills. 

Water Hemlock (cicuta maculata) 
east of Missouri R. and B. H. 


246 


Fiora 


Bulb-bearing Water Hemlock (cicuta 
bulbifera) Sioux Valley. 

Honewort (deringia canadensis) east- 
ern section. 

Cut-leaved Water Parsnip (barula 
erecta) Minnesota V. and Black 
Hills. é 

Modesty (bupleurum  rotundifolium) 
Sioux valley. 


Dogwood Family 


Dwarf Cornel (cornus'§ canadensis) 
Black Hills. 
Bailey’s Dogwood (cornus baileyi) 


Black Hills. 

Rough-leaved Dogwood (cornus asper- 
ifolia) Missouri valley. 

Red Osier (cornus stolonifera) com- 
mon. 

Silky Cornel (cornus amonum) lower 
Missouri valley. 


Wintergreen Family 

Round-leaved Wintergreen (pyrola ro- 
tundifolia) Black Hills. 

Shin-leaf (pyrola __ elliptica) 
Hills. 

Greenish-flowered Wintergreen (py- 
rola chlorantha) Minnesota valley 
and Black Hills. 

One-sided Wintergreen (pyrola_ se- 
cunda) Black Hills, Minnesota YV. 
Pyrola Rotundifolia bracteata, Sylvan 

Lake. 


Black 


Indian Pipe Family 
Pine Drops (pterospora andromedea) 
Black Hills. 
-Indian Pipe (monotropa uniflora) Min- 
nesota valley. 


Heath Family 
Red Bearberry (arctostaphylos uva- 
ursa) Black Hills and Badlands. 


Huckleberry Family 
Whortleberry (vaccinium 
microphyllum) Black 


Bilberry, 
myrtillus 
Hills. 

Primrose Family 

Androsace (androsace occidentalis) 
Missouri valley eastward. 

Mountain Androsace (androsace sep- 
tenrionalis) Black Hills 

Androsace Septentrionalis Subulifera, 
Black Hills. 

Fringed Loosestrife (stieronema cil- 
iaum) B. H., Missouri V., eastward. 

Tufted Loosestrife (naumbergia thry- 
siflora) eastern part and B. H. 


247 


Flora 


Chaffweed (centunculus minimus) B. 
H., Walworth and Potter Cos. 

Shooting Star, American Cowslip (do- 
decatheon media) Black Hills. 


Olive Family 
Green Ash (fraxinus lanceolata) com- 
mon. 
Red Ash (fraxinus 
common. 
White Ash (fraxinus Americana) very 
rare. 


Pennsylvanicus) 


Gentian Family 

Fringed Gentian (gentinana detonsa) 
Minnesota and Sioux valleys. 

Northern Gentian (gentinana acuta) 
Black Hills: 

Downy Gentian (gentinana puberula 
common. 

Closed Gentian (gentinana andrewsii) 
eastern valleys. 

Showy Frasera 
Black Hills. 

Spurred Gentian (tetragonanthus de- 
flexus) Black Hills. 


(frasera speciosa) 


Buckbean Family 


Buckbean, Bogbean (menyanthes trio- 
folia) Sioux valley. 


Dogbane Family 
Spreading Dogbane (apocynum andro- 
saemifolium) B. H. and eastern part. 
Indian Hemp (apocynum cannabinum) 
Missouri valley eastward. 


Milkweed Family 

Pleurisy Root, Butterfly Weed (as- 
clepias tuberosa) southeast sec. 

Swamp Milkweed (asclepias incar- 
nata) Missouri valley eastward. 

Common Milkweed (asclepias syriaca) 
Minnesota and Sioux valleys. 

Showy Milkweed (asclepias speciosa) 
Minnesota and Sioux valleys. 

Oval-leaved Milkweed (asclepias oval- 
ifolia) eastern part and B. H. 

Whorled Milkweed (asclepias verti- 
cillata) Missouri V., eastward. 

Low Milkweed (asclepias pumila) 
west of Missouri. 

Green Milkweed (acerates viridiflora) 
common. 


Narrow-leaved Milkweed (acertes 
augustifolia) Black Hills. 
Woolly Milkweed (acerates  lanugi- 


nosa) Sioux valley. 


Flora 


Morning Glory Family 
Evolvulus (evolvulus philosus) west 
of Missouri. 
Small Red Morning Glory (quamoclit 
coccinea hederfolia) Brookings. 
Bush Morning Glory (ipomoea lepto- 
phylla) west of Missouri. 
Ivy-leaved Morning Glory (ipomoea 
hederaceae) near Brookings. 
Hedge Bindweed (convolvulus sepium) 
east of Missouri and Black Hills. 
Trailing Bindweed (convolvulus re- 
pens) Missouri valley eastward. 


Dodder Family 


Clover Dodder (cuscuta epithymum) 
Sioux valley and Black Hills. 

Field Dodder (cuscuta arvensis) Min- 
nesota valley and Black Hills. 

Hazel Dodder (cuscuta coryli) com- 
mon. 

Gronovi’s Dodder (cuscuta Gronovii) 
Sioux and Minnesota valleys. 

Glomerata Dodder (cuscuta paradoxa) 
Minnesota and Sioux valleys. 


Phlox Family 
Downy Phlox (phlox pilosa) Minne- 
sota and Sioux valley. 
Kelsey’s Phlox (phlox kelsyii) Black 
Hills. 


Douglass’ Phlox (phlox douglassii,) 
Black Hills. 

Phlox Douglassii Andicola, Black 
Hills. 


Capitate Gilia (gilia spicata capitata) 
Black Hills. 

Narrow-leaved Collomia (collomia 
linearis) Missouri valley and west. 


Waterleaf Family 
Virginian Waterleaf (hydrophyllum 
Virginicum) Minnesota valley. 
Nyctalea (macrocalyx Nyctalea) com- 
mon. 
Borage Family 
Seaside Heliotrope (heliotropium 
curassavicum) James valley. 
Burseed, European Stickseed 
pula lappula) Sioux valley. 
Western Stickseed (lappula redow- 
ski occidentalis) Missouri R. and 
westward. ‘ 
Virginian Stickseed (lappula Virgin- 
iana) Minnesota valley and B. H. 
Large-flowered Stickseed (lappula flor- 
ibunda) Black Hills. 


(lap- 


248 


Flora 


Nodding Stickseed (lappula Ameri- 
cana) Black Hills. 

Mountain Allocarya (allocarya scopu- 
lorum) Charles Mix County. 

Patterson’s Cryptanthe (cryptanthe 
Pattersonii) Black Hills. 

Thick-sepaled Cype (cryptanthe cras- 
sisepala) Badlands. 

Clustered Oreocarya (oreocarya glom- 
erata) common. 

Tall Lungwort (mertensia paniculata) 
Black Hills. 

Lance-leaved Lungwort (mertensia 
lancelota) west of Missouri R. 

Siberian Lungwort (mertensia siberi- 
cus) Black Hills. 

Large-seeded For-get-me-not (myosot- 
is macrosperma) Black Hills. 

Hoary Puccoon (lithospermum cane- 
scens) east of James River. 

Sylvan Forget-me-not (myosotis sylva- 
tica,) Black Hills. 

Narrow-leaved Puccoon  (lithosper- 
mum augustifollum) common. 

Soft-Hairy False Cromwell (onosmod- 
ium molle) common. 

Viper’s Bugloss (echium vulgare) 
Sioux valley. 


Vervain Family 
White Vervain (verbena urticaefolia) 
Missouri River and eastward. 
Blue Vervain (verbena hastata) east 
of Missouri R. and B. H. 
Hoary Vervain (verbena stricta) com- 
mon. 

Large Bracted Vervain (verbena brac-. 
teosa) Missouri valley and west. 
Verbena Bipinnatifida, west of Mis- 

souri River. 


Fogfruit (lippia cuneifolia) James 
and Missouri valleys. 
Mint Family 
Wood Sage, Germander (teucrium 
Canadensis) Sioux valley. 
Hairy Germander (teucrium, occi- 


dentale) James River and east. 
Mad-dog Skull Cap (scutellaria latefi- 
flora) Missouri valley and east. 
Small Skull Cap (scuttellaria parvula) 
Missouri valley and eastward. 
Marsh Skull Cap (scuttellaria galeri- 
culata) B. H., east of Missouri R. 
Catnip, Giant Hyssop (agastache nep- 
etoides) eastern section. 


Fragrant Giant Hyssop (agastache 


Fiora 


anethoidora) B. H., east of Missouri 

Bi 

Catnip (nepeta cataria) eastern part. 

American Dragonhead (drachocephal- 
um parvifiorum) B. H., Sioux valley. 

Selfheal (prunella vulgaris) Black 
Hills. 

False Dragonhead (physostegia vir- 
ginica) James River and eastward. 

Motherwort (leonurus cardica) Sioux 
valley. 

Hedge Nettle (stachys palustris), east- 
ern part and Black Hills. 

Rough Hedge Nettle (stachys aspera) 
Black Hills. 

Lance-leaved Sage (salvia lancelota) 
Missouri valley and westward. 

Wild Bergamont (monarda fistulosa) 
west of Missouri river. 

Pale Wild Bergamont 
scabra) common. 

Rough Pennyroyal (hedeoma hispida) 
common. 


(monarda 


Drummond’s Pennyroyal (hedeoma 
drummondii) Black Hills. 
Hyssop (hysopus officinalis) Sioux 


valley. 

Stalked Water Hoardhound (lycopus 
rubellus) eastern part. 

Cut-leaved Water Hoarhound( lycopus 
americanus,) common. 

Western Water Hoarhound (lycopus 
lucidus) eastern part. 

American Wild Mint (mentha cana- 
densis) common. 


Potato Family 

Long-leaved Ground Cherry (physalis 
longifolia) common. 

Prairie Ground Cherry (physalis lance- 
olota) common. 

Virginian Ground Cherry (physalis 
virginiana) B. H., eastern part. 

Clammy Ground Cherry (physalis het- 
erophylla) B. H., eastern part. 

Round-leaved Ground Cherry (physalis 
rotundata) Black Hills. 

Black Nightshade (solanum nigrum) 
east of Missouri R. and B. H. 

Cut-leaved Nightshade (solanum tri- 
florum) eastern part and B. H. 

Texas Thistle, Beaked Night Shade 

(solanum rostratum) common. 


Figwort Family 
Mullen (verbascum thapsus) south- 
eastern part and B. H. 
Butter-and-eggs, Yellow Toad Flax 
(linaria linaria) Sioux valley. 


Flora 


Blue Toad Flax (linaria Canadensis) 
Black Hills. 

Heal-all, Maryland Figwort (schrophu- 
laria Marylandica) east of Missouri 
R. and Black Hills. 

Crested Beard-tongue (pentstemon 
cristatus) Missouri valley, B. H. 
White Beard-tongue (pentstemon al- 

bidus) E. of Missouri R., B. H. 

Slender Beard-tongue (pentstemon 
gracile) E. of Missouri R., B. H. 

Large-flowered Beard-tongue (pent- 
stemon grandiflorus,). common. 

Smooth Beard-tongue (pentstemon 
glaber) west of Missouri R. 

Pale Beard-tongue (pentstemon aug- 
ustiflorius) Black Hills. 

James’ Beard-tongue 
Jamesii) Black Hills. 

Small-flowered Collinsia 
parviflora) Black Hills. 

Monkey Flower (mimulus_§ringes,) 
Minnesota and Sioux valleys. 

James’ Monkey Flower (mimulus 
Jamesii) Minnesota valley and B. H. 

Yellow Monkey Flower (mimulus lute- 
us) Black Hills. 

Round-leaved Hedge Hyssop (monni- 
era rotundifolia) Black Hills. 

False Pempernel (ilysanthes gratio- 
loides) Missouri valley, east. 

Western Wulfena (wulfenia rubra) 
Black Hills. 

Water Speedwell (veronica anagallis 
aquatica) E. Missouri and B. H. 

American Brooklime (veronica amer- 
icana) Missouri valley and B. H. 

Neckweed (veronica peregrina) east 
of Missouri R. and B. H. 

Common Speedwell (veronica offici- 
nalis) Sioux valley. 


(penstemon 


(collinsia 


Culver’s Root (leptandra virginica) 
eastern part. 
Bessy’s Gerardia (gerardia Bessey- 


ana) east of Missouri R. 

Rough Gerardia (gerardia aspera) 
east of Missouri R. 

Painted Cup (castilleja acuminata) 
Black Hills. 

Prairie Painted Cup (castilleja sessi- 
flora) common. 

Yellow Orthocarpus 
luteus) common. 

Swamp Lousewort (pedicularis lance- 
olata) Minnesota and Sioux Rivers. 

Wood Betany, Lousewort (pedicularis 
Canadensis) Minn. and Sioux Vs. 


(orthacarpus 


249 


Flora 


Bladderwort Family 


Greater Bladderwort (utricularia vul- 
garis,) Missouri valley and E. 


Broomrape Family 
Yellow Cancer Root (thalesia facicu- 
lata) Missouri valley and B. H. 
Louisiana Broomrape (orobanche lud- 
Ooviciana) B. H., from Missouri R., 
east. 
Lopseed Family 


Lopseed (phryma lepostachya) com- 
mon. 
Plantain Family 


Common Plantain (plantago major) 
everywhere. 

Rugel’s Plantain (plantago Rugelii) 
Sioux valley. 

Ribwort (plantago lanceolata) Sioux 
valley. 

Saline Plantain (plantago eriopoda) 
Minnesota and Sioux valleys. 

Pursh’s Plantain (plantain /Purshii) 
west of Missouri R. 

Large-bracted Plantain (plantago aris- 
tata) Missouri R., westward. 

Slender Plantain (plantago elongata) 
Aurora and Charles Mix Cos. 


Madder Family 
Goosegrass (galium Aparine) Minne- 
sota, Sioux and Black Hills. 
Northern Bedstraw (galium boreale) 
Missouri R. eastward and B. H. 
Fragrant Bedstraw (galium triflorum) 
Eastern and Black Hills. 
Small Cleavers (galium ‘trifidum) 
Minnesota and Sioux valleys. 
Wild . Madder (galium _ tinctorum) 
Sioux valley. 


Honeysuckle Family 


Racemed Elder (sambucus racemosus) 
Minnesota, Sioux and Black Hills. 
Sweet Elder (sambucus canadensis) 

common. 
Cranberry Tree (viburnum opulus) 
Minnesota valley and Black Hills. 
Sweet Viburnum (viburnum lentago) 
Minnesota, Sioux and Black Hills. 
Twinflower (linnea borealis) Black 
Hills. 

Snowberry (symphoricarpus racemos- 
us) common. 

Low Snow berry (symphoricarpus 
paucifiorus) Minnesota valley, Black 
Hills. 


250 


Flora 
Wolf Berry (symphoricarpus occi- 
dentalis) Minnesota and Sioux val- 
leys. 
Coral Berry (symphoricarpus sym- 


phoricarpus) Missouri eastward. 
Douglas’ Honeysuckle (lonicera glau- 


cescens) Minnesota, Sioux, Black 
Hills. 

Moschatel Family 
Muskroot (adoxa moschatellina) 


Black Hills. 


Valerian Family 


Tobacco Root (valeriana edulis) Black 
Hills. 

Wood Valerian (valeriana sylvatica) 
Black Hills. 


Gourd Family 
Wild Balsam Apple (micrampelis lo- 
bata) Missouri valley and E. 
Burr Cucumber (sicyos angulatus) 
common, E. and S. parts. 


Bellwort Family 


Harebell (companula _ rotundifolia) 
Black Hills. 

Marsh Bellwort (companula_  apari- 
noides) Black Hills. 

Tall Bellflower (campanula Ameri- 
cana) southeastern quarter. 

Venus Looking Glass (legouzia perfol- 
iata) Charles Mix Co. and B. H. 
Blue Cardinal Flower (lobelia syphi- 
litica) Minn. R., Sioux R., and B. H. 
Prairie Lobelia (lobelia spicata hirt- 

ella) Mo. R. and eastward. 
Brook Lobelia (lobelia kalmii) Minne- 
sota valley. 


Chicory Family 

Meadow Salsify (tragpogon pratensis) 
Minn. and Sioux valleys. 

Dandelion (taraxacum 
everywhere. 

Spiny Sow Thistle (sonchus asper) 
general. 

Prickly Lettuce (lactuca Scariola) 
eastward from Missouri R. 

Western Lettuce (lactuca ludoviciana) 
B. H. and E. of Missouri R. 

Tall Lettuce (lactuca Canadensis) 
Sioux and James valleys. 

Large-flowered Blue Lettuce (lactuca 
pulchella) Black Hills and E. of 
Missouri R. 

Tall Blue Lettuce (lactuca spicata) 
Minnesota and Sioux valleys. 


taraxacum ) 


Flora 


Lygodesmia 


Rush-like (lygodesmia 
juncea) common. 

Large-flowered Agoseris (agoseris 
glauca) common. 

Small-flowered Agoseris (agoseris 


parvifiora) Black Hills. 

Western Agoseris (agoseris scorsone- 
raefolio) Black Hills. 

False Calais (nothocalai cuspidata) 
Missouri R. and eastward. 

Naked-stemmed Hawk’s-beard (crepis 
runcinata) Eastern part and B. H. 

Narrow-leaved Hawkweed (hieracium 
umbellatum) Minnesota R. and B. 
TT. 

Canada Hawkweed (hieracium Cana- 
dense) Black Hills, Minn. Valley. 
Fendler’s Hawkweed (hieracium Fend- 
leri) Black Hills. 
Rattlesnake. Root 

Minnesota valley. 
Rough White Lettuce (nabalus asper) 
eastern valleys and Black Hills. 
Glaucous White Lettuce (nabalus race- 
mosus) eastern valleys and B. H. 


(nabalus_ albus) 


Ragweed Family 
Small-flowered Marsh Elder (iva axil- 
laris) west of Missouri R. 
Marsh Elder (iva xanthiifolia) Black 
Hills, Missouri R., eastward. . 
Great Ragweed, Bitterweed (ambrosia 
trifida) Missouri R., eastward. 


Ambrosia (trifida integrifolia) com- 
mon. 

Ragweed (ambrosia artemsiaefolia) 
Black Hills and E. of Missouri R. 
Western Ragweed (ambrosia psilo- 

stachya) common. 
White-leaved Gaertneria (gaertnaria 


discolor) Black Hills. 
American Cocklebur (xanthium Can- 
adense) Missouri R., eastward. 


Thistle Family 
Western Iron Weed (veronica fasci- 
culata) Missouri R., eastward. 
Spotted Joe-Pye Weed (eupatorium 
maculatum) Minnesota and Sioux 
Valleys. and Black Hills. 
Eupatorium (maculatum amoenum) 
Minnesota and Sioux Valleys. 
Tall Thoroughwort (eupatorium al- 
tissimum) common. 

Boneset (europatorium  perfoliatum) 
eastern and southeastern parts. 
White Snakeroot (europatorium agera- 
toides) eastern and southeastern. 


251 


Flora 


Prairie False Boneset (kuhnia gluti- 
nosa) common. 

Colicroot (lacinaria squarrosa) com- 
mon. 


Dotted Button Snakeroot (lacinaria 
punctata) common. : 
Large Button Snakeroot (lacinaria 


scariosa) B. H., E. of Missouri R. 
Dense Button Snakeroot (lacinaria 
spicata) Minnesota and Sioux Rs. . 
Gutierrezia (guterrezia Sarothrae) 
west of Missouri R. 
Broadleaved Gum _ Plant 
squarrosa) common. 
Hairy Golden Aster (chrysopsis vil- 
losa) B. H. and E. of Missouri R. 
Douglas’s Rayless Goldenrod (chrys- 
othamnus Douglasii) W. Mo. R. 
Rayless Eriocarpum (eriocarpum 
grindelioides) Black Hills. 


(grindelia 


Cut-leaved Eriocarpum, (eriocarpum 
spinulosum) common. 
Broad-leaved Goldenrod (solidago 


flexicaulis) Minnesota valley. 
Slender Goldenrod (solidago erecta,) 
Black Hills. 

Slender Showy Goldenrod (solidago 
rigidiuscula) Mo. and Sioux Vals. 
Cut-leaved Goldenrod (solidago § ar- 
guta) Minnesota and Sioux valleys. 
Rock Goldenrod (solidago rupestris) 

Sioux valley and Black Hills. 


Late Goldenrod (solidago  serotina) 
common, except Black Hills. 
Missouri Goldenrod (solidago Mis- 


souriensis) common. 

Canada Goldenrod (solidago Canaden- 
sis) Black Hills and E. of Missouri 
R. 

Solidago Canadensis procera, 
Hills and E. of Missouri R. 

Solidago Canadensis Gilvos Canescens, 
Minnesota valley. 

Field Goldenrod (solidago nemoralis) 
common. 

Western Rough Goldenrod (solidago 
Radula) common. 

Hard-leaved Goldenrod (solidago rig- 
ida) the most abundant common 
sort. 

Fragrant Goldenrod (euthamia gram- 
inifolia) Black Hills, James valley 
and E. 

Slender Fragrant Goldenrod (euthamia 
Caroliniana) Black Hills. 

Aster-like Boltonia (Boltonia aster- 
oides) Missouri valley eastward. 


Black 


Flora 


_ Arrow-leaved Aster (aster sagittifol- 
ius) Minnesota valley. 

Lindley’s Aster (aster Lindleyanus) 
Minnesota valley. 

Arrow-leaved Aster (aster sagittifol- 
ius) Minnesota valley. 

New England Aster (aster novae Ang: 
liae) James valley eastward. 

Aromatic Aster (aster oblongifolius) 
Missouri valley eastward. 


Smooth Aster (aster laevis) B. rT 


Missouri valley, eastward. 


Spreading Aster (aster patulus) Black | 


Hills. 

Rush Aster (aster junceus) extreme 
east and Black Hills. 

Western Silky Aster (aster sericeus) 
James valley, eastward. 

Upland White Aster (aster ptarmi- 
coides) common. 

Bushy Aster (aster dumosus) Sioux 
valley. 

Willow Aster (aster salicifolius) com- 
mon. 

Panicled Aster (aster paniculatus) 
Missouri valley, eastward. 


Starved Aster (aster lateriflorus) 
Sioux valley. 
Dense-flowered Aster (aster multi- 


florus) Missouri valley, eastward. 

White Prairie Aster (aster incanopil- 
osus )common. 

Siberian Aster (aster Sibiricus) Black 
Hills. 

Aster Falcatus, 
Hills by Gray. 

Viscid Aster (machaeranthera sessili- 
flora) Missouri R., westward. 

Rough Erigeron (erigeron 
Black Hills. 

Three-nerved Fleabane (erigeron sub- 
trinervis) Black Hills. 

Low Erigeron (erigeron pumilus) Mis- 
souri valley westward. 


mentioned in Black 


asper) 


Hoary Erigeron (erigeron canus) 
Black Hills. 
Dwarf Fleabane (erigeron composi- 


tus) Black Hills. 
Running Fleabane 
laris) Black Hills. 
Erigeron Salsuginus, Black Hills. 
Robin’s Plantain (erigeron pulchel- 
lus) Eastern section. 
Erigeron Philadelphicus, James val- 
ley and eastward, Black Hills. 
Sweet Scabious (erigeron annuus) 
Minnesota and Sioux valleys. 


(erigeron  flagel- 


252 


Flora 


Daisy Fleabane (erigeron ramosus) 
common. 

Erigeron Ramosus Beyrichii, 
Hills. 

Mountain Fleabane (erigeron arm- 
erifolius) Black Hills. 

Horseweed (leptilon Canadense) com- 
mon. 

Purple Horseweed (leptilon divaricat- 
um) Walworth County. 

Flat-topped White Aster (doellingeria 
umbellata) Minnesota R. 


Black 


Filago (filago prolifera) near Hot 
Springs. 
Mountain Everlasting (antennaria 


dioica) Black Hills. 

Smaller Catsfoot (antennaria neodi- 
oica) Black Hills. 

Prairie Catsfoot (antennaria campes- 
tris) found by Dr. Rydberg in Black 
Hills and named by him. 

Antennaria Aprica, in the Badlands. 

Antennaria Parvifolia, along Spring 
Lake in Brown County. 

Anaphalis Margaritacea, Black Hills. 

Cup Plant (silphium - perfoliatum) 
Minnesota and Sioux valleys. 

Compass Plant (silphium laciniatum) 
southeastern section. 

Rough Oxeye (heliopsis scabra) com- 
mon: 

Black-eyed Susan (rudbeckia hirta) 
Minnesota and Sioux valley and 
Black Hills. 

Green-headed Cone Flower (rudbeckia 
laciniata) Hastern section. 

Gray-headed Cone Flower 
pinnata) Sioux valley. 

Prairie Coneflower (ratibida colum- 
naris) Missouri R. eastward and B. 
ish 

Pale Purple Cone Flower (braunaria 
pallida) Missouri R. eastward and 
Bs 

Common Sunflower (helianthus annu- 
us) common. 

Prairie Sunflower (helianthus petio- 
laris) common. 

Stiff Sunflower (helianthus scaberri- 
mus) common. 


(ratibida 


Maximillian’s Sunflower (helianthus 
maximiliani) common. 
Sawtoothed Sunflower  (helianthus 


grosse-seratus) eastern part. 
Jerusalem Artichoke (helianthus tub- 
erosus) Missouri valley eastward. 


Flora 


Helianthus Tuberosus Subcanescens) 
in Sioux valley. 
Five Nerved False Sunflower, (helian- 
thus quinquenervis) Black Hills. 
Balsamroot (balsamrohiza sagittata) 
Black Hills. 

Garden Tickseed (coreopsis patra) 
Missouri valley eastward. 

Stiff Tickseed (coreopsis 
Sioux valley. 

Smooth Burr Marigold (bidens laevis) 

Black Hills. 

Nodding Burr Marigold (bidens cer- 
nua) Missouri valley. 

Purple-stemmed Beggertick 
connata) Sioux Valley. 

Sticktight (bidens fondosa) Missouri 
valley eastward. 


waaahies 


(bidens 


Woolly Hymenopappus (hymenopap- 
pus tenuifolius) Missouri valley 
westward. 

Tufted Hymenopappus (hymenopap- 


pus filifolius) Missouri Valley west- 
ward. 

Bahia (bahia oppositifolia) Missouri 
valley westward. 

Stemless Picradenia (picradenia acaul- 
is) Missouri valley westward. 

Sneezewort (helenium aristata) James 
valley eastward. 


Great-flowered Gaillardia (gaillardia 


aristata) Minnesota valley, Black 
Hills. 
Fetid Marigold (dysodia papposa) 


James valley westward. 

Yarrow (achillea millifolium) eastern 
part and Black Hills. 

Mayweed (anthemus cotula) east Mis- 
souri and Black Hills. 

White Daisy (chrysanthemum leucan- 
themum) Sioux valley. 

Tansy tanacetum vulgare) Sioux and 
James valleys. 

Canada Wormwood (artemisia cana- 
densis) Black Hills. 

Wild Wormwood (artemisia caudata) 
common. 

Common Wormwood (artemisia drac- 
unculoides) common. 

Silvery Wormwood 
folia) Badlands. 

Wormwood Sage (artemisia frigida) 
common. 

Biennial Wormwood (artemisia bien- 
nis) Missouri valley eastward. 

Saw-leaved Mugwort (artemisia ser- 
rata) occasional. 


(artemisia  fili- 


253 


Flora 


Prairie Mugwort (artemisia gnapha- 
lodes) common. 

Long-leaved Mugwort (artemisia long- 
ifolia) James valley westward. 

Hoary Sagebrush (artemisia cana) 
Missouri valley westward. 

Sweet Coltsfoot (petasites sagittata) 
Black Hills. 

Heart-leaved Arnica (arnica cordifol- 
ius) Black Hills. 

Artic Arnica, Mountain Tobacco (arn- 
ica alpina) Black Hills. 

Entire-leaved Groundsel (senecio in- 
tegerrimus) extreme east and Black 
Hills. 

Black-tipped Groundsel (senecio lug- 
ens) James valley eastward, Black 
Hills. 

Silvery Groundsel 
Black Hills. 

Prairie Ragwort (senecio plattensis) 
Black Hills. 

Balsam Groundsel (senecio balsami- 
tae) Missouri valley eastward and 
B. H. 

Golden Ragwort (senecio aureus) east- 
ern valleys. 

Douglas Ragwort (senecio douglasii) 
Cheyenne valley. 

Common Groundsel (senecio vulgaris) 
Minnesota and Sioux valleys. 

Mountain Ragwort (senecio eremophil- 
us) Black Hills. 

Marsh Ragwort (senecio palustris) 
Minnesota and Sioux valleys. 

Senecio Rapifolius, Black Hills. 

Northern Squaw Weed (senecio dis- 
coidens) Charles Mix county. 

Common Burdock (arctium minus) 
east of Missouri. 

Roadside Thistle (carduus altissimus) 
Minnesota and Sioux valleys. 

Field Thistle (carduus discolor) Min- 
nesota and Sioux valleys. 

Virginia Thistle (carduus virginianus) 
Minnesota and Sioux valleys. 

Wavy-leaved Thistle (carduus undu- 
latus) common. 

Yellow-spined Thistle (carduus 
rocentrus) Black Hills. 

Prairie Thistle (carduus plattensis) 
southwestern section. 

Carduus Drummondii Black Hills. 

Carduus Carnovirens Black Hills. 

Canada Thistle (carduus' arvensis) 
Sioux valley. 

Blue Bottle, Corn Flower (centaure: 
cyanus) near Hot Springs. 


(senecio canus) 


och- 


Trees and Shrubs 


Trees and Shrubs. The following 
list of native trees and shrubs is tak- 
en from Circular No .11, ‘Trees and 
Shrubs of South Dakota,” published 
by the, State Geological and Natural 


History Survey, and was compiled by — 


Prof. William H. Over: 


Conifers 
Limber Pine (pinus flexilis) near sum- 
mit of Harney Peak. 
Western Yellow Pine (pinus ponde- 
rosa) Black Hills. 


Lodgepole Pine (pinus murrayana) 
Black Hills. 
White Spruce (picea canadensis) 
Black Hills. 
Dwarf Juniper (juniperus commun- 


is,) Custer County. 

Rocky Mountain Juniper (juniperus 
scopulorum) common. 

Red Cedar (juniperus Virginianus) 
common. ; 

Walnut 

Black Walnut (juglans nigra) south- 

eastern counties. 


Poplars 

Cottonwood (populus deltoides) com- 
mon. 

Western Cottonwood (populus o¢cci- 
dentalis) in western part. 

Quaking Asp; Aspen (populus tremu- 
loides) in Sioux valley and extreme 
west . 

Small leaved poplar (populus aurea) 
Black Hills. 

Balm of Giliad (populus balsamifera) 
Black Hills and Roberts Co. 

Lance-leaved Cottonwood (populus 
acuminatia) about Spearfish. 

Narrow-leaved Cottonwood (populus 
augustifolia). 


Willow 

3ebb’s Willow (Salix Bebbiana) Black 
Hills, Cave Hills and Roberts Co. 

Glaucus Willow (salix discolor) Black 
Hills and Roberts Co. 

Diamond Willow (salix cordata) com- 
mon. 

Sandbar 
common. 

Black Willow (salix nigra) Big Sioux 
and James Rivers. 

Peach-leaved Willow (salix amygda- 
loides) the common tree-willow. 


Willow (salix fluviatilis) 


Trees and Shrubs 


Prairie Willow (salix humilis) very 
small, Minnehaha and Roberts Cos. 

Willow (salix geyeriana) Bear Butte 
Valley. 

Willow (salix scouleriana) Northern 
Black Hills. 

Willow (salix lutea) Bear Butte and 
Whitewood Creeks. 


Ironwood 
Ironwood (ostraya Virginiana) com- 
mon. 
Birch 
Paper, or White Birch (betula papyrif- 
era) Big Stone and Black Hills. 
Rocky Mountain (betula frontinalis) 
Black Hills and Slim Buttes. 
Mountain Bog Birch (betula glandu- 
losa) Black Hills. 


Oak 
Burr Oak  (quercus macrocarpa) 
throughout State. 

Elm 


American White Elm (ulmus ameri- 
cana) common. 

Red or Slippery Elm (ulmus fluva) 
eastern part of State. 

Rock, or Cork Elm (ulmus thomasi) 
Canton and Vermillion. 

Hackberry (celtis occidentalis) com- 
mon. 

Mulberry 

Mulberry (morus rubra) perhaps in- 

troduced, eastern part. 


_ Mahogany 
Mountain Mahogany (cercocarpus 
parvifolus) in Black Hills. 


Hazelnut 


Hazelnut (corylus Americana) Sioux 


River and Roberts Co. 
Mountain Hazelnut (corylus rostrata) 
Black Hills and Roberts Co. 


June Berry 


Service Berry (amelanchier canaden- 


sis) Sioux Valley; Bigstone. 
Rounded Leaved June Berry (ame- 

lanchier rotundfolio) same range. 
Western Service Berry (amelanchier 

alnifolio) Missouri River and west- 

ward. 

Haw 

Long-spined Haw (crataegus 

cantha) eastern section. 
Red Haw (crataegus mollis) common. 


macra- 


254 


Trees and Shrubs 


Black Haw (viburnum lentago) com- 
mon in Black Hills and along east- 
ern line. 

Cherry 

Wild Red or Pin Cherry 
Pennsylvanica) Bigstone. 

Wild Black Cherry (prunus serotina) 
eastern part. 

Choke Cherry 
common. 

Wild Red Plum (prunus Americana) 
common. 


(prunus 


(prunus Virginiana) 


Ash 
Green Ash (fraxinus lanceolata) com- 
mon. 
Red Ash 
common. 
Elder-leaved Mountain Ash 
scopulina) Black Hills. 
Prickly Ash (zanthoxylum americana) 
shrub, east of Missouri R. 


(fraxinus Pennsylvanica) 


(sorbus 


Locust 
Honey Locust (gleditsia triacanthos) 
southeastern counties. 
Sweet Locust (robina pseudacacia) 
common. 
Kentucky Coffee tree (gymnocladus- 
dioicus) southeastern part. 


Maple 

Soft Maple; Silver Maple (acer sac- 
charinum) eastern part. 

Sugar Maple (acer saccharum) Rob- 
erts County. 

Black Sugar Maple (acer nigra) Rob- 
erts County. 

Box Elder (acer negundo) common. 


Basswood 
American Linden (tila americana) 
southeastern section. 


Sumac 
Smooth Sumac (rhus glabra) common. 
Skunk Bush (rhusrhus triblobata). 


Dogwood 
Dogwood (cornus baileyi) Black Hills. 
Rough-leaved dogwood (cornus asperi- 
folia) Common. 
Red Osier (cornus stolonifera) com- 
mon. 
Miscellaneous 
Buckthorn; Indian Cherry (rhamnus 
lanceolata) common eastern part. 
Silver Berry (elaeagnus argentea) 
Black Hills. 
Buffalo Berry (shepherdia argentea) 
Missouri River and westward. 


255 


Floral Valley 


Squaw berry (shepherdia Canadensis) 
Missouri River and westward. 
Cranberry Tree (virburnum opulus) 
Roberts County; Custer Peak; Bear 
Butte. 
Elder 


Common Elder (sambucus 
sis) eastern section. 

Red Berried Elder (sambucus 
mosa) Black Hills. 


Introduced 


Prof. Over lists the following intro- 
duced varieties which have become 
acclimated: 


Chinese Mulberry (moros alba). 

Western Catalpa (catalpa speciosa). 

Horse Chestnut (elaeagnus hortensis 
sorgirica). 

Larch; Tamarack (larix laricina). 

White or Silver leaved poplar (popu- 
lus alba). 

Norway Poplar (populus....00...... vs 

Lombardy Poplar (populus Italica). 

Carolina Poplar (populus monilfera). 

Butternut (juglans cincerea). 

Pin Oak (quercus palustris). 

Mountain Ash (sorbus Americana). 

European Mountain Ash (sorbus 
aucuparia). 

Ginko (salisburia adiantifolia). 

Sycamore (platanus occidentalis). 

See Ferns and Flowering Plants. 


Canaden- 


Tace- 


Floral Emblem of State. See Ane- 
mone. 

Floral Valley. The name given by 
Custer in 1876 to the upper Belle 


Fourche region, because of the abund- 
ance of flowers. Prof. Donaldson, 
botanist of the expedition, found fifty 
varieties of flowers blooming there in 
July. Of this locality General Custer 
said in his report: “In no private 
or public park have I seen such a pro- 
fusion of flowers. Every step of our 
march amid flowers of the most ex- 
quisite color and perfume. So luxur- 
ious was the growth that men plucked 
them without dismounting from the 
saddle. Some belonged to new or un- 
classified species. It was a strange 
sight to glance back at the advanc- 


Florence 


ing columns of cavalry and behold the 
men with beautiful bouquets of flow- 
ers in their hands while the head 
gear of the horses was decorated with 
wreaths of flowers fit to crown a 
queen of May.” 


Florence is a town in northern Cod- 
ington County. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Forum,” established in 
1906, is its newspaper. 


Flour. Formerly a large business 
in the manufacture of flour was car- 
ried on in the State and flouring mills 
were located in every considerable 
town and doing profitable business. 
Large commercial mills were located 
at Watertown, Sioux Falls, Aberdeen, 
Redfield, Yankton and other points; 
but discriminating freight rates and 
the keen competition of the mills of 
Minneapolis have practically ruined 
the business. The Watertown mills 
still operate at capacity, about 1200 
barrels daily. Mills at Rapid City and 
Belle Fourche do extensive business 
in the western section. 


Flower, State. See Anemone. 


Flowers. See Flora. 

Floyd, William, 1858- ; Okobojo; 
born at Westerville, N. Y., August 
27th; came to Sully Co., Dakota in 
1883; engaged in stock raising and 
farming; county treasurer; grandson 


of General William Floyd, delegate 
from New York to the Continental 
Congress and signer of the Federal 


Constitution; legislator, 1909, 1911. 
Flu. See Influenza. 
Flycatcher. The king bird. See 
Birds. 


Flying By was the name of Sitting 
Bull’s village on Grand River, about 
midway between Little Eagle and Bull 
Head Stations. 


Food and Drug Commissioner 


Foght, Harold Waldstein, 1869- : 
born in Frederickshall, Norway, Dec. 
7; graduate, Iowa College; A. M., Aug- 
ustana College; post graduate, Royal 
Frederick University, Copenhagen; 
specialist in rural education, in U. S. 
Bureau of Education, 1912-1919; pres- 
ident, Northern Normal and Industrial 
School since 1919; made South Dakota 
Educational Survey, 1917; made sur- 
vey of education for Japanese govern- 
ment, 1924-1925. 


Foley is a railroad station in south- 
ern Codington County. Its banking 
and shipping point and post office is 
Watertown, 4 miles north . 


Folklore. The white settlements 
are too young to have developed a 
distinctive Dakota folklore. The folk- 
lore of the Indians has been collected 
to some extent. It is simple and child- 
ish and not especially significant. 





Dorsey, Eth. XI. 
Folklore, 1905 et seq. 


is a post office 12 miles 
in northern 


Journal of American 


Folsom 
south of Farmingdale, 
Custer County. 


Foncanon, C. B., 1869- ; born at 
Millard, Missouri, April 22nd; came 
to Eureka, McPherson Co., in 1894, 
as principal of the city schools; 


county superintendent of schools four 
years, and county commissioner, four 


years; real estate dealer; legislator, 
1907. 
Fonder, C. M., 1872- ; born at 


Green Bay, Wisconsin, May 16th; ed- 
ucated, Univ. of Minn.; came to Da- 
kota in 1880; engaged in farming and 
insurance; held various township and 
village offices; in Peever, Roberts 
Co.; moved to New Effington, 1923; 
legislator, 1923, 19125. 


Food and Drug Commissioner. This 
department, established in 1901 pos- 


256 


Food During the World War 


sessed broad powers for the protec- 
tion of health, by the condemnation 
of improper foods and drugs offered 
for sale within the state. Its powers 
were enlarged to include the inspec- 
tion of illuminating oils; the inspec- 
tion of hotels and restaurants and 
otherwise to protect the public health. 
The commissioners have been 1901- 


1905; Edward Smail, 1905-7; A. N. 
Cook, 1907-12; Guy G. Frary, 1912- 
1925; Frank W. Medbury, 1925- 


The department has been taken over. 


by the Department of Agriculture un- 
der the provisions of the Civil Ad- 
ministrative act of 1925. 


Food during the World War. Under 
an act of Congress the administration 
of food supplies was assumed directly 
by the federal government. Charles 
N. Herreid, of Aberdeen, was appoint- 
ed Federal Food Administrator for 
South Dakota and served throughout 
the period, giving his entire time to 
the service without compensation. 
The public responded heartily to ev- 
ery appeal for the saving of food, 
at times using substitutes for wheat 
flour that our soldiers might have 
white bread and limiting themselves 
in the use of sugar. The man-power 
of South Dakota, not at the front, 
was chiefly devoted to the production 
of food stuffs. Gov. Herried published 
a separate report upon the Federal 
Food Service within the State. 





Fiat. X,,,295. 


Fool Soldiers rescued Shetak Cap- 
tives, q. Vv. 
Football. See Athletics. 


Foot Creek begins in eastern Faulk 
County and runs east to joint Moc- 
casin Creek at Aberdeen. 


Forbis, Lewis P., 1877- ; born at 
Albany, Missouri, January 20th; at- 


Forest City Man 


torney and conductor on the Burling- 
ton railroad; has lived in Deadwood 
since 1902; city attorney at Gentry, 
Missouri, for three years; legislator, 
1909. 


See Flora. 


Force, Use of. In South Dakota it 
is lawful to use any force necessary 
to protect from a wrongful injury the 
person or property of one’s self or of 
a wife, husband, child, parent, or 
other relative, or member of one’s 
family, or of a ward, servant, master 
or guest. 


Forage Plants. 





Code, 101. 

Fordham Creek is a small stream 
running down from the middle coteau 
in Clark County, toward the James 
River. 


Foreign Population. See Census. 


Forestburg is a village in central 
Sanborn County. Population, see cen- 
sus. 


Forest City is a village in western 
Potter County. Fishing and summer 
resort. Natural gas district. Site 
of one of the five State bridges. Pop- 
ulation, see census. ‘The Press,” es- 
tablished in 1883, and the “Anpao” 
(Daybreak), a monthly printed in the 
Sioux language, established in 1890, 
are its newspapers. 


Forest City Man. There was exhib- 
ited at the World’s Columbian Expo- 
sition at Chicago, in 1893, and after- 
wards throughout the country, an al- 
leged petrifaction which attracted 
wide attention and was known as the 
Forest City Man. This fabrication 
was ostensibly found in the Little 
Cheyenne River at Forest City, South 
Dakota. Its genesis is reported to 
have been as follows: The idea of 
making such a man was conceived by 


257 


Forests 


William Sutton, the local butcher at 
Forest City, who took into his confi- 
dence a young doctor at Redfield, 
upon whose advice William Horn, a 
lime. burner, and James Sutton were 
taken into the scheme. The party 
went to Redfield, where James Sut- 
ton submitted his body to be used for 
a pattern and a cast was made of it. 
In this cast was placed a human skel- 
eton, after which it was filled with 
cement. The Suttons and Horn con- 
veyed it to Forest City, overland, and 
planted it in the edge of the Little 
Cheyenne. Seasonably, in his search 
for limestone, Horn came upon it and 
it was carefully exhumed and created 
the wildest excitement. 


Forests. The forests of South Da- 
kota are chiefly confined to the Black 
Hills, though there are considerable 
bodies of timber along the Missouri 
River and other streams, and in the 
Slim Buttes. The forested region of 
the Black Hills embraces 1,200,000 
acres and is chiefly in a federal for- 
est reserve. It is under the care of 
a supervisor located at Deadwood, 
who has under him a corps of watch- 
men. Mature timber is cut by selec- 
tion of the supervisor and under strict 
rules which are intended to keep the 
forest permanently. The annual pro- 
duction of lumber amounts to forty 
million board feet. The State made 
an exchange of the school lands scat- 
tered through the national forest for 
a compact body of land located in the 
southern hills, chiefly in Custer Coun- 
ty and this body has been set aside 
as the State Game Park, in which 
the mature timber is cut under the 
same conditions as in the national 
forest reserves. 


in north- 
The bank- 


Forestville is a station 
west Codington County. 


Fort Bennett 


ing point and post office -is South 
Shore, 6 miles east. 


Forget-me-not. Two varieties of the 
forget-me-not are native to the Black 
Hills, the large seeded and the syl- 
van. 


Forney, Alva Clark, 1871- ; Oel- 
richs; born in Missouri, February 
25th; came to South Dakota in 1889; 
engaged in farming and stock rais- 
ing; treasurer of Fall River County 
from 1905 to 1909; U. S. Commission- 
er at Oelrichs from 1909 to 1917; Vet- 
eran of. the Spanish-American War; 
legislator, 1921, 1923; Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, 1925. 


Fort aux Cedres (Cedar Fort or Loi- 
sell’s Post) was a fur-post that was 
built about 1809 on American Island. 
Its history is obscure, but it was prob- 
ably the property of the St. Louis- 
Missouri Fur Company. It was burn- 
ed in 1810 and in 1822 was replaced 
by the Missouri Fur Company with 
Fort Recovery. 





Hist., I, 326, 373(79); Fur Trade, 952, 


Ft. Bennett is a post office in north- 
ern Stanley County. The banking 
and shipping point is Ft. Pierre, 40 
miles southeast. 


Fort Bennett was on the west side 
of the Missouri River, seven miles 
above Fort Sully. It had barracks for 
two companies, officers quarters, hos- 
pital, guardhouse, two block houses, 
three store-houses, bake-house, stable, 
workshops and laundress quarters. 
All buildings were constructed of cot- 
tonwood logs. Wood was supplied by 
contract; water supply was from 
Missouri River by wagon. Establish- 
ed, 1870; abandoned, 1889. 


Hist.) -ViHI, <95. 


Fort Dakota 


Fort Dakota was a small post erect- 
ed at Sioux Falls in 1865 to protect 
the frontier from the invasion of hos- 
tile Indians. It was one of a long 
cordon of posts extending from Devil’s 
Lake, North Dakota, to Fort Dodge, 
Iowa. Fort Dakota was also the junc- 
tion of another line of defense which 
included Fort James and Fort Thomp- 
son, between which points troops pa- 
trolled daily. Fort Dakota was aban- 
doned in 1870 and the military reser- 
vation was thrown open to settle- 
ment. The post was located on what 
is Phillips Avenue, a short distance 
north of the Cataract Hotel in Sioux 
Falls. 


Fort Defiance (or Fort Bouis) was 
an opposition post built about 1845 
and located near the mouth of Medi- 
cine Creek, in Lyman County, in de- 
fiance of Fox, Livingston & Co. 


eaiBt.,. 1, 311: 


Fort George was located on the west 
side of the Missouri River. about 20 
miles below Pierre, in 1842, by Fox, 
Livingston & Company, of New York, 
in opposition to the American Fur 
Company at Fort Pierre. It was the 
most important establishment ever 
set up by the opposition and was in- 
tended to rival Fort Pierre as a trade 
center. The American Fur Company 
resolved to try the opposition game 
and at once sent A. Bouis down with 
a stock of goods and set up an es- 
tablishment. The Fort George outfit 
were pretty hard boiled and made 
trade very difficult. 


AmMaubon, L920, Hist... 1 a2¢; LX, 183- 
4. Fur trade, I, 370-1. | 

Fort Hale was a one company U. S. 
army post located near the Lower 
Brule agency, on the west side of the 
Missouri, eight miles below Fort 


Fort Lookout 


Thompson. Latitude, 43°, 57’; longi- 
tude, 99°, 20’. The establishment in- 
cluded barracks, officers quarters, 
hospital, guard house, offices, store 
house, library, bakery, stables. Water 
was secured from the Missouri by 
wagon. Established 1873, abandoned 
1880. 


Fort Kiowa, a fur post located in 
close proximity to Fort Lookout in 
1822; an opposition post. 





Fists, Villines; 93: 


Fort LaFramboise, or New Fort 
Pierre, located 8 miles above the 
mouth of Bad River, was built in 1862 
by Frank LaFramboise, in the employ 
of Harkness, LaBarge & Co., who had 
bought out the Astor-Chouteau inter- 
est. It was abandoned the next year 
when Fort Sully was built below 
Pierre and all commercial interests 
were transferred and located near the 
fort. 





PLS te, - 365; XI, 232. 


Fort Laramie, in Eastern Wyoming, 
was an important inland fur-post, trib- 
utary through most of the year to 
Fort Pierre, whence all supplies were 
drawn. Furs from Laramie were 
floated down the Platte River in high 
water. There was constant com- 
merce between Forts Pierre and Lara- 
mie, until the end of the fur period. 


Fort Lookout was on the west side 
of the Missouri River at the point 
where the south line of the Lower 
Brule reservation touches the river. 
It was a post of the Columbia Fur 
Company and built in 1822. Near by 
was a small opposition post, operated 
by a party of Frenchmen from St. 
Louis. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon built a 
new Fort Lookout upon the same lo- 
cation in 1856. It was a military post 


259 


Fort Manuel 


on an extensive plan, but it was soon 
abandoned in favor of Fort Randall. 


Fort Manuel; on the west bank of 
the Missouri, ten miles below the 
North Dakota line, built by Manuel 
Lisa in the autumn of 1812 as a depot 
from which to hold the Missouri riv- 
er Indians loyal to the American 
cause. It was in reality a military 
post built and operated under the 
guise of a fur trading station. It was 
destroyed by the confederated tribes 
March 5, 1913. See “South Dakota 
and the War of 1812” under War. 





Hist. XII, 89-99. 

Fort Meade is an army post two 
miles east of Sturgis, built in 1878 
to protect the Black Hills settlements 
from hostile Indians. It is a com- 
fortable and substantial post, equip- 
ped to accommodate ten troops of 
cavalry. 


Fort Pierre is the county seat of 
Stanley County. First locality settled 
by whites, dating from 1817. Named 
from old Ft. Pierre (q. v.). Popu- 
lation, see census. 


Fort Pierre. There were first and 
last a good many fur trading posts 
located at and near the mouth of Bad 
River, on the Missouri. These in or- 
der were Fort Teton, built by Joseph 
LaFramboise 1817, Fort Tecumseh, by 
the Columbia Fur Company, 1822, The 
French Fort built by the Cerre’s of 
St. Louis soon after Fort Tecumseh, 
Fort Pierre, 1832, and Fort LaFram- 
boise, 1862. 


Fort Pierre. The old fur post built 
in 1832 was purchased by the federal 
government in 1855. That summer 
Lieut. G. K. Warren came up and laid 
off the military reservation. In mid- 
summer a detachment under Captain 
_ Henry W. Wessels, of the second 


260 


Fort Pierre 


infantry, arrived July 14; he had in 
all 166 men and a considerable ton- 
nage of supplies. They at once set 
about putting the post in order to 
accommodate Gen. Harney’s army, 
which was expected via Laramie in 
the autumn. The fur-post was in no 
sense able to accommodate such an 
army; indeed the two companies Wes- 
sels brought filled it uncomfortably. 
Many structures had to be repaired 
and rebuilt. The government had 
supplied a lot of portable houses of 
the flimsiest wood construction; the 
sills were too light to support the 
live weight of the men consigned to 
them. The walls were made by groov- 
ing the studding on the sides, into 
which matched siding was _ slipped. 
The roofs were of thin boards covered 
with tarred paper. The buildings 
were set up on wooden posts about 
two feet from the ground. Each 
house was intended to accommodate 
30 men. They were equipped with 
sheet iron stoves. Harney arrived 
with a thousand additional men on 
October 19th. Almost at once a hard 
winter was upon them and the men 
in the card-board houses nearly per- 
ished. In December the soldiers were 
scattered out in cantonments in 
Farm Island and at Oahe Bottom. 
Harney, disgusted with the situation, 
set out to find a more eligible loca- 
tion and selected Handy’s point in 
Gregory County, where Fort Randall 
was buit in 1856; but a garrison was 
maintained at Fort Pierre until the 
summer of 1857, when it was abandon- 
ed; in the meantime all that was us- 
able of it had been floated down to 
be used in the construction of Ran- 
dall.k Many of the notable men of 
the American Army, who a few years 
later won undying fame in the Re- 
bellion, were quartered at Fort Pierre 


Fort Pierre Flood 


in the winter of 1855-6: among them, 
General W. S. Harney, General Na- 
thaniel P. Lyon, Gen. Gouvernor K. 
Warren, General Francis Lee and 
others less famous. One noteworthy 
character who wintered there was 
General Richard B. Garnett, of the Con- 
federate army, a member of one of 
the most important families of Vir- 
ginia. 
Gettysburg. His son William Gar- 
nett still resides at Pine Ridge. 





Plietaaels 20e:. oto 0s 

Fort Pierre Flood. July 3rd, 1905, 
following three days of rainfall of 
unusual volume, a cloud-burst on the 
upper Bad River hurled a terrific flood 


- down upon the city of Fort Pierre. 


Eight persons lost their lives; eigh- 
teen residences were washed away 
and many others flooded, wrecked or 
ruined. 


Fort Pierre Council. 
Council at Fort Pierre. 


See Harney’s 


Fort Pierre Journals is the popu- 
lar name for the journals kept by 
the burgeois at Fort Tecumseh from 
January 31, 1830 to June 13, 1830; 
irom June 14,°1830 to April 6, 1831, 
and finally from January 27, 1832 to 
June 1, 1833; the latter being begun 
at Fort Tecumseh and completed at 
Fort Pierre. If there were other 
journals before or after, or to fill the 
hiatuses, they are not known. These 
are in three manuscript volumes, each 
complete in itself and now in posses- 
sion of the Missouri Historical So- 
ciety. They wonderfully illuminate 
that period of South Dakota history. 
Mr. Charles E. DeLand visited the 
St. Louis Society in 1916 and was 
permitted to make as full excerpts 
from these journals as he cared to 


General Garnett was killed at 


261 


* 
Fort Sully 


have. These excerpts will be found 
in Hist., IX, 70. 


Fort Pierre Meteor. In 18... a very 
important meteor fell a few miles 
back of Fort Pierre. Its weight was 
more than 100 pounds. Employes of 
the fur company brought it in to the 
post, and it was taken to St. Louis 
by Pierre Choteau, where it was brok- 
en up, a portion of it being preserved 
in the University of St. Louis, and 
other pieces sent to Washington, New 
York and Berlin. 


Fort Randall was established in 
1856 and named for Col. Daniel Ran- 
dall, some time paymaster of the U. 
Ss. army. Its exact location was lati- 
tude 43°, 1’, longitude, 98°, 33’, on 
the west bank of the Missouri, 110 
miles by river above Yankton. It had 
quarters for four companies; 6 build- 
ings for officers quarters; a hospital; 
guardhouse; storehouses; two laun- 
dries quarters; bakery; pump 
house and magazine. Water was ob- 
tained from the Missouri and forced 
by steam pump into a high reservoir. 
Subsistence for five companies for one 
year was kept on hand. It was an 
important establishment during the 
Indian War of 1862-6, but thereafter 
was a bit remote from active opera- 
tions. It was abandoned, July 22, 
1892 and was dismantled. The build- 
ings were chiefly sold to settlers and 
removed. 





Hist. Vall sto) Seis: 

Fort Sisseton was built in 1864 and 
named Fort Wadsworth; it was a 
U. S. Army post, abandoned in 1888. 
See Fort Wadsworth. 


Fort Sully (new) was established 
July 25, 1866; Latitude 44° 37’, longi- 
tude 100°, 36’, on the east bank of the 


* 


Fort Sully 


Missouri River, 351 miles above ‘Yank- 
ton by the river, (28 miles above 
Pierre). There were quarters for four 
companies, built of cottonwood logs; 
thirteen sets of officers quarters; 
hospital; guard house; six frame 
buildings for store houses; frame 
stables, 30 x 200 feet; laundress quar- 
ters (ten sets of frame buildings); 
bakery; ice house; root house, etc.; 
brick magazine. The reservation had 
an area of 42 square miles. Water 
was supplied to the post by wagons 
from the Missouri river. Twelve 
months subsistence was kept on hand. 
It was the headquarters of a regi- 
ment. It was an important post dur- 
ing the period of the Indian wars, in- 
cluding the Messiah War of 1890. 
Many military enterprises against the 
Sioux outfitted there. It was aban- 
doned in 1894 and the buildings sold 
to settlers. 





Hist., I, 122-3, 372: VIII, 87. 


Fort Sully, (Old, at Farm Island) 
was built by General Alfred Sully 
in the autumn of 1863 on the eastern 
side of the Missouri River. It was 
built of logs, the houses having earth 


roofs. It had accomodations for two 
companies. Intended as a cavalry 
post, it was found that insufficient 


hay was grown in the vicinity to sup- 
ply the establishment, so in 1866 a 
new post was built 30 miles further 
up the river where hay was more 
abundant, and the old post (which was 
a mile east of the Indian school at 
Pierre) was abandoned, all of the 
practicable material being taken to 
the new post. The one most notable 
event at Old Fort Sully was the Treaty 
Council of 1865 (October) in which 
the troubles following the Outbreak 
were composed. After her rescue by 


262 


Fort Wadsworth 


Crawler, Fanny Kelley was delivered 
to the military at this post. 





alist, I, 122=3,,310, 371; a Velie 


Fort Tecumseh was the second post 
built near the present site of the city of 
Fort Pierre. The first was Fort Te- 
ton, 1817. Tecumseh was built by the 
Columbia Fur Company, 1822, and was 
sold to the American Fur Co. in 1828. 
It was being undermined by the Mis- 
souri, so that Fort Pierre was built 
to take its place in 1832. It was a 
fair-sized, stockaded post. 





Hist? 91,2329 Deo ie 


Fort Thompson. After the Out- 
break of 1862 it was resolved to send 
the Sioux of Minnesota to live on the ° 
Missouri. Early in 1863 they were 
conveyed by steamboat to Usher’s 
landing, on the-Missouri, and estab- 
lished there (June 1st) on a reserva- 
tion which the Santee Sioux divided 
with the Winnebago. Fort Thompson 
was built and garrisoned. It was 
named for Col. Clark W. Thompson, 
a leading citizen of Minnesota, who 
had conducted the Indians to the 
Missouri and built the fort. 





Hist., XII, 243-8. 


Fort Wadsworth. Afterward called 
Fort Sisseton. Wstablished July 26, 
1864. Latitude, 45°, 30’, 20”, Longi- 
tude, 97°, 30’, on top of the east co- 
teau and on the west bank of Kettle 
Lake. It was the most substantial 
post built in South Dakota, Fort 
Meade excepted. The buildings of 
brick and stone were commodious and 
comfortable. It had accommodations 
for four companies. The barracks 
were of native granite, the officers 
quarters of brick; the adjutant’s of- 
fice of stone; brick hospital, 33 x 60, 
one and a half stories, stable of stone, 


Forts 


36 x 240, store house, laundress quar- 
ters and workshops of logs. The re- 
gion was surrounded with the finest 
hunting and fishing and was a favor- 
ite resort for sportsmen in and out 
of the army. There was a fine social 
community within the fort and as 
there was no particular military duty 
to perform it was regarded as one of 
the most desirable berths on the fron- 
tier. It was maintained until 1888 
and then passed into the ownership 
of the state of South Dakota. The 
fine buildings still stand, but have not 
been maintained. The reservation is 
a game refuge. 
Forts, see also Fur-Posts. 





Piece ALL, 50, 


Fortifications. See Archaelogy. All 
of the early fur-posts were stockaded 
and to a limited extent fortified for 
protection against Indians. The known 
fortified posts were Trudeau’s, in 
Charles Mix County; Loisel’s, in 
Hughes County; Fort Lookout, Fort 
George, Fort Pierre, and Fort Manuel. 
Many of the wintering camps had 
stockades. The stockade of the fur- 
post at Elm River, Brown County, was 
still in evidence when the settlers 
came. : 


“Forty Years Mining in the Black 
Hills.’ See Black Hills, Forty Yrs., 
etc. 


“Forty Years with the Sioux.” See 


“Mary and I” (Riggs). 


Among the many 
in South Da- 


Fossil Mammals. 
fossil mammals found 
kota are the following: 
Carnivora, (flesheaters)—15 varieties. 


Ruminantia, (cud-chewers)—27 varie- 
ties. 

Pachydermata 

Artiodactylia, (Hoglike)—8 varieties. 

Perissodadactyla, (Elephant)—12 va- 
“yieties. 


Four Mile Creek 


Solidungula, (Horses)—12 varieties. 
Rodentia—6 varieties. 
Insectivora, (Anteaters)—2 varieties. 


See Mamalia Fauna. 

“The Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Da- 
kota and Nebraska,’ by Joseph Leidy, 
Philadelphia. This great work is found- 
ed upon the fossils collected by Dr. F. V. 


Hayden, in his explorations in the west 
INV ESod we ELISts,. ok a4 1 ne 

Fossum, T. A., 1858- ; born in 
Allamakee County, Iowa, October 


25th; located in Campbell Co., Dakota 
in 1885; held several county offices; 
engaged in the hardware business; 
legislator, 1901, 19038. 


Foster Creek is a south branch of 
the Cheyenne River in _ eastern 
Haakon County. 


Foster Creek River rises in eastern 
Spink County and flows southwest .to 
the James River in northern Beadle 
Co. In passing it drains Lake Byron. 


Foster, James S., 1828-1890; promot- 
er of the New York Colony to south- 
ern South Dakota, 1864; Territorial 
Superintendent of Schools, Territor- 
ial Immigration Commissioner; induc- 
ed the Mennonites to settle in South 
Dakota. 


Foster, K. G., 1849- ; born in Es- 
sex County, New York, May 2nd; 
came to Dakota in 1882, located in 
Douglas County -and started the town 
of Grand View; later, moved to Arm- 
our and engaged in real estate and 
abstracting; held several county and 
city offices; legislator, 1905, 1907. 


Fought, John B., 1870- ; born 
Oaktown, Indiana; A. B., U. of Ind.; 
ASEM I> Us vot) Chicago 7 Php. Ul ot 
Pennsylvania. Professor Mathematics 
Yankton College since 1920. 


Four Mile Creek is a stream on the 
old Laramie road to Custer four miles 


263 


Fourth of July 


southwest of the latter place. It 
opens into Pleasant Valley. 


Fourth of July. See Celebrations. 


Fowler, James W., 1845-1916; native 
of Brooklyn, New York; spent his 
youth in Ulster, Ireland; lawyer; ear- 
ly practitioner in Rapid City; mem- 
ber, constitutional convention of 1885; 
member, legislature of 1909 from Law- 
rence County, where he spent his life 
after 1899. 


Fowler, Lieut. J. K., of the Dakota 
Cavalry; born 1842; he was a broth- 
er-in-law of John Hutchinson, secre- 
tary of the territory; he resigned in 
{863 and went to California. 


Fox. The fox is a native of the 
State and was found in every part 
of it. 


Fox Island in the Missouri River is 
now incorporated with the east main- 
land, below old Evarts. 


Fox Ridge is a post office in north- 
ern Meade County. Banking and ship- 
ping point is Faith, 30 miles north- 
east. 

Frank, H. J., 1841-1916; pioneer of 
Lincoln County, State senator, 1889. 


Frankfort is a town in central Spink 
County. Founded by the Western 
Town Lot Co. in 1882. Named from 
the city in Germany. ~Population, see 
census. “The News MeSsenger,” es- 
tablished in 1903, is its newspaper. 


Frary, Guy G., 1880-....; born at 
Mapleton, Iowa, Dec. 3; educated in 
Morningside College (Sioux City) and 
the University of Iowa; came to 
South Dakota in 1909 and was engag- 
ed as instructor in chemistry at the 
University of S. Dak.; was also teach- 
er in chemistry in the Fort Worth 
University and Medical College at 
Fort Worth, Texas; S. D. Food and 


Freeman 


Drug Commissioner, 1913-25 (at the 


University of S. D.) 


Fraud, in South Dakota law, is the 
suggestion as a fact of something that 
is not true and that the party making 
the suggestion does not believe to be 
true; the positive assertion of that 
which is not true, though he believe it 
to be true; the suppression of that 
which is true ,or any other act fitted 
to deceive. Obligations secured by 
fraud may be avoided by the promis- . 
or. One who fraudulently disposes 
of his property will be treated as if 
he still possessed it. 


Code, 50, 816. 

Frazee, John S., 1850-1916; educa- 
tor; born in Ohio; graduate, lowa Un- 
iversity; teacher; professor of mathe- 
matics and astronomy, South Dakota 
University, 1891-1897, when he was 
chosen first pres€dent of Springfield 
State Normal School, which position 
he held ten years. 


Frease, Milton, 1846- Rapid 
City; born at Nescopec, Pennsylvania, 
January 27th; came to Rapid City in 
1880 and engaged in stock raising; 
county commissioner, 1883; county 
treasurer, 1885-6; legislator, 1907. 


Frederick, in northwestern Brown 
County, on the Ellendale branch of 
the Milwaukee Railway, was founded 


in 1882. “The Free Press” is its long 
established exponent. Population, see 
census. 


Freelove, A. L., 1873-1923; born at 
Arcadia, Iowa, November 24th; came 
to Kennebec, Lyman Co., in 1908; en- 
gaged in banking and farming; State 
Senator, 1921. 


Freeman is a city in northern 
Hutchinson County. Population, see 
census. “The Courier,’ established in 
1896, is its newspaper. . 


264 


Free Mason 


Free Mason. See Masonic Orders. 


Freemasonry in Dakota. The first 
Lodge organized within the limits 
of the Territory of Dakota was at 
Fort Randall in Gregory County, 
a dispensation to form Da- 
cotah Lodge at that point having 
been granted by the Grand Lodge 
of Iowa, April 23, 1862. No char- 
ter was granted and the lodge ceas- 
ed to exist. December 2, 1862, the 
Grand Master of Iowa issued a 
dispensation to St. John’s Lodge at 
Yankton, and a charter was grant- 
ed to it by the Grand Lodge of 
Iowa; June 3, 1863. Successively 
the Grand Lodge of Iowa formed 
lodges in Dakota to which Charters 
were granted as follows: 


Incense Lodge at Vermillion, June 

1869; Elk Point Lodge at Elk 
Pome, “Juné’’3; ' 1871; Minnehaha 
Lodge at Sioux Falls, June 3, 1874; 
Silver Star Lodge at Canton, June 
3, 1875; Mt. Zion Lodge at Spring- 
field, June 3, 1875. 


June 22, 1875, representatives of 
the six lodges met at Elk Point and 
organized the Grand Lodge of Dak- 
ota, adopted a constitution and 
elected officers. July 21, 1875, the 
convention again met at Vermillion 
and the oficers of the Grand Lodge 
were installed by Theodore S. Par- 
vin, Grand Secretary of the Grand 
Lodge of Iowa. At that time the 
six lodges had a total membership 
of one hunderd and ninety-five. 

In 1889, there were in the Terri- 
tory one hundred and five lodges 
with a membership of four thou- 
sand, five hundred and ninety. The 
Territory of Dakota having been di- 
vided, providing for the organization 
of the States of North and South 


2 


ay 


265 


Freemasonry in Dakota 


Dakota, the Grand Lodge of Dakota 
at the Annual Communication in 
June of that year, divided and form- 
ed the Grand Lodge of North Dakota 
with thirty-two lodges having one 
thousand three hundred and eighty- 
five members. 

In June, 1925, the Grand Lodge of 
South Dakota had 171 Lodges with 
19,296 members. According to the 
latest returns received, the Grand 
Lodge of North Dakota had 127 Lod- 
ges with 15,033 members. 

The Grand Lodge of South Dak- 
ota at its annual Communication 
in June, 1925, celebrated the Semi- 
Centennial Anniversary of the Or- 
ganization of the Grand Lodge and 
dedicated its new office and Library 
Building at Sioux Falls. 

Royal Arch Masons. The first 
Dispensation to form a Chapter of 
Royal Arch Masons in Dakota Terr- 
itory was issued from the General 
Grand Chapter of the United States 
in April, 1876, to Yankton Chapter 
No. 1. Charter was granted to this 
Chapter August 24, 1877. Following 
this, Charters were granted by the 
General Grand Chapter to Sioux 
Falls Chapter, August 27, 1880; to 
Dakota Chapter at Deadwod, August 
27, 1880; to Siroc Chapter at Can- 
ton; Missouri Chapter at Bismarck, 
Casselton Chapter; Cheyenne Chap- 
ter at Valley City and Keystone 
Chapter at Fargo, August 15, 1883. 

A convention of representatives 
of Yankton, Sioux Falls, Siroc, Miss- 
ouri, Dakota and Casselton Chap- 
ters, was held June 10-12, 1884 at 
Aberdeen,, and upon the question of 
organizing the Grand Royal Arch 
Chapter for Dakota, the first five 
voted in the affirmative. Later all 
but one aproved, and five of the 


Freemasonry in Dakota 


under dispensation 
also approved. September 22, 1884, 
the General Grand High Priest 
granted permission to form a Grand 
Chapter, and appointed Theodore S. 
Parvin of Iowa to officiate at the or- 
ganization and install the officers. 

The organization was_ perfected 
Hepruary »25,./1885.% at) Sioux, ails. 
The representatives of seven char- 
tered Chapters and five under dis- 
pensation being present. In June 
of that year there were 14 chartered 
Chapters and 5 under dispensation 
with a membership of 638. 

Before the close of the Fifth An- 
nual Convocation of the Grand 
Chapter of Dakota, June 12, 1889 at 
Mitchell, separate conventions were 
held by the representatives of the 
Chapters of North and South Dak- 
ota and arranged for the formation 
of the Grand Chapters of North and 
South Dakota. 

On January 8, 1890, Theodore S. 
Parvin of Iowa, acting under author- 
ity of the General Grand Chapter, 
constituted the Grand Chapter of 
South Dakota. 

On April 30, 1890, returns were 
made by 22 charter Chapters and 2 
under dispensation showing a total 
membership of 1,059. 

In 1925 there were 43 chartered 


Chapters’ then 


Chapters with a total membership 
of 6,380. 
Knights Templar. The first dis- 


pensation to form a Commandery of 
Knights ‘Templar in Dakota Territory 
was issued May 7, 1881, to form Dak- 
ota Commandery No. 1 at Dead- 
wood, August 14, 1881; dispensa- 
tion was issued to form Cyrene 
Commandery No. 2 at. Sioux Falls; 
February 20, 1882, one to form De- 
Molay Commandery No. 3 at Yank- 


266 


Freemasonry in Dakota 


ton; March 23, 1883, one to form 
Tfncred Commandery No. 4, at Bis- 
marck; June 24, 1883, one to form 
Fargo Comandery No. 5; and April 
18, 1884, one to form La-Co-Tah 
Commandery No. 6 at Huron. Char- 
ters were granted to No. 1 Aug- 
ust 19, 18805 to” Nos: 2.73, 4) auGeee 
August 23, 1883. All the above 
charters and dispensations were is- 
sued and granted by: the Grand En- 
campment of the United States. In 
August, 1883, the Grand Encamp- 
ment authorized the formation of 
the Grand Commandery of Dakota. 
May 14, 1884, a convention was held 
by representatives of all the char- 
tered Commanderies, except the one 
at Bismarck, whose delegates did 
not arrive in time, and the Grand 
Commandery was organized and con- 


stituted and its officers installed 
by Theodore S§S. Parvin of Iowa, 
Special Deputy. At the Conclave 


immediately following the _ constitu- 
tion of the Grand Commandery, a 
Charter was granted to La-Co-Tah 
Commandery No. 6. The member- 
ship of the six Commanderies at the 
time of the organization was 225. In 
1889 the matter of organizing 
another Grand Commandery in Dak- 
ota because of the division into two 
states was left to the discretion of 
the Grand Master elect. In .1892 
the Grand Master reported that the 
Grand Commandery of North Dak- 
ota was organized June 16, 1890. 

After the organization of the 
Grand Commandery of North Dak- 
ota the Grand Commandery had 8 
Commanderies with 559 members. 
In 1925 it had 23 Commanderies with 
3,774 members. 

Royal and Select Masters. The 
first dispensation to form a Coun- 


Freemasonry in Dakota 


Select Masters in 
South Dakota was issued April 11, 
1891 to Alpha Council No. 1 at 
Sioux Falls, and charter was grant- 


cil of Royal and 


ed to the same July 21, 1891. Fol- 
lowing this came Omega No. 2 at 
Salem, dispensation October 10, 


1895, chartered September 24, 1900; 
Black Hills No. 3 at Lead, dispen- 
sation March 12, 1907, chartered 
November 9, 1909; Watertown No. 
4, dispensation January 22, 1912; 
Huron No. 5, dispensation March 5, 
1912; the last two were chartered 
September 10, 1912. 


In 1895 dispensations were issued 
to fourteen others, but all of them 
were surrendered in 1897. All the 
above charters and _  dispensations 
were issued by the General Grand 
Council of the United States. 

Upon the application of the five 
Councils above named, permission 
was granted by Edward W. Welling- 
ton, General Grand Master, to organ- 
ize the Grand Council of South Dak- 
ota. A convention of representa- 
tives of the several Councils was 
held June 9, 1916 at Sioux Falls, 
the Grand Council was organized 
and its officers installed by Andrew 
P. Swanstrom of Minnesota. The 
returns of the Council for that year 
were made to the General Grand 
Council, and the membership of the 
five Councils was 574. 

In 1925 there were 7 active Coun- 
cils with a membership of 1,308. 

George A. Pettigrew. 


Free Methodist Church. See Relig-. 
ion. 
Fremont, John C., 1813-1890; born 


Savannah, Georgia, January 13. First 
Republican candidate for the _ presi- 
dency, 1856. Visited South Dakota re- 


267 


French, George W. 


gion 1838 and 1839 in company with 
Jean N. Nicollet; See Nicollet. 


HIStxXe s69 ety seq. eElist.) Minn» Lieei22: 
“Memoirs of My Life’ by Charles John 
Fremont. ‘‘Life of Fremont’’ by Upham. 

French Creek rises in western Cus- 
ter County and runs east to the Chey- 
enne River. About the head waters 
is a fine park; but as the stream 
proceeds eastward it cuts through a 
deep, narrow and picturesque canyon. 
Gold was first discovered on upper 
French Creek in July, 1874. 


French, Rev. Calvin Hervey, 1862- 
; born Williamsburg, Ohio; grad- 


uate Lake Forest Col., [llinois, and 
Union Theological Seminary; Presby- 
terian minister; principal, Scotland 
Academy, 1897-8; president, Huron 
College, 1898-1913; president, Rollins 
College, Florida, 1917-19; president, 


Hastings College, Neb., since 1920. 


French, George W., chief justice of 
the supreme court, 1869-1873, was ap- 
pointed from Maine by President 
Grant. No opinion upon appeal was 
rendered by him. A story is current 
at Yankton, for the truth of which I 
cannot vouch, that he was not a law- 
yer, never having studied for the pro- 
fession, but that he was a boyhood 
friend of Dr. Walter A. Burleigh. 
When Burleigh was in Congress 
French appealed to his old friend for 
a job. Burleigh took him over to 
President Johnson and recommended 
him for chief justice of Dakota. “Is 
he a good lawyer?” asked the Presi- 
dent. “O, he is not so strong on law, 
but he is hell on equity,” replied Bur- 
leigh. However the case may be, he 
served four years and his record as 
a trial judge is still a source of joy 
to the elder members of the Dakota 
bar. 


French, Kathryn M. 


French, Kathryn M., 1868- ; edu- 
cator; County superintendent of Un- 
ion County; principal, Huron public 
schools; specialist in western history; 
author of Life of Manuel Lisa. 





Hist.; TV; 121: 

Freney, Charles B., 1875- ‘= DOTO 
in Sioux City, Iowa, May 27th; came 
to Yankton, in 1879; engaged in print- 
ing business; alderman and city com- 


missioner for thirteen years; State 
senator, 1923, 1925. 
FrescoIn, Emmet O., 1887- ; Win- 


ner; born at Fairfield, lowa, February 
10th; came to Tripp Co. in 1909; en- 
gaged in the automobile and truck 
business, also in abstracting; county 
treasurer, 1915-1919; legislator, 1919, 
1921, 1923; Speaker of the House in 
1923. 


Frick, Thomas J., 1871- ; Yank- 
ton; born at Yankton, S. Dak., Janu- 
ary 18th; large owner of land in Yank- 
ton Co.; engaged in live stock raising 
and farming; State Senator in 1917. 


Frieberg, August, 1863- ; born in 
Sweden, Dec. 7; educated, South Da- 
‘kota University; lawyer; practiced at 
Beresford, Union Co., from 1895; first 
mayor of Beresford, 1898; state sena- 
tor, 1903, 1905; State regent of edu- 
cation, 1911-1925. 


Frieberg, John, 1871- ; born in 
Clay County, S. D., June 21; engaged 
in farming and stock feeding; legis- 
lator, 1901, 1903, 1917; member of 
township board for 24 years; State 
Senator, 1923. 


Friederich, William M., 1874- : 
born in Dane County, Wisconsin, No- 
vember 12th; engaged in farming; 
came to Hutchinson Co., in 1887; leg- 
islator,. 1919, 1921° Ps OF sParkstorn. 

Frog. See Amphibians and Reptiles. 


268 


Fuller, Alpheus G. 


Frontier Ballads is a book of verse 
by Joseph Mills Hanson (q. v.). 


Frost, Daniel Marsh, 1814-1900; sen- 
ior member Frost, Todd and Com- 
pany, traders, 1856-61; graduate, West 
Point, 1840; resigned commission, 
1853; confederate general in Civil 
War. 





Hist, «XI, 160, 


Frost, William H., 1853- ; born 
in Jersey City, N. J., February 25th; 
came to the Black Hills in 1875, and 
to Ft. Pierre in 1876, where he en- 
gaged in the hardware and implement 
business; held several county offices; 
State Senator, 1915, 1917. 


Frosts. See Climate. 


Frozen Man’s Creek is a branch of 
of Plum Creek, in western Stanley 
County. 


Fruitdale is a village in southern 
Butte County. 


Fryberger, Jacob H., 1879- ; born 
at Great Bend, Kansas, August 22nd; 
came to Kadoka, Jackson Co. in 1907 
and engaged in the general merchan- 
dising business; member and chair- 
man town council, several years; ac- 
tive in good roads program and in- 
terested in agricultural activities; leg- 
islator, 1925. 


1859- ; born in 
Jordan Green County, Wisconsin, 
June 29th; came to South Dakota in 
1883 and engaged in farming; town 
treasurer, Vienna, Clark Co., many 


Fryslie, Anton, 


years; legislator, 1901, 1903, 1909. 


Fuller, Alpheus G., 1823-1900; chos- 
en to represent the provisional govern- 
ment at Sioux Falls in Congress in 
1858, but was refused a seat. Was en- 
gaged in mercantile business at Fort 


Fuller, Howard G. 


Randall and finally settled in Yank- 
ton, where he died. 


Fuller, Howard G., 1851-1908; born 
at Glenn Falls, New York; removed 
to Maquoqueta, Iowa, in his youth and 
taught school; was county superin- 
tendent of schools; admitted to prac- 
tice law in 1881; came to Dakota in 
1886, locating at Ipswich; at the con- 
stitutional election of 1889 was chos- 
en judge of the Sixth Judicial Cir- 
cuit and continued in the position 
until appointed judge of the supreme 
court upon the death of Judge John 
EK. Bennett, January 1894; held the 
place until his death. 


Fullers’ Earth abounds in unlimited 


quantities in the Bad Lands. It is 
used in wool-scouring to remove 
grease. 

Fullerville is a R. R. station in 


southern Yankton County. The bank- 
ing point and p. o. is Yankton, 7 miles 
S3iW 


Fulton is a town in northern Han- 
son County. “The Advocate,” estab- 
lished in 1901, is its newspaper. Pop- 
ulation, see census. 


Fungii. See Flora. 


Fungus. Because of the dryness of 
the climate wood fungus is rare. 
Mushrooms and toadstools grow com- 
monly. 


Fur. The chief furs of the State 
are beaver, mink and fox skins. Buf- 
falo, deer and elkskins entered large- 
ly into the fur trade of the early days. 
In weight and value the buffalo robe 
far exceeded all other merchandise 
obtained. 


Furlong Creek is a small stream in 
eastern Hutchinson County, tributary 
to James River. 


269 


Fur Posts in South Dakota 


Fur-Posts in South Dakota. Begin- 
ning at the mouth of the Sioux River 
and following up the Missouri, at 
least the following posts were erected 
and occupied in the fur trade: 

Fort Vermillion, located on the nor- 
thern (eastern) bank of the Missouri, 
immediately south of the present vil- 
lake of Burbank. It was established 
prior to 1845 and continued in use 
UNLESS. ESC) 3th 

Trudeau House, built in the autumn 
of 1794 by Jean Baptiste Trudeau— 
the first roof built by a white man in 
South Dakota. It was located upon 
the northern (eastern) bank of the 
Missouri, in sec. 22, town 95, range 
65, opposite Fort Randall. It was also 
called Pawnee House. 

Fort Brasseaux, near the mouth of 
White River, west side of Missouri 
River, in 1823. 

Fort Recovery, on the lower end of 
American Island, 1822. There was 
probably an earlier fort upon this 
island. 

Fort Lookout, on west bank Mis- 
souri, 8 miles above Chamberlain. 

Fort Kiowa, adjacent to Fort Look- 
out. 

Fort Bouis (or Ft. Defiance) at the 
mouth of Medicine Creek, at Big Bend, 
1843 (west side of Missouri R.) 

LeClere’s Post, also at Medicine 
Creek, 1843. 

Fort Aux Cedres, probably upon the 
upper of the three Cedar Islands. 
Hist. 1.26: 

Loisel’s Post was upon the first 
island below Chapelle Creek, 1797. 
The island is now incorporated with 
the east shore. Hist., I, 373. 

Fort George, on west side of Mis- 
souri R., 20 miles below Ft. Pierre, 
1842. 

Fort Teton (Old Ft. La Framboise) 
on south side of Bad River, near Fort 


Fur-Trade 


Pierre, built by Joseph La Framboise, 
1817: 

Fort Tecumseh, two miles above 
Bad River, built by the Columhkija. Fur 
Co., 1822. Acquired by American Fur 
Co., 1827. 

French Fort, or Fort Teton, on site 
of old Fort Teton, 1828. 

Fort Pierre, built by Chouteau and 
Company for American Fur Company, 
1832. 

- Fort La Framboise (New Fort 
Pierre,) built by Frank La Framboise 
after Fort Pierre was sold to govern- 


ment. It was six miles above Bad 
River’ Hist., X1,+232") T2862: 
Fort Primeau, built by Charles 


Primeau, probably in 1861, about nine 
miles above the mouth of Bad River. 
Hist cin 3Ts: 


Fur-Trade. Trade in furs and pel- 
try was extensively carried on in the 
South Dakota region from 1790 to 
1865, being the chief occupation of 
the region, in which both whites and 
Indians engaged. Fort Pierre was the 


Fur-Trading Posts 


center of the trade and the depot for 
a region almost continental in extent, 
from 1822 forward to the end of the 
period. The business gave occupation 
to about 175 resident white men in 
addition to a good number of free 
trappers. It was generally in charge 
of the Upper Missouri Outfit of the 
American Fur Company, with western 
headquarters in St. Louis, and of var- 
ious opposition companies which gen- 
erally, after a short career, were 
bought up by the American. The 
trade chiefly consisted in the exchange 
of commodities for fur and pelts se- 
cured by the Indians. Toward the 
end of the business, however, the 
buffalo robes were chiefly secured by 
employing brigades of white men to 
slaughter the animals. When the 
business became thoroughly organized 
the herds were soon utterly destroyed. 
The end came in 1880-1. 





Chittenden, J], 817% Hist ifaos 


Fur-Trading Posts, see Fur-Posts. 


270 


Gadewell Duck 


Gadewell Duck. See Birds. 


Gage is a R. R. station in southern 
Brown Co. Banking point and p. oO. 
is Westport, 5 miles north. 


Gage, Harry Morehouse; 1878- : 
b., Ohio; educated at Wooster Univ., 
Ohio, U. of Chicago and Columbia 
Univ.; LL.D. Parsons College Iowa, 
and Wooster U.; president, Huron Col- 
lege, 1913-1920, president, Coe College, 
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, since 1920. 


Gale. See Wind. 


Gale, Artemas, 1825- ; native of 
New Jersey; among first settlers of 
Sioux Falls; his homestead is now 
covered by the city. 


Gale, Major John, surgeon of Leav- 
enworth’s expeditionary force to pun- 
ish the Rees in 1823 and perhaps the 
first regular physician to enter South 
Dakota. He was highly commended 
by Leavenworth for heroic service 
upon two occasions when the expe- 
dition was menaced by storms on the 
Missouri River. Died, 1830. 


Galena. A _ silver-bearing lead ore 
found in many localities in the Black 
Hills, especially northeast of Dead- 
wood, in the vicinity of Silver City in 
Pennington County and at Galena 
Camp, southeast of Deadwood. From 
thirty to forty years ago these ores 
were worked with profit; but with the 
fall in the price of silver they were 
not profitable and the works were 
abandoned. 


Galena is a mining camp and Pp. o. 
in s. e. Lawrence County. 


Galena Junction is a R. R. station 
in s. e. Lawrence Conty. The p. o. is 
Galena, 5 miles north. 


Gallop Creek is an eastern branch 
of the Little Missouri River in Harding 
County. 


Gall 


Gall. 1832-1894. War Chief of the 
Huncpapa and chief strategist of the 
Battle of Little Bighorn. He was with 
Red Cloud on Powder River in the war 
of 1866-1868. He led a charge upon 
Fort Buford in 1866. He opposed the 
sale of the Black Hills and was at all 
times recalcitrant. After the Battle 
of Little Bighorn he went into Canada, 
but in 1881 returned and submitted to 
the government; built himself a com- 
fortable home on Wakpala (Oak 


‘Creek) near the present Wakpala sta- 


tion, and died there in 1894. He.pos- 
sessed many fine qualities, but his 
character was marred by a strain of 
jealousy which would not permit him 
to acknowledge the good qualities or 
successes of his contemporaries. 


Dr. Delorme W. Robinson says of 
him: “With Red Cloud he refused 
to sign the treaty of 1868 until the 
government troops were withdrawn 
from the Powder River Country and 
the Montana road and Fort Kear- 
ney and other military posts along 
the route were abandoned. After 
much persuasion he was induced to 
come to Fort Rice to meet the peace 
commission of 1867. He is reported to 
have appeared at the council in his 
war attire, with his rifle across his 
arm. In his speech he told the com- 
missioners that when they would take 
away all the soldiers and would burn 
Forts Rice, Buford and Kearney, and 
he could walk through their ashes, 
then he would sign the treaty. Dur- 
ing the course of his remarks he bar- 
ed the wounds in his chest, received 
at Fort Buford, and said to the com- 
mission: ‘This is our land and our 
home. We have no exact boundaries, 
but the graves of the Sioux nation 
mark our possessions. Wherever they 
are found the land is ours.’ In the 
wars which followed, from 1876 to 


271 


Gallup 


1881 he rose to equal distinction with 
Crazy Horse as a warrior, and after 
the death of Black Moon, the heredi- 
tary chief of the Huncpapas, at the 
battle of the Little Big Horn, he was 
the most trusted leader of his band, 
though Sitting Bull, also an Huncpapa, 
was at the height of his power. Gall 
was with Crazy Horse at the battle 
of the Rosebud, June 17th, 1876 and 
ably seconded the great Indian gen- 


eral in the famous charge against the . 


United States troops under General 
Crook. At the battle of the Little 
Big Horn, with his head chief, Black 
Moon, he seems to have led the at- 
tack against Reno which forced the 
latter to retreat to the bluffs for pro- 
tection, and to have afterwards led 
the attack on the front of General 
Custer’s position. 

At the tenth anniversary of the 
battle of the Little Big Horn, on June 
25, 1886, Gall was present with the 
company on the old field of battle, 
and made an address descriptive of 
the scenes and incidents of the con- 
flict. One who heard him here says 
he can never forget the lack of boast 
and the delicacy with which he guard- 
ed the feelings of his white friends 
in reviewing the course of a strug- 
gle in which he played a prominent 
part and which ended in the destruc- 
tion of their friends and companions. 
If it cannot be said that Gall was the 
greatest red man of his period, it still 
may be justly said, all things con- 
sidered, that he is the most unique 
and probably the most historically 
permanent figure among all the Da- 
kotas.” 


Gallup is a discontinued P. O. in 
western Harding Co. The shipping 
point is at Bowman, North Dakota, 
50 miles n. e., and the banking point 
at Buffalo, 18 miles s. e. 


Game Laws 


Galpin, Maj. Charles E., -1869; 
trader for the American Fur Company; 
was in charge of Fort Pierre at time 
of its transfer to the government in 
1855. He was married to a Hunk- 
papa Sioux woman, who before had 
been the wife of Honore Picotte. Gal- 
pin had the reputation of being a 
faithful employe. 





Hist., I, 364; XI, 232-4, n. 4, 7, 8. 


Gamble is a discontinued p. o. in 
Ss. w. Bennett County. P. O. is Martin, 
9 miles n. e. 


Gamble, Robert Jackson, 1851-1924; 
born in Genesee County, New York, 
Feb. 7; moved to Fox Lake, Wis., 
1862; graduated from Lawrence Col- 
lege, Wis., 1874; located at Yankton, 
1875; engaged in practice of law; 
U. S. district attorney, 1880; city at- 
torney of Yankton, two terms; mem- 
ber of Congress, 1895-97, 1899-1901; 
United States Senator, 1901-13; in 
Sioux Falls, 1915-24. 


Gamble, John R., 1848-1891; brother 
of Robert J. (q. v.) resident of Yank- 
ton; lawyer; member of legislature; 
elected to Congress, 1890. 


Game Laws. The administration of 
the State Game Laws is committed 
to the State Game Warden and his 
deputies. Briefly the laws provide 
that: 

1. Every hunter 
license. 

2. Prairie chickens, snipe and 
grouse may be shot only between 
Sept. 16 and October 15, bag, 5. 

3.. Ducks and geese, from Sept. 16 
to Dec. 31; bag, 25. 

4, Pheasants, only as permitted by 
warden. 

5. Déer, in month of November; 1 
buck, limit. 


must have a 


272 


Game Lodge 


= 


Game Lodge. 
(State Park). 


Game Park. See Black Hills, 3. 


Game Warden. The office of 
game warden was created by the laws 
of 1907. Fred W. Bancroft of Wes- 
sington Springs, was chosen first 
warden and served until March, 1913, 
when he resigned and H. S. Hedrick, 
of Chamberlain, succeeded him and 
continues in the office. See Game 
Laws. Under the Civil Reorganiza- 
tion act of 1925 the department of 
game and fish is taken over by the 
Department of Agriculture. 


See Black Hills, 3 


Games. See Sports. 


Gandy, Harry L., 1881- ; born at 
Churubusco, Indiana, August 3rd; ed- 
ucated in Tri-State College at Angola, 
Indiana; came to South Dakota in 


1907, locating at Rapid City, where he 


engaged in newspaper business; mov- 
ed to Wasta, 1910, and became editor 
and manager of the “Wasta Gazette;” 
U. S. Commissioner at Wasta, 1910- 
1913; State Senator from Pennington 
County in 1911; member of Congress 
from the Third Congressional District, 
1913-21. 


Gann Valley is the county seat of 
Buffalo County. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Chief,’ established in 1888, 
is its newspaper. 


Garden City is a town in northeast 
Clark County. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Tribune,” established in 
1902, is its newspaper. 


Gardner is a railroad station 5 miles 
northeast of Watertown, its banking 
point and post office; it is situated 
in southern Codington County. 


Gardner, Charles W., 1888- 
Heights, Hand Co.; 
Heights, S. D.; 


; Ree 


educated, Yankton 


born at Ree- 


Garretson 


Col.; engaged in banking; chief clerk 
of the House, legislatures of 1915 


and 1917; State Senator, 1919, 1921. 
Gardner, Frank R., 1856- ; Ree 
Heights; born in Licking County, 


Ohio, May 9th; came to Hand Co., 
Dakota in 1884; engaged in mercan- 
tile business, farming and president 
of a bank at Orient; legislator, 1909, 


1911. 


Gardner, John S., a member of 
Louisville, Kentucky, family, and an 
employe of Gen. Ashley, killed by the 
Arickara, June 2, 1823. 


Gardners is a railroad station in 
southwest Meade County. The bank- 
ing point and post office is Piedmont, 
1 mile southeast. 


Gareau Creek is a short creek tribu- 
tary to the Missouri River in eastern 
Gregory County. 


Garland is a post office in western 
Stanley County. The banking and 
shipping point is Midland, 14 miles 
south. 


Garnet. The garnet is found every- 
where in the glacial gravel and in 
the placers of the Black Hills. 


Garnett, William, 1855- ; born 
near Fort. Laramie, April 25, 1855; 
son of Col. Richard B. Garnett, U. S. 
Army and “Looks at Him,” an Oglala 
girl. His father was of one of the 
leading families of Virginia; he cast 
his lot with the Confederacy and was 
killed at the battle of Gettysburg. 
William Garnett is a man of intelli- 
gence and has for many years been 
the chief interpreter for the govern- 
ment at Pine Ridge Indian Agency. 





Affidavit of Dr: V. T’. McGillicuddy) in 
files, Department of History. Hist., XII, 
ee 


Garretson is a town in northeast 
Minnehaha County. Population, see 


273 


Garrett, E. H. 


census. “The News,” established in 
1903, is its newspaper. 


Garrett, E. H., 1889- SeeDOTn hist 
Sully County, S. D., November 2ist; 
educated, State College; farmer and 
breeder of Hereford cattle; legislator, 
1928, 11925 7 “Pes@seOKobojo: 


Garver, D.. E; 1842- ; porn” at 
Chambersburg, Penn., October 11th; 
taught school in Illinois and came to 
Canton, Dakota in 1885; went to 
Aurora Co. 1886, and engaged in farm- 
ing; has been school clerk and mem- 


ber board of supervisors several 
terms; ‘legislator, 1907;  P. O.S;was 
White Lake. 


Gary is a town in the northeast part 
of Deuel County. Founded by the 
Winona & St. Peter Ry. Co. in 1877 
Named for H. B. Gary, of Marshall, 
Minnesota, who was a P. O. official 
in the early days of this State. Pop- 
ulation, see census. ‘“‘The Interstate,” 
established in 1878, is its newspaper. 
Seat of State School for the Blind. 


Gas, Natural. Natural gas is found 
in connection with artesian water at 
many points in the Missouri Valley. 
ligis separated from the water by agi- 
tation over riddles in containers, and 
is used for domestic purposes, light- 
ing and heating. The first deep well 
supplying gas was sunk at the Indian 
School at Pierre in 1893. The gas field 
extends, so far as exploration has 
shown, from twenty-five miles south 
of Pierre on both sides of the Missouri 
to the north line of the State, in a 
belt about forty miles wide. It is a 
carbonaceous gas, the amount of car- 
bon varying greatly in different wells, 
perhaps according to the distance it 
has percolated through the Dakota 
sandstone in association with the ar- 
tesion water. The gas at Pierre is 


Geddes 


97% pure methane, the remainder being 
carbon and impurities; but the gas 
at Lacy Post Office, only twenty miles 
distant, has 9% carbon. It is an ex- 
cellent heating gas, having more than 
900 British Thermal Units per cu. ft.; 
but it contains too little carbon to 
make a good light. The quantity in 
proportion to flow of water varies, but 
is very constant. The supply at Pierre 
appears to be undiminished after 
thirty years. About 80,000 cubic feet 
daily is secured there. 


Gates, Eleanor (Mrs. Frederick 
Ferdinand Moore) 1875- ; Novelist 
and playwright. Mrs. Moore spent 
her girlhood upon a farm in western 
Minnehaha County and _ several ro- 
mances have been based upon her 
pioneer experiences. “Biography of a 
Prairie Girl,’ (1902) is highly com- 
mended for its faithful pictures of 
primitive life upon the Dakota prairie. 
She also wrote ‘The Plow-Woman,” 
1906. 


Gates, John Howard, 1865- ; born 
at Waterloo, Iowa, October 26; B. S. 
Iowa University, 1888; studied at 
Law School, Columbia University, one 
year; located at Sioux Falls, 1888; 
city attorney 1893-4; member board of 
education, 1906-8; in 1909 appointed 
special master in U. S. court for the 
South Dakota railroad rate cases and 
his report, issued in 1911, attracted 
much favorable attention; became 
judge of the supreme court in 1913 
and has been twice re-elected. 





Kingsbury, V, 371. 

Gayville is a town in southeastern 
Yankton County. Population, see 
census. “The Observer,” established 
in 1904, is its newspaper. 


Geddes is a town in central Charles 
Mix Co. ‘The Charles Mix County 


274 


Geisler, L. B. 


News,” established in 1884, is its news- 
paper. Population, see census. 


See Teter ee Lo.) Chay. sans: eae ; Aberdeen; 
born at Waterville, Minnesota; came 
to Frederick, S. Dak. in 1907; engaged 
in grain dealing; legislator, 1925. 


Geister, G. H., 1873- sseParker; 
born in Cook County, Illinois, August 
23rd; came to Turner Co., South Da- 
kota in 1910; engaged in farm- 
ing and live stock raising; legislator, 
1921. 


Gelling, Phillip G., 1850-  ; Fred- 
erick; born on the Isle of Man, Eng- 
land, December 28th; came to Brown 
Co., South Dakota in 1892; a farmer; 
legislator, 1911. 


Gemmill, W. C., 1853- ; born at 
Freeport, Illinois, June 4th; came to 
Canton, Lincoln County, Dakota, in 
1878; engaged in grain and stock bus- 
iness; president, board of education 
and mayor of Canton; State Senator 
im 1911. 


Gem-Stones. Gem-stones of many 
varieties, including brilliants, garnets, 
rubies, carnelians, moss-agates, topaz, 
and others are found in the ‘slacial 
gravels and in the Black Hills. 


Gender. In law, words used in the 
masculine gender include the femi- 
nine. 

’ Code, 31. 


Genealogy. The Department of His- 
tory, Pierre, has a fair working gene- 
alogical library, especially strong in 
New England, New York and Pennsyl- 
vania material. It is open to the 
public. 


General Brooks Island is in the Mis- 
souri River below White River. 


Gentian. The Gentian is one of the 
attractive flowering plants of the State 


Geography 


and is generally distributed. Six va- 
rieties are found as follows: Fringed, 
Northern, Downy, Closed, Showy Fra- 
sera, and Spurred. 


Geode. A nodule of stone contain- 
ing a cavity lined with crystals is 
common. Geodes are one of the fea- 
Lures of Wind Cave: * At’ Pierre if 
1907 a watered geode, the liquid plain- 
ly visible through the _ translucent 
shell, was found in the gravel. These 
watered geodes are rare in North 
America but are found frequently in 
Brazil. — 


Geography. The first map showing 
South Dakota with any degree of ac- 
curacy was made by Guillaume de 
Lisle, the French geographer, in 1702, 
presumably from information supplied 
to him by Charles Pierre LeSueur, 
the explorer, who in the main must 
have had this information from In- 
dian sources, but who possibly may 
have visited the Sioux Valley in 1685 
and again in 1700. The map shows 
the Sioux, James and Missouri Rivers 
in their approximate relation. Big- 
stone Lake and .-Lake Traverse are 
properly located. A trace is shown 
from the Mississippi at Prairie du 
Chien to Sioux Falls, and is marked 
“Chemin des Voyaguers” (track of 
the voyaguers.) Subsequent cartog- 
raphy progressively indicated the 
growing knowledge of geographical 
conditions in Dakota; but the first 
trained geographers to come into the 
field and make an accurate map were 
Dr. Joseph N. Nicollet and John C. 
Fremont in the year 1839. A geog- 
raphy of South Dakota was published 
by Dr. W. H. H. Beadle in 1888, which 
was long a standard text book A 
mathematical geography was publish- 
ed by Dr. Willis E. Johnson in 1911 
and is extensively used. 


275 


, Geology 


Geology. For more than eighty 
years South Dakota has afforded a 
field of great interest to geologists. 
Nicollet made geological observations 
along the Missouri River in 1839, 
which he published in his report to 
the government of his reconnaissance 
of Dakota. Edward Harris visited 
this region with Audubon in 1843 and 
reported his observations to the Phil- 
adelphia Academy of Sciences. In 
1847 H. A. Prout published in the 
American Journal of Science an account 
of geological objects brought out by 
fur traders. 


The region was first geologically 
explored officially by Dr. John Evans 
in 1849 and his report was published 
by the government in 1859. In 1850 
the Smithsonian Institution sent T. 
A. Culbertson into this region. 


In 1853 Dr. F. V. Hayden first came 
into the region and continued his 
work in this field, chiefly under gov- 
ernment auspices, for more _ than 
twenty years and laid the foundation 
for systematic knowledge of our 
structures. In 1874 Dr. N. H. Winch- 
ell accompanied Gen. Custer into the 
Black Hills and his observations 
made up a large section of Ludlow’s 
famous report of that enterprise. 


The discovery of gold by the Cus- 
ter party caused the government to 
send a party into the Hills in 1875 
to examine the region systematically. 
Walter P. Jenney was the geologist 
in charge; Henry Newton, Mining 
Engineer, assistant; Dr. V. T. Me- 
Gillicuddy, topographer; Capt. Hor- 
ace B. Tuttle, astronomer. They 
spent the season in the Hills and 
made an elaborate and valuable re- 
port. 

Dr. James KE. Todd came into the 
field in the eighties and for a quar- 


Geology 


ter of a century gave it minute exam- 
ination, year by year tramping over 
its moraines and giving it the most 
careful study. The result of his 
work is found in the first four re- 
ports of the South Dakota geological 
survey and in many monographs. 


The government has made _ inten- 
sive study of 12 areas of about 24 
townships each, and published the 
results in geological folios with fol- 
lowing numbers: Number, 85, Oelrich; 
96, Olivet; 97, Parker; 107, Newcastle; 
108, Edgemont; 113, Huron; 114, De- 
Smet; 127, Sundance; 156, Elkpoint; 
164, Belle Fourche; 165, Aberdeen- 
Redfield; 209, Newell. 


N. H. Darton, under the auspices 
of the U. S. Geological Survey, has 
published four important monographs, 
as follows: (1) Preliminary Report 
upon the Artesian Waters of a por- 
tion of the Dakotas; (2) Under- 
ground Waters of the Central Great 
Plains; (3) Geology and Water Re- 
sources of the Northern Black Hills; 
(4) Geology and Water Resources of 
the Southern Black Hills. These 
pamphlets give the logs of hundreds 
of South Dakota artesian wells. 


Dr. Cleophas C. O’Harra, president 
of the School of Mines, has devoted 
more than thirty years to a study of 
the Black Hills and the Bad Land 
regions. Much of his work appears 
in the Bulletins and other publica- 
tions of the School of Mines. 


Dr. Ellwood C. Perisho succeeded 
Dr. James E. Todd as State geolo- 
gist; he made some observations and 
did some field work, the result of 
which is found in Bulletins 4, 5 and 
6 of the State Geological and ‘Natural 
History Survey. 

Dr. Freeman Ward has been State 
geologist since 1914 and is pursuing 


276 


Geology 


the investigations in the region. The 
results of his work are in the Bulletins 
subsequent to 1914. 

For a simple and comprehensive 
view of the geology of South Da- 
kota the introductory chapters of 
' Dr. James FE. Todd’s' Preliminary 
Report, are reproduced: 

“For the benefit of those who are 
unfamiliar with the fundamental facts 
and principles of geology, we _ will 
give briefly a few explanations and 
definitions. 

At nearly all points upon the 
earth’s surface the rocks exposed or 
discovered by mines or borings, are 
found to be composed of layers of 
_varying thickness. These are ar- 
ranged like blankets, one above an- 
other, each one extending over many 
square miles. A single one is called 
a stratum, and the rock composed of 
them is said to be stratified. Strata 
(plural) lie nearly horizontal over 
nearly the whole of our State. When 
tilted, as about the Black Hills, the 
angle made with the horizontal plane, 
and the direction toward which the 
rock descends, together, constitute 
the dip. 

Stratified rocks, with very rare ex- 
ceptions, have been formed under 
water, as sediment, somewhat as 
strata of sand and mud are now form- 
ing in the Gulf of Mexico, from the 
material carried down by the Missis- 
sippi and by the waves and currents 
._ from the shores of the gulf. Almost 
all the rocks of our State have been 
formed in the ocean, as is shown by 
their containing the shells and bones 
of marine animals. These remains of 
animal life, and plant life also, are 
called fossils. AS new and higher 
forms of life have been introduced in 
successive ages, while strata were 
forming, one after and one above an- 


Geology 


other, it follows that the stratified, 
or sedimentary rocks, constitute 
nature’s record of the history of life 
from “monad to man.” Also, contrar- 
iwise, the fossils in a rock enable one 


‘to tell often with great confidence 


from what part of the record even a 
fragment has been taken, just as a 
picture on a leaf from a book, with 
which one is familiar, may tell just 
where it belongs. Some strata have 
been formed in lakes, and still others 
in streams. By careful study one 
may tell the direction in which the 
streams flowed, and many other cur- 
ious and valuable facts. 


Strata, though all soft at first, have 
sometimes become consolidated by 
pressure and the action of molecular 
forces, into rock of great or less 
hardness. Such are usually broken 
by vertical seams (called joints) into 
blocks. 


In some localities, like the Black 
Hills, strata are profoundly, folded 
and fissured. Sometimes the strata 
on one side of the fissure have slip- 
ped down so as to lose their former 
position with reference to those on 
the other side. Such a displacement 
is called a fault. Sometimes fissures 
and other openings become filled with 
various minerals derived from the 
adjacent rock by the dissolving ac- 
tion of water. Such form the veins, 
“leads” and pockets of the miner. 

Sometimes rocks of the _ earth’s 
crust become plastic or melted and 
flow out through fissures. In the 
process of cooling they become what 
are called igneous rocks. When igne- 
ous rocks are cooled in a fissure they 
constitute a dike. If they push up the 
overlying strata and form a lenticul- 
ar, or dome-like, mass, it is called a 
laccolite. 


277 


Geology 


Ingneous rocks are compound of 
crystals of different minerals either 
wholly or with an imbedding paste of 
glassy or porcelain-like rock. The 
latter are called Trachyte, Rhyolite, 
Phonolite, Porphyry, Etc., according 
to their composition or coarseness of 
grains. 

Rocks wholly crystaline, breaking 
with equal ease in any direction, are 
called massive rocks, and are named 
Granite, ‘-Syenite, Diorite, Diabase, 
Greisen, Etc., according to the kind 
of minerals composing them. If they 
break in slabs they are called Gneiss 
or Gneissic, if in uneven plates 
Schists, if in even Slates. 

The strata found in the _ earth’s 
crust are classified by grouping them 
first into Great System, which are 
divided into Systems; then systems 
are divided into Groups, and groups 
into Stages. These divisions are bas- 
ed upon differences in the life forms 
found in them, the characters of the 
rocks, and other features or relations 
which make a distinction convenient. 
EKach of these groups of strata corre- 
sponds to a division of time, in which 
it was formed. A great system was 
formed in an Eon, a system in an 
Age, a group in a Period, and a stage 
in an” Epoch. . Usually a> yeroup. 01 
strata and its corresponding time di- 
vision are called by the same name. 
The names of formations and time di- 
visions are largely geographical, de- 
rived from some region or locality 
where they were first studied or typi- 
cally exposed. Some are named from 
some phase of life or characteristic 
of deposits belonging to them. The 
reasons for the different names will 
generally be found in connection with 
their detailed treatment in subse- 
quent chapters. Most important 
names commonly used in this coun- 


Geology 


try will be found in the table in 


the next section. 


Formations Represented in the State 


South Dakota is also remarkable 
for having a greater variety of geo- 
logical formations than any other 
state east of the Rocky Mountains. 
Of the different ages represented, we 
mention the Archean, Cambrian, Silu- 
rian, Carboniferous, Triassic, Juras- 
sic, Cretaceous, Miocene, Pliocene and 
Pleistocene. The Archean is repre- 
sented by two or three remarkably 
different formations, the correlation 
of which is not yet satisfactorily de- 
termined, but following Newton and 
Carpenter we may call them the earl- 
ier Archean schists, and the later 
Archean slates of the Black Hills; 
while the eastern end of the State 
presents a red quartzite, known as the 
Sioux Quartzite, or Sioux Falls gran- 
ite, which has been classified most 
commonly as Huronian, and about 
Big Stone Lake, an area of coarse 
granite, probably Laurentian. 

The Cambrian is represented only 
in the Black Hills and by the Pots- 
dam sandstone, which manifests its 
common characteristics and has a 
thickness in places of 250 feet. 

Above it there has been found near 
Deadwood, since the publication of 
Prof. Carpenter’s work, a formation 
from 20 to 30 feet in thickness, which 
presents the features of the Trenton 
limestone and represents the Silurian. . 

So far as has yet been discovered 
the Devonian is absent, unless it is 
represented by the 25 or 30 feet of 
greenish shale, which are exposed 
near Deadwood, between the Trenton 
limestone and the base of the Carbon- 
iferous. 

The Carboniferous age is represent- 
ed by a variety of formations, aggre- 


278 


Geology 


gating in thickness over 600 feet. All 
these Paleozoic formations are limit- 
ed to the Black Hills. 

The Triassic age As represented by 
340 feet of a bright red clay bearing 
irregular beds of gypsum and a very 
uniformly developed stratum of purple 
limestone 40 feet in thickness, the 
whole entirely. barren of fossils. 

The Jurassic is represented by 
about 200 feet of sandstone and marls 
of various colors. 

The Cretaceous is represented by 
several well marked formations wide- 
ly developed, covering perhaps four- 
fifths of the area of the State. These 
have more frequently been classified 
as the Dakota formation, 200 to 400 
feet in thickness; the Colorado, in- 
cluding the broad area of Fort Ben- 
ton, Niobrara and Fort Pierre, clays, 
marls and limestones, aggregating 
in places a thickness of 1,500 feet. 
And the third member of the Cretac- 
eous has been called by Dr. Hayden 
the Fox Hills, which shows a thick- 
ness of 100 to 150 feet, and a fourth 
is the Laramie or Lignitic having a 
thickness of 1000 to 2000 feet. The 
last two formations are found only. in 
the northwestern quarter of the State. 

The Eocene seems not to be repre- 
sented in the State, unless possibly 
some of the yellowish clays in the 


Geology 


Bad Lands, which are without fossils 
to determine their age, may belong to 
this age. 

The Miocene is widely developed in 
the southern part of the State. Under 
this head we include, following the 
later classification of Prof. Cope, the 
White river and Loup fork forma- 
tions, which are now easily distin- 
guished lithologically, and have aggre- 
gated a thickness in this region of 
more than 300 feet, having more or 
less gray and flesh colored clays, 
stratified with conglomerates and 
marls. 


The Pliocene is of somewhat doubt- 
ful occurrence. Certain beds observ- 
ed along the Big Sioux seem refer- 
able to this age. 


The Pleistocene or Quaternary for- 
mations are particularly prominent 
and are represented, not only by a 
fine development of glacial deposits, 
loams and other features in the east- 
ern half of the State, but also, about 
the Black Hills and over very much 
of the surface of the plains, by aqu- 
eous drift. The present topographic 
features, also, are mostly to be re- 
ferred to this age. 

The subjoined synopsis represents 
the Geological column represented in 
the State. 


279 


Geology 


A Table of South Dak 


(Arranged 
Great 
Systems Systems 
te as 
Cenozoic. j 
\ Tertiary, 
| Pliocene, 
Miocene, 
| Kocene, 
Cretaceous, 
Later, 
Mesozoic. 
Earlier, 
Jurassic 
Triassic, 
Carboniferous, 
Devonian, 
Silurian, 
So aa Upper, 
Paleozoic. j 
} Lower, 
Cambrian, 
Keweenian, 
Archean. Huronian, Upper, 
Lower, 
Laurentian, 


The opposite ends of the State con- 
tain each of them a distinct center 
of geological growth. One is’ the 
Black Hills, the other, the Archean 
area about Sioux Falls. The former 
is an irregular dome shaped uplift 
with its longer axis north-northwest; 
the latter a low ridge with its axis 
west-southwest, gradually sinking be- 
low the later formations in that di- 
rection, with its north side more 
abrupt than its southern. 

Around these two nuclei the older 
rocks of later formations have been 
arranged, somewhat as blankets 
might lie upon a saddle. The Creta- 
ceous and Tertiary formations cover 
nearly the whole State outside of the 
Black Hills. 


Geology 


ota Geological Formations. 


Stratigraphically) 


Periods and Stages. 


Alluvium and Prairie Loam, 5-10 
Loess, 5-100 
Drift, Glacial and Auqueous, 10-150 
Equus beds, (7) 5-30 
Loup Fork beds, 25-75 
White River beds, 250-400 
Absent, 
Laramie, or Lignitic, 1,000-2,000 
Fox Hills, 100-150 
Colorado, Ft. Pierre, 350-700 
Niobrara, 50-200 
Ft. Benton, 50-200 
Dakota, 200-500 
Absent, 
200-350 
300-400 
570-785 
Absent (7?) 0-55 
Absent (?) 
Trenton, 225-20 
Canadian, absent (7) 
Potsdam, Acadian, absent (7) 250-300 
Absent, 
Sioux Quartzite, 1,000-3,000 


Schists and slates, 


Absent (7) 


10,000 ?-100,000? 


It follows from this general state- 
ment that, while the general slope of 
the country is toward the east, the 
lip of the rocks radiate from those 
two centers, and is slightly south- 
ward in the south central portion of 
the State, and northwestward in the 
northern portion. 


The Archean Formations 

Archean rocks, as the name sug- 
gests, (arche, beginning), are those 
rocks which underlie the others in 
the structure of the earth’s crust. 
They are, theoretically, of world- 
wide extent; though exposed in de- 
tached areas, commonly in the center 
of mountain systems and plateaus. 
They are rocks in which no trace of 


280 


Geology 


living forms have been found. They 
are moreover of a crystalline char- 
acter. By crystalline rocks we mean 
such as are formed of angular grains, 
interlocking as though crystallized 
from a fluid state. There are all 
gradations of rocks found in nature, 
from those which are wholly crystal- 
line to those where there is not a 
trace of crystallization, the whole 
mass consisting largely of rounded 
grains and fragments of various 
shapes and sizes. The former would 
be illustrated by rocks commonly 
known as granite, which -may be 
compared to cast iron in structure, 
except the grains are often times 
unlike in the same rock, some being 
black, others white, red or green of 
various shades and lustres. Some 
show a tendency to cleave with 
smooth and even surfaces sometimes 
into thin leaves, others show no trace 
of such cleavage. They break irreg- 
ularly like glass. Some are _ soft, 
others very hard. Archean rocks are 
almost wholly crystalline, although 
some reveal traces of worn grains or 
fragments. 


The Archean rocks include all the 
oldest rocks of the earth’s crust. 
Some of them were evidently at one 
time laid down in water in a strati- 
fied condition. Others show no sign 
of bedding. The latter occur in great 
masses, divided only by cracks run- 
ning in different directions. Rocks of 
this character are usually found un- 
derlying those of a clearly stratified 
character. 


Concerning the origin of these mas- 
sive crystalline rocks the following 
theories are held by different promi- 
nent geologists: 


First. The oldest theory is, that 
they are portions of the original 


281 


Geology 


crust of the earth when it first cool- 
ed from a molten condition. 


Second. That they have once been 
composed of stratified material de- 
posited like the rocks above them, 
and that afterwards having been 
deeply buried under the overlying 
formations, and they have been com- 
pletely changed by the pressure and 
heat from the earth’s interior from 
a fragmental condition to a crystal- 
line. Every trace of stratification, 
and even of the fragmental character 
of individual grains, has been com- 
pletely obliterated. 

Third. It is supposed that the un- 
derlying crystalline rocks have never ° 
been in the form of stratified rocks, 
nor that they were solidified previous 
to the deposition or formation of the 
stratified rocks overlying them, but 
that they are a portion of a molten 
or plastic interior of the earth, which 
has risen in the center of folds, or 
into fissures formed in the stratified 
rocks above them, and which have 
become hardened as they have been 
brought nearer to the surface and 
cooled. This view considers them 
really younger than the stratified 
rocks, and may explain how rocks of 
this character may be- found, not 
only under the stratified rocks but 
following great cracks and other cav- 
ities in the stratified rocks them- 
selves. This last view is the most 
prevalent at the present time. 

Of the Archean rocks, which are 
admitted to have been at sometime 
stratified, there are three well mark- 
ed divisions recognized. One which 
has been called the Laurentian, nam- 
ed from its typical locality in the 
highlands, north of the Great Lakes 
and the river St. Lawrence. These 
rocks are granites, mica-schists, horn- 
blendic rocks of similar structure, 


‘ Geology 


and limestones passing into marbles. 
The .second division has been called 
the Huronian, because of its occur- 
ring in the vicinity of Lake Huron. 
These consist largely of schists or 
rocks which tend to split into thin 
irregular layers; slates, which break 
more evenly, and quartzites, which 
may be defined as intensly hard 
crystalline sandstone. The third di- 
vision has been found in several lo- 
calities and is called Keweenian or 
Keweenawan, after Keweenaw Point 
on the south shore of Lake Superior, 
where it is typically developed. It 
consists of alternate layers of quart- 
.zite and volcanic rocks with depos- 
its of copper. 

Of these different formations we 
have in our State only those appar- 
ently corresponding to the second di- 
vision, or Huronian. The coarse 
granite which forms Harney Peak 
and covers much of the vicinity, was 
considered by Dr. Hayden as corre- 
sponding to the Lauyrentian-formation, 
and in this respect he seems to be 
followed by Crosby and Carpenter. 
At least, these others consider that 
the granite was deposited like the 
adjacent schists in fragmental condi- 
tion, and afterwards, was most com- 
pletely metamorphosed, or changed 
to a crystalline condition. That, 
however, this was eruptive and _ in- 
troduced later than the surrounding 
rocks seems evident from a careful 
study of its relation to them. Not 
only does it occur in vast lenticular 
masses, with their axes correspond- 
ing to the planes of the bedding of 
the schistose rocks, but also huge fis- 
sures cutting across the planes are 
filled with this same material. A fine 
example of this may be found a few 
miles west of Keystone, where the 
planes of schistose character coincide 


282 


Geology 


in dip on opposite sides of the dike, 
on the one’side dipping sharply to- 
ward the dike, on the opposite side 
as sharply away from it. In this 
case it seems clear that the granite 
could not have been formed from a 
metamorphosed stratum deposited be- 
tween the surrounding rocks. The 
failure of the theory at this point 
makes it doubtful in all other cases. 
Moreover an examination of the de- 
tached layers of schists which are 
found within the granite mass near 
the top of Harney Peak, referred to 
by Prof.. Carpenter shows signs of 
having been floated to their present 
position by the molten granite, rath- 
er than of having been interstratified 
with it when in a fragmental condi- 
tion. We therefore conclude, as_ be- 
fore stated, that the granites of the 
Black Hills are not Laurentian, but 
eruptive rocks, formed later than the 
schists, and in this we agree with 
the majority of those who have stud- 
ied the matter. 


The Archean Rocks in the Black Hills 


These differ markedly in color and 
general structure from those found 
in the eastern part of our State. 
may be seen on the geological map, 
they occupy a central, or nucleal, 
area, and their exposure is somewhat. 
to the east of the center of uplift. 
The extent of country occupied by 
them is about sixty miles long, north 
and south, and twenty-five miles in 
its greatest width east and west, 
with an area of about 850 square 
miles. The area underlaid by the 
Arwgean schists and slates is partic- 
ularly mountainous and rough, es- 
pecially where it is mingled with 
granite outflows. Where these quart- 
zite deposits are absent, erosion has 
removed the schists and slates which 


AS; = 


Geology 


are softer, so as to form park-like 
valleys, to which we have already 
alluded. As Newton says: 


“Viewed from a height, like Har- 
ney Peak, the area has a billowy ap- 
pearance and a succession of ridges 
and peaks, with now and then a 
stretch or spot of open park. At first 
it reveals no system of structure, 
save that it is cut from west to east by 
the draining streams, which have 
eroded deep and usually narrow val- 
leys or canyons. Though the strike 
of the rocks is toward the north or 
northwest, at first appearance, they 
show no feature in the topography 
due to this fact, but. a closer and 
more detailed study reveals the pres- 
ence of a continuous ridge, or series 
of ridges extending on the east side 
of the area from the southeast to 
the northwest, and, on a more minute 
inspection of the geology along the 
streams, these ridges are seen to 
have been divided by the presence of 
apparently hard strata, quartzites, 
etc., through which the several drain- 
ing streams have cut their way in 
intricate and deep canyons. On the 
western side of the area, a similar 
belt of resistant rock is observed, 
through which many of the streams 
have cut narrow gorges. Between 
these ridges the country, except in 
the region of the Harney Peak gran- 
ite, is less rugged, and not infrequent- 
ly the banks of the streams widen 
into valleys, broad and gently slop- 
ing.” (Geology of the Black Hills of 
Dakota, (Newton), page 49.) He 
adds: “The metamorphic rocks of the 
Black Hills are separable into two 
distinct groups, whose lithological 
characters are marked and _ persist- 
ent. Their stratigraphy was carefully 
studied in the hope that it would be 
possible to definitely determine the 
historical relation between them, but 
the result was not satisfactory. A 
great difference in the character of 
the rocks are sufficient to warrant 
their separation into a western series 
or group of Schists and an eastern 
series or group of slates. The line 
of separation between them can be 
only imperfectly indicated. Its trend, 
so far as can be ascertained, is little 


283 


Geology 


west of north. Starting just east of 
the granite range of Harney Peak, it 
curves westward, about the north 
end of the range, and then it leans 
toward the north-northwest, passing 
near the forks of Spring Creek, (the 
present site of Hill City) crossing 
Castle Creek in the west canyon and 
disappears ‘beneath the Palezoic rocks ° 
in the vicinity of Custer Peak. At 
the north of the Peak it reappears 
with a northerly course.” “A dis- 
tinct discordance of dip between the 
rocks representing the characters of 
these two groups was seen by Mr. 
Jenney in the west canyon of Castle 
Creek, but in the absence of corrobo- 
rative observations the fact of the un- 
conformity of the two series cannot 
be insisted upon.” (Ib., p. 50.) 

Prof. Carpenter, in 1888, said that 
the unconformity, supposed by New- 
ton to exist, between the eastern 
slates and the western schists, is sup- 
ported by an observation made by 
him upon Spring Creek, east of Hill 
City, (Geology and Mineral Resources 
of the Black Hills, 1888, (Carpenter) 
p. 17), but more recently he has 
come to the conclusion that the sep- 
aration between the eastern and west- 
ern, or earlier or later, rocks of the 


Black Hills is of questionable exist- 
ence. 


Newton, in discussing the forma- 
tions says: “The western series con- 
sists of quartzose schists and garnet- 
iferous, quartzose and _ ferruginous 
mica schists, together with some 
gneiss, chloritic and talcose (or hydro- 
mica) schists, hornblendic schist and 
quartzite. The whole series is coarse 
in texture and highly crystalline and 
it contains many seams or veins of 
quartz, traversing the schists, con- 
formable with the stratification and 
having usually a swelling or lenticular 
structure. These -veins are interlami- 
nated and are not often of great 
width. They contain finely dissemi- 
nated gold and have probably afford- 
ed by their disintegration the larger 
masses are found wholly within the 
areas of the schistose rocks. The 


Geology 


eastern series is composed of meta- 
morphic rocks, distinguished from the 
western, mainly by their exceedingly 
fine and compact texture; though as 
shown by Mr. Caswell, their ultimate 
mineral composition is quite similar.” 
(Mr. Caswell made a report upon the 
microscopic structure of the rocks of 
‘the Black Hills, collected by the same 
survey.) “The rocks are mainly 
micaceous clay slate, siliceous slate 
and quartzite, the last forms persist- 
ent strata from 50 to 200, and some- 
times 500, feet in thickness, and can 
often be traced for long distances 
with little variation. The quartzite 
frequently contains seams or veins 
of interlaminated or ribbon quartz. 
Frequently, the quartz seams are 
highly feruginous and in places they 
have been found to contain undecom- 
posed pyrites. Unquestionably they 
are often auriferous.” 

“The mica-schist is the prevailing 
mass characterizing the rock of the 
western series, and its variation in 
character is very considerable. More 
commonly it is the gray, tolerable 
fine, highly crystalline, uniform, mica- 
ceous and siliceous’ schist, which, 
from its large proportion of mica, 
weathers readily and uniformly. Very 
frequently, especially in the west part 
of the area, it is so highly charged 
with garnets that it acquires a dark 
reddish color.” (Geology of the Black 
Hills, (Newton), page 51). 

These garnets are sometimes 
found, collected abundantly in the 
streams. The mica _ schist changes 
sometimes into a hydro mica- schist 
presentiag the usual soapy feeling and 
general character of the talcose schist. 
This being more coherent than the 
very micaceous rocks, more promi- 
nent in topography and forms harder 
and rougher ridges. (Ib., p. 52). 

“By a similar gradation the mica- 
ceous, pass through siliceous schists 
into tough quartzite. The quartzites 
are less developed in the western, 
than in the eastern series. They are 
among the most durable rocks and in 
the Black Hills generally stand in 


abrupt dike-like ridges, running with , 


the stratification of the rocks. 
commonly contain mica _ in 


They 
small 


284 


Geology 


quantities, and have an interior struc- 
ture, or relation, indicating an intrus- 
ive origin, and are of true metamor- 
phic character. “Sometimes the mica- 
schist passes by almost imperceptible 
gradation into true chloritic schist, 
which is usually soft and easily de- 
composable, of a green color and no 
mica readily visible to the eye. Crys- 
tals of ripidolite may often be picked 
out with a knife, and it frequently 
contains garnets in abundance.” 
(Geology of the Black Hills, p. 52). 


“The quartzites vary in thickness 
from seams only a few inches wide 
to masses 400 or 500 feet in width, 
though the more moderate thickness, 
75 to 100 feet, is more common. * * 
The color of the quartzites is varied, 
being sometimes an almost pure 
white, but more often a light or dark 
gray, or impure blue, or pink, or, 
when much iron is contained, a dark 
and reddish brown. In texture they 
are very compact and homogeneous, 
and on a fresh fracture, which is con- 
choidal or fragmental, they have a 
vitreous or glassy luster. They are 
almost pure quartz.” 


“Though they are found through- 
out the series of slates, they are of 
greater thickness in certain parts of 
the district. There exists on the east- 
ern border of the Archean area a long 
ridge or succession of prominent peak 
ridge or succession of prominent 
peaks and bluffs which cut across all 
of the creeks north of Harney Peak, 
occasioning in each one an intricate, 
precipitous and exceedingly rough 
canyon. This ridge and these canyons 


are due to a_ series of -quartzite 
strata.” Geol. Black Hills (Newton) 
p. 58.) “A prominent deposit, or ac- 


cumulation of quartz, is found two or 
three miles east of Custer Peak, to 
which the name of Jasper Hill was 
given. It is irregular in shape, about 
200 feet in height without any clear- 
ly defined structure. The siliceous 
material composing it display great 
variety in color and character. Among 
them are a deep, red jasper and gray- 
ish quartzite of a pure white mica 
or translucent quartz, which in places 
has a bright red crystalline iron oxide 
running through it like the dendrites 


Geology 


(plant-like crystals) in moss-agate.” 
“A banded structure is found also in 
the quartzites. Bands of iron ore, 
ferruginous strata of the inclosing 
rock, and seams of ferruginous quartz 
are found in the quartzites, and 
though the separation between the 
ordinary quartz and the ferruginous 
or iron-bearing portion is generally 
ill-defined, the latter are sometimes 
so well marked as to run like a true 
vein within the body of the quartzite 
itself.” ‘In many cases the ferrugi- 
nous quartzite lodges are probably due 
to the original dissemination in the 
quartzite of iron oxides, which in the 
process of weathering, are oxidized 
and hydrated to brown hematite. 
Sometimes, however, they may arise 
from decomposition of pyrites.” 

“The dip of the strata of the east- 
ern series is always high, 70 to 90 de- 
grees, and though it varies in amount 
and direction, it is usually toward the 
west. The general strike is about 30 
degrees west and it swings now in 
one direction .and now in another, 
ranging freely between the limits of 
northeast and northwest.” (Ib.,  p. 
60.) 

“No fossils were found in the Arch- 
ean rocks; and marble and serpentine, 
the metamorphic rocks most likely to 
yield them, were not seen.” 


Such are some of the most instruct- 
ive statements which we glean from 
Newton’s report. 

Professor C. R. Van Hise, in 1890, 
“finds the prominent structures of the 
Black Hills, which have heretofore 
been taken as bedding or strata, are 
secondary structures produced by 
pressure, and as evidence of this is 
the fact that alternate bands of sedi- 
ments of different characters are seen 
to cut across the prominent lamina- 
tion of the rock. Sometimes -these 
band contain pebbles which are 
clearly deformed by pressure. This 
fact had been previously observed by 
Prof. Carpenter. (Geol. and Min. Res. 
of the Black Hills (1888), p. 22.) The 
longer axis of the pebbles is parallel 


235 


Geology 


to the slaty or schistose structures; 
but the belt as a whole cuts across 
this structure.” He calls attention 
to the fact that the dip of the schists 
and slates is away from the granite 
area and indicates that their lamina- 
tion is due to pressure attending the 
eruption of the granite masses in the 
south and of the porphyries further 
north. <A study of the boundary be- 
tween the slate and schist series, not- 
ed by Newton, leads to the conclusion 
that there is a graduation from the 
slates to the schists rather than an 
abrupt change. He considers that the 
slates and schists cannot be divided 
into two series. He finds also that 
the slates and schists are most per- 
fectly crystalline near the granite 
areas and near the areas of eruptive 
rocks at the north end of the Hills; 
while more remote from these points 
they show more distinctly a sedimen- 
tary character. (Archean & Algonk- 
ian, 1892 (Van Hise), p. 259). These 
conclusions of Van Hise seem to the 
writer in harmony with the facts, par- 
ticularly in the vicinity of Harney 
Peak, where in passing from Hill City 
to Keystone, the variation in dip from 
west around through north to east 
was very evident. Van Hise also calls 
attention to the fact that the repeti- 
tion of similar quartzite ridges prob- 
ably indicates a folding of strata so 
that the thickness of the Archean in- 
stead of being 100,000 feet, as suppos- 
ed by Newton, and also by Carpenter, 
may be indefinitely diminished. 

All previous writers have failed 
to find traces of marble and serpen- 
tine; although Carpenter called at- 
tention to pebbles of limestone or 
marble in the Cambrian. (Geol. and 
Min. Res., Black Hills (Carpenter), p. 
29 and 23.) Recently a specimen of 
dark gray marble, banded with lighter 


Geology 


colors, was shown me by Mr. Lewis 
of Rapid City; and he informed me 
that a bed of it, more than twenty 
feet in thickness had been discovered 
in the slates at a point which he de- 
clined to reveal. And others inform- 
ed me that recently boulders ofa 
similar rock had been found near 
Rapid City. I find also that Carpen- 
ter, since the writing of the first part 
of his. report has. found calcareous 
rocks on Box Elder creek. (Geol. and 
Min. Res., Black Hills, p. 123.) 


The Age of the Black Hills Archean 

. Rocks 

The Black Hills Archean rocks ex- 
hibit a remarkable lithological re- 
semblance to certain rocks of the 
iron-bearing series of the Lake Super- 
ior region, which in the past have 
been included under the term of Hur- 
onian; although Prof. Van Hise has, 
in harmony with the recent decision 
of the United States Geological Sur- 
vey, applied to all these rocks the 
term “Algonkian.’”’ He considers that 
the tracing of this analogy, as was 
done by Newton, is with good reason, 
although Crosby, (Proc. Boston Soc. 
Nate His, peVolLcX Xi nae49t),.eand 
Carpenter, (Geol. and Min. Res., 
Black Hills, p. 24,) have offered reas- 
ons why they should be classed with 
the Taconic and Blake places por- 
tions of them with the Coos group. 
The latter, however, rests mainiy up- 
on the presence of staurolite and, as 
Van Hise remarks, is little more than 
a guess. The division of the rocks 
into earlier and later members is vir- 
tually disproved and the whole may 
be considered as one formation, which 
was probably deposited as fine sedi- 
ments derived from older areas furth- 
er west. This formation was meta- 


286 


Geology 


morphosed and rendered highly lami- 
semblance between the Archaen rocks 
of the. Black Hills and those of the 
Lake Superior region, known as Ani- 
mikie, Penokee and Marquette series, 
Van Hise gives substantially as fol- 
lows: Both have mica schists and 
mica slates of great thickness; both 
are certainly of fragmental origin and 
contain staurolite and garnets in cer- 
tain cases. The thick beds of nearly 
pure quartzite and quartzose conglom- 
erates, which occur in the Black Hills 
correspond to the quartzites and con- 
glomerates in the Penokee and Mar- 
quette areas. Much of the iron-bear- 
ing formations of the Lake Superior 
region have been shown not to be 
mechanical sediments but rather 
chemical or organic sediments which 
by subsequent alteration .have been 
changed into the various forms now 
found. Beds similar to these are 
found in the Black Hills. In the Lake 
Superior region beds of important 
iron ore are known to belong to this 
formation. Such have not yet been 
found in the Hills. In the Lake Super- 
ior region are vast quantities of erup- 
tive rocks, which occur in dikes and 
intrusive beds in the fragmental ser- 
ies. Similar rocks in similar relative 
positions are found in the Hills. The 
chief lithological difference between 
the two regions is the presence in 
the Hills of large masses of granite. 
The only parallel to those in the Lake 
Superior iron-bearing series is found 
in one or two unimportant dikes. 
There is, therefore, a striking analogy 
but to admit a closer correlation 
seems useless as long as geologists 
are not agreed as to the correlation 
of different portions of the Lake 
Superior region itself. Bulletin G. S. 
A., Vol. 1, p. 241. 


Geology 


The Origin and Age of the Granite 

This conspicuous deposit has been 
studied and remarked upon by sev- 
eral eminent students. Crosby and 
Carpenter argue that the granite is of 
metamorphic character, having at one 
time been of fragmental strata. Their 
reasOns are mainly drawn from the 
relation of the granite rocks in Can- 
ada to the Huronian; and from the 
alteration of granite with the mica- 
schists in the Black Hills and the 
lenticular form of the granite masses. 
Crosby claims to have found frag- 
ments of the granite in the schists 
indicating the earlier existence of the 
former. Newton, on the contrary, 
early noted distinct signs of its erup- 
tive origin, as for example, the exist- 
ence of irregular fragments of schists, 
some small and others of immense 
size, imbedded in the granite as 
though the latter had been floated in- 
to position by the former. Prof. Van 
Hise in studying the matter comes to 
the same conclusion. We have al- 
ready referred to the occurence of 
granite in dikes transverse to the 
lamination of the schists. 
present evidence, therefore, there 
seems little doubt that the granite is 
an eruptive rock. 

If the granite is of eruptive origin, 
it must be later than the deposition 
of the schists and slates. How much 
later, becomes an interesting question. 
That it was before the deposition of 
the Potsdam sandstone seems to have 
been proved by the following facts: 
Newton found on French Creek, as 
he states, “A continuous sheet of the 
Potsdam pass from the surface of the 
eroded schists to the surface of gran- 
ite. There was found no intrusion of 
granite along the parting between the 
Potsdam and the schists and there 
was found no metamorphism of the 


287 


From the 


Geology 


Potsdam at the surface of contact 
with the granite. In these particu- 
lars the relation of the granite is 


. Strongly contrasted with those of the 


trachyte of the Hills. Wherever the 
trachyte appears beneath the Pots- 
dam the later is uplifted as though by 
the insertion of the trachyte between 
it and the Archean. Its lowest beds 
are at the same time metamorphosed 
as though by the heat of the molten 
intrusion. The fact that the granite 
did not at this locality affect the form 
and constitution of the Potsdam 
strata in a manner similar to the 
trachyte does not well accord with 
the idea that it was introduced under 
Similar conditions and during the 
same geological period.’ (Geology of 
the Black Hills (Newton), p. 78). 
He also discovered fragments of feld- 
spar which apparently come from the 
granite in the lower portion of the 
Potsdam sandstone. 


Prof. Headden observed similar 
phenomena in the vicinity of Hay- 
ward on Battle Creek. He says furth- 
er, that there can be no question that 
the Potsdam is uncomformable to the 
schists and that it rests upon the 
granite. He found also in the Pots- 
dam conglomerate above Hayward be- 
sides quartz , mica and_ feldspar, 
abundant crystals of tourmaline. Since 
no crystals of this mineral, except of 
minute size, have been found any- 
where but in the granite, this is ad- 
ditional proof that the granite has 
furnished material for the lower Pots- 
dam. Therefore, the granite must 
have been thrown up before the depo- 
sition of the Potsdam or Cambrian. 


The Formation of the Schists and 
Slates 
We have already noted the fact that 
the schists and slates, and also quart- 


Geology 


zites, are of fragmental origin. They 
were first deposited as shales, sand- 
stones or beds of sand in the primary 
ocean. The source of the material 
has not yet been satisfactorily de- 
termined. Probably from areas which 
have been since buried by later for- 
mations. After their deposition they 
were upheaved and probably folded 
by the force acting upon the earth’s 
crust, which doubtless forced upward 
the mass of granite in a molten or 
semi-fluid condition, which found its 
way through fissures and between the 
layers of the overlying clays and 
sandstones. By the heat and pressure 
which was generated, these rocks 
were changed from their original con- 
dition to their present form. By par- 
tial solution and chemical action, 
they were changed to a_ crystalline 
state; while the intense pressure act- 
ed mechanically upon their constitu- 
ent grains and produced lamination 
of the schists and slates with a dis- 
tortion of the boulders and pebbles, 
as has been noted in the quartzites of 
several localities. 


The internal structure of these 
rocks has recently been very suc- 
cessfully studied by Prof. Van Hise. 
By a microscopic study of specimens 
he has learned some very instructive 
facts. To the unaided eye ‘the boul- 
ders and the conglomerate quartzites, 
observed along the Box Elder Creek, 
first by Crosby and Carpenter, show 
remarkable distortion, being elongat- 
ed vertically, as though pressed by 
great force from two lateral direc- 
tions. In some cases the pebbles and 
boulders have beén distorted until 
their lengths are three times their 
breadths. Crosby considers this dis- 
tortion to have taken place by the 
slipping of individual grains of quartz 


288 


Geology 


upon another. But Van Hise has 
found that the individual grains 
are themselves elongated, having been 


-Subject to minute fracture and then 


recemented by the deposition of 
quartz from solution. These features 
have been shown in a most satisfac- 
tory way by his study. In the case 
of schists there has not only been 
pressure but a shearing stress which 
has ground and pressed the minute 
fragments, rendering them more or 
less easily cleavable, perpendicular to 
the direction of the compressing 
force. It is, therefore, generally 
agreed that the metamorphosis of the 
crystalline schists, probably occurred 
in the southern portion of the Hills 
at the time of the outflow of the gran- 
ite, which probably took place simul- 
taneously with one of the elevations 
of the Hills; and that a _ similar 
change took place in the north end 
of the Hills, either at the same time, 
attending the eruption of the masses 
of granite, which are not well expos- 
ed in that region, or else subsequent- 
ly at the time of the outflows of 
trachyte and rhyolite. The deposits 
of ore and other points of economic 
value we will speak of in a _ subse- 
quent chapter. — 


The Sioux Quartzite 

The Sioux quartzite occurs in the 
eastern end of the State and is a 
portion of the peninsular area of 
rocks, extending from the vicinity of 
Redstone, Minn., west-southwest into 
Dakota. Areas of similar quartzite 
occur further east in the ridges about 
Baraboo, Wis., and along the west 
side of Chippewa Valley, Wis. This 
formation is very different from those 
already described, consisting almost 
entirely of an intensely hard. and 
compact quartzite with no trace of 


Geology 


lamination. It occurs in strata near- 
ly horizontal and is cut into blocks 
by vertical joints, from six inches to 
several feet apart, and crossing one 
another nearly at right angles. This 
causes the cliffs of this formation to 
resemble walls of masonry and not 
infrequently the upper surface re- 
minds one strongly of a pavement. 
The occurrence of it in cliffs from 
fifty to sixty feet in height may be 
well seen at Palisade and Dell Rap- 
ids. The occurrence of it, in broad 
and apparently level areas, is well 
shown about Sioux Falls, north of 
Alexandria and at Rockport, on the 
James river. 

In color it varies from a light gray 
or nearly white, through shades of 
pink to a dark purple and, in some 
cases, a dark Indian red. The pre- 
valent colors are the light pink and 
the light purple. In some localities, 
beds of it are beautifully variegated, 
the ripple-marks of the original stone 
being brought out beautifully by al- 
ternate layers of light and dark pink 
not more than &% or % inch in thick- 
ness, producing parallel and wavy 
lines over the surface, reminding one 
of an agate on a large scale. In 
hardness, it varies from a rock hard- 
er than steel, which breaks with a 
splintery fracture, (its usual charac- 
ter), to beds scarcely consolidated, 
which may be easily excavated with 
a spade or pick. A microscopic 
study by Prof. Irving and Van Hise 
has brought to light a very instruct- 
ive fact, viz.: that this consolidation 
has been produced by the en- 
largement of the grains of the origin- 
al sandstone by the deposition of silica 
from solution, along the planes cor- 
responding with the crystalline axes 
of the original grains themselves. In 


Geology 


cases where the beds are imperfectly 
consolidated, these crystals, though 
formed, have not grown sufficiently 
to fill the space between, while in 
the compact quartzite the spaces be- 
tween the original grains have been 
completely filled with silica or quartz, 
so that the present rock is nearly 
solid quartz. Fracture is apt to 
break through the original grains as 
readily as between them. This is 
particularly striking where the quart- 
zite is conglomerate, that is, contain- 
ing large pebbles of quartz, of differ- 
ent color from the main mass of the 
rock. 


The Extent of the Quartzite 


It is almost everywhere deeply cov- 
ered with a deposit of boulder clay of 
comparatively recent origin, but from 
a few exposures which -are found 
along the valleys of streams and in 
wells, the outline of the quartzite has 
been laid down as represented upon 
the map. It extends along the east 
line of the State from near Flandreau 
to a little south of the northwest 
corner of Iowa. Its western-most ex- 
posure is on Enemy-Creek, South of 
Mitchell, about two miles above its 
mouth. In its triangular area _ be- 
tween these points the drift is prob- 
ably underlaid, generally, by the 
quartzite. The margin, however, is 
doubtless quite irregular, somewhat 
like the margin of a peninsula, with 
inlets, promotories and bays, which 
have been filled by rocks of the Cre- 
taceous age. 

The dip of the rocks is slight and 
quite irregular; no clear trace of 
folds has been made _ out. There 
seems to be no prevalent trend to 
the dip. The thickness of the forma- 
tion has not_ been determined. Irv- 
ing, from the studies of Mr. Merriam, 


289 


Geology 


estimated that in the eastern  por- 
tion of Minnehaha county some 3,000 
feet of it are exposed along the Split 
Rock creek, about Palisade. From 
our study, so great a thickness seems 
doubtful, and we consider 1,500 feet 
a generous estimate. The dip, so far 
as observed, nowhere reaches 10 de- 
grees and its average may be placed 
at less than 5 degrees. A _ list of 
localities where it is exposed will be 
found in the chapter of Economic 
- Geology. The dip seems to be that 
of the original deposition rather than 
of flextures of the earth’s crust. The 
other rocks associated with the quart- 
zite are the pipestone and an erup- 
tive diabase. The former has been 
longest known at Pipestone, Minn., 
where it occurs in a thin layer about 
18 inches in thickness, lying between 
and conformable with the quartzite. 
Mr. Upham, of the Minnesota Geologi- 
cal Survey, in the Thirteenth Annual 
Reports, report the occurrence of a 
Similar Pipestone near Palisade, S. 
D. He says: 

“The quartzite in this vicinity em- 
braces two layers, each several feet 
in thickness, of compact, fine grain- 
ed, red rock, easily cut and polished, 
closely resembling the Catlinite of the 
Pipestone quarry in Minnesota. The 
upper one of these layers is seen a 
quarter of a mile from the mill on 
the northwest side of the _ creek; 
where it has been quarried and is 
called slate. Its vertical exposure in 
the quarry is 7 feet, and its base 
though probably not much deeper, is 
not seen. It lies in sheets from \& 
of an inch to 6 inches in thickness, 
dipping about 2 degrees, south 30 de- 
grees west. The lower one of the 
chalk layers is called Pipestone and 
is scarcely inferior in quality to that 
of the noted Indian quarry at Pipe- 
stone, Minnesota. This bed is expos- 
ed about five rods east of the dam, 


and some thirty rods east of the mill, 
where it is seen to have a thickness 


26 


Geology 


of at least 4 feet—it may be as 
much as 7 feet thick; divided into 
sheets from a half inch to 3 or 4 
inches thick. It dips 6 to 7 degrees, 


south 60 degrees west.” (Thirteenth 
Annual Report Minnesota Survey, 
1884... D. 0194.) He also says that 


“twenty rods east of the dam, at 
the Palisades, and about 20 or 25 feet 
above this dam is a deposit of so- 
called “chalk-rock,” which has a vert- 
ical thickness of 4 feet and dipping 
the same as the quartzite. The up- 
per part of the bed is soft, being 
searcely harder than many shale beds, 
is white above, being pink and hard- 
er below. By chemical analysis it 
has been found to correspond closely 
with the pipestone in composition.” 

He reports still another exposure 
twelve miles northwest of Sioux Falls. 
(Thirteenth Annual Report, Minne- 
sota Survey, 1894, p. 91.) The Pipe- 
stone or Catlinite, as it has been 
called, is now considered to be meta- 
morphosed clay. 

An exposure of a similar forma- 
tion has been found about two miles 
southwest of Bridgewater on Wolf 
creek, where it was readily used for 
marking, like chalk. 

Eruptive rocks forming dikes have 
been found in the quartzite southwest 
of Palisades, Sections 15 and 22, 
Township 102, 48. This locality was 
found by me in 1885, and the rocks 
examined by Prof. C. W. Hall of 
Minnesota University. Prof. Hobbs, 
of Wisconsin University, published a 
description in 1892. (Trans. Wis. 
Acad. «Sci, Vol; Vill; ps 2069" 

The granites near Big Stone Lake, 
which are barely exposed in our 
State, are thus described by the 
Minnesota geologists: 

“They are generally gneissic  in- 
stead of massive. They are more 
frequently true granite. They are al- 
ways” red. While their laminated 
structures renders them more easily 
wrought, and thus gives them an ad- 


Geology 


vantage over the firmer syenites of 
the. Mississippi Valley, it also rend- 
ers them soft and more destructible 
under the action of weather. They 
seem to have less quartz and more 
of the cleavable minerals, feld-spar 
and mica. Still there are exceptions 
to the gneissoid structure of the Mis- 
sissippi Valley granites.” (Minn. 
Geol. Rep., Vol. 1, p. 146). 

These rocks are probably the old- 
est in our State. 

The Paleozoic Formations 

Following the deposition of the 
schists and slates, was a period of 
disturbance and erosion of indefinite 
length. As has already been indicat- 
ed, the Potsdam formation lies upon 
the upturned edges of the schists. Of 
the different Paleozonicages we find 
deposits only of the Cambrian, Silu- 
rian and Carboniferous, with a slight 
representation, possibly, of the De- 
vonian. All of these are found only 
in the Black Hills, and lie conform- 
able to one another, and with gentle 
regular dip away from the Archean 
core of the Hills. 


id Cambrian 

The Cambrian is represented by a 
full development of the Potsdam 
sandstone. This formation was first 
recognized from fossils collected and 
observations made by Dr. Hayden 
during Warren’s reconnaissance of 
the Hills. The formation is very fos- 
siliferous, containing the character- 
istic genera of the Potsdam, found in 
the east, Lingular, Lingulepis, Obol- 
ella, Hyoletis, with trilobites, fucoids, 
etc. The Potsdam has been found 
in many places along the flanks of the 
Rocky Mountains, but in no other lo- 
cality has it been found so abundant- 
ly fossiliferous as in the area of the 
Black Hills. This formation is the 
lowest member of the  fossiliferous 
series of rocks, and in its numerous 


291 


Geology 


exposures its character and relation 
are easily determined and studied. It 
consists mainly of coarse and friable 
sandstone, conglomerates and shaly 
sandstone. The ease with which the 
formation is eroded has caused it to 
be removed, except where protected 
by a harder and later formation. It, 
therefore, is exposed mainly in a belt 
of cliffs or bluffs overlooking the 
Archean area of the Hills, on all 
sides, like a wall. Through this, the 
various streams have cut canyons 
whose sides are mainly formed of Car- 
boniferous rocks, with Potsdam at 
their bases, resting upon the Archean. 
Occasionally near the cliffs the fossil- 
iferous rocks are merely isolated beds 
of Carboniferous limestone with the 
underlying Potsdam, which have been 
left by denudation in the midst of the 
Archean; but on account of the fri- 
able and easily eroded character the 
Potsdam, out-liers of that formation 
alone are not very frequent. In the 
northern parts of the Hills, however, 
in the region northeast of Custer 
Peak, large areas of the Potsdam are 
exposed. Around Crow Peak, where 
the strata have been upturned by the 
extrusion of the trachyte which com- 
posed the mass of the peak, the Pots- 
dam stands nearly vertical against 
the volcanic rock and has been trans- 
formed into a hard, white quartzite. 
At other points, also, the Potsdam 
has been similarly upturned and meta- 
morphosed by the eruption of vol- 
canic rocks. (Geology Black Hills, 
p. 83). 

The formation ranges in thickness 
from 200 to 250 feet, but is said to 
attain 3800 feet on the north branch 
of Red Water Creek. The formation 
distinctly thins out toward the cen- 
ter of the Hills. Dr. Carpenter re- 


' Geology 


ports an exposure of only 50 feet 
near Harney Peak. Its thickness cor- 
responds well with the conception of 
its being formed around the Archean 
island, which was barely covered. The 
basal conglomerate varies in charac- 
ter and thickness in different parts 
of the Hills, sometimes within short 
distances, but is everywhere a _ well- 
worn shore deposit. The pebbles and 
boulders, forming the conglomerates, 
were examined by Newton with mi- 
nute care and were found in all cases 
to consist of a harder variety of rocks 
composing the* metamorphic series, 
quartz, hard, blue and gray quart- 
zites, and some of the harder slates 
and schists. The latter usually oc- 
cur as flattened pebbles similar to 
those found in the present streams. 
There are deposits containing a few 
felspathic pebbles and in some places 
crystals of tourmaline from the gran- 
ite. In the upper portion of the 
main conglomerate and in occasional 
fine conglomerate, occurring in the 
body of the formation, the constituent 
pebbles are almost entirely of quartz. 
Sometimes the boulders or cobble 
stones forming conglomerates are 
from 1 to 4 feet in diameter. One 
of the best exposures of this charac- 
ter was noted by Newton in the can- 
yon of Lower Rapid Creek. A similar 


heavy conglomerate formation is 
found in many other parts of the 
Hills. In some places the conglome- 


rate is found above the base of the 
formation, in which case the pebbles 
seem to have been formed from prev- 
iously existing portions of the sand- 
stone. A good example of this is re- 
ported by Newton, near the eastern 
base of Terry Peak. Prof. Carpenter 
made an interesting discovery that 
many of the pebbles in certain lay- 


Geology 


ers of the conglomerates were of crys- 
talline limestone. At the time of his 
report he had not discovered the 
source, but they correspond well in 
color and _ structure to the gray 
marble, to which reference has been 
made as found in the Archean. 

The cementing material of the con- 
glomerate is generally silica and is 
reinforced, often with oxide of iron. 
The calcareous cement, sometimes 
occurring often contains the remains 
of fossils and grains of green-sand or 
glauconite. Some of the coarser con- 
glomerates are sometimes’ scarcely 
cemented at all. 

The Potsdam sandstone of the Hills 
might be described, with almost the 
Same words that have been employed 
by different observers in describing 
the Potsdam of the eastern part of 
the United States. Its color is usual- 
ly rusty or dark brown, although 
above, in places it may be nearly 
white. It sometimes contains small 
scales of mica, and grains of harder 
metamorphic rocks, but it generally 
consists wholly of quartz grains. 
These vary from the minutest size to 
that of a pin head or small grain of 
rice. In texture it varies from an al- 
most incoherent mass of sand, easily 
crumbling on exposure to the weath- 
er, to a dense compact sandstone 
which forms durable cliffs. Some- 
times it passes into a quartzite of 
siliceous grains embedded in a bright 
glassy, siliceous cement. The most 
friable kinds are light in color and 
usually have a ferruginous cement, 
while the red or brown, in which the 
cementing material largely exceeds 
the iron, are usually more compact 
and durable. In many places the 
sandstone is somewhat argillaceous, 


292 


Geology 


and in others, of shaly character, us- 
ually with a darker color. 

Though the sandstones are coarse in 
texture they carry in many places 
abundant fossil remains in an excel- 
lent state of preservation. Complete sec- 
tions of the formation from base to 
summit are rarely met with, because 
of the concealment of the slope by 
broken fragments from the Carbonif- 
erous beds from above, as well as by 
those formed from its own incoherent 
layers. The following section from 
the canyon of Spring Creek is given 
as a representative one from meas- 


urements made by Prof. Jenney. 
Geo. of Black Hills, p. 88. 
Carboniferous— 

d. Limestone with Spirifera, 


PeROCUGUIS s CUCS » facs cadet okie 335 feet 
4. Reddish brown or pinkish 

caleareous sandstone, thinly 

bedded, containing Spirifera 


camerata, Cyathopylloid 
corals and crinoid stems... 20 feet 
Potsdam— 


3. Reddish-brown sandstones, 
thinly bedded at base, and 
alternating with soft yellow 
sandstones, containing large 
fucoids, Lingulepis and 
fragments of trilobites ....200 feet 

2. Brownish yellow conglomer- 
ate, with quartz pebbles, 
resting uncomfortably on 
the next, and dipping 25 de- 

S7GOSis NOTLNCAS Etec, hc at cpai ols. 25 feet 


Archean— 
1. Argillaceous slates dippiing 
60 degrees west. 
Another section is given by New- 
ton from lower Rapid Creek. (Geol. 


Black Hills, p. 94. 


Carboniferous— 
10. Gray limestone stained at 
HDaSseewith Uron’ s ee. ok 80 feet 
9. Pinkish and yellowish lime- 
stone, thin bedded, contain- 


ing a few Carboniferous 

corals and brachiopod frag- 

AQ LiL MBA tr. a. oeke’ sha tei asi tare 33 feet 
8. Pink and yellowish lime- 

Stone, LTA At. lOD inv. ote thal 40 feet 


Geology 


Potsdam— 
7. Red and yellow sandstone 
with bright quartz grains, 
cross-stratified and contain- 


ing at base considerable 

Galeareous. Imattersl. . 20%. 70 feet 
6. Reddish calcareous sand- 

stone, with glauconite ... 4 feet 


5. Red and pink impure shaly 

limestone with green glau- 

conite grains, sandy at bot- 

ROM eee nee et. eee nS ee! 50 feet 
4, Red and brown shale with 

some thin strata of lime- 

stone and large quantities 

Oiler Slauconitew. os a este aes 80 feet 
3. Impure shaly limestone with 

some clay shaly, yellowish 

Mite MEA AISHN Oy 2 .ceis. . tabs Se 20 feet 
2. Massive yellow and reddish 
sandstone, highly calcare- 
ous, dipping northeast 20 
CELSTCESE Swat haleleslere ce ws 50 feet 


Archean— 


1. Argillaceous slates in the 
bed of the creek; strike 
north 15 degrees west; dip 
vertical. 


Another section upon Slate Creek 
above its junction with Castle Creek 
was observed by Prof. Jenney. 


Carboniferous— 


8. White, pinkish and grayish 
and siliceous limestone with 
Spirifera camerata, Produc- 


GUISMREUCIE. Meats chstahe cba a6 ere 100 feet 

7. . White compact limestone, 
containing some fossils ...100 feet 

o-) Unexposed slope: 2. 2. «0 a 250 feet 

Potsdam— 

5. Soft brown sandstone, con- 
taining abundant fossils, 
Lingulepis, Obolella,  trilo- 
Dlter [PA SMentS we ner as 50 feet 

4. Coarse ground brownish 


yellow sandstone with small 
quartz pebbles merging into 


De sitit See eae OM eed eee 50 feet 
3. Conglomerate of quartz, 
bowlders and pebbles, ce- 
mented by sand and oxide 
of iron with some lime.... 55 feet 
2 MUINeEPOSER SlONGi sles’ 35 feet 
Archean— 


1. Chloritic, talcose and mica 
schists; dip 55 degrees west; 
strike north to northwest........ 


The sandstones are often riddled 
with small holes, perpendicular to the 
bedding, 1 to 3 or more inches in 
length, and about one-eight of an inch 
in diameter, often with rounded term- 
ination. These are special character- 
istics of the white sandstone and oc- 
cur more frequently in the upper beds 


' Geology 


of the formation. They were suppos- 
ed formerly to be the casts of sea- 
weed stems, but it is now generally 
considered that they are worm bur- 
rows; while some consider them the 
casts of fleshy peduncles of certain 
brachiopods like Lingula. Their real 
nature is still an open question. They 
are know as_ Scolithslinearis, and 
others apply the general name Aren- 
icolites. Fossils are sufficiently well 
preserved to be clearly recognized; 
though they do not occur except in a 
few localities and in particular lay- 
ers. According to Newton near the 
headwaters of Red Canyon Creek in 
the northwestern corner of the Hills 
the Potsdam, with its usual soft sand- 
stone character, is underlaid by a bed 
of quartzite which rests upon the up- 
turned mica-schists. This quartzite 
consists of small grains. The color 
is deep brownish or purplish red, 
slightly tinted with green. The entire 
mass is filled with fossil remains, 
Lingula, Lingulepis, Obolella, etc., in 
a beautiful state of preservation, yield- 
ing the best collection of fossils ob- 
tained from the Potsdam in the Hills. 


Another interesting class of fossils, 
quite abundant in the layers of the 
Potsdam, are the casts of fucoids. 
Commonly they are of ordinary size, 
and a few inches in length. But 
Newton reports a discovery of strata 
on Spring creek with casts of a fu- 
coid, named Paleophycus occidentalis 
in the shaly argillaceous sandstone, 
some of the specimens of which are 
five or six feet in length. The main 
stem is nearly an inch in diameter 
and divides into numerous branches 
3. of an inch through. The stems 
usually divide into threes or twos 
and the smaller branches frequently 
terminate abruptly in rounded ends. 


Geology 


The Potsdam contains layers of 
quartzite, not only at the base and in 
che vicinity of igneous rocks, but at 
‘yregular intervals and different local- 
ities, in a way that is difficult to ex- 
plain. Not only in the locality of Red 
Canyon creek, but about the head- 
waters of Amphibious and Beaver 
creeks, and on the same creek near 
the beginning of the limestone can- 
yon; but also on Burnt-Wood creek, 
on French creek and near the Battle 
Creek. Quartzites are found at the 
base of the Potsdam, where it lies 
in contact with the Archean. In some 
cases it attains a thickness of about 
fifty feet. This position of the quartz- 
ite has been observed elsewhere in 
the Rocky mountains and the Wa- 
satch mountains. The  quartzites 
found in the body of the formation 
differ somewhat in their character 
from those just described. They are, 
according to Newton, best observed 
and studied on Box Elder creek. 
There they occur as deep red or 
purplish layers, interstratified with 
coarse red sandstone.  Intercalated 
quartzite strata are also seen on 
French creek, where the color is yel- 
lowish-brown. They differ from the 
quartzites of the slates and schists 
of the Archean in consisting of small- 
er grains. In some cases the quartz- 
ites weather into a coarse sandstone 
which readily crumbles, the siliceous 
cement having been removed. 

This unusual hardening of the sand- 
stone can hardly be referred to ordi- 
nary causes or conditions of meta- 
morphism, but rather to the local 
abundance and deposition of soluable 
silica. Such is known to be derived 
from certain organic substances of 
diatoms, sponges, etc. (Geol. Black 
Hills, pp. 89-92.) 


29+ 


Geology 


A peculiar feature of the Potsdam, 
which has already been mentioned, 
is the abundance, in certain layers, 
of glauconite. 

“These grains are rarely over a 
tenth of an inch in their larger diam- 
eter and the majority are not more 
than one-half that size... They are 
usually flattened and appear as flat 
flakes of irregular shape and are us- 
ually smooth and rounded as though 
water-worn. Their color is a dark 
olive green, sometimes nearly black. 
They are only slightly acted upon by 
strong hydrochloric acid. Before a 
blowpipe they resemble perfectly the 
greensand grain of the Cretaceous in 
New Jersey.” (Geol. Black Hills, p. 
95.) 

Glauconite or greensand is a hydro- 


silicate of protoxide of iron and pot- 
ash, with a variable amount of alum- 
ina. 

A word concerning the general char- 
acters of the life of this first Pale- 
ozoic formation will be of interest to 
the general reader. There were as 
yet no form of vertebrate life nor of 
land plants. The formations most 
abundant were such as are now found 
near the surface of the sea and along 
the shores in shallow water. The 
particular types, however, were very 
unlike those of the present in species 
and even in genera. The larger forms 
were trilobites, which were but a few 
inches in length, and might be de- 
scribed as broad, flat, worm-like ani- 
mals, adapted for creeping in mud or 
swimming in still water. The Sco- 
lithus burrows were probably formed 
by worms buried most of the time in 
the sand, somewhat like the Areni- 
cola, or lobworm, of our present sea- 
shore. There were shells resembling 
the smaller sea-snails of the present 
time, and a few like the smaller 
clams, but the most abundant shells 


295 


Geology 


were those of brachiopods, which are 
not abundant at the present time and 
may be described as_ burrowing 
worms, having their heads protected 
by small helmet-like shells. These 
shells are bivalved, and are often 
mistaken by common observers for 
the bivalved shells of clams. 


The Silurian 


Newton in his study of the Hills 
discovered formations belonging to 
only two of the ages of Paleozoic 
time. Those already described he 
recognized as Potsdam or Cambrian, 
the rest he classified as Carbonifer- 
ous, and makes no note of finding 
fossils representing the two interven- 
ing ages, the Silurian and Devonian. 
Dr. Carpenter in his report also 
speaks of but two, the Cambrian and 
Carboniferous, but adds in the foot- 
note that he has received, since writ- 
ing the body of his work, certain fos- 
sils from Prof. A. T. Free, of Dead- 
wood, belonging to the _ Silurian. 
(Geol. and Min. Res., Black Hills, 
1888, p. 34, foot-note.) Since the pub- 
lication of Prof. Carpenter’s report, 
he has visited the Deadwood locality 
and in the improvements going on 
at that point, a fine exposure has 
been made of the formations inter- 
vening between the top of the Pots- 
dam and the bottom of the limestone 
beds containing Carbonifreous fos- 
sils. He visited the locality with me 
where we found abundant fossils in 
a buff colored limestone, 25 or 30 
feet in thickness. It is argillaceous 
above, becoming quite sandy below. 
He informed me also that numerous 
fossils had been forwarded to the 
United States Geological Survey and 
that several of them had been identi- 
fied, as belong:ng to the Silurian; but 


. fossils. 


Geology 


I am not aware that the existence of 
the Silurian formation in the Black 
Hills, or even in the Rocky Moun- 
tains has yet been distinctly publish- 
ed. The knowledge of this forma- 
tion began in 1888. 


Between this limestone formation, 
which is presumably the Trenton, and 
the top of the Potsdam, there is found 
a layer of greenish laminated clay, 
without coarse material and without 
fossils. The fossils found in this 
limestone consist of a large species 


of Orthoceras or Ormoceras, Ma- 
clurea, WHalysites, Columnaria (7), 
Stromatopora and Tetradium. The 
stone is thick-bedded, and reminds 


one of the buff limestone found in 
southern Wisconsin. So far as yet 
known, no other exposure of this 
Silurian formation has been found in 
the Hills, yet a Cyathophylloid coral 
and fragments of other fossils, re- 
sembling those of the Trenton forma- 
tion, were noted on the headwaters 
of Beaver or Amphibious Creek. This 
limestone may possibly represent the 
three prominent limestone formations 
of the Silurian and Devonian, corre- 
sponding to the Cliff limestone found 
in the eastern portion of the Missis- 
sippi valley, in Ohio. 


The Devonian 


Between the well defined top of the 
Trenton and the base of the lower 
Carboniferous limestone, there is 
found, in the Deadwood section. twen- 
ty or twenty-five feet of lead colored 
and laminated clay or shale without 
This represents the Devon- 
ian, if any formation of that age ex- 
ists in that section. At other points 
also, between the Potsdam and the 
Carboniferous, has been noted this 
clay bed. Prof. Crosby suggests that 


296 


Geology 


this clay may be deep sea deposits 
corresponding to the deep sea siz re- 
ported from the Challenger expedi- 
tion. (Proceedings of Bost. Sve. Nat. 
Hist., Vol. XXIII, p. 505.) He calls 
attention to the very slow accumula- 
tion of deposits in the deep sea areas 
as brought by the dredging of the 
Challenger. Referring to the bring- 
ing up of huge shark’s teeth from 
the bottom of the Pacific ocean, re- 
sembling closely those of the species 
which existed in early Tertiary 
times, he infers that the rate of in- 
crease of the sediments has probably 
been less than one foot, and possibly 
not more than two or three inches 
in a million of years. Thus he fol- 
lows out the suggestion, made by Mr. 
Murray of the Challenger expedition. 
He suggests that, while the tens of 
thousands of feet of Devonian and 
Silurian rocks were accumulating in 
the Appalachian region and ‘also in 
the western portion of the United 
States, the Black Hills were so re- 
mote from land that only a few feet 
of clays had accumulated there. 
Prof. Carpenter quotes this sugges- 
tion with approval. The discovery of 
the Silurian limestone will shorten 
the time represented by the clays 
very considerably; but it is still dif- 
ficult to understand how this point 
should be so remote from land. As 
no trace of Palezoic rocks have been 
found in the eastern portion of our 
State, but on the contrary signs of 
a surface long exposed to erosion, we 
are driven to the-conclusion that the 
shore line of the ancient Silurian and 
Devonian seas must have been less 
than 300 miles from the Black Hillls 
and probably within half that dis- 
tance. Hence, the conception that the 
absence of deposition was mainly due 


@ 
Geology 


to the remoteness from land seems 
untenable. The Devonian formations 
in the west are ususally thin and of 
a soft and easily disintegrated mater- 
ial. 

The Carboniferous Rocks 


These are commonly divided into 
a Lower or Sub-Carboniferous and an 
Upper Carboniferous, to which by 
some a third transitional period is 
added, the Permian. This, as the 
name implies, (coal-bearing) is the 
formation in which the vast coal beds 
of Hurope and eastern America are 
found. But west of the meridian of 
Omaha, in the United States, it is 
usually without important carbonac- 
eous deposits. Prof. Newton, from his 
study of the Black Hills, reports. him- 
self unable to affirm or’ deny the 
presence either of the Sub-Carboni- 
ferous or of the Permian. The rock 
series is definitely and constantly di- 
vided into several members, but the 
lowest and the highest of these mem- 
bers alike failed to afford him dis- 
tinctive fossils. The local sub-divis- 
ions he recognized as four in num- 
ber, which are distinguished purely 
by lithological characters. (Geol. 
Black Hills, p. 108.) This is his gen- 
eral section of the Carboniferous, ar- 
ranged stratigraphically: 


The Alternating Series— 


5. A variegated sandstone, 
irregular, stained, red- 
dish, yellowish and 
white, somewhat argil- 
laceous and calcareous 
and exhibiting little 
stratification, weather- 
ing in peculiarly twist- 
ed, contorted (curly) 
DAN AS Fs Ree Te 100-150 feet 


4. No. 5 passes below into 
a series of alternating 
beds of pink and light 
colored sandstones and 
limestones, somewhat 
argillaceous. The lime- 
stone, apparently some- 
what magnesian and 
DOOPRIM SLOSSIIS: pci os os 150-200 feet 


Geology 


Silicious Limestone— 

3. Weathering usually in a 
peculiarly brecciated 
manner, somewhat cav- 

, ernous and often stained 
with pinkish and reddish 
streaks, containing much 
flinty and siliceous mat- 
ter, often with a banded 
structure; with crystals 
of calcite, lining the in- 
terior of weathered 
caves and crevices. Fos- 
sils are found, but us- 
ually ill preserved, and 
only exposed and ob- 
tainable when the rock is 
much weathered. There 
have been recognized 
Athyris subtilita,’ Spir- 
ifera Rocky-Montana, 
Productus, corals, ete. 150-175 feet 


Gray Limestone— 


2. Massive gray or whitish 
limestone uniformly 
pure, containing Spiri- 
fera Rocky-Montana 
Productus;4 Gtes sea... 150-200 feet 


Shaly Limestone— 


1. Thinly bedded, impure 
arenaceous limestone, 
pinkish in color, often 
filled with comminuted 
fragments of crinoidal 
columns, and contains 
also Productus, Cyatho- 
phylloid, corals, etc. .. 20- 60 feet 


It will be seen from this that the 
prevalent rock here, as in other por- 
tions of the west, is limestone. The 
sandstone or upper division seems to 
have been first observed by Prof. 
Winchell, and was named by him 
“Minne-Lusa Sandstone.” 


Everywhere the Carboniferous is 
conformable or. parallel with the Si- 
lurian and Cambrian. This indicates 
that the deposition of sediments dur- 
ing Paleonzoic times went on contin- 
uously and quietly without any mark- 
ed disturbance of the region. The 
Carboniferous rocks, over much of 
the central portion of the Black Hills, 
lie nearly horizontal and pass from 
the high table lands in the Hills to 
the plain outside with an abrupt 
monoclinal fold. The formation of 
this fold is of later date. The slope 
of the higher level of the Hills was 


297 


Geology 


probably at first nearly continuous 
with that of the deeply covered beds 
around the Hills; and according to 
Newton they were uplifted bodily, in 
a comparatively short time, subse- 
quent to the Cretaceous. (Geol., 
Black Hills, p. 222.) But Prof. Cdr- 
penter has pointed out that the for- 
mations of the Potsdam and the Cre- 
taceous are thinner toward the cen- 
ter of the Hills. Such facts indicate 
that the uplifts were gradual and the 
later one perhaps began in the lat- 
ter part of Carboniferous time. (Geol. 
and Min. Res., Black Hills, p. 27.) 


A Detailed Description of the 


boniferous Rocks 


The lowest member of the Carbon- 
iferous weathers easily and is not 
generally well exposed, though sepa- 
ration between it and the heavy lime- 
stone above, is quite distinct where 
observable. It has a pinkish or gray- 
ish color, is never a pure limestone, 
commonly has an  argillaceous or 
clayey appearance. Its strata rarely 
exceeds 8 or 10 inches in thickness 
and are often so thinly bedded as to 
resemble calcareous shale. Though it 
contains many fossils, they are not 
sufficiently well preserved for identi- 
fication. Zaphrentis, Spirifera and 
Productus are recognized. (Geol. 
Black Hills, p. 109.) This basal mem- 
ber is found at various places along 
the eastern margin of the plateau, 


Car- 


where it is distinguished by great 
quantities of fragments of crinoid 
stems. 


“The second member, a massive 
gray limestone, and the third a silic- 
ious limestone are the most persist- 
ent features of the formation in the 
Hills. They were well seen in nearly 
all parts of the country visited. Along 
the eastern edge of the western pla- 


298 


Geology 


teau, however, there are considerable 
areas over which the silicious lime- 
stone and part of the gray have dis- 
appeared by denudation; and for this 
reason one who enters the Hills from 
the west obtains an inadequate idea 
of the true prominence of the Car- 
boniferous formation. Complete sec- 
tions of the Carboniferous are found 
only in the canyons cut by the 
streams as they pass from the hills 
to the plains, and even there it is 
not always possible to study them 
closely in detail.’ (Geol. Black Hills, 
p. 110.) 

The gray limestone is well exposed 
in every examined section of the Car- 
boniferous rocks. It is very uniform, 
its fossils are numerous and not eas- 
ily separable from the rock, except 
where it has been so greatly weath- 
ered as to destroy their surface mark- 
ings. The few species observed ap- 
pear to be equally characteristic of 
the overlying = silicious limestone. 


(Geol. Black Hills, p. 110.) 


The third member, or the silicious 
limestone, “is a hard, white or gray- 
ish, gritty rock, which from the oxi- 
dation of its iron and perhaps also of 
percolation from the overlying rock, 
is generally stained, irreguarly red or 
pinkish. It contains much silicious 
matter, concentrated in spots, either 
as flint, or as crystallin quartz, lining 
small cavities or in concretionary or 
agate like deposits. From its silic- 
ious composition it decomposes very 
irregularly, often having a brecciated 
appearance and weathering with cavi- 
ties or crevices, and even with cay- 
erns of considerable extent. The cav- 
ities are usually lined with crystals 
of calcite. 


The most abundant fossils in the 
two limestones are Spirifera Rocky- 
Montana, Athyris subtilita, Produtus, 
Euomphatus, and Streptorhyncus. 


Geology 


“Immediately overlying and _ con. 
forming to the silicious limestone are 
the following beds: First. A series 
of thinly bedded sandstones and im- 
pure limestones, the latter somewhat 
Magnesian, varying in color—pink, 
white, yellow and gray; the lime- 
stones contain only traces of fossil 
remains. These have altogether a 
thickness of 150 to 200 feet,, and pass 
gradually into (second) a sandstone 
somewhat argillaceous and calcareous 
of a deep red color, but often streak- 
ed or variegated with yellow or pink. 
Frequently on fracture the sandstone 
has a somewhat lighter color or is 
almost white; and while much of the 
predominating deep coloration is de- 
rived from the oxidation of iron in 
the rock itself, a considerable portion 
is also produced through staining by 
a downward infiltration from the red 
clay above. It generally shows little 
or no stratification and is massive, 
but it weathers in a becciated or 
broken manner, with twisted or bent 
lines of decomposition parallel with 
the general stratifictaion of the rocks. 
It has a thickness of 100 to 150 feet, 
making the entire thickness of the 
upper or fourth member of the Car- 


boniferous 250 to 350 feet.” (Geol- 
ogy Black Hills, page 111.) 
While the lower members of the 


formation (Carboniferous) are well 
marked and easily traced and readily 
distinguished from each other as well 
as from the underlying Potsdam, a 
study of the upper portion was at- 
tended with no little difficulty. In 
the absence of distinct fossils the 
upper boundary of the formation had 
to be drawn from the _ lithological 
character of the deposits. (Geol. 
Black Hills, page 110.) The detail- 
ed section upon which these decis- 
ions are based have in part already 
been given in connection with the 
Potsdam, and others will be found in 
the discussion of the separation be- 
tween the Carboniferous and the over- 
lying Triassic rocks. 


Geology 


We may add that since Newton’s 
work the cavernous character of the 
Silicious limestone has been remark- 
ably developed and several extensive 
caverns are now places of resort for 
pleasure seekers. 


Crystal Cave 


The mouth of this cave is over- 
looking the canyon of Elk Creek, 
about six miles above Piedmont. It 
is about 200 feet above the level of 
the stream, and approximately 4,202 
above the sea. By the courtesy of 
Mr. McLemore, the custodian of the 
cave, I spent several hours in explor- 
ing the various chambers of this 
celebrated cave. The chambers pre- 
sent the usual irregularities of vault- 
ed caverns and narrow winding pass- 
age ways. They are commonly cov- 
ered with crystals of calcite of the 
usual form, known as Dog _ Tooth 
Spar. Some chambers present beaut- 
iful examples of stalacites and stalag- 
mites and a few samples of a partic- 
ular form of surface, known as ‘“box- 
work,” are found, but are so deeply 
covered with calcite that they do not 
appear prominently. The passages, so 
far as visited, rarely showed places 
of dripping water, and nowhere run- 
ning streams or large ponds, though 
Mr. McLemore assured me that in 
some of the deeper passages such 
had been found. Many of the passage 
ways showed such an arrangement of 
the crystals as indicated that they 
had been filled with water, and in 
the more open places with flowing 
water. This was evident, whether 
we conceive the crystals to have been 
first formed and afterwards partially 
dissolved, or whether the motion of 
the water had prevented the complete 
formation of the crystals about the 


299 


om 


' Geology 


exposed points. The crystalline sur- 
faces were nearly smooth at points 
where the currents, passing through 
the passage ways, would naturally 
strike the walls, while in recesses 
they were sharp and complete. Crys- 
tals were of quite uniform size, gen- 
erally with a diameter of one-half to 
three-quarter inches. Another evi- 
dence of occupation by water, and 
which indicated also that the forms 
of the crystals was probably due to 
solution rather than imperfect crys- 
tallization, was the coating of the 
crystals, very generally, with a thin 
film of clay. This was especially the 
case in the lower of the 
channels and Beautiful 
specimens of spongy-shaped masses 
of crystals, formed in shallow bas- 
ins of standing water, have been found 


portions 
chambers. 


in this cave, sometimes of a straw 
color, but more frequently of snow 
white or pearly luster. This cave is 
the property of Keith and Allabaugh, 
of Deadwood, who prepared an arti- 
ficial cave, lined with crystals from 
this cave, at the World’s Fair, where 
they are said to have realized a hand- 
some fortune from the sale of speci- 
mens. 


The length of passages may safely 


be put down as several miles. From 
the nature of-the cave it has not yet 
been fully explored. The depth, to 
the lowest point visited, below the 
entrance, was about 150 feet. The 
larger chambers, in some cases, may 
be roughly estimated as having a 
length of 200 or 300 _ feet. The 
breadth, 50 or 60 feet, and the height 
30 to 40 feet. There are reports of 
several other caves in the vicinity, 
which have not yet been explored. 


300 


Geology 


Wind Cave 


The proprietor of this cave is Mr. 
J. D. McDonald, who has, with com- 
mendable enterprise and much labor, 
enlarged the passageways and furnish- 
ed comfortable accommodations in 
various ways, so that this cave -is 
readily accessible to the public. He 
showed me many courtesies during 
my examination of the cave, for 
which I here make cheerful acknowl- 
edgment. The Wind Cave obtained 
its name from its alternately throw- 
ing out and drawing in vast quanti- 
ties of air. This phenomenon is found 
to correspond with the varying press- 
ure of the barometer; and with its 
single opening and capacious cham- 
bers is easily accounted for. Its mouth 
is situated in the bottom of a ravine 
leading into Beaver creek, on Sec. 2, 
Twp. 658S., R.2 W. This cave is also 
dry and presents the usual features 
of narrow passages and _ irregular 
chambers like those of the Crystal 
Cave. Their arrangement, however, 
is very regular. The dip of the rock 
is toward the southeast, from 5 to 10 
degrees. It is traversed by long vert- 
ical fissures at quite regular intervals, 
running northwest-southeast. The 
erosion of subterranean waters has 
widened the fissures, and has exca- 
vated, small, low, irregular passage- 
ways from one to another nearly at 
right angles. The large chambers lie 
along the line of the fissures. Three 
or four stories have been traced in 
the arrangements of the chambers. 
There have been no careful measure- 
ments of the distances in this cavern, 
but it is estimated that the eastern- 
most point must be several miles 
from its mouth, which is upon the 
west side of the cavern. The num- 
ber of passages may safely be esti- 


Geology 


mated to amount to a score of miles. 
The lowest depth yet explored is 
about 225 feet below the mouth of 
the cave and the altitude of the 
mouth according to the _ topog- 
raphers of the United States Geolog- 
ical Survey, is 4040. There are but 
few places where trickling water is 
found, and these may be traced to 
deep ravines, traversing the vicinity 
east of the mouth. In fact these 
passages seem generally to be below 
the beds of the present streams. In 
places, under ravines, beautiful stala- 
cites are formed, sometimes of rib- 
bon-like outline and sometimes with 
stalagmites below, forming pillars, 
but nowhere upon so grand a scale 
as in some of the eastern caverns. 
Some of the chambers rise to a height 
of 60 or 80 feet and one is reported 
to cover nearly three acres. The 
cave is remarkable for the variety and 
delicate beauty of its encrusting crys- 
tals and other formations. 


One very abundant formation, lin- 
ing the cavities on all sides, is appro- 
propriately called ‘“box-work.” This 
seems to have been formed in the fol- 
lowing way: ‘The rock is an impure 
limestone which has been cracked in- 
to small polygonal masses more or 
less rectangular in_ cross-sections. 
These blocks vary in size from an 
inch or two to a foot or more. The 
cracks have at some time been filled 
with calcite, often in thin plates, 
though in other places thick and 
heavy. The rock showing this condi- 
tion is found exposed upon the sur- 
face in the vicinity. In the atmos- 
phere of the cavern the process of 
disintegration of the original lime- 
stone, by dissolving away the natural 
cement, in some way not yet under- 
stood, allows the grains of sand to 


301 


Geology 


run out of the polygonal spaces form- 
ed by the calcite seams, somewhat as 
in an hour-glass. Since the boxes 
were emptied, the calcite partitions 
have been coated with calcite and 
aragonite crystals of various sizes 
and colors. Colors vary from snow 
white to chocolate brown and honey 
yellow, and display not only a ‘‘drusy” 
appearance and beautiful tufted and 
clustered forms, some _ resembling 
grapes, and others like branching cor- 
als, but also forms most perfectly 
resembling hoar frost. The boxwork 
abounds as a lining for most of the 
passages and chambers, and is found 
to be limited to certain layers. All 
stages in the process described may 
be found illustrated. Although the 
boxes may possibly in some cases be 
now closed, that feature seems to 
have resulted from a later deposition 
of crystals, and it may be assumed 
that they were once open for an es- 
cape of the enclosed material. The 
bottom of the chambers are often 
covered with sand. These crystalline 
forms occur also elsewhere than in 
the boxwork. 


The origin of the beautiful frost- 
like crystals is one of the interesting 
problems of the cave. They occur in 
such localities as suggest their crys- 
tallization from mineral matter in the 
condition of vapor. They occur in 
fissures and upon points particularly 
exposed to the slow circling atmos- 
phere of the cave. They are also en- 
tirely without anything like stalactitic 
surface or marks of water. Many of 
them are as delicate as the frost gath- 
ering about the mouth of a well in 
winter. 

Another problematic form has been 
called mineral cotton which seems to 
be pushed out from the rock and is 


' Geology 


said to be in places 18 inches in 
length and have a uniform diameter 
as fine as a hair. One cluster of this 
formation has been significantly call- 
ed ‘“Noah’s Beard.” Crystals of gyp- 
sum occur in the clay, in some parts 
of the cave. 

Another remarkable feature of these 
large caves in the Black Hills is the 
entire absence of sink-holes, upon the 
surface above them. One looks in 
vain to see upon the surface signs 
of drainage down into the cavern be- 
low. The sink-holes, which doubtless 
formerly existed, have been filled by 
the deposition, on a grand scale, of 
drift material, in broad terraces, prob- 
ably by streams during the Pleisto- 
cene. In the upper chambers of the 
Wind Cave this filling of the sink- 
holes by bowlders and clay from the 
interior of the Hills is quite evident. 
Some of the chambers have a rough 
roof in the form of an inverted cone, 
with erratic pebbles and boulders ce- 
mented together with calcareous ma- 
terial. In other places boulders, gran- 
ite and quartzite like those now oc- 
curring upon the surface, are found 
at lower levels in passages leading 
from the upper chambers. It seems 
therefore evident that these caverns 
are very ancient and that they were 
mainly formed previous to the distri- 
‘bution of pebbles and boulders from 
the Hills over the surrounding region. 
The Wind Cave is about 12 miles 
north of Hot Springs. 


Onyx Cave 

The Onyx Cave is about six miles 
above Hot Springs, up one of the 
branches of Fall River. This cave 
» has recently been discovered and has 
derived its name from a deposit said 
to be quite abundant, resembling the 
Mexican Onyx. Quite handsome 


302 


Geology 


agates were shown me from a rock 
in the vicinity of the cave. 


It seems not improbable that caves 
of similar interest and magnitude may 
be found at other points in the Car- 
boniferous rocks belting the Hills. 


Further Notes Upon the Carboniferous 


From personal examination of the 
Carboniferous rocks more with refer- 
ence to their fossils than to make out 
a careful section, which has already 
been well done by Newton, the fol- 
lowing notes have been made: A fos- 
sil which very frequently occur in the 
Carboniferous is a species of Syrin- 
gopora, Fusilina cylindrica, which re- 
sembles wheat grains, occurs in abun- 
dance in the alternating series. In 
the boxwork of Wind Cave some very 
interesting fossils are beautifully pre- 
served. That is, they are suspended 
in the open meshes of the boxwork 
and coated with crystals similar to 
those upon the boxwork. Some of 
these are long and slender like reeds 
or slender algae. They uniformly lie 
horizontal or parallel with the origi- 
nal embedding strata. Some attain a 
length of nearly a foot with a diame- 
ter of less than a quarter of an inch. 
Some of the shells resembling Euom- 
phalus and Pleurotomaria, with a di- 
ameter of from 2 to 3 inches, were 
preserved in a similar way. Others 
preserved in this way were horn- 
shaped corals 5 or 6 inches in length, 
and shells resembling Chonetes about 
2 inches in width. 


The silicious limestone not only 
abounds, as Newton remarks, in lay- 
ers of chert of irregular form but 
also large silicious concretions of a 
very symmetrical oblate spherical 
form often obtaining a diameter of from 
1144 to three feet. These are very 


Geology 


abundant in the drift about Wind 
Cave and Hot Springs, and seem to 
be a general feature of this lime- 
stone, on all sides of the Hills. They 
were observed at regular intervals in 
horizontal rows, in the limestone west 
of Tilford. Specimens of Lithostro- 
tion were also observed. The Car- 
boniferous rocks, west and northwest 
of Tilford, contain large masses of 
green porphyry or trachyte which 
have been infused into it in huge 
lenticular masses and in dikes. 


The Extent of the Carboniferous 


As has already been stated, the 
Carboniferous formations are confin- 
ed to the interior of the Black Hills, 
but a more detailed description may 
be helpful. } 


The geographical areas in which 
the Carboniferous rocks are exposed 
lie in an irregular ring-like forma- 
tion around the Archean center of 
the Hills, and their exterior boundary 
is overlaid by the Red Beds of the 
Trias. Most of the Paleozoic area, 
marked up on the map, is Carboni- 
ferous and additional areas, not repre- 
sented, are found along the eastern 
side of the ring. Between Rapid 
Creek and Spring Creek along the di- 
vide, Carboniferous rocks extend five 
or six miles west of their eastern lim- 
it. The Carboniferous rocks have 
had an important influence upon the 
topography, to which reference has 
already been made in a general way. 
The Carboniferous limestones are per- 
haps the most durable rock in the Hills. 
They still overlie the western portion 
of the Black Hills uplift. From the 
north, west and south, this plateau 
rises gradually as one approaches the 
interior of the Hills, while on the 
east it has an abrupt escarpment 


303 


Geology 


overlooking the Archean erea. It has 
a width east and west of from 15 to 
20 miles and a length north and south 
of 60 miles. Its surface is generally 
smooth or gently undulating, and is 
sharply cut by streams, with deep 
and steep-sided canyons. Newton re- 
marks that, considered in its total 
mass, it is the greatest elevation of 
the Hills, and bears upon its broad 
back a crag, which is second to but 
one other in height. Crook Tower 
has an elevation above the sea of 
7,140 feet and is only 80 feet lower 
than Harney Peak. It rises 200 feet 
above the level of the adjacent parts 
of the plateau. The height of this 
table land above the sea is about 
7,000 feet. The Carboniferous strata, 
on the eastern margin of the Hills, 
are comparatively small in extent and 
dip everywhere rapidly toward the 
east. They constitute a monoclinal 
curve around the edge of the Archean. 
In the northern third of the Hills, 
the Carboniferous rocks are locally 
disturbed by eruptions of later ig- 
neous’ rocks. Like the Potsdam 
sandstone in the vicinity of the out- 
flows, they are sometimes nearly vert- 
ical. 


The Separation of the Carboniferous 
and Red Beds 


The upper limit of the Carbonifer- 
ous is not as easily determined as the 
lower. Newton places it above the 
variegated sandstone because he 
found a few fossils, supposed to be 
Carboniferous, in some of the strata, 
just below the horizon. In this he 
differs from Dr. Hayden and Prof. 
N. H. Winchell. Dr. Hayden labored 
under the disadvantage of a_ hasty 
reconnaisance under circumstances of 
danger from the Indians. He failed 
to comprehend the thickness of the 


Geology 


Carboniferous. He divided the Car- 
boniferous in two portions, as_ fol- 


lows: 


G. Hard, more or less gritty, 
yellowish and whitish lime- 
stone, containing Productus, 
Spirifera, Euomphalus, etc., 
passing down into a light 
yellowish calcareous grit, al- 
TOPELNE! wae ohece wae Dieu eeeT Ee 50 feet 


H. Very hard gray reddish 
limestone, containing Sy- 
ring-opora, Productus, Tere- 
bratulajyeétcayersee ina 50 feet 


Newton recognized in his G, No. 3 
and in H, No. 2. The upper mem- 
bers, therefore, of the Carboniferous 
were included by Hayden in his Red 
Bed series. (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 
1862, teste, Geol. Black Hills, p. 113.) 
Prof. Winchell, on the contrary, ex- 
tends the Carboniferous upward, with 
much doubt, however, so as to in- 
clude not only the formations recog- 
nized by Newton, but also 100 feet 
of red clay and 30 or 40 feet of purple 
limestone which seems properly to 
belong to the Red Bed series. The 
obscurity of this separation will ap- 
pear by comparison of a few repre- 
sentative sections given by Newton. 
At the head of Minnekahta creek or 
Fall river, the following section was 


recorded: (Geol. Black Hills, p. 121.) 
Red Beds— 
om Purple limestoneme sn. t. cies 4 feet 
8. Red clay in places soft red 
SANOSTONG Bey wee eai eee ees 140 feet 
Carboniferous— 
7. (No. 5) A colored sandstone, 
red, yellow, pink, etc., with 
calcareous layers and lime- 
STON Ctl ito crete ile soe acta aan 285 feet 
6. <A layer of black sandy car- 
bonaceous Shale i - . csae thin 
Dye DANG SCLOMEG crus cis bie coeie chemi aie 3 feet 
4. #ATAlayer. 1NceviGiie. Misch 1 foot 
3. Sandstone, red and yellow. 25 feet 
2. Silicious and _  argillaceous 
limestone with nodules of 
Pints Wigs cate ee 20 feet 
1. Limestone, silicious, weath- 


ering irregularly cavernous, 
outcropping just at the level 
of the creek, probably No. 3 
of the Carboniferous sec- 
CLON: Aion sk che, ae eiere ere vets Netele thats ce ote Sac 


Geology 


Near the head of Amphibious or 


Beaver Creek the following: (Geol. 
Black Hills, p. 122.) 
Red Beds— 

7% Purple limestone 7% nese. 25 feet 


GJ RedsiGlay, 
red sandstone 


Carboniferous— 


5. Variegated sandstone, blen- 
, ded with red, yellow and 
white 
4. Alternating limestones, cal- 
careous sandstones, yellow, . 
reddish, white and _ pink, 
near base a stratum of deep 
red, calcareous sandstone, 
LO“feets (2k: Ge See eee 200 feet 
Limestone,  silicious, con- 
taining much flint, has a 
brachiated appearance ....250 feet 
Limestone, white or gary..180 feet 
Limestone, pink, impure and 
silicious, containing frag- 
ments of crinoids exposed.. 20 feet 


The following section on Box Elder 
is somewhat abridged from Newton’s 


somewhat soft 
iA, 3%) Sf ae eee 100 feet 


(se) 


ns 


description: (Geol. Black Hills, p. 
126.) 
Red Beds— 

14. ) Purple limestone, 2... 1.6 eee 25 feet 


13. Red clay 
Carboniferous— 
12. Variegated sandstone, white 


EPR Tn rr AA oo: 100 feet 


and yellowish below....... 90 feet 

11. -GSlopese... Hak. ote eee or eee 10 feet 
10. Sandstone, red with calcare- 

OUS TBYeErS.”. 6 tien oe eee 60 feet 

9. ‘Slopeal. avkes. fe. See 14 feet 

$. — Limestone, spinks. aie 1 foot 

TA SIGPE] eRe he. SERA eee 10 feet 
6. Purple limestone, alternat- 
ing with pink and white, 

soft, thin bedded sandstone 15 feet 

5. » SLOPE. We aos ahe cb eee eee 5 feet 
4. Limestone, gray and pink, 
stained with red, alternating 
with layers of pink and red- 

dish> sandstone !). 7S eee 105 feet 

3.) 2SlOpe Ts Se cao eee 6 feet 
2. Limestone, gray, compacted, 

fosilerous<¢ 6 fl.. Stebteaeenene 8 feet 
ne UM kak nts limestone, with 
occasional layers of pink 
yellow , thin gray sandstone, 

which weathers red ...... 146 feet 

Near Black Butte, in the north- 


western portion of the Hills, resting 
on the volcanic rock of the peak, frag- 
ments of the metamorphosed Potsdam 
are seen, and upon them in regular 
order the strata, given in the follow- 
ing section: (Geol. Black Hills, p. 
128). 


304 


Geology 


Red Beds— 
ee AED. LIIMECSTON Gy curie cucu 'e sve se 25 feet 
4. Crumbling soft red sand- 
Some ates SER Bye et. Sh 100 feet 
Carboniferous— 
White, yellow, orange, and 
dark red, massive, soft sand- 
stone, irregular. in color 
weathering in fantastic 
SUE Ware bs Spt Gas cB ea eee 250 feet 
2 RE CRS nM te Pe oe 200 feet 
1. Silicious limestone to the 
Ded) Of; the, creelke psc cs 0 « »..— feet 


Other sections given with greater 
detail are found in Newton’s Report. 
They differ but slightly in general 
character from those already present- 
ed. They all show how, instead of a 
well marked horizon, there is a gen- 
eral transition from the Carbonifer- 
ous sandstone into a sandstone or 
clay of the Red Beds. Even those 
which are recognized as Carbonifer- 
ous begin to show the deep red color 
of the Red Beds in an irregular man- 
ner. 

The Mesozoic Formations 

These comprise the most of the sur- 
face of our State and are commonly 
arranged under the following sys- 
tems: Triassic, named from the 
three-fold division of the formation in 
Europe; Jurassic, named from its 
prominence in the Jura mountains in 
Switzerland; and the Cretaceous, 
(creta, chalk) named from the prom- 
inence of chalk in the European beds, 
as for example in southern England 
and northern France. All the forma- 
tions are usually but imperfectly con- 
solidated. They are mostly sand- 
stones, clays and marls. 


The Triassic or Red Beds 

These like the Palezoic formation 
are confined to the interior of the 
Black Hills, where they occupy a 
ring-like area surrounding the Hills. 
They are particularly conspicuous in 
the topography because of the easy 
erosion of the clays. As a _ result 


Geology 


we have the Red Valley and a ridge 
within formed by the harder purple 
limestone. 


3. Deep red clay, some- 

times becoming soft, 

shaly, argillaceous sand- 

stone containing large 

quantities of gypsum. .200-250 feet 
2. Pinkish, purple and ar- 

gillaceous limestone ... 15- 40 feet 
1. Deep, red clay, some- 

times becoming soft ar- 


gillaceous sandstone 
containing but little 
Sy DSU Veter a. totes 75-100 feet 


The Red Beds consist of the fol- 
lowing members in descending order: 


These three formations may con- 
veniently be called: Lower Red Beds, 
Purple Limestones and the Upper Red 
Beds. They may be conformable to 
one another and to the underlying 
Carboniferous rocks, and yet, be- 
cause of their structure and irregu- 
larities, this conclusion can hardly be 
demonstrated. 


The Lower Red Beds 


This formation consists mostly of 
red clay, which is more arenaceous 
toward the north end of the Hills and 
about Bear Butte. It is entirely 
without fossils and rarely shows 
traces of stratification. It varies 
much in thickness. The Purple lime- 
stone sometimes comes almost in con- 
tact with the Carboniferous’ sand- 
stone, but in no case is it more than 
100 feet above it. Traces of gypsum 
are sometimes observed in this for- 
mation. This is more frequent in the 
southern part of the Hills. Where 
the Carboniferous Limestone is prom- 
inent or where the outflows of por- 
phyry occur the Lower Red Beds 
seem less likely to be brought out 
by erosion. Prof. Winchell, in his 
trip through the northern portion of 
the Hills, for this reason greatly un- 
derrates the thickness of these lower 


305 


Geology 


beds. The color of the clay is bright 
red, the cause of which we will speak 
of more at length further on. 


The Purple Limestone 


This formation is a very conspic- 
uous and constant feature of the Tri- 
assic. It very generally forms the 
inner slope of the Red Valley, though 
sometimes it is separated from the 
hills within by another valley caused 
by the Lower Red Beds. As one en- 
ters the Red Valley from the outside, 
the inner side appears to rise in 
gentle, dome-like undulations, remind- 
ing one of the contours of the hills 
of Loess, in Nebraska and Iowa. 


The surface is largely without trees 
and covered with grass. As he ap- 
proaches he is surprised that the 
whole surface is an almost continu- 
ous rock pavement, the strata dipping 
in all directions parallel with the 
present surface. Another feature im- 
presses him also, namely: the infre- 
quency of ravines or cliffs. These 
rarely occur except where streams of 
considerable size have cut their way 
through the limestone into the Red 
Valley. This they do by regular V- 
shaped gaps, whose points are scarce- 
ly wider than the present streams. 
These characters are very striking 
and are rarely seen in other forma- 
tions. The impression at the first 
view is of a formation of immense 
thickness, and so it seems to have 
been estimated by Prof. Winchell, 
who makes it nearly 100 feet. (Black 
Hills of Dak., Ludlow.) Wherever it 
is broken, it displays a very uni- 
form thickness, from 25 to 40 feet. 
The limestone consists of-thin strata 
of a grayish, pink or purple, some- 
what mottled and often deeply stain- 
ed .by red, perhaps from the overly- 


306 


Geology 


ing clay. According to Dr. Ricketts, 
of Newton’s survey, it consists es- 
sentially of carbonate of lime with 
traces of silicate of alumina and iron, 
and has an odor, when ground, like 
Canada petroleum. This odor is dis- 
cernible when the rock is crushed 
and on fresh fracture. Prof. Carpen- 
ter gives several careful analyses 
made by Profs. Jansen and Headden, 
of the Dakota School of Mines, which 
shows that it is unusually pure car- 
bonate of lime. (Geol. and Min. Res. 
Black Hills, p. 43). In the pure varie- 
ties nearly 99 per cent. was calcium 
carbonate. The most impure was 91 
per cent. Not only is the rock thin 
bedded, but is divided upon the surface 
into polygonal blocks, which are 
slightly concave or saucer’ shaped, 
above. This feature, Prof. Crosby 
suggests, indicates its deposition in 
marshy lake beds, which were fre- 
quently dried up. He attributes this 
concave feature to an action similar 


to that forming mud-cracks. (Proc. 
Port. Soc. Nat, -His., Vole XXxTiiee 
509). Dr. Carpenter shows, however, 


that this feature is confined to the 
present surface and is due rather to 
the warping influence of weathering 
at the present time. (Geol. and Min. 
Res., Black Hills, p. 44.) Prof. New- 
ton speaks of the crumpled character 
of the beds as follows: 


“Underlaid by 75 to 100 feet and 
overlaid by 200 feet of soft red clay, 
the limestone rests between two cush- 
ions, so that in the uplifting of the 
rocks at the time of the elevation of 
the mountains, it was not shattered 
and dislocated so extensively as if it 
had been inciosed between more rigid 
strata. It is found bending and warp- 
ing suddenly, especially about some 
of the volcanic peaks, and conform- 
ing to all the little irregularities of 
the outer slope of the hills, without 


Geology 


exhibiting any great fractures or dis- 
locations. Though it is usually more 
fragmentary in its structure, filled 
with cracks and joints perpendicular 
to its bedding, they seem rather due 
to its composition and mode of ‘weath- 
ering than to the bend of the strata.” 


This rock appears quite soluble in 
water, for many of the springs that 
flow from its base precipitates large 
quantities of calcareous tufa. Cop- 
ious springs are found issuing from 
this limestone in the Red Valley, north 
of Rapid City, especially in. the vicin- 
ity of Piedmont and Tilford. 

This peculiar dome-shaped folding 
of the limestone has not yet been 
satisfactorily explained, and facts are 
not yet collected sufficient to justify 
a confident conclusion. But one sig- 
nificant fact may suggest a possible 
explanation. The deposition of gyp- 
sum and the occurence of the deep 
red color correspond with the condi- 
tions favorable to the rapid evapo- 
ration of water and the deposition of 
salt. It is reported that salt springs 
are found upon the western slope of 
the Black Hills, but thus far no trace 
of salt has been found upon the east- 
ern side. May it not be possible that 
the lower Red Beds, and possibly the 
upper, at one time contained masses 
of rock salt, not of uniform thickness, 
but deposited in irregular beds some- 
what as the gypsum is now. Then 
suppose that in the process of eleva- 
tion and subterranean drainage of the 
Hills these masses have dissolved out, 
causing an irregular thinning of the 
Red Beds. This would -have left the 
Purple Limestone with an attitude 
similar to that which it now has. The 
color of the Purple Limestone seems 
due to the small proportion of iron 
oxide which in the analysis of Prof. 
Jansen, already referred to, amounted 


307 


Geology 


to 37-100 of 1 per cent. This Purple 
Limestone receives a fine polish and 
has been called marble. Its use for 
this purpose may at some time b2 
important. No trace of fossils are 
found in this limestone. The report 
to that effect by Dr. Hayden seems 
sufficiently disproved by both the ob- 
servations of Newton and Carpenter, | 
who broke to pieces tons of rocks in 
search of fossils. Dr. Carpenter in- 
forms me that he found not the slight- 
est trace, except a wing of an insect. 


The Upper Red Beds 

These resemble closely the Lower 
in composition and appearance, but 
are two or three times as thick. They 
are also arenacous in places where 
the Lower show that character. They 
abound in deposits of gypsum, which 
lies in knobs and cliffs in the valley 
partially buried in red clay. Gypsum 
occurs both in thin layers and of 
snowy whiteness and in _ irregular 
masses blotched with gray. The lay- 
ers are lenticular in form and lie at 
different angles of inclination. They 
vary from one-half inch to 10 or even 
25 feet in thickness. t is possible 
that excavation may reveal greater 
masses. At Hot Springs, at the -Ce- 
ment Works, 2 or 3 strata represent 
a combined’ thickness of 35 feet. 
Crystals are nowhere found abundant- 
ly, but seams of fibrous gypsum or 
satin spar, with a thickness of from 
one-half to 2 inches occur. The solu- 
tion of gypsum renders the water 
cathartic in its effect, although its 
coolness and clearness renders it 
ctherwise attractive. Copious springs 
sometimes issue from banks of gyp- 
sum. The Upper Red Beds vary 
much in thickness, like the Lower. 
The Purple Limestone rises in domes 
and gentle anticlinal folds above the 


Geology 


surrounding clay in the bottom of the 
Red Valley. This is illustrated in 
sections given in Newton’s’ Report. 
In the Red Valley north of Rapid 
Creek a dome perhaps one-half mile 
in diameter rises conspicuously from 
the bottom of the valley to a height 
of 50 feet. Near Buffalo Gap the 
- Purple Limestone dips under the west 
side of the valley at an angle of 20 
or 25 degrees, and rises in a promi- 
nent anticlinal ridge near the east- 
ern side, at the foot of the ridge form- 
ed of the Jurassic and Cretaceous 
rocks. In the pass through which 
the Fall River traverses the outer 
ridge of the Hills, a narrow anticlinal 
of the Purple Limestone shows itself 
a few feet above the waters of the 
stream in close contact with the low- 
er sandstone layers of the Cretaceous. 
These facts seem to favor Prof. Win- 
chell’s conclusion that there was a 
disturbance, following the deposition 
of the Purple Limestone. (Black 
Hills of Dakota, p. 62.) 

In the northern and northwestern 
part of the Hills, particularly west of 
the line in Wyoming, the gypsum at- 
tains great prominence. It seems to 
be deposited more abundantly at cer- 
tain horizons, though the relation of 
these to one another cannot be defi- 
nitely stated. Newton says that the 
first is about 75 or 100 feet above 
the purple limestone and the second 
40 or 50 feet higher. The third is at 
the very summit of the red clay, and the 
fourth, less persistent, is a few feet 
lower. In that region also sink-holes 
abound, produced by the dissolving 
away of the gypsum below. Cases of 
this sort are found in other localities 
more rarely. These holes are com- 
monly only from 2 to 5 feet in diam- 
eter, and sometimes attains a breadth 


308 


Geology 


of 50 feet; and are said to have a 
character of sink-holes in limestone 
countries. 


The Cause of the Red Color 


Newton remarks concerning this: 
“A large percentage of peroxide of 
iron in the red beds, to which they 
owe their bright red color bears an 
interesting relation to the absence of 
fossils. The material of which sedi- 
ments are formed is derived, by the 
various processes of denudation, from 
the rocks of older land surfaces. 
Whatever. iron they contain is dis- 
solved from the land and transported 
in a condition of protoxide and some 
proto salt, such as the carbonate, and 
the process is facilitated by the pres- 
ence of carbonic acid in the water. 
Now iron occurs in these older rocks 
as protoxide and peroxide, the former 
of which is soluable and the latter in- 
soluable in water. The peroxide, 
however, by the action of organic 
matter, such as is held in solution 
in boggy waters may be deprived of 
a portion of its oxygen and converted 
into protoxide and thus be rendered 
soluable. If the iron-bearing water is 
confined first in a shallow basin and 
exposed long to the action of the 
atmosphere the protoxide of iron ab- 
sorbes the oxygen and is precipitated 
as an insoluable red peroxide of iron. 
If, however, plant or animal life be 
present in sufficient quantities this 
oxidation is prevented. In case but 
little foreign material, clay or sand 
has been brought by the waters, the 
deposit will be an iron ore. In case 
of large quantities of foreign material 
are deposited from the waters at the 
same time, there will be produced, in 
the absence of life a brown or red 
clay or sandstone and in its presence, 
a white or light colored formation 
containing the iron as a carbonate. 
We reason therefore, from the condi- 
tion in which the iron is found in the 
red beds, that there could have been 
little or no life, animal vegetable, in 
the water from which it was deposit- 
ed. The conclusion is strengthened 
by the fact of the large quantities of 
gypsum which is usually derived from 


Geology 


the evaporatior of saline waters. The 
degree of saline concentration which 
the precipitation of gypsum indicates, 
would be highly inimical to life. The 
presence of gypsum helps to account 
for the absence of life and the ab- 
sence of life accounts for the brilliant 
color. The three prominent character- 
istics of the formation (that is the 
red beds) are therefore quite in har- 
mony with each other.” (Geol. BIk. 
Hills, p. 138.) 

Accepting this explanation of the 


striking red color the question — re- 
mains, as to how these circumstances, 
favorable for its formation, were pro- 
duced. 


This red color is quite common in. 


the whole Rocky Mountain region, 
not only on the eastern slope of the 
mountains, but to the various detach- 
ed members of the system. We must, 
therefore, look for some extensive 
condition. If we seek some case in 
the present, parallel to the one al- 
ready indicated, we perhaps can find 
none better than one on the eastern 
shore of the Caspian sea, where, be- 
cause of dry climate and the shallow 
waters, the of deposition of gypsum 
and salt is now going on. In the gulf 
known as the Kara Boghaz, which is 
separated from the Caspian by a nar- 
row strait, the evaporation is so rapid 
as to produce an almost constant flow 
from the sea into it. This strait and 
this gulf give the impression to an 
unlearned .observer that there must 
be a mysterious subterranean outlet. 
The water flows in, carrying with it 
the salt and other soluble minerals. 
It then evaporates, leaving the salt 
and minerals behind. We have al- 
ready noted that the Triassic forma- 
tions do not appear along the Eastern 
side of the Mississippi Valley, nor 
anywhere further east than the Black 
Hills, with a possible exception of an 
area in north Central Iowa, about 


309 


Geology 


Fort Dodge. In the eastern part ‘of 
the United States, on the Atlantic 
slope, beds referred to this age are 
found in Connecticut, New Jersey and 
further South. There they seem to 
have been attended with volcanic out- 
flows, and there are signs of a high 
elevation of the whole eastern half 
of the continent. This may have been 
sufficient to reduce the extent of the 
sea east of the Rocky Mountains to 
a long, narrow gulf of salt water, con- 
necting with the open sea. This may 
have been subject to a dry climate, 
resembling that of central Asia, and 
in this way we account for the pecul- 
iar characteristic of this formation. 
Prof. Carpenter suggests (Gold & 
Min. Res., Black Hills, p. 51) that 
perhaps the effect of the “Appalachian 
revolution,” which raised the Appa- 
lachian Mountains, was to close the 
southern opening of the Mediterran- 
ean, then existing between the east- 
ern and western parts of the conti- 
nent, causing it to become gradually 
so salt from evaporation, that save, 
perhaps, in estuaries surrounding this 
border, all life perished. He _ says 
the presence of limestone, in the clay, 
would seem to militate against this 
view, but the structure of this lime- 
stone has none of the characteristics 
of an organic limestone. It may be 
a chemical precipitate. — 

The evidence that these strata are 
Triassic consists of their stratigraph- 
ical position, and the fact that some 
beds, resembling them further west, 
have been shown to have fossils be- 
longing to that age. Because of the 
doubt still lingering, the term Red 
Beds is more frequently used than 
the term Triassic, which would indi- 
cate a definite conclusion concerning 
their age. 


Geology 


The Jurassic Formation 


The Jurassic System, which is so 
largely developed in Europe, is not- 
ed not only for its remains of huge 
swimming and flying reptiles, but al- 
so for its large deposits of iron ore. 
For a long time it was thought to be 
absent from American geology. In 
the Eastern States red and brown 
sandstones were found, which were 
thought to correspond to this age, 
but were finally determined to be 
Triassic. The first discovery of the 
existence of the Jurassic in the west 
was made by Prof. Meek, from fos- 
sils collected in the Black Hills by 
Prof. Hayden in 1857. The discovery 
was announced in the proceedings of 
the Academy of Natural Sciences of 
Philadelphia in March, 1858. Since 
that announcement the formation has 
been found to be generally present in 
the Rocky Mountain system from the 
extreme north to New Mexico, and 
from their eastern slope westward 
to the Wasatch Mountain. Perhaps 
no locality is better furnished with 
fossils than the Black Hills. The 
Jurassic rocks of the Black Hills oc- 
cur in a narrow strip bounding the 
outside of the Red Valley, and like it 
form a complete ring around the hills. 
Their exposure is not wide, because of 
their easy erosion and their being 
surmounted by a hard capping of 
Cretaceous rocks which covers them. 
The formation is distinguished from 
the Triassic, or Red Birds, most easily 
by a difference in color. The Red 
Beds’ gradually become more. are- 
naceous while their color changes 
abruptly from a deep red to a white, 
yellow or gray. The thickness of the 
formation about the Hills is from 200 
to 300 feet. They are little more than 
200 in the southern portion of the 


Geology 


Hills, and thicken to 400 at the north 
end, and 600 northwest along the Belle 
Fourche, in northeastern Wyoming. 


The Character of the Beds 
We will first give a few character- 
istic sections from different parts 
of the Hills, as reported by Prof. 
Newton and others. 
Near Camp Jenney on the north- 
ern side of the pass through which 


Beaver Creek flows the following 
section is noted: (Geol. Black Hills, 
pet) 


Cretaceous, No. 1.— 
6. Sandstone yellow and white, 
somewhat lamellar and con- 
taining ripple-marked sur- 


faces: \..ganda lee sees oe 50 feet 
5. Sandstones, yellowish with 
red stains, heavily bedded, 
pw. 2) es ope tee ‘sR oka /ahapaed eee nO 


4. Sandstone, very white, fine 
grains and massive, easily 
decomposed into fine white 
sand, forming a well mark- 
ed cliff, with caverns and 
NOLES. acs. cheep ieee cet eee 100 feet 


Jurassic— 

3. Covered by talus and not 
well exposed; at intervals, 
outcrops the gray or green- 
ish clays or marls, with oc- 
casional beds of limestone 
with fossils, also some sand- 
STONE) oo ils Siete hae ee eee eae 
Marls or clays, gray and 
purple, with nodules of im- 
pure limestone; base cover- 
Cd Sia or oar Ng fe 6s orn eee 110 feet 
1. Similar to the last, contain- 

ing fossils to base of cliff.. 20 feet 


This reaches nearly to the base of 
the Jurassic. 

At Buffalo Gap is the following Sec- 
tion: (Geol. Black Hills p. 158). 


Cretaceous, (395 feet exposed—) 


16. Sandstone, capping hill; 
massive, white, stained, yel- 


bo 


lowish» ;and::reddish Wasa: 300 feet 
15. Unexposed | 4.-:..7.5 u4s ae 25 feet 
14. Sandstone soft ard massive, 
pinkish..i1rpcolos <d.a-faeyeeeeee 70 feet 
Jurassic—(234) 
13. Mostly concealed, but white 
or reddish. soft argillaceous 
Sandstone: below 3. 4:08 ee 105 feet 


12. Sandstone, light red, almost 


sand!) 253) Aaa. Bee 55 feet 
11. Sandstone, greenish and cal- 
cereous, thinly bedded . 20 feet 


Geology 


iJ. Sandstone, white or green- 
ish, in thin layers, with many 


mipplesmanksps Sale. 2 hse 8 feet 
S. Shale, red and gray and 

Siete SAnOStOmewes we. ont cns 8 feet 
S. usnales red) and rray....... 5 feet 
7. Sandstone, red ane pink, 

soft below, hard above, with 

ELD ple=Inariky) VOSS oks) SS 20 feet 


2. Pinkish, purple and ar- — 
gillaceous limestone .... 15- 40 feet 

6. Sandstone, yellowish, green- 
reddish and thin bracciated 


BUTE LUT ap Sega Bare receding 10 feet 

peeesamastone, white ..:.-.... 3 feet 
Red Beds—-(255 feet exposed) 

Areeinyveraeep red 2 o 2 F3 vk: 50 feet 

PMMMIODSUUIITY oe ase eA, . Wes, < acduk 10 feet 

2. Clay red, with gypsum..... 175 feet 

1. Limestone, pink or purple... 10 feet 


At the north end of the Hills, on 
Red Water creek, near the west boun- 
dary of the State, Mr. W. F. Patrick 
observed the following section: ( Geol. 
Black Hills, p. 162). 


Jurassic—(410 feet exposed) 


£0. Clay; gray; -white and 
purple capping the bluff.. 35 feet 
9. Sandstone, lamelear and yel- 
low, upper layers hard and 
POW ee ale Cie ss toa BYacceme ieee 


8. Sands, argillaceous, yellow 
and greenish with layers of 
calcereous sandstone filled 
with fossils, Ammonites, 
melemnites,. ete. wis.tnc.s os 35 feet 


7. Sandstone, white, massive, 
SOL Carte See eo ee oe et 20 feet 
5. sands or sandy marls, 
White and calcareous with 
IBGlemMnT EESie See es A, 
5. Sandstone, pinkish, passing 
Tiare 16 rere Be epee eee ee 60 feet 


4. Sandstone, yellow, massive. 90 feet 


30 feet 


80 feet 


3. Sandstone, lamelear and 
Qui aU aie ce eee 10 feet 
2. Clay, white and gray with 
Banyo laAVvers Gu... cee ee eee 50 feet 
Red Beds— 
1. Red sandy clay with gyp- 
SST eesti sche tye RR na gs eh a 


The following is a section taken 
more recently by: Mr. L. F. Ward a 
few miles southeast of Minnekahta in 
the southern Hills. It includes a large 
portion of the Cretaceous, as well as 
the whole of the Jurassic. He gives 
it in the Journal of Geology, Vol. 2, 
page 255. 


311 


Geology 


Cretaceous No. 1. (275 feet) 
13. Massive, pinkish sandstone, 
approaching quartzite locally 75 feet 
12. Greenish, white sandstone, 
with silicified wood and Cy- 


NG le Pe ees Ce a eee 30 feet 

11. Pinkish and yellowish, soft 
SandstOne@ins weber ob. .tro mt 75 feet 

10. Clays, with indications of 
= GOdlaercntercesus Ta oan: © awe 20 feet 


oy SoOlt; "pink sand @eray sand= 
stone, with ferns and other 
DLAC aewatecn. tea eters ore teaek, Mieeiar 25 feet 
8. Reddish, pinkish and yel- 
lowish brown massive cross- 
beddeds- sandstone a ane 50 feet 
Jurassic. (220 feet.) 
7. Olive gray clay, sandstone 
SHALES eee ee re te ee 50 feet 
6. Light red, soft sandstone... 60 feet 
5. Olive gray clays and gray 


sandstone "shalesv® - Vo. oh. 40 feet 
Olive drabeclay GBbiaets.: 20 feet 
Yellow sandstone shales... 20 feet 
OMVEs COLA Or Clavel traced erate 30 feet 


4, 
ay 
2 
Red Beds. (Trias) 
1. Red marls, conformably ex- 
posed at bottom of canyon. 20 feet 


From these sections it will appear 
that the Jurassic generally consists 
of gray and ash colored marls, more . 


or less sandy limestone and _ soft 
sandstone, with occasional beds of 
green and red. The most marked 


single bed is the sandstone bed 50 
feet thick, usually of yellow color, 
but sometimes quite red. On the 
Belle Fourche, this bed is 100 feet 
above the deep red clays, and forms 
the floor of a rude platform or slope 
on the borders of the river. A sim- 
ilar stratum is found on the Red 
Water separated only 50 or 60 feet 
from the red clays below. The clays 
and marls do not appear to be more 
confined to one place than another; 
though they perhaps are not so strong- 
ly developed in the extreme upper 
portion, as in the lower two-thirds 
of the formation. They often contain 
seams of limestone more or less im- 
pure; and these. are possibly more 
common in the lower portion of the 
formation. The limestones are fre- 
quently fossiliferous, but seem never 


Geology 


to be more than a few inches in thick- 
ness, and do not constitute, so far 
as has been determined, continuous 
strata. Everywhere a large portion 
is composed of sandstones, which are 
usually light in color, 
snow white. ‘1lhey are usually very 
soft or shaly passing into sandy 
shales. Soft incoherent sands are 
also met with. 


The Fossils of the Jurassic 
In Wyoming, along the Red Water 
Valley, from Warren Peak eastward 
toward Spearfish, there are found two 
horizons yielding fossils in abun- 
dance; one at. 135 and the other at 
350 feet above the Red Beds. 


A list of the fossils found by 
Newton, in the Black Hills, is ap- 
pended: (Geol. Black Hills, p. 168.) 


Ammonites cordiformis, and A. Hen- 
ryi. 

Astarte fragilis, and A. inornata. 

Asterias dubium. 

Avioula mucronata. 

Belemnites densus. 

Camptonectes bellistriatus, 
extenuatus. 

Dosinia jurassica. 

Gervillia recta. 

Grammatodon inornatus. 

Lingula brevirostris. 

Lioplacodus veturnus. 

Myacites Nebrascensis. 

Mytilus Whitei. 

Neaera longirostris. 

Ostea Engelmanni, 
ecula. 

Pecten Newberryi. 

Pentacrinus asteriscus. 

Pholadomya humilis. 

Planorbis veturnus. 

Pleuromya Newtoni. 

Protocardium Shumardi. 

Psammobia prematura. 

Psendomonotis curta, and P. orbi- 
culata. 

Rhynconella Myrina. 

Saxicava Jurassica. 

Tancredia aequilateralis, T. bulbosa, 
corbuliformis, inomata, Postica 
and Warreniana. 


ands. 


and O. strigil- 


sometimes. 


Geology 


Thracia arcueta, and T. sublevis. 

Trapezium Bellefourehensis and T. 

subequalis. 

Trigonia Conradi. 

Unio nucalis. 

Valvata scarbrida. 

Viviparus Gilli. 

Volsella pertennis. 

For the benefit of those who are 
unfamiliar with pleontology we will 
say that with a few exceptions they 
are bivalved shells similar to those 
now found in the ocean, in many cases 
belonging to the same genera. A 
few exceptions are the species of 
Crinoid Pentacrinus, which may be 
described as a delicate flower-like 
starfish with a long jointed stem 
such as is. still found at _ the 
bottom of the sea, and another is a 
species of starfish. The Ammonites 
resembled the Pearly Nautilus of the 
present time, except that they were 
larger and of a much more compli- 
cated structure. Belemnites were 
animals probably resembling the mod- 
ern squid, having an internal skeleton 
or shell, which terminated, at the 
posterior end in a cylinder tapering 
to a point, sometimes several inches 
in length, resembling in form the 
prong of a deer horn, or a cigar. A 
few resembled the snails found in 
fresh water ponds. Then there were 
several species of oysters, salt water 
mussels and salt water clams and other 
forms not commonly familiar. 

Reference was made, at the outset, 
to the existence of strange gigantic 
reptiles in the Jurassic of Europe. 
Few specimen of these have been 
found in this country. But one spe- 
cies is especially worthy of note. 
Not only because it is found to be 
the largest land reptile ever in ex- 
istence, but because specimens of it 
have been found in the Black Hills. 


312 


Geology 


It is called the Atlantus aurus. It is 
estimated, that it was nearly 80 feet 
in length, of the shape of a large liz- 
ard, and its thigh bones have been 
found to measure six feet in length. 
It is interesting to note, that distinct 
fragments of the skeleton of this ani- 
mal have been found in a butte near 
Piedmont. This was discovered and 
reported by Mrs. Ellerman of that 
place, in 1886. The locality was vis- 
ited and the choicest specimens were 
taken and studied by Prof. O. GC. 
Marsh, who is an eminent specialist 
upon vertebrate paleontology. Con- 
sidering the little study which has 
been spent upon the Jurassic beds, 
it seems not improbable that most 
interesting and possibly new forms 
of the strange reptiles of that age 
may yet be found in the Black Hills. 


The Separation of the Jurassic from 
the Cretaceous 


Newton judges the Jurassic to pass 
conformably into the Cretaceous; that 
there was no marked change in atti- 
tude of the sea bottom at the end of 
the Juassic. Both Profs. Carpenter 
and Crosby, however, claim to have 
discovered places of unconformability 
indicating a distinct movement of the 
Black Hills at the end of this age. 
Prof. Carpenter says there is a mark- 
ed unconformability between the Jur- 
assic and the Cretaceous beds at the 
gap, at Rapid City. It was shown 
on the southern side of the gap, 
where it had been excavated for a 
ditch. He found also a similar un- 
conformability upon Box Elder Creek 
and concludes that the Hills were up- 
lifted and subject to erosion before 
the laying down of the first Creta- 
ceous beds. This explains why they 
are commonly conglomeritic. The 


313 


Geology 


end of the Jurassic was marked else- 
where by remarkable disturbances of 
the earth’s crust, particularly by the 
upheaval of the Sierra Nevada Moun- 
tains and the elevation of wide areas 
in the western portion of our country 
so as to become dry land. No mark- 
ed disturbance, however, have been 
noted east of the Wasatch Mountains. 
It should be remembered that the 
region must have been land during 
the early Cretaceous which is not 
represented in our State. 


The Cretaceous Formation 

The members of this formation, 
though having many characteristics 
in comon, are yet quite distinct as 
regards their lithological character. 
They are widely distributed, covering 
more than half of our State. We, 
now for the first time in our study, 
pass outside of the Black Hills. It 
seems that this age was characterized 
by a slow subsidence of the central 
portion of the continent. 

The Cretaceous rocks were divided 
by Hayden into five divisions named 
successively: 

1. The Dakota sandstone, from Da- 
kota City in Nebraska where it was 
first studied; 

2. Fort Benton clays, from its 
maximum development near that fort 
on the upper Missouri; 

3. The Niobrara, the Niobrara chalk 
stone, from its prominence along the 
Niobrara and Missouri, near their 
junction; 

4. Fort Pierre clays, covering the 
central portion of the State about 
Fort Pierre; and 

5. The Fox Hills sandstones, 
named from the range or hills on the 
divide between the Cheyenne and Mor- 
eau rivers west of the Misouri; while 
a sixth, the Laramie or Fort Union 


Geology 


formation, now considered Cretaceous, 
he placed in the Tertiary. These 
formations are exposed, in the order 
named as one ascends the Missouri 
river through our State, overlapping 
one another from the north in nearly 
horizontal positions. From a wider 
study of these formations they have 
been somewhat differently classified, 
although these names are still used 
by many. 

The classification given by Dr. 
White in the recent correlation paper 
on the Cretaceous Bulletin 83, of the 


United States Geological Survey, is 
as follows: 
The Lower ‘Cretaceous, (probably 


not found in our State) includes the 
Potomac formation of the Atlantic 
slope; the Comanche formation of 
Texas; the Kootonie formation of 
British America and the Shasta for- 
mation of northern California. 


The Upper Cretaceous’ includes: 
First, the Dakota, second, the Colo- 
rado, which consists of Fort Benton 
and Niobrara formations; third, Mon- 
tana, which includes Fort Pierre and 
Fox Hills; while the Laramie he con- 
siders partly in the Cretaceous and 
partly in the Tertiary. 


Upon our map we have followed 
King in our grouping of Fort Benton, 
Niobrara and Fort Pierre under the 
Colorado, omitting the Montana and 
reserving the old name Fox Hills. 
This seems to suit best the litholog- 
ical characters of the formations in 
this State. The Dakota is usually 
easily characterized by its abundance 
of grass and sandstone. Fort Benton 
and Fort Pierre clays resemble one 
another very much in appearance, 
while the Niobrara is an inconstant 
formation, being 200 feet in thickness 
in some localities while in others it 


31 


Geology 


is indistinguishable from the beds 
above and below. We shall speak of 
this more particularly when consid- 
ering the Colorado formation. The 
Fox Hills consist largely of beds of 
sand and sandstones, but is of an 
arenaceous clayey character, between 
the Colorado and the Laramie, or Lig- 
nitic. These formations are not very 
distinctly marked by paleontological 
characters, probably differing in life 
little more than can be explained by 
the difference of biological conditions 
of the sea at different times. A syn- 
opsis of the Cretaceous formations of 
our State, slightly modified from Hay- 
den, (Geol. Black Hills and Trans. 
Phil, Soc., Vol. XII, Part I) is given 
below. 


No. 5. Fox Hills Group. 


Gray and yellowish arenaceous 
clays and sandstones, containing 
Belemnitella bulbosa, Nautilus, 
Dekayi, Placenticeras' placenta, 
Scaphites Conradi, Baculites ovat- 
us, and a great number of other 
marine molluscan fossils, together 
with bones of Mosasaurus Mis- 
souriensis. Localities:—Fox Hills, 
near Moreau river; under the Ter- 
tiary on Sage and Bear creeks. 
Thickness, 100 to 150 feet. 


Fort Pierre Group. 


(a) Dark-gray and bluish plas- 
tic clays, containing, near the 
upper part, N. Dekayi, P. Plac- 
enta, B. ovatus, Scaphites nod- 
osus, Dentalium gracile, Inocer- 
amus Sagensis, etc., and bones of 
Mosasaurus. 

(b) Middle zone nearly barren 
of fossils. 

(c) Lower fossiliferous zone, 
containing Ammonites complex- 
us, B. ovatus. WHeteroceras Mor- 
toni, tortum and umbilicatum, 
Mosasaurus, etc. 

(d) Dark bed of very fine nuct- 
uous clay, with much carbon- 
aceous matter, seams of gypsum, - 
masses of pyrites and numerous 


No. 


small fish scales. Local, filling 
depressions in the bed below. 
Localities.— 

(a) Sage creek and Cheyenne 
river. 

(ob) Fort Pierre’ ‘and’ out ‘to 
Bad Lands; also down the Mis- 
souri on the high country to 


Great Bend and beyond. 
(ad) Near Bijou Hills. 
ness, 700 feet. 


Thick- 


Geology 


No. 3. Niobrara Group. 

Lead-gray, calcareous marl, 
weathering to a yellowish or 
whitish, chalky appearance 
above; containing large scales and 
other remains of fishes, and 
many specimens of Ostrea con- 
gesta attached to fragments of 
larger shells; passing down into 
light, yellowish and whitish 
limestone, containing great num- 
bers of Inoceramus’_ problemat- 
icus, fish scales and Ostrea con- 
gesta. 

Localities.-— 

Bluffs along the Missouri, be- 
low the Great Bend to the vicin- 
live OL wthe Bie Sioux river and 
along the latter river. Thickness, 
200 feet. 

Fort Benton Group. ‘ 

Dark-gray, laminated clays, 
‘sometimes alternating near the 
upper part with seams and layers 
of soft, gray and light colored 
limestones, Inoceramus, four spe- 
cies, O. congesta, Prionocyclas 
Woolgari, Scaphites, four species, 
Nautilus elegans, etc. 
Localities.— 7 

About Fort Benton; along the 
Missouri river, from ten miles 
above James river to Big Sioux 
river. Thickness, 90 feet. 
Dakota Group. 

Yellowish, reddish and occas- 
ionally whitish sandstone, with 
alternative of dark and whitish 
clays; seams and beds of impure 
liquite fossil wood, impressions 
of dicotyledonous leaves. 
Localities.— 

Near the mouth of the Big Sioux 
and thence southwest into Kan- 
sas. Thickness, 400 feet. 


The Dakota Formation 

This is the first formation which 
we find exposed at both ends of the 
State. It forms a prominent ridge 
outside of Red Valley surrounding the 
Black Hills. This ridge is sometimes 
narrow, rising to a height of 500 to 
600 feet,.at other places the dip is 
more gentle, and the formation pro- 
duces tablelands, as at the north and 
south ends of Hills. Its exposure 
about the Hills is from 3,200 to 4,000 
feet above the sea, and in the broad- 
est portions about 10 miles wide. 
Prof. W. P. Jenney estimates that its 
average width is about 2 miles. It 
is also exposed around the west and 
south sides of the area occupied by 


. 


No. 


3 


Geology 


the Sioux Quartzite, where the Drift 
clays prevent its frequent appearance. 
The localities where it has been ob- 
served are as follows: On the Fire- 
steel, near the crossing of the rail- 
road, about 4 miles from Mitchell. 
Upon Enemy Creek southeast of Mit- 
chell. Only a few feet of thickness 
is exposed at these localities. A more 
extensive exposure is found along the 
bank of the James river, 4 to 6 miles 
above Milltown. No other natural 
exposures are known within the bor- 
ders of our State, but the position of 
this formation has been very well 
determined over wide areas by ar- 
tesian wells. That it comes in con- 
tact with the drift clays over the sur- 
face, indicated upon the geological 
map, rests not.only upon the facts 
already given but for various bor- 
ings in the Vermillion Valley about 
Centerville and other points; it is al- 
so inferred from the position of ex- 
posures upon the Iowa side of the 
Big Sioux river and the Nebraska 
side of the Missouri. The highest 
strata of sandstone in this formation 
dips below the ordinary surface of the 
Missouri at Ponca Landing in Neb- 
raska. While the same strata not 
only appears at Sioux City and along 
the Big Sioux, at Riverside Park ris- 
ing some 50 or 60 feet above the 
stream, but as far north as east of 
Elk Point, where it is found to con- 
tain a carbonaceous stratum or im- 
pure coal a few feet above the level 
of the water. This formation would 
be still more exposed on a-wider and 
more regular scale, below the drift, 
were it not for the ridge of later Cre- 
taceous clays intervening, along the 
east side of Brule Creek, extending 
past Beresford to the vicinity of Can- 
So also a similar position is oc- 


ton. 


Geology 


cupied by the clay forming the body 
of the East Coteau, east of the Ver- 
million river and northwest of Sioux 
Falls. The effect of these topographic 
features are indicated imperfectly up- 
on the map. The Colorado should be 
represented as more nearly covering 
the Quartzite and Dakota in western 
Minnehaha and Turner counties. 


The Dakota Formation averages 350 
feet in thickness around the Black 
Hills, while in the eastern portion of 
the State it is estimated to be nearly 
the same. It underlies the great 
plains which constitute the western 
slope of the Mississippi Valley. The 
exposures of it are found along the 
Platte River in Nebraska, a little 
above its mouth, and thence extend- 
ing eastward to the vicinity of Des 
Moines, Iowa, and northward along 
the west side of the Des Moines 
River into Minnesota. So, also, the 
exposures about the Black Hills are 
but examples of what occurs along 
the foothills of the Rocky Mountains 
from the Canadian Line to Mexico. 


The Character of the Beds 

The most conspicuous feature of the 
Dakota formation is the abundance 
of sandstone and grits. They may be 
grouped into from 3 to 6 different 
strata of sandstone that occupy prob- 
ably two-thirds of the thickness of 
the formation. There are separated 
by quite constant beds of impervious 
plastic clay, usually similar to that 
of the Colorado group above. This 
will be evident from the section of 
wells given further on. 


The Exposures about the Black Hills 

It is in this portion of the State 
that we may gain the most complete 
knowledge of its formation, for its 
steep inclination, especially along 


316 


Geology 


the east and west sides of the Hills 
bring out its structure most ad- 
mirably. The prominent beds of 
sandstones and conglomerates slope 
at an angle of from 10 to 40 degrees 
toward the east along the side of the 
Hills. At the various passes cut 
through the outer ridge of the Hills 
the streams have dissected it in a 
most interesting manner. The thick- 
ness of the formation at the south 
end of the Hills along the Red Can- 
yon Creek, in the plateau portion, is 
about 500 feet, while at the north 
end of the Hills it is rarely over 200. 
The most complete section given by 
Newton is from the west side of the 


Hills at Beaver Creek Gap. (Geol. 
Blaek Hills, p. 178.) 
Sandstone. -.ticuitee cs eee 15 feet 


Gray shale and yellow clay 15 feet 
Gray clay or marl with nod- 
ules of impure limestone 
strata with siderite, (car- 
bonate of iron) much cone 
in cone and selenite....... 20 feet 
4. Sandstone, gray and red- 
dish; in places thin bedded, 
with>ripple’ marks@. eee 64 feet 
Sandy’ shalesi:ccare eee 20 feet 
Sandstone, whitish and yel- 
lowish, thinly bedded with 
many ripple ‘marks”’3%.. 12 60 feet 
1. Sandstone, at base very soft, 
white below and yellowish 
above it Mi eee eee 150 feet 


Other sections, giving an idea of 
the composition of the Dakota, have 
already been recorded under the Jur- 
assic. We will add but one detailed 
section from the canyon of Fall River, 
southeast of Hot Springs, recorded 
by Mr. L. F. Ward of the U. S. Geo- 
logical Survey, in the Journal of Ge- 
ology for 1894. This is particularly 
valuable both for its completeness, 
and the careful discrimination and 
measurement of strata. 


A Bo) 


bo 


Fort Benton. 
11. Grayish black clays with 
layers of ferruginous con- 
cretions extending to the 
south fork on the Cheyenne 
River, contact conformable 

to the following 


2.0 8 6 06 6 6.0 2 


Geology 


Dakota of Newton. (339 feet.) 
10. ‘_Pink sandstone, mostly thin 
bedded, with ripple marks 
and fucoid-like impressions 30 feet 
9. Soft black shales with trac- 
es of carbonified plant re- 
mains and some fragments 
CULOSSINCWOOGIe. 6 dic ca 3 tok s 15 feet 
8. Pink and gray sandstones, 
latter sometimes white, all 
plant bearing much com- 
minuted vegetable matter, 
matted beds of swamp 
plants and well preserved 
dicotyledonous leaves of Da- 
kota type, determinable ... 
6: Black clay, full of carbon- 
aceous matter with locally 
6 inches of impure coal.... 
Quarry sandstone, massive, 
light pink, soft, weathering 
SPOT OE OWINUE theless 4h Dail a. 60 feet 
4. Soft, yellowish and reddish 
Sandstone: <i... < diplhacs CUAE 84 ie 100 feet 
3. Drab colored clays with 
carbonaceous vegetable 
matter and gypsum crystals 
interbedded with yellow 
SIELEVELS COM OS: patcpa as ans! cA se ete 30 feet 
2. Soft, yellow and _ reddish 
sandstone, with some clay 
LAVOE NGL Se. Uae cities ie ae ae 60 feet 
Jurassic. 
teeOlive gray drab:.or~ bluish 
clays with reddish and yel- 
lowish sandstone 


Near Rapid City there were found 
in this formation two distinct strata 
of fire clay, several feet in thickness. 
Associated with this clay are numer- 
ous casts of dicotyledonous leaves. 

No fossil animal remains have yet 
been reported from the Dakota about 
the Black Hills, and such are rare 
in this formation everywhere. On 
the other hand there are numerous 
traces of vegetable remains, not only 
the prints of leaves, but casts of 
pieces of wood, and in some strata 
vast quantities of silicified trunks of 
trees. These are thrown over the 
slopes of ravines excavated in this 
formation. Near Rapid City on the 
slope southeast of the town, near 
Buffalo Gap, carloads of such ma- 
terial might be gathered. So far as 
has been observed they seem, how- 


10 feet 


4 feet 


ol 


&°4 s 6 aii ae © 


ever, not to be in position, but are_ 


rather of the nature of drift wood. 


317 


Geology 


A point of special interest should 
be mentioned here, namely that nu- 
merous specimens of Cycad trunks 
have been found at various points. 
Those, which have been quite care- 
fully studied and described by Mr. L. 
F. Ward, (Journal of Geology, 1894), 
of the United States Geological Sur- 
vey and Prof. McBride (American Ge- 
ologist, 1894), of the Iowa State Uni- 
versity, were collected in the South- 
ern part of the Hills, southwest of 
Minnekahta and southeast of Hot 
Springs. Specimens also have been 
found several miles north of Rapid 
City, and in a ravine southwest of 
that place. They all seem to be 
traceable to the lower layers of the 
Dakota sandstone, and Mr. Ward part- 
ly for this reason strongly suspects 
that the lower layers, of this so- 
called Dakota formation may be older 
than that period. From the sandstone 
northwest of Mitchell, fossilwood and 
numerous sharks teeth have been 
obtained. It may be a_ question 
whether the stratum may not belong 
to the Ft. Benton. 


The Dakota Exposure Near the East 
End of the State 

We have already stated that very 
incomplete . exposures exist in our 
State east of the Missouri. We will 
first give a section of the rocks ob- 
tained at Sioux City. To obtain this 
we combine the sections given by 
Prof. O. St. John in the second vol- 
ume of White’s report on the Geol-_ 
ogy of Iowa, page 193, with the data 
derived from the artesian well bored 
near by the exposure. 

St. John’s section is as follows: 


7. Soft vellow sandy rock with 
a nodular ferruginous 


bands; sometimes hard 
shale, brown sandstone lay- 
CEP at ie a ane etasaterete te eee a. othe 7 feet 


Geology 


6. Ash colored gritty clay.... 1 foot 
Soft yellow laminated sand 
rock, in places tough shale, 
concretionary ferrugineous 
LOCKS teoticis cides cae Oke 2% feet 
4. Blue, slightly arenaceous 
clays with thin nodular fer- 
ruginous layers, thin car- 
bonaceous seams sometimes 
found in upper portions.... 
Soft yellowish laminated 
fine grained sandstone with 
pink colored patches and 
LUSTY DATS atte © rena ett. eee 12 feet 
2. Tough grayish, blue shale, 
micaceous sandstone, finely 
laminated, and inclined to a 
concretionary structure, 
contains leaves of willow, 
etc., also gasteroped shells.2-4 feet 


To this is added from an exposure 
further up the river. 


20 feet 


[ew 


1. Soft laminated ferruginous 
sandstone 





From the artesian well as follows: 
The mouth of the well is 38 feet 
above the top of the sand rock or No. 
7 of the section given. 


Sou and sravel see. ao 65 feet 
DF BG ra vie lawat . biatet ad home oe es 25 feet 
Detie LLBIG one sisLae eee rce ce Sets eon ore 54 feet 
AT SandStonerecks. — alee pers cee 191 feet 
be OhalkarToek Alles oleae te penale 100 feet 
Gs Gray “aieStOnes isn ene 110 feet 
7. Chalk rock (‘‘probably Car- 
boniferous 2) vows kita ee 100 feet 


These strata probably belong to the 
Dakota formation, as recognized by 
Dr. Hayden as far down as No. 5 
of the artesian section. The upper 
shaly portion of it has been called 
Woodbury shales by Dr. White of 
the Iowa Geological Survey. The 
division between the Woodbury Shales 
of Dr. White and his Nishnabotna 
sandstone is uncertain, as is also its 
relation to the Dakota Group of Hay- 
‘den. The former would probably 
overlap the latter 50 or 60 feet. This 
section would make a probable thick- 
ness of the Dakota Formation 360 
feet at this point. 

Across the Big Sioux east of Elk 
Point is an exposure from which the 
following section was taken. It is 


318 


Geology 


opposite the old mill site where quite 
recently some excitement has been 
produced by the supposed discovery 
of a workable bed of coal. 


5. Sandstoney ve. .-ic doce oie 45 feet 
4, Lignite of variable thick- 

ness and some _ places 

Quite MUTE vevdcid eres oe 3-4 inches 
3. Bluish” shale ve... . eee 6-7 feet 
2. Sandstone, fine grained, 

Compact... . > sateen) ae 8-10 feet 
1. Shaly clay with pyrites 

and about four feet black 

carbonaceous shale ..... 10 feet 


The level of the Big Sioux. 

Dr. White has given the following 
section over a locality from a point 
not far away, a little above the mouth 


of Broken Kettle Creek. (Geol. of 
Iowa, White Vol. 2). 
14. Light gray chalky lime- 
stone in thin layers........ 10 feet 
13? Unexposed )42ic..o . ee ich eee 47 feet 


12. Yellowish shaly layers, with 


large. .CONCrEetiONS: . tn. see 3 feet 
11. Ferruginous shaly layers 

with some biltish) clay ..see 10 feet 
10. Soft gray and yellow lam- 

inated’ sandstone i.e. soe 25 feet 
9. Blue and gray, slightly grit- 

ty shaly- clay 7.0. 2 feet 
8. Soft yellow laminated sand- 

StONG) «: sutes sututisueup he eee 31% feet 
7) -Bluellielay O95 < Sse % foot 
6... Brown 1mMpDUure..coal ee 1/6 foot 
5. “Bluish ‘sray “clays... eee 4 feet 
4. Soft yellow gray laminated 

SANGSTOMC. ss, oct eee 16 feet 
32 Unexposediay tL ietie icceecaeee 3 feet 
2. Bluish black clays, partly 

carbonaceous’. Yo oe eee 3 feet 
1:/aGrayish » clays secret. eae 3 feet 
Totali. V4 2o8,. SR See eee 130 feet 


Of these numbers 1 to 10 may be 
considered Dakota Sandstone and 
number 2 is a black layer which has 
lately been mistaken for coal. 


Coal or Lignite in the Dakota For- 
mation 


Though we speak more at length 
concerning the matter in our chapter 
on Economic Geology; because of its 
bearing upon the structure of the 
Dakota Formation, we will give a few 
brief notes at this point. 


These layers of lignite and black 
shaly clay have been long known in 


Geology 


the vicinity of Sioux City and at Pon- 
ca. At the latter place it has been 
worked for a number of years, but 
it is considered a very inferior fuel. 
A formation corresponding has been 
struck in a well 2 miles north of Ver- 
million, at a depth of 147 feet. About 
Centerville a stratum of lignite was 
struck so frequently as to give great 


hopes of valuable coal deposits. But 
very incomplete sections were ob- 
tained from the _ wells. The first 


vein of lignite was reported to be 
3 to 31% feet in thickness, and about 
3 feet below the general upland of the 
valley. Another purer bed four feet 


Geology 


in thickness was found several feet 
below. The reasons given for aband- 
oning the veins, were the lack of suf- 
ficient roof and the abundance of 


water which flooded the shaft which 


319 


was sunk. Beds of lignite have been 
struck in wells north of the quart- 
zite area; and pebbles of lignite are 
thrown up sometimes in considerable 
numbers from deep artesian wells. 

Something more in detail than the 
stratigraphy of Dr. Todd given above 
is the co-relation table of Dr. Free- 
man Ward, developing as it does the 
strata peculiar to the Black Hills 
region: 


Geology 


Geology 


—_—-- --——_—_———————__——_—_—_————————— ee  rerejeajjaeea— 





OSF-0¢ ss poompeod SS poompReoad UBIIQUeD | ty 
08-0 ST poomozvIUM Ss] usl0Y SIG UBIOTAOPIO = 
0S-08 ST poomolsug : = 
S[ UOSIPRI SSTIN 
009-008 Ss] edeseyed ; 9 S 
: uOTIVUIIOJ UNPSUY “WUd a he, 
00¢-00F SS vsnfeuUTT Wdtesia ued d g = 
umouyUN 918 = 
ozzqrENnh Boye out OS tase re yee) SI requigt uvrurieg | 
pue Ilgpun SUOTIBULIOF 0S-08 SI BIYRYOUULPT f) RT Ae as ae epee eA aN ee Coe 
eIUBIyD 94} JO saJOVIBYO Sr OS Oa emer Pad ss ‘yS ‘aazemsnyoO : 
UvIIqUIeD-I1g pue uonnqiaisid ¢69-0¢¢ SS YS ‘YSyavods OISSBILT, 
00€-00L SS YS vouUepUNS souevpung DISSBAN f* 
CZZ-0 ss ededyun : 
e O O Zoisseiny’ 
CST-0 Ys UOSTIIOWW bub peh agent £Sn090¥12810 
00€-00T SS BLOMVT (‘oe1eIM AIIMOT) 
(pe yenussesjipun) 0-0 ST 9]4SeMmMouUTI AtqOAOID uvayoueUloD 
00F-O0ST BIOYRC OST-08 ys uosny 
ev Oye 
002-02 SS B}O¥eq : 
JaquIeU ‘ss ITSeOMON pues Appnyw Q a 
G0T-S9 a[eug sorsuRIH OSTT-006 SPOS AH OLO EID) c = os) 
Iaqwuseu 8TVyYS AIMOTT (AIMOW) . 3 ai 
3 ~ 31 0 
0S-SZ sUuOJSIWIIT UIOYUIIAY Gg QUO SSUTTT ULOYUVIIL) | F = . 5 
=) 5 
Yoo19[[B 
002 areUs eTTIeO Q09=N0Se fa heart male oa ar ray ¥ 2 
aa < + 
=r 008 eeys pue yIeyO vrviqoIn GBS-GLT BIIQOIN ss 5 
i¢2) 
) 
g[eYys s119Ig 
+ 000T seTeyg ea0Ig + 00FT-008L pues uouueys z 
dnoay 
pues jodvoy, euviUOW 
00F-SE suOISPUBS STITH XOW pues uveumyieg 
SS SIITH x04 
CSF speq sequiog 
266-0 gouery sas 
yuIsqgy Iaquieul 062-0 uUIsSgV V0UeBT SnovoB OTD Q 
eulIeUul requieur eI 
Tequouuvy |onusi, Morpn'y 2 
e) 
CZPF uolug, WOW uoIlug, W10\T N 
AIviWII,L | O 
OATH O3M. JOATT OUUA. Q 
SIH ovid SUIUIOAM U191SeA 019 ‘polsed | bug 


‘He ‘S UsIOISey 





Syooy auTTeisAaD UBIIQUIBD-91g 


‘yeq ‘S WS9MYVION pur {som 


VLOMVG HLNOS ANV DNINOAM NYALSVSa NI 

















SNOILVWHOS SA1EVL NOILVISYHYHOO 


320 


Geological and Natural History Survey 


Kast of the Black Hills our knowl- 
edge of the underlying strata ends 
with the Dakota sandstone, though 
we may surmise that it is not great- 
ly different from the upturned strata 
below the Dakota found in the Black 
Hills uplift. It is not definitely known 
that in the plains region if drilling 
has penetrated below the Dakota. 
See Artesian Wells; Black Hills; 
Gold; Minerals; Fossils. 





Bulletins of the State Geological and 
Natural History Survey; Bulletins of the 
School of Mines; Jenney’s report on the 
Geology -of the Black Hills. Darton’s 
“Underground Waters of the Central 
Great Plains.’”’ Folios for ‘the South Da- 
kota quadrangle’s of the U. S. Geo. Sur- 
vey. 


Geological and Natural History Sur- 
vey. This survey was created by 
chapter 98 of the Laws of 1893, which 
made the State Board of Regents of 
Education Director of the Survey. 
While not so expressed, the law con- 
templated that the professor of ge- 
ology of the State University should 
be the executive officer and he has 
so functioned. The first appropria- 
tion was but $250 per annum and 
this was not increased for many years. 
Dr. James E. Todd was geologist and 
under his direction four very import- 
ant Bulletins were published. Al- 
ways hampered by lack of funds, the 
Survey has accomplished splendid 
results. It has published the follow- 
ing bulletins and circulars: 


Bulletins 


No. 1. “A Preliminary Report upon 
the Geology of South Dakota,” by Dr. 
J. E. Todd, 172 pp. and map, 1895. 


No. 2. “First and Second Biennial 
Reports on the Geology of South Da- 
kota, with accompanying papers,” 138 
pp. 1893-6. 

No. 3. ‘‘Mineral Resources of South 
Dakota, including Mineral Wealth of 
Black Hills,’ by Dr. C. C. O’Harra, 
and “Mineral Building Material, Fuels 


321 


Geological and Natural History Survey 


and Waters of South Dakota,” 
James E. Todd, 136 pp. 1902. 


No. 4. “Preliminary Report on the 
Geology of the Northwest-Central Por- 
tion of South Dakota,” by Dr. J. E. 
Todd, 76 pages. “Preliminary Report 
on the Geology of the Rosebud Reser- 
vation, including Gregory and Tripp 
Counties,” by Ellwood C. Perisho, pp.. 
82-167. “State Survey of South Da- 
kota,” by E. C. Perisho, pp. 184-192, 
1908. 

No. 5. ‘“‘A Preliminary Report upon 
the Geography, Geology, and Biology 
of Mellette, Todd, Bennett and Wash- 
abaugh Counties, South-Central South 
Dakota,’ by Ellwood C. Perisho and 
Stephen S. Visher, 152 pages, with 
maps and plates. 1912. 


No. 6. “Report on the Biology of 
Harding County, Northwestern South 
Dakota,” by S. S: Visher, and “Bi- 
ennial Report of the State Geologist,” 
by Ellwood C. Perisho, pp. 126. 1914. 


No. 7. “Scope, Methods and Plans 
of the State Geological and Natural 
History Survey,” by Dr. Freeman 
Ward, State Geologist, 24 pp. 1916. 

No. 8 “The Geography of South 
Dakota,” by S. S. Visher and the “Bi- 
ennial Report of the State Geologist, 
1916-18,” by Freeman Ward. 189 pp. 
1918. 

No. 9. “Birds of South Dakota,” 
by William H. Over and Craig S. 
Thoms, 142 pp. 1921. 

No. 10. “Possibilities of Oil in 
South Dakota,’ by Roy A. Wilson, 97 
pp. and Map. 1922. 

No. 11. “The Geology of a Portion 
of the Badlands,’ by Freeman Ward, 
73 pp. 1922, to which is added “The 
Badlands as a National Park,” by 
W. C. Toepelman, pp. 74-80. Map. 

No: 12. “Amphibians and Reptiles 
of South Dakota,” by William H. Over, 
34 pp. and 18 plates. 1923. 


by 


Circulars 
The Geological and Natural History 
Survey has also published the follow- 
ing circulars: 


Tr Oi” int south Dakota, 
Ward, 4 pp. 1917. 


Freeman 


2. 


George Lake 


3. Protect the Birds and help win 
the war, 2 pp. W. H. Over, 1918. 

4. Possibilities of Oil and Gas in 
Harding County; Freeman 
Ward, 8 pp. 1918. 

5. Bibliography of South Dakota Ge- 
ology, Freeman Ward, 2 pp. 
1919. 

6. Chalk, Freeman Ward, 4 pp. 1919. 

7. The Needs of the State Geo- 
logical and Natural History Sur- 
vey; Freeman Ward, 8 pp. 1920. 

8. The Possibilities of Oil in EHast- 
ern Pennington County, Free- 
man Ward, 12 pp. 1921. 


10. The Possibilities of Oil in North- 
ern Dewey County, Roy A. Wil- 
son, 12 pp. 1922. 


11. Trees and Shrubs of South Da- 
kota, W. H. Over, 13 pp. 1923. 


12. Possibilities of Oil in Eastern 
Harding County, W. C. Toepel- 
man, 12: pp. 1923; 

13. The Possibilities of Oil in North- 
ern Ziebach County; Roy A. 
Wilson, 11 pp. 1923. 


14. Oil and Gas Prospects in South- 
ern Perkins County, Gail F. 
Moulton, 12 pp. 1923. 


15. Sand and Gravel Deposits in East- 
ern South Dakota; E. P. Roth- 
rocks; 13 pp. 1924. 


16. The Natural Resources of South 
Dakota. (Relates to Artesian 
Water, Minerals of Black Hills, 
Cement Materials, Chalk, Clays, 
Coal, Gas, Oil, Sands, Gravel, 
Stone,) by the Geological Fac- 
ulties of the State University 


and School of Mines. 28 pp. 
1924. 
17. Field Conditions in Southern 


Haakon County, (Oil) by Free- 
man Ward and Gail F. Moulton, 
4 pp. 1924. 
George Lake is a small lake in 
southwestern Lake County. 


Gerber, Fred, Jr., 1870- s<¢DOLrn: 
at Spring Green, Wisconsin, May Ist; 
came to Worthing, Lincoln Co., Da- 
kota in 1872; educated, Augustana 


Giedt, Theodore J. P. 


in farming 
legis- 


Col., Canton; engaged 
held various township offices; 
lator, 1919, 1921. 


Gerhart, A. N., 1843-1925; in lumber 
business at Highmore, Hyde Co; leg- 
islator from Hughes and Sully Co’s. 
in 1903. 


German. According to the State 
census of 1915, 130,514 or 22.4% of 
the population of South Dakota claim 
German ancestry. The persons of 
German birth or descent came from 
Germany proper, Austria, Switzer- 
land and Russia. MHssentially all 
Russians in South Dakota are Ger- 
mans. By the Federal census of 1920 
we have 15,674 persons born in Ger- 
many; 11,193 born in Russia; 761 
born in Switzerland and 1,151 born 
in Austria, a total of 28,779 Germans 
of foreign birth. The German-born 
are diffused generally throughout the 
State; but the Russian born are 
chiefly in the lower James Valley 
and in the extreme north-central sec- 
tion, centering about Eureka. 


German War, see World War under 
title War, 12. 


Gettysburg is a city and county 
seat in central Potter County, north- 
ern part of the State. Founded by 
the Western Town Lot Co. in 1884. 
Named for the battlefield in Penn- 
Sylvania. “The Potter County News,” 
established in 1894, is its newspaper. 
See Census. 


Ghost Dance War, see under War, 
£ (Messiah War). 


Giedt, Theodore, J. P.,, - . 
born at Danzig, Cherson, Russia; 
came to Eureka, McPherson CG. ee 
in 1899; attorney; held various county 
and school offices; legislator, 1911, 
1913. 


Gifford, Oscar S. 


Gifford, Oscar S., 1842-1913; dele- 
gate in Congress, 1885-9; member of 
Congress, 1889-1891; a resident of 
Canton; born in Watertown, New 
York, October 20; had an academic 
education; served in the Civil War, 
1862-65; lawyer; held several county 
offices; member, constitutional con- 
vention of 1883; active supporter of 
division of Dakota Territory; after 
retirement from Congress practiced 
in Canton and at time of his death 
was superintendent of the Hiawatha 
Asylum, the federal institution at 
Canton for the treatment of Insane 
Indians. Of him it has been said: “No 
friend of Judge Gifford would pretend 
that he was a man of extraordinary 
gifts. His chief qualities were his 
undeviating horse-sense and undevi- 
ating honesty. He was dependable. 
His loyalty to his friends and to the 
state was unswerving. He was not 
an orator in the sense of magnetic 
discourse but he was sound and 
thoughtful and his addresses were 
well considered impressive and con- 
vincing.” 


Gifts. A gift in South Dakota is a 
voluntary transfer of personal proper- 
ty made without consideration and 
cannot be revoked, except after recov- 
ery by one who made the gift in 
view of death; a gift made in view 
of death is not affected by the terms 
of a will made before or after the 
gift, unless such will especially revoke 
the gift. Such a gift is deemed a 
legacy so far as it affects the rights 
of creditors. 





Code, 561-568. ' 
Gilbert, Frank M., 1871- 
Buffalo; born in Van Buren County, 


Iowa, December 21st; came to Hard- 
ing Co., Dakota in 1887; engaged in 


323 


Glad Valley 


livestock raising and banking; legis- 
lator, 1921, 1923, 1925. 


Gilbert, Jacob T., 1861- ; born 
in Wisconsin; came to Sioux Falls, 
1873; merchant; member, territorial 
legislature from Minnehaha in 1887. 
Hist.. Minn. Co.,,544. 

Gilby, Frank, 1867- ; Redfield; 
born in Lincolnshire, England, July 
22nd; came to Spink Co., Dakota in 
18838; engaged in farming; held var-. 


ious township offices; legislator, 1915, 
LOL: 
Gill is a p. o. in northern Harding 


Co. Shipping point is at Reeder, 
North Dakota, 60 miles north. 


Gill, John DeEstean, 1873- ; 
Bruce; born in Auroraville, Wiscon- 
sin, August llth; came to Brookings 
Co., South Dakota in 1914; engaged 
in farming; veteran of Spanish-Amer- 


ican War; legislator, 1919, 1921. 

Gilman Lake is a small lake in 
western Concord township, Lake 
County. 

Gilman, Stella Lucile; b., Phila- 
delphia; came to Dakota Ter., 1878; 
resided upon an extensive farm near 
Hudson; author of “That Dakota 
Girl” (1892) “A Gumbo Lily” (a ro- 
mance and other tales) 1901. 

Ginther, Fred R., 1885- ; born 


in Grant County, S. D., July 10th; 
engaged in banking in Morristown, 
Corson Co., legislator, 1919. 


Gladiolus. A beautiful flowering 
plant, much cultivated and thriving 
everywhere. 

Gladstone Butte is a butte in north 
central Hand County. 

Glad Valley is a p. o. in northern 
Ziebach County. Banking and _ ship- 
ping point is Isabel, 18 miles east. 


Glasner, Frank P. 


Glasner, Frank P., 1873- eel yii- 
dall; born in Black Hawk County, 
Iowa, June 15th; came to Spring- 


field, Bon Homme Co., South Dakota 
in 1897; editor and owner of the 
“Tyndall Tribune”; chairman of Re- 
publican county committee and mem- 
ber of State central committee; leg- 
islator, 1911; Secretary of State, 1913- 
14, 


Glass, Hugh, -1833; a Pennsyl- 
vanian; called an old man in 1823; 
wounded in Gen. Ashley’s fight with 
the Arickara, June 2, 1823, but recov- 
ered so as to take part in Leaven- 
worth’s conquest of the Rees, Au- 
gust 9th. He was an expert hunter, 
who being mauled and torn by a 
grizzley bear at the Forks of Grand 
River in August, 1823, was aband- 
oned to die by his companions, but 
managed to survive and reached Fort 
Kiowa. Killed by Indians on the Yel- 
lowstone River. A monument to his 
memory has been built at the Forks 
of Grand River. 


Hist., I, 247; Chittenden, 
“The Song of Hugh Glass,”’ 
Neihardat. 

Glass-Sand. In the Hunkpapa for- 
mation on Elm Creek, in Pennington 
County there is a great mass of the 
finest glass-sand. It has not been 


developed. 


II, 698-706: 
by John G. 


Glass, Wilbur S., 1852-1917; native 
of New York; lawyer; among first 
settlers of Watertown, 1880; legis- 
latory 2895, 41897, 4899, “19 07selicy S: 


Consul, Kiel, Germany, 1897. 


Glencross is a station on the C. M. 
& S. P. Ry. in the northwestern part 
of Dewey Co. 


Glendale is a R. R. station in north- 
ern’ Pennington County. “P? 0: is 
Hisega, 6 miles west. 


324 


Godfrey, Arthur Eugene 


Glendinning, G. G., 1873- ; born 
at Alma Center, Wisconsin, Septem- 
ber 30th; came to South Dakota in 
1894; homesteaded in Perkins County 
and afterwards established the “Hard- 
ing County Herald” at Ludlow; State 
Senator, 1917. 


Glendo is a p. o. in western Perkins 
County. Shipping point is Hettinger 
N. D., 35 miles n. e. 


Glenham is a village in northern 


Walworth County. 


Glenlevit is a p. 0. in n. e. Harding 
County. The shipping point is Bow- 
man, N. D., 42 miles north. 


Glenn, Samuel W., 1850-1914; native 
of Virginia; pioneer of Huron, 1881 
and director of the South Dakota 
Weather District. 





Kingsbury, V, 859. 


Goat. Bighorn goats were native in 
the Black Hills but were extermin- 
ated before settlement. Angora and 
common domestic goats have been 
introduced, but are not practically 
used. Milking goats have recently 
been introduced, the milk having 
been found nourishing for invalids, 
especially the tubercular. 


Goddard, Thomas M., 1846-1917; born 
in Iowa; veteran, Civil War; pioneer 
of Sully County, 1883; county judge, 
three terms; legislator, 1897-1903; com- 
mandant, Soldiers’ Home, 1905-7. 


Goddickson, N., 1856- : 
born May 28th; came to Douglas 
County, S. D. in 1882; engaged in 
farming; register of deeds two years; 
legislator, 1925. 


Corsica; 


Godfrey, Arthur Eugene, 1883- 
born at Beresford, S. D., November 
9th; educated, Yankton Col., merch- 
ant and distributor of musical mer- 


Godwit 


chandise, Sioux Falls; legislator, 1923, 
1925. 


Godwit. ee Birds. 


Goff, A. M., 1860- ; Chamber- 
lain; born at Silver City, Iowa, May 
12th; came to Chamberlain in 1883 
and engaged in farming and stock 
raising; legislator, 1907. 


“Golden Age and other Sermons.’ 
A collection of sermons (published, 
Sioux Falls, 1887) preached by Phil- 
ip E. Holp, sometime pastor of Con- 
gregational churches at Plankinton, 
Sioux Falls and Watertown. Holp 
was a member of the notable Yale 
Band (q.v.) 


Gold Discovery in Northern Black 


Hills. See Pearson, John B. Black 
Hills, 5. 
Gold. See Black Hills, 5-8. 


Gold Excitement in Lake County. 
In 1879 there was a stampede to 
Madison, where gold diggings were 
reported to have been found. The 
locality was thronged with argonauts; 
but the diggings were not found. In- 
vestigation proved that one H. N. 
Luce, an ‘old California gold miner, 
had in his possession some free gold 
quartz which he had exhibited in a 
mysterious kind of way; upon which 
‘the story gained currency that he 
had found it in Lake County. When 
the excitement was at its highest 
pitch he offered to relinquish his 
claim at a good round price. No 
offers were made and the excitement 
died down when the real facts were 
made public. 


Gold Mining. See Black Hills, 6, 7. 
Gold, Production of. See Black 
Hills, 8. 


325 


Goodsell, James F. 


Gold, Sidney Russell, 1857-1905; mem- 
ber, legislature of 1893, 1895; suc- 
cessful banker at Big Stone City. 


Goldeneye. See Birds. 


Golden Reward is a R. R. station 
in western Lawrence Co., 1 mile west 
of Terry. 


Goldfield is a p. o. in northern 
Meade County. Banking and _ ship- 
ping point is Newell, 34 miles west. 


Goldfinch. See Birds. 


Goldsmith Lake is two miles north 
of Volga, Brookings Co. 


Goldwell is a R. R. 
thern Dewey County. 
cross. 


Golf. 
organized clubs 
portant towns of the State. 
Sports. 


station in nor- 
Pe Oo. is. Glen- 


This popular recreation has 
in most of the im- 
See 


Gooby is a village in southwestern 
Tripp County. Banking and shipping 
point is Winner; 32 miles northeast. 


Goodale, Elaine. See Eastman, E. G. 

Good Faith. Good faith consists in 
an honest intention to abstain from 
taking any unconscientious advantage 
of another. ; 


Code, 11. 

Goodner, Ivan W., 1858- ; Pierre; 
born in Washington County, Illinois, 
July 24th; came to Yankton, in 1884 
and to Pierre in 1889, and engaged in 
the practice of law; was clerk of the 
supreme court, 1890-6; state’s attor- 


ney of Hughes County, 1901-4; and 
State Regent of Education, 1900-6; 
State Senator in 1907. 

Goodsell, James F., 1852- ; Fland- 


reau; born in Plymouth, Indiana, May 
16th; pioneer of Moody Co., engaging 
in farming near Flandreau; taught 


Good Will 


graded school; held numerous school 
and county offices; member, Huron 
Provisional Legislature in 1886; State 
Senator in 1907 and 1909. 


Good will. The good will of a business 
is the expectation of continued public 
patronage, but it does not include the 
right to use the name of any person 
from whom the business was acquired. 
Good will is property, transferable like 
any other. 


Code, 491-492. 


is a town in northeast 
Deuel County. Founded by the Wi- 
nona & St. Peter Ry. Co. in 1878. 
Named for Geo. P. Goodwin, the first 
land commissioner of the C. & N. W. 
Ry. Population, see census. 


Goodwin 


Goose. See Birds. 


Gooseander is a 
the Merganser duck. See Birds. 


Gooseberry. Three varieties are 
native to the region, Missouri, North- 
ern, and Swamp. Introduced varieties 
are cultivated with success. 


Goose Creek is a southern affluent 
to the Moreau River in Dewey County. 


Goose Lake is in south central Cod- 
ington County. 


Gopher is a post office in Corson 
County. 


Gopher. Several varieties of goph- 
er, or spermophile, are native to the 
region, known popularly as_ striped, 
gray and pocket-gophers. They work 
great damage to crops, especially to 
corn, and counties are authorized to 
pay a bounty for their destruction. 


Gordon, Thomas, 1861- ; Alex- 
andria; born in Verona, Wisconsin, 
February 27th; resided in Hanson 
County since 1882; engaged in the 


name applied to- 


Governor 


livery and feed business; sheriff of 
that county, 1903 to 1907; legislator, 
1309. 


Gordon, William (Pegleg) was a 
well known employe of the St. Louis- 
Missouri Fur Company on the upper 
Missouri River. He was with Pilcher 
at the battle with the Arickara in 1823 
and is charged with burning the Ree 
village after the treaty was signed. 
He has respectable descendants of the 
mixed blood on the Rosebud Indian 
Reservation. 





FLIsty, abys 199, 3232! 


Gore, Mahlon, 1837-1916; pioneer ed- 
itor of Vermillion; he took the first 
homestead in the United States as the 
clock was striking midnight, January 
1, 1862. 


Hist., X, 514-5, 





546. 


Gorens is a railroad station in south- 
ern Lawrence Count. P. O. is Nemo, 
2 miles west. 


Gorman is a post office in southern 
Potter County. 


Gorrie, William F., 1842-1903; edu- 
cator; superintendent of the Water- 
town schools; second president, Madi- 
son State Normal School, 1886-9. 


“Gospel in Literature.” A book of 
sermon-lectures by Rev. Joseph N. 
Greene, of the South Dakota Metho-° 
dist Conference, 1910. 


Goudyville is a post office in north- 
ern Hyde Co. Shipping and banking 
point is Seneca, 15 miles north. 


Governor. The governor of South 
Dekota supervises the official con- 
duct of all executive and ministerial 
officers, and for cause may remove 
from office any officer except those 
which the Constitution provides shall 


326 


Governor 


be removed by impeachment; he sees 
that the laws of the State are faith- 
fully and impartially executed; he 
makes appointments and fills vacan- 
cies of public offices as provided by 
_law; he is the sole official organ of 
communication between the govern- 
ment of this State and of any other 
State; he issues patents to lands 
sold by the State; he has only such 
other powers as are conferred by law; 
he is the superintendent of the State 
capitol and the commissioner of pub- 
lic printing; he is a member of the 
capitol commission; the rural credits 
board, the highway commission, the 
board of finance, the free library com- 
mission, the hydro-electric commis- 
sion and many other’ important 
boards. His salary is $3,000, in addi- 
tion to which he is allowed $75. per 
month for house-rent. The powers of 
the governor are greatly enlarged by 
the administrative re-organization of 
1925. See Efficiency Survey. 

The governors of Dakota Territory 
were: 

William Jayne, 1861-63. 

Newton Edmunds, 1863-66. 

Andrew J. Faulk, 1866-69. 

John A. Burbank, 1869-74. 

John L. Pennington, 1874-78. 

William A. Howard, 1878-80. 

George H. Hand, acting, 1880. 

Nehemiah G. Ordway, 1880-84. 

Gilbert A. Pierce, 1884-7. 

Louis K. Church, 1887-89. | 

Arthur C. Mellette, 1889. 

The governors of the State of South 
Dakota have been: 


Arthur C. Mellette, 1889-93. 
Charles H. Sheldon, 1893-97. 
Andrew E. Lee, 1897-1901. 
Charles N. Herreid, 1901-05. 
Samuel H. Elrod, 1905-07. 

Coe I. Crawford, 1907-09. 
Robert S. Vessey,, 1909-13. 
Frank M. Byrne, 1913-17. 
Peter Norbeck, 1917-21. 
William H. McMaster, 1921-25. 


Grammar 


Governors, Lieutenant. The follow- 
ing citizens have filled the office of 
Lieutenant-Governor: 

James H. Fletcher, 1889-1891. 

George H. Hoffman, 1891-1893. 

Charles N. Herreid, 1893-1897. 

Daniel T. Hindman, 1897-1899. 

John T. Kean, 1899-1901. 

George W. Snow, 1901-1905. 

John E. McDougall, 1905-1907. 

Howard C. Shober, 1907-1911. 

Frank M. Byrne, 1911-1913. 

BE. L. Abel, 1913-1915. 

Peter Norbeck, 1915-1917. 

William H. McMaster, 1917-1921. 

Carl Gunderson, 1921-1925. 

A. Clark Forney, 1925-1927. 


Govert is a post office in southeast 
Harding County. Shipping point is 
Newell, 48 miles south. “The Ad- 
vance,” established in 1911, is its 
newspaper. 


Grace, Alonzo G., 1895- ; born at 
Morris, Minnesota, Aug. 14; A. B. and 
A. M., U. of Minnesota. Professor 
History and Social Science, North- 
ern Normal. 


Grace, Fred J., 1877- ; Wessing- 
ton Springs; born at Monroe, Wiscon- 
sin, June 24th; came to Dakota in 
1882; engaged in farming and stock 
raising in Buffalo Co. since 1883; 
county auditor for two years; legis- 
lator, 1919, 1921: 


Grackle. See Birds. 


Graff, A. N., 1874- ren DOT Tar 
Brandon, S. D., January 13th; engag- 
ed in general merchandising and farm 
implements at Brandon, Minnehaha 
Co.; postmaster from 1902 to 1912; 
legislator, 1917, 1919, 1925; now lives 
in Sioux Falls. : 


Graham is a discontinued post of- 
fice in northeast Bennett County. 


Grammar. Dr. Rigg’s grammar of 
the Dakota or Sioux language was 


327 


Grand Army of the Republic, South 
Dakota Encampment 


the first attempt to systematize that 
speech and it is still the basic author- 
ity upon the subject. It was compil- 
ed at Lac qui Parle, Minnesota, from 
1835 to 1850, and was published with 
the “Dictionary” in- 1852. See Dic- 
tionary (Dakota). 


Grand Army of the Republic, South 
Dakota Encampment of. The Grand 
Encampment of this order in Dakota 
Territory was organized at Sioux 
Falls, April 29, 1884; there then were 
54 Posts in the region afterward 
South Dakota, with 1006 members. 
When the Encampment was divided 
after Statehood there remained to 
continue the South Dakota Encamp- 
ment 93 posts and 2755 members. 
The maximum of strength seemed to 
have been reached in 1894 when there 
were 95 posts and 2840 members. On 
December 31, 1923, there remained 
39 posts and 393 members. . At no 
time wére all ex-soldiers of the Civil 
War residing in South Dakota mem- 
bers of the order. It is believed that 
essentially all veterans of that War 
are now recorded in the Grand Army 
of the Republic. The order in the 
days of its activity was a great force 
for civic, righteousness and progress. 
For complete roster of the officers of 
the Department from its foundation 
see the Annual Journal of the Wom- 
ans’ Relief Corps for any year. 


Grand Field is a discontinued post 
office in northeast Haakon County. 


Grand River, with several sources 
west of Slim Buttes, runs down to 
the Missouri, through Harding, Perk- 
ins and Corson Counties. It is a fine 
clear stream with a beautiful flood 
plain about one mile wide and 300 
feet below the adjacent prairies. The 
North Fork rises in South Dakota 


328 


Granite 


flows thru North Dakota and joins 
the main stream at Siem, south of 
Lemmon. 


Grand River Post (U. S. Army) was 
at the mouth of Grand River, west 
side of Missouri River. Established. 
1870. Buildings of cottonwood logs 
to accommodate two companies. Bar- 
racks, officers quarters, hospital, 
guard house, library, store houses, 
stables, bake-house, workshops and 
laundress quarters. The post was 
soon torn down and removed to the 
site of Fort Yates, the materials be- 
ing used in that’ establishment. 
Abandoned, July, 1873. 


Hist., , VIII, 97. 
Grand Valley is a discontinued post 
office in northwest Perkins County. 


Grandview is a discontinued post 
office in central Perkins County. 


Granger, A. G., 1880- | DOrnD iD 
Genesee County, Michigan, Septem- 
ber 24th; came to Kadoka, Stanley 
Co., in 1909; engaged in practice of 
law; legislator, 19138. 


Granite. About the only true gran- © 
ite in the State is found in the bould- 
ers transported thither by the ice. 
There are outcrops of so-called gran- 
ite at Sioux Falls and along the Sioux 
River in that vicinity and along the 
Vermillion River in McCook County. 
This rock is quartzite and is a valu- 
able building stone. Near Big Stone 
Lake are extensive outcrops which 
are extensively worked. The granites 
of the Black Hills are largely quartz 
and mica, containing a high per cent 
of soda. It is eruptive rock in the 
Algonkin slates, which have eroded 
away, leaving the harder granites ris- 
ing in walls, ridges and needles. The 
granite building stone industry has 


Grant 


greatly diminished in recent years 
because of the large displacement of 
that material by concrete. At its 
best, in 1890, the production was 
worth $304,673; but by 1900 it had 
sunk to $61,057. It is probably less 
than the last figure at this time. 


Grant is a station in .northern 
Brookings County. P. O. and bank- 
ing point is Elkton, 4 miles south 
east. 


Grant County. Created, 1873; organ- 
ized, 1878; named for Ulysses S. 
Grant. Begins at instersection of line 
between townships 117 and 188 north 
and the east boundary of South Da- 
kota; thence west on said township 
line to the west line of range 50; 
thence north on said range line to 
the line between townships 119 and 
120; thence west along the north 


line of Codington County to the south-- 


east corner of Day County; thence 
north to the north line of town 121 
(on the former Sisseton and Wahpe- 
ton Reservation) thence east on said 


town line to the former easterly 
boundary of said reservation; thence 
northeasterly along the easterly 


boundary of said former reservation 
to the township line between towns 
121 and 122 north, outside of said 
reservation; thence east along said 
township line to the easterly bound- 
ary of South Dakota; thence south- 
erly along the east boundary of South 
Dakota to the place of beginning. 
County seat, Milbank; first settle- 
ment, by Scot Roberts and Moses 
Mireau, at Big Stone Lake in 1865. 
Area 442,240 acres. County seat was 
at Inkpa City (Bigstone) at organiza- 
tion. An attempt to remove it to 
“Grant Center” failed in the election 
of that year. In 1881 after a hard 
battle a three cornered fight between 


Grasshopper 


Inkpa City, Milbank and Wilmot, Mil- 
bank won, securing the records forc- 
ibly has since retained the county 
seat. 





Coden: 145. 


Grant’s Peace Policy. See Sioux, 


Grant’s Church Policy. 


Grants. In law, one who grants a 
thing grants also whatever is essen- 
tial to its use. South Dakota has 
greatly modified the old form of deeds 
and has_ substituted the words 
“grants, conveys and warrants,” for 
the long-drawn-out verbiage of form- 
er days. 


Code, 54, 542. 

Grashus is a post office in south- 
west Meade County. Shipping and 
banking point is Piedmont, 13 miles 
southwest. 


Grass. See Agriculture, 7 (Hay). 


Grass Creek, a southern affluent of 
White River in Washington County. 


Grasshopper. There are various 
species of grasshoppers native to this 
region, none of which is particularly 
destructive. In territorial times this 
region was in several years devas- 
tated by invasions of army grasshop- 
pers from the mountain regions. This 
species appears to have disappeared 
and specimens can no longer be found 
by the entymologists of America. The 
years of the grasshopper raids, es- 
pecially in 1866 and from 1873 to 
1876, brought great destitution and 
discouragement. The pest came in 
clouds and devoured everything in 
cultivated fields and gardens. Public 
committees were raised to provide 
for the destitute. In the spring of 
1877 the young were hatched and 
when their wings had grown took to 


329 


Grass, John 


flight, but have never since been seen 
in this region. 


Grass, John (Charging Bear), 1837- 
1918; civil chief of the Blackfeet 
Sioux, and treaty chief of Standing 
Rock Reservation. He was adroit 
and intelligent, always opposed to 
contention with the government; an 
orator of tremendous power and un- 
limited influence with his people in 
all civil affairs. 

Of John Grass, Gen. Charles Foster, 
of Ohio, chairman of the Federal 
Commission of 1889 said: “At Stand- 
ing Rock we met a man whose strong 
sense would be conceded anywhere 
and who struck me as an intellectual 
giant in comparison with other In- 
dians. He is known to the whitemen 
as John Grass and to the Indians as 
Charging Bear and by resaon of his su- 
perior mind is the most prominent 
Indian on the reservation. He could 
not be the leader he is, however, 
were he not known to be brave. His 
speech in answer to the proposition 
we submitted to his tribe for pos- 
session of a part of their territory 
was by far the ablest we heard by 
any chief. His speech shows that he 
understood the treaties and acts of 
congress beyond the grasp of most 
Indians.” 


Graybill, W. C., 1851- “PV DOrn tt 
Fairfield County, Ohio, January 24th; 
taught school prior to coming to Da- 
kota; moved to Brule Co., Dakota in 
1883; engaged in law and real estate 
business; has been county judge of 
Brule County; register of deeds; re- 
ceiver of U. S. Land office; legislat- 
or, L903; 


Great Bend. 
(Big Bend). 


See Missouri River, 1 


330 


Green, Siegle 


“Great Conspiracy of the House of 
Morgan Exposed,” a book by Henry 
L. Loucks (q. v.). An argument for 
a national monetary system. 


Great Seal. See Seal, The Great. 


Great Sioux Reservation, see Indi- 
an Treaties, 4 and 6. 


Greater. In law the greater con- 
tains the less. 


Code, 68. 
Grebe. See Birds. 
Greeks. There were 375 persons 


born in Greece residing in South Da- 
kota when the census of 1920 was 
taken. 


Green, Edward Martin, 1875- 
born Nashua, N. H., Nov. 4; A. B., 
Harvard; A. M., U. of Wisconsin; 
Professor Romance languages, U. S. 
DS"191923 


Greenfield is a discontinued post 
office in eastern Clay Co. 


. 
, 


Green Grass Creek is a southern 
affluent to the Moreau River in 
Dewey County. 


Greene, Joseph M., 1849-1908; born 
in Genessee County, New York, Feb- 
ruary 14; veteran of Civil War; set- 


tled in Chamberlain in 1881; merch- 
ant; member of the legislature of 
“the State of Dakota” (1885); 


member, territorial house, 1889; State 
senator, 1889; chairman, Republican 
state central committee, 1896. 


Green Point was the original name 
of Burbank. 


Green, Siegle, 1862- ; Avon; 
born in Thomson, Illinois; May 9th; 
came to Avon, Bon Homme Co., S. D., 
in 1906; engaged in farming, dairy- 
ing and stock raising; in railway 
service twelve years; legislator, 1915. 


Greenville 


Greenville is a village in northeast 
Day County. 


Greene, F. H., 1858- =, Gary: 
born in Columbia County, Wisconsin, 
Sept. 15th; came to Gary in 1888 and 
engaged in the hardware business; 
also interested in farming and stock 
growing; held several town and coun- 
ty offices; worked to get the School 
for the Blind built at Gary; State 
Senator in 1907. 


Green, Warren, 
Jackson County, 


1870- ; born in 
Wisconsin, March 
10th; came to Dakota in 1881, locat- 
ing in Hamlin County; engaged in 
farming and stock raising; member, 
State Board of Charities and Correc- 
tions from 1913 to 1919; State Sena- 
Ore ho01. .19e0,) 1925. 


Green, W. H., 1870-1923; born in 
Clay County, Illinois, November 26th; 
came to Dakota in 1875; in Okobojo, 
Sully Co., since 1883; publisher of 
“Okobojo Times”; veteran of Span- 
ish-American war; legislator, 1921. 


Greenway is a village in northwest 
McPherson County. 


Greenwood is a village in southern 
Charles Mix Co. Banking and ship- 
ping point is Wagner, 16 miles north- 
east. 


Gregory is a city in western Greg- 
ory County. Named from the county. 
“The Times Advocate,” established 
in 1904, and the “Rosebud Democrat,” 
in 1906, are its newspapers. Popula- 
tion, see census. 


Gregory County. Created, 1862; or- 
ganized, 1898; named for J. S. Greg- 
ory (q. v.). Begins at intersection of 
main channel, Missouri River with 
line between townships 100 and 101 
north; thence west on said township 
line to its intersection with the 10th 


331 


Greyfoot 


guide meridian; thence south upon 
said guide meridian to the south 
boundary of the State; thence east 
along said State boundary to the cen- 
ter of the main channel of the Mis- 
souri River; thence up the center of 
the main channel of the Missouri Riv- 
er to the point of beginning. County 
seat, Burke. First settlement, at Fort 
Randall, 1856. Area, 660,480 acres. 
The county seat was at Fairfax from 
organization until 1916, when it was 
removed to Burke by popular vote. 
In 1912 Herrick was defeated and 
was also upon the ballot in 1916 when 
Burke won. 


Gregory County Agreement. See 
Indian Treaties, 9. 


Gregory, J. Shaw, 1831-18....; b., 
New York; son of Admiral Francis 
Hoyt Gregory, of the American Navy; 
graduate of Annapolis; came to Da- 
kota as agent of Ponca Indians, 1857; 
member, first to fourth and in eighth 
legislatures. Gregory County bears 
his name. 


Gretna is a railroad station in west- 
ern Edmunds Co. Banking point and 
post office is Roscoe, 6 miles east. 


Grey, J. C., 1884- ; born in Chel- 
sa, Wisconsin; came to Strool, Perk- 
ins Co., S. D., in 1908; engaged in 
farming, stock raising and operating 
lignite coal mine; township assessor, 


8 years; legislator, 1925. 


Greyfoot, 1834-1905; born at Lac qui 
Parle, Minnesota; a Christian Sioux 
who, with his brother Sounding Heav- 
ens, upon their own motion rescued 
Mrs. Marble, one of the women cap- 
tured by Inkpaduta at Spirit Lake in 
1857 and carried away to Madison. 


Hist. MW 238. Dakotan, Lik 285. 


Grey Eyes 


Grey Eyes was a mischievous chief 
of the Arickara who was responsible 
for the attack upon Gen. Ashley’s 
men in 1823. He came into promi- 
nence in the tribe while Lewis and 
Clark were away to the _ Pacific 
Ocean; when they returned they were 
informed that the chiefs they had 
decorated had turned their medals 
over to Grey Eyes. He led in the 
negotiations with Lisa and the Astor- 
ians in 1811, and was killed at the 
beginning of Leavenworth’s attack in 
August, 1823. He is the man who ex- 
plained to the Astorians that he could 
supply them with all the horses they 
needed for if the Ree did not have 
enough of their own he could easily 
steal more. 


Greyhound, The. See Okihe. 


Greyhounds. See Sports. 


Grier, Thomas J., 1850-1914; native 
of Canada; Irish ancestry; superin- 
tendent of Homestake Mine, 30 years; 
had national reputation as successful 
manager of labor. 


Griffith, Harry Morton, 1889- : 
born in Brooksville, Kentucky, June 
21st; educated, Univs. of Valparaiso 
(Ind.) and Minn.; came to South Da- 
kota in 1910, moved to Minnesota, re- 
turned to S. Dak. in 1919 and engaged 
in banking and law at. Gettysburg, 
Potter Co.; assistant county attorney 
of Hennepin County, Minn.; served 
in World War as lieutenant; legisla- 
tor, 1925. 


Grigsby, Col. Melvin, 1845-1917; 
born in Wisconsin; veteran of the 
Civil War and was prisoner at An- 
dersonville; colonel of Third Regi- 
ment, U. S. Volunteer Cavalry in the 
Spanish War of 1898, known as 
Grigsby’s Cowboys. Attorney-general 


332 


Groshawk 


of South Dakota, 1897-1899. Author 
of story of his experiences in the 
Civil War, known as “The Smoked 


Yank.” Colonel Grigsby was a grad- 
uate of Whitewater (Wis.) Normal 
School, 1869; located in Sioux Falls, 
1872, and was a member of the ter- 
ritorial council of 1887. 


“Grigsby’s Cowboys.” A history of 
the Third U. S. Volunteer Cavalry, 
Spanish-American War, by Otto L. 
Sues, adjutant, (1899). This is the 
military organization promoted and 
commanded by -Colonel Melvin Grigs- 
by (q. v.) of Sioux Falls. See War, 
9 (Spanish). 


Grindstone is a post office in south- 
west Haakon County. Banking and 
shipping point is Cottonwood, 15 
miles, southeast. 


Grindstone Butte is a prominent 
butte in western Haakon County. 


Grindstone Creek enters Bad River 
from the north near Philip. 


Grippe. See Influenza. 


Groce, John H., 1849- ; Ramona; 
born in Clarion County, Pennsylvania, 
May 22nd; came to Lake Co., Dakota, 
in 1879; engaged in banking and gen- 
eral farming; member, legislature, 
1905, 1907, 1913, 1915, ISi tape 


Gropengieser, J. H., 1856- ; born 
in Switzerland County, Indiana, De- 
cember 9th; arrived in Clifton, Sully 
Co., Dakota in 1883 and became pub- 
lisher of the “Sully County Watch- 
man”; in Onida since 1889; admitted 
to the bar in 1895; probate judge, 
clerk of courts and state’s attorney 
of Sully County and postmaster at 
Onida;) lawyer and dealer in real 
estate; legislator, 1905, 1907. 


Groshawk. See Birds. 


Gross, Evan T. 


Gross, Evan T., ; merch- 
ant, Gettysburg, Potter Co., S. D.; leg- 
islator, 1903. 

Grosse is a post office in northwest 
Brule County. Banking and shipping 
point is Chamberlain, 10 miles south. 
- Grossville is a discontinued post 
office in southern Harding County. 

Groth, G. K., 1866- 
Elgin, Iowa, April 29th; came _ to 
Humboldt, Minnehaha Co., S. D., in 
1901; engaged in mercantile business; 
legislator, 1911, 1913, 1917. 


born at 


. 
’ 


Groton is a town in _ southeast 
Brown County. Named from Groton, 
Massachusetts. ‘The Independent,” 
established in 1881, and “The Her- 
ald,” in 1900, are its newspapers. 
Population, seg census. 

Grouse. See Birds. 


Grover is a village in southern Cod- 
ington County. 


Guaranty. In South Dakota law a 
guaranty is an undertaking to answer 
for the debt, default or miscarriage of 
another and it may be made without 
the knowledge or consent of the prin- 
cipal; generally there must be an in- 
dependent consideration for it and it 
must be in writing signed by the 
guarantor; a guaranty may be only 
that the principal is solvent and his 
obligation is collectible; a guaran- 
ty is unconditional and undertakes to 
pay the obligation immediately upon 
the default of the principal and with- 
out demand; it cannot be larger than 
the obligation of the principal; the 
guarantor cannot be held liable for an 
unlawful contract; if the obligation 
of the principal is altered in any re- 
spect, without the consent of the 
guarantor, the guarantor is exonerat- 
ed. 





Code, 1476-1497. 


333 


“Gulch, The” 


Guardian and Ward. No person 
may be the guardian of another ex- 
cept upon appointment of a compe- 
tent court; as such guardian he has 
not control over the person or prop- 
erty of his ward ‘except as ordered 
by the county court. If the child be 
of sufficient age to exercise an intel- 
ligent preference the court may con- 
sider his preference in making the 
appointment. At all times the judge 
is to be guided by the best interests 
of the child. 





Code, 212-235. 


Gudahl, Peter, 1879- 
Norway, April 5th; came to Miner 
Co., Dakota in 1882; educated, Aug- 
ustana Col., Canton; engaged in farm- 
ing and breeding of pure bred live 
stock; held numerous township of- 
fices; legislator, 1915, 1917: PP, .O7 
Howard. 


; born in 


Guide Meridians. See Surveys. 


Guhin, Michael M., 1871- ; born 
Reedsville, Wis.; Milwaukee Normal; 
Instructor Northern Normal; _ supt. 
Americanization in state dept. Edu- 
cation. 

Guilfoyle, W. A., 1879- —;_ born at 
Mendota, Illinois, January; came to 
Edgemont, Fall River Co., S. D., in 


1910; engaged in practice of law; 
legislator, 1917, 1919; State Senator, 
1921. 

Guinea fowl were introduced 


throughout the State, but are not ex- 
tensively grown, though they are ex- 
ceedingly prolific and healthy, giving 
little care in propagation. 


“Gulch, The.” A deep wooded ra- 
vine quite enclosed by bluffs on the 
east side of the Vermillion River in 
northeastern McCook County. It was 


Gumbo 


a notable wintering place for the 
Sioux. 


Gumbo. The popular name for the 
soil of the Fort Pierre formation. The 
name is adapted from the soup made 
from the okra, because of its sticki- 
ness. Though of general use through- 
out the west this application of the 
word has not gotten into the diction- 
aries or encyclopaedias. It is really 
Pierre shale disintegrated by expos- 
ure, with a slight admixture of vege- 
table matter. The shale from which 
the gumbo soil comes is a sediment- 
ary deposit, being chiefly the product 
of mountain erosion, carried down 
across the bottom of the ancient 
ocean from the uprising ranges of 
the west. The shale is about three- 
fifths silica; one-fourth alumina, and 
one-eighth water, with small contri- 
butions of lime, magnesia, and iron 
oxide. The gumbo lacks in humus, 
but is fertile and with a reasonable 
rainfall is productive. Fertilized with 
stable manure it soon loses it adhes- 
iveness and becomes a warm soil, 
easily cultivated. Gumbo when slight- 
ly wet is very adhesive and roads 
and paths are practically impassable 
when it is in that condition. Gumbo 
contains the ingredients necessary to 
restore worn-out soils in eastern 
States and when applied to them 
gives an extended lease of new life. 


Gumbo is a post office in eastern 
Meade County. Shipping and bank- 
ing point is Faith, 36 miles north. 


“Gumbo Lily, A,” is a romance and 
other tales by Stella Lucile Gilman 
(qe-v2) 41901; 


Gunderson, Carl, 1864- -auDOTu 
near Vermillion; educated at the 
State University and Cornell Uni- 


versity; was long engaged in farm- 


Gunvordahl, Harold 


ing and merchandising at Vermillion 


but later established himself in farm- —~ 


ing in Aurora County; State senator, 
1893, 1897, 1899, 1901 and? L917eAU. 
S. Indian Allotting Agent, 1904-1910; 
lieutenant-governor 1921-1925; gover- 
nor, 1925; lived in Mitchell, 1921-5. He 
is the second native born son to be 
governor. See Efficiency Survey. 


Gunderson, Charles J., 1868- 7 
Vermillion; born in Filmore County, . 
Minnesota, October 13th; located 
near Vermillion in 1869; educated 
Univs. of S. D. and Minn.; attorney 
at Vermillion since 1896; city alder- 
man and member, board of educa- 
tion; State Senator in 1925. 


Robinson, I, 723. 


Gunderson, Hans, 1832-1913; born in - 
Norway, pioneer of Clay County; 
member, territorial legislature, 1866, 
1867. Mr. Gunderson was the father 
of Governor Carl Gunderson. 





Biog., 1897, (Clay Co.) p. 246. 

Gunderson, Harvey, 1841-1917; na- 
tive of Norway; pioneer of Clay 
County; commissioner of the Soldiers 
Home, 1897-1900; veteran of the Civil 
War. 


“Guns that Shoot Twice’—a phrase 
the Indians used ‘to denote cannon, 
referring to the bursting of shells, of 
which they were afraid. They seldom 
attacked a fort or troops that had a 
cannon, if they knew of it. 


Gunvordahl, Harold, 1881- . 
Burke; born at Songndal, Norway, 
January 21st; came to Burke, Greg- 
ory Co., in 1906; engaged in practice 
of law and interested in live stock 
and farm developments; State Sena- 
tor, 1919, 1921. 


334 


Gurney, J. T. 


Gurney, J. T., 1859- ; born at 
New Braintree, Mass., November 12th; 
came to McCook Co., Dakota in 1880; 
retired farmer and vice president of 
bank at Spencer; held township of- 
fices for 14 years; 1907, 


2909, 1917. 


legislator, 


335 


Gypsies 


Gustave is a post office in south- 
west Harding County. Shipping point 
is Belle Fourche, 44 miles south. 


Gypsies. Roving bands of gypsies 
visit the State annually, living by 
horse-trading and fortune-telling. 
They appear harmless and have 
rarely been convicted of crime. 


Haafke, W. F. 


Haafke, W. F., 1878- ; Rapid 
City; born in Sioux City, Iowa, Jan- 
uary 21st; came to South Dakota in 
1906; engaged in banking business; 
legislator, 1913; State Senator in 
dW Rees 


Haakon County. Created by the di- 
vision of Stanley County, 1914; orga- 
nized, 1915; named for Haakon VII, 
king of Norway; begins at intersec- 
tion of main channel of Cheyenne 
River with sixth guide meridian east 
of B. H. M., thence south on said 
guide meridian to south line of 
township 3 north; thence east on 
said township line to the east line of 
range 25; thence south on said range 
line to the Black Hills base line; 
thence west on said base line to the 
Black Hills base line; thence west 
on said base line to the 102d merid- 
ian of longitude; thence north upon 
said meridian to the center of the 
main channel of the Cheyenne Riv- 
er; thence east along said main chan- 
nel to the place of beginning. Coun- 
ty seat, Philip; area, 1,164,160 acres. 





Code, p. 146. 

Haas, Charles Christian, 1872- : 
born at Davenport, Iowa, June 13; 
Griswold College, geologist and nat- 
uralist; pioneer rancher of White- 
wood; alfalfa and plant breeder; has 
the most extensive alfalfa breeding 
farm in America; captain in Cuban 
war 1898. 


Haas, Peter F., 1852- ; born in 
Detroit, Mich.; graduate, Northwest- 
ern College, of Napierville, Illinois; 
lawyer; located at Lennox, 1880; edi- 


tor, “Dakota Staats Zeitung,’ (form- 
erly, “Dakota Deutsche Zeitung’’), 
Sioux Falls, 1890; Assessor, Sioux 


Falls, for long period. 





Hist., Minn: "Co. 652: 


Hail Insurance 


Hackberry is a_ species of elm, 
found along all streams of the State. 

Hackett, Charles F., 1853:- ; edi- 
tor; native of New Jersey; pioneer, 
Yankton and Turner Counties, 1876; 
publisher, ‘“‘Parker New Era” since 
1878. r 





Hist., VIII, 27. 
“Hagar.” <A dramatic poem by Rol- 
lin J. Wells (q. v.). 


Hagen, O. S.,; 1869- .. DOIneAn 


-Grundy County, Illinois, March 27th; 


in Huron since 1904; engaged in the 
practice of law; state’s attorney of 
Beadle County in 1910-11; State Sen- 
ator, 1915: 


Hagg, S. J., 1870- ;. McLaugh- 
lin; born at Amecil, Sweden, April 
10th; came to South Dakota in 1891; 
engaged in farming, stock raising, 
and lumber business; held various 
public offices; legislator, 1921, 1923; 
State Senator in 1925. 


Hague, George, 1871- . Tole 
born in Chicago, Illinois, March 27th; 
came to Spink Co., Dakota in 1883; 
engaged in farming; held various 
township and school offices; legisla- 
tor,..1919, 1921. 


Hail Insurance. From the begin- 
ning of the agricultural occupation 
of South Dakota crops have been 
subject to the hazard of loss through 
hail storms. Perhaps in no season 
has the region been wholly exempt. 
Hail storms are never general in scope 
but fall in strips from one-half mile 
to five or six miles wide and of vari- 
able length, frequently 25 or 30 miles 
long. The loss from them ranges 
from the nominal to total according 
to the severity of the storm. 

At an early date associations were 
formed for indemnity against hail 


336 


Hail Insurance 


loss. The most important of these 
was the Farmers Mutual Hail Assoc- 
iation with headquarters at Plankin- 
ton. It did a flourishing business for 
a number of years in the later eigh- 
ties, but a particularly disastrous sea- 
son brought it to grief. The Alliance 
Hail Insurance Company was an ad- 
junct of the Farmers Alliance move- 
ment of the early statehood period, 
but it too succumbed a season of un- 
usual hailstorms. The Watertown 
Hail Insurance Company met a like 
fate. For many years no South Dakota 
organization attempted hail  insur- 
ance, but a few foreign companies 
operated in~this field. For a score 
of years there was more or less agi- 
tation favorable to insurance of crops 
against hail loss directly by the state, 
but it was not until 1919 that such 
a method was undertaken. 


Unless specially exempted from the 
operation of the law by the owner or 
operator of the land, all cereal crops 
are so insured, at the estimated cost 
which prior to 1924 ranged from 35 
to 45 cents per acre, which amount 
was taxed against the land and col- 
lected as are other taxes. The sum 
produced was sufficient to indemnify 
loss and leave a small working bal- 
ance. In 1924 however the loss was 
very heavy and it was found neces- 
sary to double the premiums taxed to 
the farmers. 

The legislature of 1925 changed the 
law in some important respects. Own- 
ers of lands may file permanent ex- 
emptions with the county auditor, be- 
ginning with season of 1926. A re- 
adjustment of rates based upon ex- 
perience tables has been made as fol- 
lows: 


Clay, Yankton, Lincoln, Union and 
Turner counties 25 cents per acre. 


Haines, Arthur L. 


McCook, Bon Homme, Hanson, 
Lake, Sanborn, Kingsbury, Hand, 
Clark, Minnehaha, Hutchinson, Moody, 
Miner, Brookings, Beadle, Spink and 
Hamlin, 35 cents. 


Marshall, McPherson, Faulk, Wal- 
worth, Sully, Hyde, Davison, Brown, 
Edmunds, Campbell, Potter, Hughes, 
Jerauld, Aurora, Buffalo, Lyman, 
Brule, Stanley, 45 cents. 


Roberts, Day, Douglas, Grant, 
Deuel, Codington, Charles Mix, Tripp, 
Gregory, Jones, Jackson, Haakon, 
Perkins, Ziebach, Armstrong, Corson 
and Dewey, 60 cents. 

Harding, Lawrence, . Pennington, 
Fall River, Shannon, Bennett, Todd, 
Butte, Meade, Custer, Washington, 
Washabaugh and Mellette, 75 cents. 


FINANCIAL STATEMENT 


Total Receipts and Disbursements from 
beginning of business March 5, 1919 to 
Jato, L925: 


Receipts 
PROUT. er. see ace se ees us oc emecene $5,626,640.35 
Int. on delinquent premiums. 78,923.97 
WATS Ce oe Pato Sere ettac. cast ade eek 4,280.44 
Disbursements 
PMISHGR LoS Sida ce oie Ae, ne pve POsGes a (eee 
I Mon LV labatceh “Ay hae Veer cd Con ee 208,561.97 
AMMIDISEPA TION] seen sibel. om > n< 108,150.92 
FUSED OSu erie. «soe aiteus ot eee. ake Sie 93,971.42 
Interest on money borrowed... 75,265.03 


Financial statement 
Feb. 1, 1925. 
Resources 
Bal. on hand Feb. Ist, 1925..$ 196,720.00 
Delinquent prem. tax 1923 and 
prior 
1924 prem. tax as reported.... 


Interest on del. tax (Estimat- 
CCU es hae cc teehee suctccdte oes eee 


Liabilities 
Money borrowed 
from State Gen. 


242,000.00 
2,317,026.00 


Mole Che 6.2 6 es ame 6 € eas Laker © 6 


20,000.00 


Mabevel Sheen $1,000,000.00 
Unpaid losses .. 1,390,152.00 
Prem. deducted 

from losses paid 249,889.00 
Refunds estimat- 

AOR PS oF ee ory ee 6,000.00 
Balance 129,705.00 





® $2,775,746.00 $2,775.746.00 

Hairbell, see Harebell. 

Haines, Arthur L., 1874- POET 
Wyoming, Iowa, June 25; BowSs Up- 
per Iowa; A. M., U. of Chicago; pro- 
fessor of Chemistry, S. D. U. 


REV) 


Haire, Rev. Robert W. 


Haire, Rev. Robert W., 1845-1916; 
a native of Freedom, Michigan; born 
a Congregationalist, he was convert- 
ed to Catholicism while a student in 
Michigan University, from which he 
graduated and then went to Belgium 
where he took a course in theology, 
which he continued at Cincinnati 
after his return to America. He was 
ordained in 1874 and became the first 
pastor of the Aberdeen Church. He 
established the Presentation Acad- 
emy at Aberdeen. Was active in 
temperance and labor movements and 
promoted the Knights of Labor. He 
was the father of the Initiative and 
Referendum in America. His great 
life-work was the compilation of ex- 
haustive tables of the derivatives 
from Aryan root words, in the mod- 
ern languages. He was a commis- 
sioner of Charities and Corrections, 
1889-1895 and a Regent of Education, 
1897-1901. 


Hale, John D., 1847- Sturgis; 
born in Grayson County, Virginia, 
October 22nd; came to Meade Co., 
Dakota in 1877; engaged in stock 
raising and farming; member of ter- 
ritorial legislature in 1881; legislator, 


. 
5) 





1903, 1907, 1909; State Senator in 
1913.01 915; Lott: 
~ Kingsbury, V, 486. 

Hall, Edgar C., 1880- ; born at 
Chicago, Illinois, February i7th; en- 


gaged in real estate and farming; 
came to South Dakota in 1906, locat- 
ing on a homestead near Vivian, 
Lyman Co.; legislator, 1915, 1917; 
served as lieutenant in U. Ss. Army, 
1917 to 1919; State Senator, 1923. 


Hall, Frank I., 1861- ; Gann Val- 
ley; born at Valparaiso, Indiana; 
came to Buffalo County, Dakota in 


1884; engaged in farming, stock rais- 


338 


Ham, Charles 


ing and real estate; held several 
county offices; legislator, 1915. 


Hall, Philo, 1865- ; born at Wil- 
ton, Minnesota, Dec. 31st; educated 
Sioux Falls College; located at Brook- 
ings in 1883; admitted to the bar in 
1887; State senator, 1901; attorney- 
general, 1903-7; member of Congress, 


1907-9. 





Kingsbury, V, 312. 


Halladay, J. F., 1860- ; born in 
Topeka, Kansas, Sept. 9th; moved to 
Beatrice, Nebraska, at an early age; 
learned the printing trade; came to 
Huron in 1882 and worked with the 
“Huron Daily Times’; the following 
year he went to Iroquois and worked 
for “The Herald” two years and en- 
gaged in banking three years; estab- 
lished ‘‘The Iroquois Chief,’ with a 
partner (1888) and in 1891 became 
sole owner and publisher; Secretary, 
S. Dak. Press Ass’n., 7 years and 
president, one year; postmaster at 
Iroquois, 1894-1903; State Auditor, 
1903-7; member board of charities and 
corrections, 1925. 


James, 1854-91; born in 
Perthshire, Scotland; educated in 
Washington, D. C.; settled in Black 
Hills, 1876; banker; member, Territor- 
ial council of 1889. 


Halley, 


Halsey, Jacob, -1842; chief clerk 
at Fort Pierre during the McKenzie- 
Laidlaw regimes. He kept the journ- 
al which gives us the chief informa- 
tion of the daily life at the post. 


Hist 1, 348 5.165 — 76, 


Ham, Charles, 1851- : born at 
Granby, Quebec, Canada, January 
6th; came to Deadwood, Dakota in 


1878; engaged in farming and live- 
stock raising in Pennington Co. since 


Hamaker, A. C. 


1880; legislator, 
Senator in 1919. 

Hamaker, A. C., 1880- _ ; 
er; born in McCook County, S. D., 
October 23rd; engaged in farming 
and stock raising; held various town- 


1903, 1905; State 


Spenc- 


ship and school offices; legislator, 
1925. 
Hamill is a village in northeast 


Tripp County. Shipping point is 
Winner, 22 miles southwest. 

Hamilton Island is a small island 
in the Missouri River near the mouth 
of Platte Creek, named for Major 
Joseph V. Hamilton, Indian agent (q. 
v.). 

Hamilton, Joseph V., 1811-1867; 
born at Fort Madison, Iowa; son of 
Maj. Thomas Hamilton, U. 8. Army; 
Supervisor of Indian Agencies on the 
Missouri River, 1845. Settled in 
Charles Mix County. 


Hamilton, 
ster; 


James, 1865- ; Web- 
born in Crawford County, Wis- 
consin, January 24th; settled in Ly- 
man County in 1893; thence moved 
to Day County and engaged in farm- 
ing and stock raising; county com- 
missioner of Lyman County, 1896- 
1902; legislator, 1907. 


created, 1872; or- 
ganized, 1878; named for Vice-Presi- 
dent Hannibal Hamlin; consists of 
townships 113, 114 and 115 north, of 
ranges 51, 52, 53, 54 and 55 west 5th P. 
M. County-seat, Hayti. First settler, 
Jacob Hansen at Lake Poinsett, 1877. 
Area, 332,800 acres. Spalding, near 
Estelline, was county-seat, 1878 to 
1882, when Castlewood won the capi- 
tal by popular vote and held it until 
1914, when upon another vote it was 
removed to Hayti. In 1908 Hayti un- 
dertook to secure removal but failed. 


Hamlin County, 


Code, p. 146. 


Hanley, William F. 


Hamm, J. N., 1861- *. Caputas 
born in Province of Quebec, April 
21st; came to Dakota in 1880; held 
numerous township offices; legislator, 


Lote LS 17, 


Hammec is a village 
Roberts County. 


in northern 


Hand County. Created, 1873; or- 
ganized, 1882; named for George H. 
Hand (q. v.); consists of townships 
Tele tel oe thee Ligon tT ase 1 tos ani. 
116 north, of ranges 66, 67, 68, 69 and 
70 west 5th P. M. (Code, p. 146). 
County-seat, Miller. First settler, 
Henry Kile, on Turtle Creek, 1880. 
Area, 912,640 acres. 


Hand, George H., 1837-1891; Secre- 
tary of Dakota Territory, 1874-1884; 
acting governor during interregnum 
following death of Governor How- 
ard, 1880. He was U. 8S. Attorney for 
Dakota, 1866-9. 


Handlin, J. E., 1869- ; born at 
Versailles, Missouri, July 2nd; came 
to South Dakota in 1881, locating at 
Yankton and shortly afterwards at 
White Lake, Aurora Co.; went to the 
Black Hills in 1891; engaged in the 
newspaper business for nearly thirty 


years at Sturgis, Meade Co.; State 
Auditor, 1915-1919. 
Haney, Dick, 1852- DOrns ae 


Lansing, Iowa, November 10th; came 
to Plankinton, Aurora Co., Dakota in 
1885; has been Circuit Court Judge, 
1889-956; judge of supreme _ court, 
1896-1913; member, code commission, 
1917-19; State Senator, 1925; in prac- 
tice at Mitchell, 1913-17; in Huron 
since 1919. 


Kingsbury, IV, 441. 


Hanging. See Capital Punishment. 
Hanley, William F., 1862- ; born 
in Menard County, Illinois; in 1879 


339 


Hanna 


moved to Nebraska; came to Custer, 
Ss. D. in 1890 and engaged in the 
mercantile business; later engaged in 
banking; State Senator, 1905. 


Hanna is a village in southwestern 
Lawrence County. Shipping point is 
Englewood, 6 miles northeast. 


Hanna, Frank M., 1856- ; born 
in Mercer County, Penn., October 
28th; taught school in Wisconsin 
prior to coming to Dakota; came to 


Charles Mix County in 1895 and en- 
gaged in farming and stock raising; 
legislator, 1903. 


Hanse is a discontinued post office 
in northern Day County. 


Hansen, H. E., 1841- ; born in 
Norway; came to America, 1861 and 
soon entered the Civil War; register 
of deeds, Clay County, 1876-1884. 


Hansen, Henry J., 1870- —pDOTn 
at Teeds Grove, Iowa, January 19th; 
located near Platte, Charles Mix Co., S. 
D., in 1904; engaged in farming, stock 
raising and stock feeding; held var- 
ious township offices; legislator, 1915, 
TOL, @ LOLS: 


Hansen, Niels Ebbesen, 1866- ; 
born Ribe, Denmark, Jan. 4; B. S., 
Iowa State, 1887; M. S., 1895; D. Sc., 
U.S) 'D:, 1317: Protessor ss. D2 state 
College since 1895; propagator of 
many fruits and alfalfas; visited Rus- 
Sia and central Asia four times in 
search of hardy fruits and grains; 
introduced ‘fat tailed sheep” in Amer- 
ica. 

Hanson is a discontinued post of- 
fice in northern Yankton County. 


Hanson County. Created, 1871; or- 
ganized, 1871; named for Joseph R. 
Hanson (q. v.); consists of townships 
101, 102, 103 and 104 north; of ranges 


340 


Hanten, John B. 


57, 58 and 59 west 5th P. M. County- 
seat, Alexandria. First settlement 
at Rockport in 1871 by Samuel and 
Peter Bloom. Area, 276,480. The 
county seat was first at Rockport, 
but was removed to Alexandria in 
1880. In 1901 the fine court-house 
burned and in 1902 the town of Ful- 
ton made an unsuccesfful effort to re- 
move the county-seat to that point. 


Code, p. 146. 
Hanson, Maj. Joseph Mills, 1876- 
; educated at Yankton College 
and St. Johns Military Academy; son- 


Maj. Joseph R. H. (q. v.). Soldier 
and Author. Served on the Mexican 
border, 1916-17; in the World War, 
1917-1919. Official historian, Ameri- 
can Expeditionary Force. Author, 
“Conquest of the Missouri,” “Fron- 
tier Ballads,’ “With Sully in the 


Sioux Land,’ “With Carrington on 
the Bozeman Trail’ and other books. 


Hanson, Maj. Joseph R., 1837-1917; 
born in Lancaster, New Hamshire; 
and came to Dakota in 1858; was 
one of the first to settle upon the 
Yankton townsite and throughout his 
life was a leader in all matters of 
civic betterment; secretary, first ter- 
ritorial legislature, a member of the 
second, and also served as territorial 
auditor and as judge advocate. He 
was agent for the Sioux of the Mis- 
souri River, 1865-70, with head-quar- 
ters at Crow Creek. Hanson County 
bears his name. 


Kingsbury. EVE Zs 

Hanten is a railroad station in 
southern Codington County. Post of- 
fice is Watertown, 9 miles northwest. 

Hanten, John B., 1859- ‘Bort 
Marystown, Minnesota, Jan. 20; state 
senator, 1899; receiver U. S. Land Of- 
fice 1894-8; code commissioner 1919; 


Harding 


interim commissioner to investigate 
and audit Rural Credit board, 1925. 


Harding is a post office in south- 
west Harding County. Shipping 
point is Belle Fourche, 60 miles south. 


Harding County was created by di- 
vision of Butte Co., 1908; organized, 
1909; named for J. A. Harding (q. 
v.); bounded on the east by range 
line between ranges 9 and 10 east 
B. H. M.; on the north by north 
boundary of South Dakota; on the 
west by west boundary of South Da- 
kota; on the south by township line 
between towns 14 and 15 north B. H. 
M. County seat, Buffalo. Area, 
1,716,480 acres. 


Code, p. 146. 

Hardingrove is a post office in 
northern Haakon County. Banking 
and shipping point is Philip, 40 miles 
south. 


Hardy, J. P., 1866- ; born in La- 
Crosse County, Wisconsin, October 
2nd; located near Arlington, Kings- 
bury Co., Dakota in 1881; engaged in 
farming and stock raising; legisla- 
Totes, 1915, 1919. 


Hare, Joseph, 1853- born at 
Franklin Center, Quebec, November 
19th; came to Hill City, Pennington 
Co., Dakota in 1889; engaged in farm- 
ing, stock raising and carpenter work 
near Keystone; owner of “Keystone 
Recorder”; legislator, 1907 and State 
Senator in 1909. 


Hare, Rt. Rev. William Hobart, D. 
D., 1838-1909; born in New Jersey, 
studied in University of Pennsyl- 
vania; ordained, 1859; secretary, 
board of foreign missions of the Epis- 
copal Church; was made missionary 
bishop of the Niobrara Deanery com- 
prising Nebraska; Southern Dakota 


. 
> 


341 


Harney, General William Selby 


and Wyoming; his work was chiefly 
with the Sioux. In 1883 he became 
bishop of Southern Dakota with his 
seat at Sioux Falls. He was diligent, 
intelligent and consecrated to his 
work and the results were abundant. 
See Religion; Education. 





“Life of Bishop Hare” M. DeWolf 


Howes sElist vex. 10: 


by 


Harebell, also Hairbell is a native 


flowering plant found generally in 
the State. ° 
Harlan, Andrew J., - ; Ver- 


million; speaker, second session, ter- 
ritorial legislature. Resigned on 16th 
day. 


Harney Peak. See Black Hills. 


Harney’s Council at Fort Pierre. 


March 1, 1856, Gen. W. S. Harney 
held an important council at Fort 
Pierre in which all of the western 


bands of Sioux participated. A treaty 
was negotiated in which for the first 
time an Indian police force was pro- 
vided to preserve the peace of the 
bands. The treaty was rejected by 
the U. S. Senate. The full minutes 
of the council are published in Ex- 
ecutive document No. 130, House of 
Rep., 34th Congress, 1st Session, July 
25th, 1856. 


Hist., X, 166-7n. 

Harney, General William Selby, 
1800-1889; first visited Dakota as a 
lieutenant in the escort to the Atkin- 
son-O’Fallon treaty commission of 
1825. In 1855, when brevet Brig.- 
General, he was commissioned to 
punish the western Sioux for atroci- 
ities along the California trail and 
he fearfully beat the Brules at Ash 
Hollow on Blue Earth River in 
Nebraska (Sept. 3); after which he 
marched to Fort Laramie and thence 


Harnisch, H. F. 


to Fort Pierre with his army of 1200 
men, Leaving his army to winter at 
Fort Pierre and in cantonments near 
by, he set out to make a survey of 
the region with a view to locating a 
permanent army-post at the most eli- 
gible point; he chose Handy’s Point 
as the place where the post would be 
most easily provisioned and at the 
same time afford protection to the 
California trail and the settlements 
steadily moving westward into Da- 
kota. In 1856 he built Fort Randall 
at Handy’s Point. In 1858 he became 
a full Brig.-General and afterward 
served in the Civil War. In 1868 he 
returned to Dakota as a member of 
the Sherman Sioux Peace Commis- 
sion. He made a treaty with all the 
western Sioux at Fort Pierre in 
March, 1856, in which he arranged to 
make them self-governing through a 
system of Indian police. It involved 
the clothing and support of ten men 
in each principal band, and Congress 
refused to ratify the treaty because 
of the expense involved. 


Hist., X, 136 n., 137: I, 107. 


Harnisch, H. F., 1877- ; born in 
Clayton County, Iowa, February 18th; 
came to South Dakota in 1879, locat- 
ing in Hutchinson County; engaged in 
farming; clerk of circuit and county 
court for 4 years, county assessor 
for four years; legislator, 1923; lives 
at Menno. 


Harris, Calvin J. B., 1844- 
tive of Vermont; 
War; lawyer; 
from 1870. 


; na- 
veteran of Civil 
resident of Yankton 


Harris, J. W., 1875- ; Mobridge; 
born in Randolph, Wisconsin, June 
16th; came to South Dakota in 1881; 
attorney; county commissioner for 
six years; State Senator, 1913. 


Hartford 


Harrisburg is a village in northern 
Lincoln County. ‘“‘The Journal,” es- 
tablished in 1900, is its newspaper. 


Harrison is a village in northwest 
Douglas County. Banking and _ ship- 
ping point is Corsica, 6 miles east. 


Harrison, See Presi- 


dential Visits. 


Harrison, Charles M., 1857-1921; 
born in Ohio; graduate Moore Hill 
College; pioneer of Huron, 1882; law- 
yer; member, legislature of 1891; at 
Sioux Falls from 1893; member, 
State cement commission at death. 


Harrison, Claude V., 1875- 
at Crystal Lake, Illinois, September 
27th; came to South Dakota in 1884 
and engaged in farming near Lucas, 
Gregory Co.; held school and town- 
ship offices; legislator, 1925. 


Harrison, R. J., 1881- ; born in 
Linn County, Iowa, February 9th; 
came to Lane, Jerauld County, S. D. 
in 1910; engaged in banking busi- 
ness; legislator, 1913, 1915. 


Harrold is a town in northeast 
Hughes County. Named for what 
wrongfully was supposed to be the 
given name of H. R. McCullough, an 


Benjamin. 


; born 


officer of the C. & N. W. Ry. “The 
Journal,” established in 1910, is its 
newspaper. . 
Hart, Glenn D., 1874- ; Dead- 
wood; born at Fremont, Nebraska, 


September 23rd; came to South Da- 
kota in 1890; engaged in wholesaling 
of cigars, also land dealer; legislator, 
1913: 


Hart, James, 1843-1916; native of 
PRP TENS elie rd ;Pioneer of Dell Rapids; 
State Senator, 1893. 


in southwest 
Population, see 


Hartford is a town 
Minnehaha County. 


342 


Hartley 


census. “The Herald,” established in 
1892, is its newspaper. 


Hartley is a post office in north- 
west Haakon County. Banking and 
shipping point is Philip, 35 miles 
southeast. 


Hartman is a discontinued post of- 
fice in northwest Minnehaha County. 


Hartwell, H. P., 1867- ; born at 
Belle Plaine, Iowa, January 5th; came 
to South Dakota in 1888, locating at 
Wakonda; in 1893 moved to Irene, 
lurner Co.; engaged in hardware and 
implement business; legislator, 1923. 


HaskeH is a discontinued post of- 
fice in northern Perkins County. 


Hasvold, H. R., 1874- ; born at 
Coon Valley, Wisconsin, July 14th; 
came to Flandreau, Moody Co., Da- 
kota in 1882; extensively engaged in 
farming near Aberdeen; legislator, 
1919: 


Hat Creek rises in northwestern 


Nebraska and runs north into Fall 
River County and falls into the 
Cheyenne River. 

Hauck, Jacob J., 1870- ; Lester- 


ville; born in South Prussia, Sep- 
tember 18th; came to Yankton Co., 
Dakota when a boy; member county 
school board for thirteen years; en- 
gaged in farming; legislator, 1911, 
1915, 


Hauge, Lars Jorgenson, native of 
Denmark, 1837-1921; Baptist mission- 
ary among Danish people and _ Ind- 
ians in Wisconsin, Minnesota and 
South Dakota for fifty years, lately 
residing on Bad River in Stanley 
County. 





Bilat.,,1V, 141. 


Haugse, Ole O., 1854- ; 
born in Hardanger, Norway, 


Colton; 
October 


343 


Hayden, Dr. Ferdinand V. 


1st; located in Minnehaha County in 
1878; engaged in farming and held 
many town offices; legislator, 1909. 


Hawkeye Valley is a deep valley in 
the Wessington Hills in southern 
Jerauld County. 


Hawkins, E. D., 1866- ; Vermil- 
lion; born in South Hannibal, New 
York, July 7th; came to Dakota in 
1883; engaged in the hardware busi- 
ness; was deputy U.S. Surveyor in 
1899; State Senator, 1909. 


Hawkins, Robert C., 1825-1902; born 
in New York; veteran, Civil War; 
settled in Minnehaha County, 1872; 
probate judge. 


Hawley is a post office in northern 
Hyde County. Banking and shipping 
point is Highmore, 16 miles south. 


Hawley, L. C., 1867- ee mLOUx 
Falls; born at Pocahontas, Tlli- 
nois, February 2nd; came to South 
Dakota in 1882; engaged in barber 
trade; county game warden from 
1896 to 1898; legislator, 1913. 

Hawn, D. H., 1844- ; native of 


New York; one of the first settlers of 
Lincoln County; veteran of the Civil 
War. 


Hay. See Agriculture, 7. 


Hay Canyon is a south tributary of 
the Cheyenne River in eastern Fall 
River County. 


Hayden, Dr. Ferdinand V., physic- 
ian and scientist; 1829-1887; came in- 
to Dakota in 1854 upon a geologizing 
enterprise and went as far as Bear 
Butte that year; he returned with 
Lieut. Warren in 1857 and thereafter 
was much in the region; scientifically 
examining the Bad Lands, Black Hills 
and much of the prairie region west 
of the Missouri River. Reports of 


Haydraw 


his work in Dakota will be found in 
a memoir of the American Philosoph- 
ical Society, 1861 and in the Report 
of the U. S. Geological Survey, 1870. 
He supplied the fossil collection upon 
which Dr. Leidy’s famous thesis is 
based. See Warren’s Report. 


lain OO, WEIioibaee ile. alee. 

Haydraw is a post office in north- 
ern Meade County. Banking and ship- 
ping point is New Underwood, 25 
miles south. 


Hayes is a post office in western 
Stanley County. Shipping and bank- 
ing point is Midland, 28 miles south. 


Hayes, John C., 1840- ; born in 
White County, Indiana, September 
28th; came to Custer, S. D. in 1907; 


engaged in the practice of law; held 
several offices in Nebraska and Illi- 
nois before coming to S. D.; legisla- 
tore oh. 


Hayes, Robert, C., 1864- ; born 
in Bloomington, TIllinois, October 
18th; came to Huron, Dakota in 1883; 
engaged in practice of law; in Dead- 
wood since 1892; legislature, 1903; 
State Senator in 1915; member special 
supreme court, 1922. 


Hay Fever. Victims of hay fever 
find almost instant relief in the Black 
Hills. The region is annually more 
-and more sought for those seeking 
immunity from this annoying afflic- 
tion. 


Haystack Buttes are in north cen- 
tral Butte County. 


Hayti is the county seat of Hamlin 
County. “The Hamlin County Her- 
ald,” established in 1908, is its news- 
paper. Population, see census. 


Hayward, C. E., 1858-1923; Garden 
City; born at Winthrop, Maine, Aug- 


Heide, S. D. 


ust 4th; came to Clark Co., Dakota 
in 1882 and filed a homestead at 
Garden City; engaged in farming and 
real estate; State Senator, 1905. 


Hazel is a town in northern Ham- 
line County. “The Register,” estab- 
lished in 1912, is its newspaper. 


Health. See Public Health. 
Heat. See Climate. 


Hebal, Joseph, 1849-1921; born in 
Bohemia; farmer and merchant; State 
Senator, 1893, 1895; legislator, 1905, 
1907, 1909; lived at Goodwin, Deuel 
Co. 


Hebrew. See Jew. 


Hecla is a town in northeastern 
Brown County. Founded by the West- 
ern Town Lot Co. in 1886. Named 
after the Iceland volcano. Popula- 
tion, see census. ‘‘The Brown County 


Journal,’ established in 1913, is its 
newspaper. 
Hedgehog. See Porcupine. 
Hedrick, Harry S., 1873- : born 


in Polo, Illinois, March 2; settled in 
Chamberlain, 1904; state senator, 
1911; State Game Warden, 1913-1925. 


Heffernan, Edward, . ; born 
in Marion County, Indiana; located at 
Elkton, Brookings Co., in 1873; taught 
several years in the public schools 
and later engaged in farming; held 
school and township offices; legis- 
lator, 1907, 1909. 


Heglin, Fred, 1859- ; Center- 
ville; born in Sweden, July 12th; 
came to South Dakota in 1879; en- 
gaged in farming and stock raising; 
county auditor of Clay County, two 
years; legislator, 1913, 1915. 


Heide, S. D., 1872- ; born in 
Maquoketa, Iowa, February 15th; lo- 


344 


Helgerson, Gustav H. 


cated near Mitchell, S. D., in 1917; 
engaged in dairy and stock farming; 
practiced law 16 years prior to com- 
ing to S. D.; legislator, 1923. 


Helgerson, Gustav H., 1875- ; Mt. 
Vernon; born in Livingston County, 
Illinois September 25th; came to Da- 
kota, 1881; grad., U. S. D., 1904; en- 
gaged in hardware business; legis- 
lator, 1911; State Senator in 1913; 
State Treasurer, 1917-1921; State com- 
missioner of insurance, 1925-. 


Helgerson, L. C., 1882- noey NS Aika ter We 
Mt. Vernon, Davison Co., S. D., April 
25th; educated at Augustana Col:., 
Canton; engaged in farming; member 
city council, Mt. Vernon, 1909-14; 
legislator, 1921, 1923, 1925. 


Hell Canyon is a deep canyon in 
western Custer County running south 
into Pass Creek. 


Hell Canyon is in central Fall Riv- 
er County. 


Hellgate Gulch is in southwestern 


Lawrence County; it opens’ into 
Spearfish Canyon. 
Helm, Percy H., 1880-  OUBSLEL ; 


born at Prairie Farm, Wisconsin, Oc- 
tober 11th; came to South Dakota in 
1896; engaged in practice of law; 
states attorney for Custer County 
from 1915 to 1919; State Senator, 
1919. 


Hemp. A native hemp grows 
throughout the state. 


Henault, Dennis, 1860- eapOri dit 
Berthier Co., Quebec, Canada, March 
21st; came to Custer, Dakota in 1881; 
engaged in mining, prospecting and 
farming; Democratic state central 
committeeman and member, State 
executive committee; State Senator 
tHe 911. 


Herreid, Charles Nelson 


Henderson, Stephen, 1861- ; born 
in Bland County, Virginia, February 
28th; came to Roberts County, South 
Dakota in 1886; engaged in farming 
and stock raising; member of sever- 
al farmers’ cooperative organizations; 
held several township and school of- 
fices; State Senator, 1923, 1925. 


Hendricks. See Lake Hendricks. 


Henry is a town in southwestern 
Codington County. Founded by the 
Western Town Lot Co. in 1882. Nam- 
ed for J. E. Henry, the first settler. 
“The Independent,’ established in 
1884, is its newspaper. 


Henry. See Lake Henry (twice). 


Hepperle, Fred, 1863-1924; Eureka; 
born near Odessa, Russia, February 
2nd; located in Campbell County, Da- 
kota in 1886; engaged in mercantile 
business at Eureka since 1888; has 
held several county and school of- 
fices; mayor of Eureka, 1902-6; State 
Senator in 1907; Commissioner School 
and Public Lands, 1913-17. 


Hepperle, John J., - ve ORD 
near Odessa, Russia; came to Eureka, 
McPherson County, S. D., in 1891; 
engaged in banking and farming there 
and at Leola; held several county of- 
fices; State Senator, 1919. 


Heppner is a post office in eastern 
Fall River County. Banking and 
shipping point is Hot Springs, 20 
miles north. 


Hereford is a post office in south- 
ern Meade County. Banking and ship- 
ping point is Sturgis, 41 miles west. 


Herman. See Lake Herman. 


Herreid, Charles Nelson, 1857- 
fourth governor of South Dakota; 
born in Wisconsin, October 20th; 
graduate of Galesville Univ. and of 


345 


Herman, John 


the Wisconsin University Law 
School; in 1882 he settled at Leola 
and engaged in the practice of his 
profession and banking, in which he 
was successful; was called to differ- 
ent County offices, and was upon the 
last territorial board of control for 
the State University. In 1892 he was 
elected lieutenant-governor and was 
re-elected in 1894; he was regent of 
education, 1897-1901; in 1900 he was 
elected governor and _ served from 
190T to '* 1905. -It* was eu period —o. 
prosperity and expansion, through 
which the State affairs were conduct- 
ed with fine prudence and economy; 
perhaps at no other time has there 
been such a general condition of 
contentment as during the administra- 
tration of Governor Herreid. Retir- 
ring from the governor’s chair, Mr. 
Herreid located in Aberdeen where he 
has engaged in the banking business, 
meanwhile holding many positions of. 
trust and honor; when the World 
War came on he at once volunteered 
his services, but because of his age 
he was refused; he then accepted 
the direction of the food administra- 
tion in South Dakota, to which he 
devoted his time and talent whole- 
heartedly and very successfully 
throughout the war. He was the pres- 
ident of the State Historical Society, 
1923-25. In 1882 he married Jenette 
Slye of Mindora, Wisconsin. 





Robinson, I, 609. 

Herman, John, 1859- ; Lester- 
ville; born in South Russia, Novem- 
ber lst; came to Dakota in 1874 and 
located in Yankton County; has been 


school district officer and overseer of 


public highways; legislator 1905, 
1907. 

Herman, W. C., 1874- ; St. Law- 
rence; born in Racine, Wisconsin, 


Hickok, (“Wild Bill’) James Butler 


July 10th; came to Hand County in 
1905; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; held several township offices; 
legislator, 1925. 


Hermosa is a village in northern 
Custer County. Founded by the Pio- 
neer Town Site Co. in 1886. Descrip- 
tive name from the Spanish, meaning 
beautiful. 


Heron. See Bittern. 


a town in northern 
“The Prairie Pica- 
in 1888, is its 


Herreid is 
Campbell County. 
yune,” established 
newspaper. 


Herrick is a town in southern 
Gregory County. Named for Samuel 


Herrick, a nephew of Ex-Governor 
Herrick, of Ohio. “The Press,” es- 
tablished in 1905, is its newspaper. 


Herrick, Henry H., 1834-1913; first 
settler of Gary; a native of Ohio; 
steamboat captain on the Mississippi; 
prominent in Deuel County affairs. 


GC. ‘B.,°” 18538- ; Lang- 
in Appleton, Wisconsin, 
March 10th; came to Marshall Co., 
Dakota in 1883; successful farmer; 
legislator, 1913, 1915. 


Hetland is a village in eastern 
Kingsbury County. Named for John 
Hetland, who settled in this county 
in 1877: 


Hickok, (“Wild Bill’) James Butler, 
1837-1876; native of Illinois; gambler 
and gunman; veteran of the border 
wars; there has been much and con- 
tradictory writing pertaining to him; 
he removed from Illinois, to Spring- 
field, Missouri, about the close of 
the Civil War; was known as a 
gambler there; settled upon a home- 
stead near Beatrice, Nebraska, and 
while there made his first notable 


Hershey, 
ford; born 


346 


Hicks, John D. 


fame by’ breaking up the notorious 
McCanles band of guerillas, killing 
three members of it; after this af- 
fair he removed to Julesburg, Colo- 
rado, where he killed a man in a 
gambling row. Afterward he plied 
his calling in Denver, but went thence 
to Abilene, Kansas, a place utterly 
dominated by the toughest outfit in 
America. Bill’s reputation in the Mc- 
Canles case having followed him, the 
better element in Abilene proposed 
to him that he’clean up that city; he 
agreed to do so if they would make 
him city marshal and pay him $1000 
per month. The contract was made 
and with a few killings he soon had 
the place as tame as a New England 
village. He came to the Black Hills 
with the gold excitement and on Aug- 
ust 2, 1876, while gambling in a saloon, 
was shot and killed by Jack McCall; 
the attack appeared to be unprovok- 
ed. McCall was arrested, tried and 
acquitted by a “miner’s court,” but 
was again arrested by the federal 
authorities, taken to Yankton, tried, 
convicted and hanged. Hickok is 
buried in Mt. Moriah Cemetery at 
Deadwood and a statue has been 
erected over his grave. He is said 
to have been usually a civil fellow, 
not looking for trouble; but having 
acquired the reputation of being a 
bad gunman, he was compelled con- 
stantly to defend his title. 


“Wild Bill,’’ by O. W. Coursey, 1924. 

Hicks, John D., 1861- ; born at 
Snydon, Illinois, October 4th; locat- 
ed near Canton, Lincoln Co., Dakota 
in 1882; engaged in farming; held 
numerous township offices; legislator, 
1911; State Senator, 1913. 


Hidewood Creek rises in the coteau 
near Clear Lake and run_ westerly 
into the Big Sioux River. 


Highways 


Higgins, Parley E., 1845-1900; na- 
tive of New York; pioneer of Coding- 
ton and Hamlin Counties; sheriff of 
Codington Co.; veteran of the Civil 
War. 


High Bank Creek runs into the 
Grand River in eastern Corson Coun- 
ty. 

Highland is a post office in north- 
ern Jones County. The shipping and 
banking point is Okaton, 8 miles 
south. 


Highmore, the county seat of Hyde 
County. Named Highmore because it 
is located on the highest ground on 
the northwestern between the Missis- 
sippi and Missouri Rivers. Popula- 
tion, see census. ‘The Herald,” es- 
tablished in 1882, and- “The Hyde 
County Bulletin,’ established in 1885, 
are its newspapers. 


Higbie, Edgar C., 1875- ; born 
Berlin, Wisconsin, July 31; studied at 
Ripon and Carleton Colleges; A. B., 
U. of Minnesota; Ph. D., Columbia; 
President Eastern Normal since 1920. 


Highways. The earliest known map 
embracing the South Dakota country 
is DeL’Isle’s map of 1701. Upon that 
map is marked a trail leading from the 
mouth of the Wisconsin River along 
the northern boundary of the pres- 
ent Iowa, via Spirit Lake, to Sioux 
Falls. This is marked Chemin des 
Voyageurs (Track of the voyagers), 
and .is the chief witness to the tra- 
dition that South Dakota was visited 
by white men prior to the year 1700. 

The Verendryes visited the region 
in 1742-3 but mention no established 
trails. In 1794 the Trudeau party 
came up the river to trade with the 
Ree Indians at the mouth of the 
Cheyenne and shortened the distance 
by leaving the river at the point 


347 


Highways 


where Lower Brule Agency now is 
and traveled to their destination in 
a circular line some distance west of 


the stream. Their object was to 
avoid meeting the Sioux camped 
near the mouth of Bad River. They 


returned over the same _ circuitous 
route. 

Neither LeRaye in 1802-4 nor Lewis 
and Clark 1804-6 mention any trails 
in South Dakota nor do they indicate 
any upon their maps. 

Nicollet and Fremont were over 
the eastern divide in 1838 but men- 
tion no established trail, but in 1839 
they came up to Fort Pierre and 
thence crossed by way of Medicine 
Butte and Scatterwood Lake to the 
James River and found a well worn 
trail long traveled by the Sioux 
whose dragging lodge poles had worn 
deep furrows. 


In 1840 Rev. Stephen R. Riggs and 
Alexander Huggins crossed from Lac 
qui Parle, Minnesota, to Fort Pierre, 
traveled the Indian trail which came 
up the Lac qui Parle thence to Chan- 
nonpa (Two Woods Lake) at Alta- 
mont, Deuel County. There the ways 
parted and one route led up the di- 
vide to the northwest reaching the 
fine lakes in Day County; the other 
turned south down the Sioux Valley 
visiting Poinsett, Oakwood, and Madi- 
son Lakes, and Sioux Falls. The 
former of these from Waubay Lake 
ran to Armadale in Spink County 
thence to Scatterwood Lake in the 
northeastern corner of Faulk County 
and thence across to Medicine Knoll 
in Hughes County and to the river at 
Pierre. This trail was well defined. 


From time immemorial the Indians 
have trailed from the Missouri River 
at Fort Pierre to the headwaters of 
the Platte. This route was adopted 


Highways 


by the fur traders throughout the 
long period from 1800 to 1855 and in 
the latter year General Harney 
brought his army of 1200 men over 
it arriving at Fort Pierre, from Lara- 
mie on October 19. General John B. 
S. Todd, who afterward represented 
Dakota Territory in Congress, was 
topographer of the expedition and 
made the map of the route. 

The next year, 1856, Major Aber- 
crombie brought a company of sol- 
diers from Fort Ridgely to Fort 
Pierre. They built a substantial 
bridge across the James River at 


‘ Armadale, Spink County, which was 


348 


no doubt the first bridge built in this 
region. General Alfred Sully, then a 
captain, was topographer and made 
a map. 

The first effort at road building by 
white men on our soil was in 1857. 
One of the dreams of the pioneers 
of St. Paul was that it should be 
the eastern terminus of a Pacific rail- 
road, and with a wholly inadequate 
notion of physical conditions, secured 
from Congress provision for the build- 
ing of a wagon road from that capi- 
tal, by way of Fort Ridgely, to the 
South Pass of the Rocky Mountains. 
It was hoped first to get a wagon 
way over this route, and then ulti- 
mately make it the line of a trans- 
continental railway. At that period 
an enterprising group of politicians 
of broad vision had a pretty firm grip 
upon all affairs of the Northwest. 
Governor Medary of Minnesota was 
at the head of this organization, and 
in close cooperation with Henry H. 


Sibley, proposed many far-reaching 
projects, including the South Pass 
Road. 

Col. William H. Nobles was _ plac- 


ed in active charge of this enterprise. 


Highways 


He moved promptly and with sub- 
stantial results. The final act of 
Congress was dated March 3, 1857. 
Before November of that year, the 
road was completed to the Missouri 
River, at a point about opposite the 
mouth of the White River in South 
Dakota. It entered the state through 
“The Hole in the Mountain” near 
Elkton, then to Lake Campbell, trail- 
ed along the north lines of Lake, 
Miner, and Sanborn counties to Jim 
River, thence southwesterly through 
Wessington Springs to Gann Valley, 
where it bent more southerly to the 
river. The line was well marked, 
some grading done, the streams made 
passable at good fords, and as prairie 
roads go, it was pretty fair. Wess- 
ington Springs was discovered by a 
teamster on the expedition named 
Wessington, and was named for him. 


Over this trail, which has gone in- 
to history as “The Nobles Trail,” the 
famous “Expedition to Moscow” was 
escorted in November 1863, one of 
the driest seasons in the history of 
the Northwest. That season the 
Sioux Indians of Minnesota had been 
brought out and located at Fort 
Thompson on the Missouri. It was 
expected to supply them by steam- 
boat, but the river fell to so low a 
stage that it was impossible to navi- 
gate the ‘stream. The agency was 
absolutely without supplies and the 
people in a starving condition. Min- 
nesota appeared to be the nearest 
source of supply and General Pope, in 
command of the Northwest, outfitted 
an expedition from Mankato, on No- 
vember 5, consisting of one-hundred 
thirty-six ox wagons, escorted by 
three companies of the 6th Minne- 
The country had been burned 
water could only be obtained 


sota. 
over; 


349 


Highways 


at long intervals; the distance was 
a little more than three hundred 
miles; the weather was most dis- 
agreeable. They arrived at Fort 
Thompson on December 2, having 
suffered so severely that the enter- 
prise has been likened to the hard- 
ships of Napoleon’s soldiers en route 
from Moscow. Today the trip by 
auto over that road could be ac- 
complished in a single day. 

Fort Randall was built in 1857 and 
this necessitated a military road from 
Sioux City, which was to some extent 
improved via Elkpoint, Vermillion, 
and Yankton. The Sioux, Vermil- 
lion, and James Rivers were ferried 
for several years. In 1865 the govern- 
ment provided for the substantial im- 
provement of this road, and the con- 
tract was let to Gideon C. Moody, 
afterwards one of our first United 
States Senators. He built the bridges 
at Sioux City, Vermillion and the 
James River, and securing a portable 
saw mill bought logs from the settl- 
ers and made them into lumber. 

As the upper forts were built, this 
military trail from Sioux City to 
Randall was extended up the river to 
Fort Berthold and beyond. As a re- 
sult of the Indian war, Forts Rice 
and Wadsworth were built and a 
made connecting these posts 
with Minnesota. Starting with Fort 
Rice, on the Missouri, the trail cross- 
ed the divide and came down Elm 
River to the Jim, thence east to Fort 
Wadsworth and down the divide to 
the Whetstone Valley, thence around 
the lower extremity of Big Stone 
Lake. At an early date after settle- . 
ment a trail was established from 
Yankton to Sioux Falls; via Swan 
Lake. 


trail 


Highways 


After the agricultural settlement 
the roads gradually developed along 
the section lines in the haphazard, 
wasteful and almost worthless char- 
acteristic of early American road 
building under the system of work- 
ing out the tax. Sam Walter Foss 
tells us of the joys of the system: 


“O our life was tough and tearful 

its toil was often fearful, 

And often we grew faint beneath 

the load, 

But there came a glad vacation 

and a sweet alleviation 

When we used to work, our tax 

out on the road.” 

The first in our state to sound an 
official note for better roads was 
Governor Charles N. Herreid in his 
message to the legislature of 1903, 
and although he argued logically and 
forcefully the folly and waste of the 
existing system, no response came 
from the legislature. At that time 
the automobile industry was in its 
infancy and the few machines in 
South Dakota were regarded as a 
menace to public safety. 


It was not until January 17, 1907, 
that even a bill looking to radical 
improvement of the highway system 
was introduced. That was the his- 
toric “Parmley Bill” introduced in the 
house by Hon. J. W. Parmley of Ip- 
swich. As compared with modern 
legislation it was a modest little 
thing, providing chiefly that all roads 
should be built under the supervision 
of the county commissioners, upon 
contracts duly let, to be under the 
superintendence of county engineers, 
and that all road taxes should be 
paid into the county treasury in cash. 
That it produced a sensation is stat- 
ing it mildly. In many quarters it 
was jeered unmercifully. However 
the committee on highways, after 


350 


Highways 


amending it in some particulars, re- 
ported it. It was debated for many 
days, a local option feature introduc- 
ed into it, and then defeated by a 
vote of 43 to 37. 


The law was somewhat strengthen- 
ed after that, cash payments being 
required but no_ very substantial 
progress was made until after the 
adoption of Section 9 of Article 13 
of the constitution in 1916, which 
permitted for the first time the State 
itself to engage in constructing pub- 
lic roads. 

Good Roads 


Pursuant to the amendment to the 
constitution the legislature of 1917 
enacted a good roads law and created 
the state highway commission. This 
commission had just got into action 
when the federal aid was granted 
by congress and this necessitated a 
complete re-organization, which was 
effected by the act of 1919 and be- 
came effective on July 1, of that 
year. The roads of the state belong 
to several classes as follows: Town- 
ship, county, state and federalaid. The 
township roads are wholly under the di- 
rection of the township supervisors; 
county roads under the management 
of the county commissioners; state 
roads managed by the state highway 
commission and federal aid by joint 
control of the U. S. Bureau of Public 
Roads and the state highway com- 
mission. All state and federal roads 
are constructed pursuant to surveys 
and plans; a policy which at the out- 
set was much criticized, but which 
has been fully justified as the work 
has progressed. All such roads are 
thus carefully engineered, graded and 
thoroughly drained and gravel sur- 
faced as rapidly as is possible. The 
maintenance of these roads, at first 


Highways 


left to the counties has under the 
act of 1923 been taken over by the 
state highway commission, resulting 
in uniform maintenance throughout 
the state to great public advantage. 


The magnitude of the enterprise 
is indicated by the financial state- 
ment herewith. 

Revenues, July 1, 1919-June 30, 1924. 


Received from general tax levy 
Received from General appropriation 


Received from sale of bonds ......... 


Received from motor fuel tax 


Disbursement, July 1, 1919-June 30, 1924. 
Paid for construction 3542 miles 


* Paid for bridges 


Prior to June 30, 1921 small bridges 
were included in the grading con- 
tract. 

The total mileage as above is 3542. 
The graveled roads are a part of this 
total. Missouri river bridges are not 
included. Roads under construction 
not included. The cost figures in- 
cludes engineering but does not in- 
clude office overhead. 

From the foregoing it appears that 
graded roads, not counting office 
overhead cost $3636.71 per mile and 
such roads with the bridges upon 
them, large and small except the 
new Missouri river bridges, cost 
$4157.61 per mile. To place the grav- 
el upon a graded road costs $2737.59 
per mile. 

County Roads 


There are no adequate statistics of 
the progress of county road building 
under the new programme. All sec- 
tion lines are legal highways and such 
other roads as are constructed pur- 
suant to law. The total mileage of 
roads of all kinds in the state as re- 


Received from motor vehicle tax ..... 
Received from U. S. Federal Aid ..... 
Paid by counties on State aid p’jets.. 
Paid by counties Federal aid p’jcts ... 


O18. Oe AS © Sieh © ere. 9 eh 05ers 

Teele she oe Ce ele) ie) 6, oe 
@ 0 6. a of a ee arene a eee 6 
0 1S epeh a hive imiee aie imal ie as a 


eee ee eee ee eevee ene 


Paid for graveling 1367.2 miles .. ; 


of mse) Mem" el) ce) ar 0, @ "@).6: (ere 6: 


Kae se SACS 0) SOS lee, le) 8.8) @ (er Ole 6, + ele aie es 6 ed ©) @, 6 e 60 


Paid for overhead and upon contracts 
not completed July 1,- 1924022 7%. 


Highways 


ported by the Bureau of Public roads 
exceeds 115,000 miles. Only a rela- 
tively small portion of: this total is 
improved at all. In the older coun- 
ties most of the section lines have 
been opened to travel and more or 
less labor expended upon all of them 
but in the state at large the average 


he cat oe ee $ 853,670.83 


674,615.24 
5,891,568.57 
1,719,637.90 
2,669,231.34 
7,509,528.95 
349,900.00 
294,536.91 $19,962,689.74 


Hires startin Stanecac acpenat aes $12,881,249.66 


3,742,844.89 
1,845,007.11 


1,493,590.08 $19,962,689.74 


oe ee ee eee ewer serene 


section line if traveled at all it is 
upon unworked trails. 


The total levy for county roads 

and bridges for the fiscal 

year ending June 30, 1924 

WW EAS menbeh iedaw dno totes le cattkaratdce it's $3,920,540.04 
Motor license apportioned to 


counties 604,741.95 


$4,525,281.99 

The total revenues of the state 
highway commission for the same 
year were $4,638,250.48. From this it 
will be observed that the county 
commissioners have at their com- 
mand for road and bridge building a 
sum essentially equivalent to that ex- 
pended by the state highway com- 
mission. Under the act of 1925 the 
county apportionment of the automo- 
bile licenses is increased from 27 to 
48 per cent, which will undoubtedly 
give to the counties a total exceed- 


Pi ee a a eS 


ing the provision for the state high- 


way commission. 


Township Roads 
As has been suggested, the town- 
ship unit was the principal factor in 
road building but each year it has 


351 


Highway Commission 


been more and more removed to the 
county and state. At present the 
towns take but small part in the 
road programme, confining their activ- 
ities largely to emergency repairs 
necessary to keep side roads passable. 
There are no available statistics of 
the sums available to the townships 
for road and bridge purposes, but it 
is believed to be relatively small. 


The. highway programme being car- 
ried forward in South Dakota at the 
present time, through all of the fore- 
going named agencies approximates 
an expenditure of ten million dollars 
annually. 


Highway Commission. The State 
highway commission was created by 
chapter 359, Laws of 1917, and revised 
by chapter 333, Laws of 1919. Under 
the original act, the commission con- 
sisted of the governor, (Norbeck), 
State Engineer (H. M. Derr) ex of- 
ficio and the State highway engineer 
(Frank P. Peck) appointed by the 
governor. Under the act of 1919 the 
commission consists of the Governor, 
ex officio, and three appointees. These 
have been Andrew Marvick, 1919-1925, 
M. L. Shade, 1919-23; C. N. Leedom, 
1921-1925; C. T. Charnock, 1923-1925; 
Moe. Shade, 01925) CT opBates: 


Hildebrandt, F. H., 1874- ; born 
at West Bend, Wisconsin, August 
2nd; came to Watertown, S. D. in 
1894; engaged in railroading; legis- 
lator, 1923. 

Hildebrandt, H. A., 1848- ; born 


in Germany; station agent on the 
C. M. & St. P. Ry eighteen years 
prior to coming to South Dakota; 
came to Watertown in 1883 as agent 
for C. & N .W. Ry.; bookkeeper for 


BS: Pie beh 2B bys 


Himes, Rev. Joshua Vaughn 


Watertown Roller Mills, 1886-98; 
county sheriff, 1898-1902; legislator, 
1903. 

Hilland is a post office in north- 


western Haakon County. Banking and 


shipping point is Philip, 24 miles 
southeast. 
Hillbrand, Earl K., 1894- ; born 


Kansas City, Kansas, April 29; A. B., 
Kansas Wesleyan; A. M. and Ph. D., 
Northwestern. Head department of 
Education Dakota Wesleyan. 


Hill City is a town in southwestern 


Pennington County. “The Harney 
Peak Mining News,” established in 
1890, is its newspaper. Population, 


see census. 


Hillcrest is a post office in south- 
ern Fall River County. Shipping and 
banking point is Wayside, Nebraska, 
12 miles southeast. 


Hillestad, Ed., : ; born in 
Dane County, Wisconsin; engaged in 
farming near Volga, Brookings Coun- 
held various county and 
township offices; legislator, 1903, 1905. 


Hillhead is a village in northeast- 
ern Marshall County. 


Hillmoie is a discontinued post of- 
fice in southwestern Lyman County. 


Hillside is a discontinued post of- 
fice in northeastern Douglas County. 


Hillsview is a village in southwest- 
ern McPherson County. | 


station in 


* 


Hilltop is a_ railroad 
northern Marshall County. 


Himes, Rev. Joshua Vaughn, 1805 
1895; native of Rhode Island; for 
many years a very notable exponent 
of the Adventist doctrine, but later 


352 


Hinckley, M. R. 


became an Episcopal clergyman at 
Elkpoint. 


Hinckley, M. R., 1858- ; Gettys- 
burg; born at Addison, Maine, De- 
cember 20th; came to Spink Co., 
Dakota in 1881; engaged in farming 


and later in Potter Co.; legislator, 
1919," 1921. 
Hindman, Daniel T., 1839-1915; b. 


Ohio; Civil War veteran (lieutenant, 
8th Ill. Inf.); pioneer merchant of 
Britton, 1883; senator, 1891; lieuten- 
ant-governor, 1897-9. 





Kingsbury, V, 722. 


Hinrichs, J. C., 1882- ; Cani- 
stota; born in McCook County, Aug- 
ust 23rd; engaged in farming and 
stock raising; member of school 
board for 12 years; county commis- 
sioner for 6 years; legislator, 1921. 


Hiring. 
hires the use of property must use 
ordinary care for its preservation, 
safety and good condition; he must 
repair all deterioration and injury 
occasioned by his negligence; he 
must use it only for the purpose for 
which it was hired; he is entitled to 
quiet possession of it and all of the 


product or increase of it. See next . 
article. 

Code, 1046-1056. 

Hiring; Term of Service. In South 


Dakota, in the absence of an agree- 
ment, one is presumed to be hired 
for the period of time used in deter- 
mining the wages;.if by the day, then 
the hiring terminates each day; if by 
the month, then the servant is en- 
titled to a full month’s work; if at so 
much per year, then the servant is 
employed for a full year. 





Code, 1101-3. 


In South Dakota one who : 


History, Department of 


Hirning, Jacob L., 1891 ; born 
Neberg, S. Russia Dec. 6; A. B. and 
A. M., Drury College, studied Chicago 
Theol. Sem. and Chicago U.; Profes- 
sor Redfield College. 


Hirning, John, 1875- PDOr 11k 
South Russia, Jan. 12th; came to 
America in 1893 and attended Brook- 
ings College and the Madison Normal 
School; county superintendent of 
Campbell County and engaged in bank- 
ing at Herreid, Campbell Co.; 
State Auditor, 1907-1911; State bank 
examiner, 1914-17; Superintendent of 
State banking dept., 1917-25. 


Hisega is a summer resort on Rapid 
River in central Pennington County, 
established in 1908 by citizens of 
Pierre, who built a country club there 
called Pierre Lodge. The village is 
named from the initials of six young 
ladies who composed the first party to 
camp there, Helen Scroggs, of Beres- 
ford; Ida Anding of Pierre; Sadie 
Robinson and Ethel Brink, Pierre; 
Grace Wasson and Ada Pike, Mar- 
shall, Minnesota. 


History. See Historical Chronology. 
For Historical books and index to the 
materials of History, (“S. D. Historic- 
al Collections’) see Literature of 
South Dakota, X. 


History, Department of. The de- 
partment of history was established 
by act of the legislature, January 21, 
1901. It was chartered to collect, 
preserve, exhibit and publish the ma- 
terials of history of South Dakota- 
and adjacent States; to explore the 
archeaology of this region, to con- 
duct a library of historical reference, 
to maintain a gallery of historical 
portraiture and a historical museum. 
Subsequent legislation placed the 
State library in the custody of the 


353 


Historical Chronology 


department, made the superintendent 
director of the State census and for 
15 years the director of vital sta- 
tistics. The superintendent is like- 
wise a member and secretary of the 
Free Library Commission and of the 
Hydro-Electric commission. The de- 
partment has published 12 volumes of 
“Historical Collections,’ and has 
built up an extensive library and 
museum. It is a bureau of general 
information pertaining to South Da- 
kota. It has taken and compiled the 
censuses of 1905, 1915 and 1925. 
Doane Robinson has been superin- 
tendent since its foundation. The 
administration of the department is 
by law conferred upon the State His- 
torical Society. 


Historical Chronology. The fol- 
lowing chronology covers many of 
the important events in South Da- 
kota history: 


1679. Duluth visited the Sisseton and 
Wahpeton, probably on the east 
coteau, near Big Stone Lake. 


Le Sueur probably visited Sioux 
Falls to buy furs, which he ship- 
ped by flatboat to the mouth of 
the Mississippi. 


Le  Sueur’s traders from Fort 
L’Huillier (Mankato, Minnesota) 
traded on Big Sioux River at 
Flandreau and Sioux Falls. 


Francois and Louis-Joseph Veren- 
dyre, accompanied by Louis La- 
Londe and A. Miotte explore the 
region as far as the Black Hills 
and returning to the Missouri 
plant at Fort Pierre a plate in 
evidence of the claim of the 
country for France. 


De Lusigan visited Big Stone Lake 
to call in unlicensed traders. 


Teton Sioux at about this date, 
having driven Omahas from Big 
Sioux and James River valleys, 
reached Missouri River and en- 
gaged Rees in forty years’ war. 


Oglala Tetons discover Black Hills 
and soon afterward drive Kiowas 
from that region. 


Yankton and Yanktonais Sioux, 
about this date, having been driv- 
en from western Iowa by Ottos, 
came up and settled in James 
River valley. 


1683. 


1700. 


1743. 


1745. 


1750. 


1775. 


1780. 


co 


1785. 


1792. 


1794. 


1794. 


1796. 


1804. 


1805. 


1806. 


1807. 


1808. 


1809. 


1810. 


1811. 


1812. 


Historical Chronology 


Pierre Dorion, afterward guide to 
Lewis and Clark, married a 
Yankton woman and settled in 
trade at mouth of James River. 


Joseph Garreau settles with the 
Ree Indians at Little Bend of the 
Missouri. 


Jean Baptiste Trudeau’ spends 
year in South Dakota and builds 
first house in Charles Mix county. 


Sioux finally conquer Rees and 
drive them from their strong 
position at Little Bend. The 
Rees retreat up river and settle 
with relatives above mouth of 
Grand River. 


Registre Loisel, builds post on Ce- 
dar Island, between Pierre and 
Big Bend. 


Lewis and Clark explore Missouri 
valley through South Dakota, en 
route to Pacific. 


Pierre Dorion conducts party of 
Sioux Chiefs to St. Louis. 


Lewis and Clark return from Pac- 
ie passing through South Da- 
ota. 


Manuel Lisa undertakes trade with 
Indians at the head of the Mis- 
souri River. Sergeant Nathaniel 
Pryor atempts to conduct Big 
White (a Mandan chief who vis- 
ited Washington with Lewis and 
Clark) to his home and is at- 
tacked and driven back by Rees, 
assisted by Minneconju Teton 
Sioux under Black Buffalo. Four 
whites killed, nine wounded. 


St. Louis Missouri Fur Company 

organized for trade on upper 
Missouri. Established post in 
Loisel house on Cedar Island. 


Manuel Lisa, for St. Louis Fur 
Company, safely conducts Big 
White to his*home in North Da- 
kota. Finds Rees friendly. 


Loisel post burned, with 
stock of furs. 


Astorian party go up the Missouri 
to Grand River, where they buy 
horses of the Rees and go thence 
up Grand River toward the Pac- 
ific. 

This is the first recorded explor- 
ation of northern Black Hills re- 
gion. 

Manuel Lisa finds Sioux excited 
over ‘‘Prophet craze’’ and believes 
it due to hostile English influ- 
ence. Reports condition to Gen- 
eral Wm. Clark, Indian agent at 
St. Loius. 


Red Thunder, Flathead Yankton- 
ais chief from Elm River, Brown 
County, with son, Waneta and 
twenty-two Sissetons, enlist to 
serve English in war against 
Americans. 

Furtrade ruined by Orders in 
Council, French edicts and our 
embargo. St. Louis Merchants 


large 


1813. 


1815. 


1816. 


1817. 


1822. 


1823. 


Historical Chronology 


withdraw support from Manuel 
Lisa’s Missouri Fur Company. 
General Clark borrows money to 
outfit Manuel Lisa to return to 
South Dakota and build post to 
hold Indians to American loyalty. 
Lisa builds Fort Manuel, in 
northeast Corson county; Yank- 
tonais, ranging east of the Mis- 
souri, were hostile. 
Sa-kaka-wea, guide to Lewis and 
eee dies at Fort Manuel, Dec. 


Manuel Lisa made sub-agent for 
Missouri River Sioux and keeps 
them friendly to American in- 
terests. 

Minnetari and Mandan under Eng- 
lish influence join with Yank- 
tonais to annoy Fort Manuel. 
February 22, Archambeau was 
killed on the river and Ft. Man- 
uel placed under virtual siege. 
March 5, in a general attack the 
fort was destroyed and 15 of 
Manuel’s men killed. 

Manuel appointed Sub-agent to 
Sioux and establishes post in Cen- 
tral ‘South Dakota, whence by 
finesse he holds the Sioux of the 
Missouri loyal and defeats plans 
of British to enlist Mississippi 
Sioux for Ohio frontier. 


Teton Sioux sign treaty of friend- 
ship at Portage des Sioux. Chief 
Black Buffalo dies there July 
14. Given military funeral. 


Pawnee House burns (Trudeau’s 
house built in 1794). 


Fur trade revives. Joseph La 
Framboise builds Fort Teton at 
site of Fort Pierre. First con- 
tinuous settlement. 


La Framboise builds trading post 
at the Great Bend of the Big 
Sioux River (Flandreau). 

Fort Tecumseh built at site of 
Fort Pierre, by Columbia Fur 
Company. 

Fort Recovery built upon Ameri- 
can Island at Chamberlain, by 
Missouri Fur Company. (dit is 
possible this post was built ten 
years earlier to compensate loss 
of Loisel post, and was head- 
quarters of Manuel Lisa during 
War of 1812-1815.) 


General Ashley, lieutenant gover- 
nor of Missouri, en route to Yel- 
stone River with cargo of goods 
and one hundred men, attacked 
by Rees at Grand River and thir- 
teen men killed and ten severely 
wounded. 

Colonel Henry Leavenworth, with 
220 men, marches from Fort At- 
kinson, near Omaha, to punish 

Rees for attack on Atkinson. At 
Yankton, July 3, Sergeant Sam- 
uel Stackpole and six men were 
drowned by overturning of boat. 
Leavenworth is joined by Josh- 
ua Pilcher, manager of Missouri 
Fur Company with forty volun- 


1825. 


1828. 


1837. 


1838. 


1839. 


355 


1840. 


Historical Chronology 


teers at Fort Recovery. General 
Ashley and eighty men join par- 
ty at Cheyenne River. Seven 
hundred and fifty Sioux Indians 
volunteer for the campaign. Aug- 
gust 9, Ree towns reached and 
besieged. Rees punished and beg 
for eters: 

First general military movement 
in Dakota. 


General Henry Atkinson and Dr. 
Benjamin O’Fallon sent up Mis- 
souri River with an escort of 
476 men to make treaties for 
trade and intercourse with In- 
dian tribes. Very successful. 
Destroy English influence with 
Indians. First Fourth of July 
celebration in Dakota. Visit 
Medicine Rock. : 

Father of Inkpaduta, a Wakpekute 
chief, kills his brother Tasagi and 
is driven from his tribe. Settles 
on Vermillion River in South Da- 
Kota. 


American Fur Company absorbs 
Columbia Fur Company and be- 
comes dominant in Dakota trade. 


Pierre Choteau, Jr., navigates first 


steamboat, the ‘‘Yellowstone,’’ on 
upper Missouri, reaching Fort 
Tecumseh (Ft. Pierre). - Revol- 


utionizes fur trade methods. 


Fort Pierre built to succeed Fort 
Tecumseh. 

George Catlin, famous painter of 
Indian pictures, visits Fort Pierre 
and paints many likenesses. 


Frederick La Boue, a trader, kills 
Francois Quenel, an employee, at 
mouth of Cherry Creek, on Chey- 
enne River. La Boue arrested 
by order of William Laidlaw, 
burgeois of Fort Pierre, and sent 
to St. Louis in chains. 


Great smallpox epidemic on Mis- 
souri River. All tribes suffer sev- 


erely. Mandans practically des- 
troyed. 
Dr. Joseph N. Nicollet, accom- 


panied by John C. Fremont. vis- 
its coteau region of eastern 
South Dakota, mapping and nam- 
ing the lakes. 


Nicollet and Fremont again visit 
South Dakota, coming up the riv- 
er to Fort Pierre, thence passing 
over to the James River, and fin- 
ally to the Minnesota. Celebrate 
July 4 at Medicine Knoll. 


Father Pierre John De Smet visits 
the renegade band of Wakpekute 
Sioux under Wamdesapa at Ver- 
million to try to effect a peace 
between them and the Potawa- 
tomies of central Iowa. 


Dr. Stephen R. Riggs, celebrated 
missionary from Minnesota Riv- 
er, visits Fort Pierre and preach- 
es first sermon in Dakota, Sept. 
20. 


1842. 


1849. 


1851. 


1856. 


1859. 


Historical Chronology 


Audubon, the naturalist, visited 
this section upon a professional 
trip and observed and _ noted 
most of the birds and animals. 

Father Alexander Ravoux visits 
Fort Pierre and baptizes many 
Indians and half bloods. 


Father Ravoux visits Fort Ver- 
million. 


Mrs. Joseph La Barge comes~ to 
Fort Pierre with her husband, 
Captain La Barge on the Steam- 
boat ‘“‘Martha’’. First white 
woman to visit South Dakota. 
The ‘‘Martha’’ attacked by Yank- 
ton Indians at Crow Creek. 


Inkpaduta, son of the renegade 
Wamdesapa, massacres his cous- 
in Wamundiyakapi and seventeen 
other Wakpekutes. 

Father De-Smet visits the Teton 
Sioux. 

Santee Sioux relinquish title to 
all lands east of the Big Sioux 
River by treaty of Traverse des 
Sioux. 


. U. S. Government buys Fort Pierre. 


General W. S. Harney, after bat- 
tle of Ash Hollow, in Nebraska, 
brings army of twelve hundred 
men to Pierre. Lieutenant G. K. 

- Warren, afterward famous in 
Civil War, examines and makes 
topographical survey of much of 
South Dakota. 


Fort Randall built and occupied. 

Inkpaduta, the renegade, mas- 
sacres forty-two settlers at Spirit 
Lake, lowa, and retreats into 
South Dakota with four white 
women captives. 


Settlement begun at Sioux Falls, 
Flandreau and Medary. “The 
Nobles Road’’ built across the 
State from Lake Benton to Crow 
Creek. 


Yankton Indians make treaty re- 
linquishing title to lands between 
Big Sioux and Missouri. 

Mrs. Goodwin, first white woman 
settler, arrives at Sioux Falls. 
Settlement at Medary destroyed by 
Smutty Bear, Yankton Sioux. 
Settlers at Sioux Falls build and 

fortify Fort Sod. 

Provisional government organized. 
Legislature elected and conyened 
at Sioux Falls. Alpheus G. Ful- 
ler sent as a delegate to Congress. 
Henry Masters, governor. 


Yankton treaty ratified. July 10, 
Indians surrender lands. Yank- 
ton, Vermillion, and Bon Homme 
founded. 

“Dakota Democrat’ newspaper es- 
tablished by Samuel J. Albright, 
July, 2, at Sioux Falls. Gover- 
nor Masters dies. New legisla- 
ture elected at Sioux Falls. Jef- 
ferson P. Kidder elected dele- 
gate to congress. Wilmot W. 
Brookings, provisional governor. 


1860. 


18653. 


1868. 


1869. 


1872. 


1873. 


1874. 


1875. 


1876. 


1877. 
1878. 


1879. 


356 


Historical Chronology 


First church society organized at 
Vermillion by Presbyterians. 

First school opened at Vermillion. 

First schoolhouse built at Bon 
Homme. 


Dakota Territory erected by Con- 
gress, March 2. Dr. William 
Jayne appointed governor. Es- 
tablishes temporary capital at 
Yankton. Calls election for’ leg- 
islature and delegate to Congress. 
John B. S. Todd elected delegate. 


First territorial legislature, ‘‘the 
Pony . Congress,’’ meets March 
17. Company, A, Dakota cavalry, 
organized at Yankton. 

Great Indian outbreak in Minne- 
sota, August 18. The Amidons 
massacred at Sioux Falls. Set- 
tlers flee in wild panic. Stock- 
ade at Yankton. All men called 
to arms. 


Governor Jayne goes to congress. 

. Newton Edmunds appointed gov- 
ernor. i 

Company B, Dakota cavalry, 
ganized at Elk Point. 


War of Outbreak ended by treaty 
at old Fort Sully. Montana road 
ordered built. 


Red Cloud war begins. 

Andrew J. Faulk succeeds Newton 
Edmunds as governor. 

Great affliction of grasshoppers. 
Crops eaten up. 


Red Cloud War ends. Great Sioux 
Reservation created by treaty. 


Faulk succeeded by John A. Bur- 
bank as governor. ‘‘Wild and 
wooly period.’ Great factional 
Moody-Brookings fight begins. 

First railroad in South Dakota; Da- 
kota Southern built from Sioux 
City to Yankton. 

Northwestern railway built to Lake 
Kampeska. 

Gen. Edwin S. McCook, secretary 
of Dakota Territory, shot and 
killed by Peter P. Wintermute, 
result of factional political fight. 


Burbank succeeded by John L. Pen- 
nington as governor. 

Gold discovered in Black Hills. 

Second invasion of grasshoppers. 


Black Hills treaty commission fails. 
Rush of miners to Custer. 


Gold discovered in Deadwood 
Gulch. Stampede from Custer. 
Miners establish law and order. 

Great Sioux War. Battles of 
Rosebud and Little Big Horn, 
Custer’s cavalry destroyed, Bat- 
tle of Slim Buttes. 

Black Hills relinquished by Indi- 
ans. All agency Sioux dis- 
mounted and disarmed. 


or- 


‘Great Dakota boom begins. 


William A. Howard succeeds Pen- 
nington as governor. 

Great boom waxes strong. 
road building begins. 


Rail- 


1880. 


1881. 


1882. 


1883. 


1884. 


1885. 


1887. 


1889. 


1890. 


1891. 
1895. 


Historical Chronology 


Northwestern railway builds. to 
Pierre; the Milwaukee reaches 
Chamberlain. 

Great October blizzard. 

Governor Howard dies and is suc- 
ceeded by Nehemiah G. Ordway. 


Awful floods on Big Sioux and Mis- 
souri. 

Spotted Tail, noted Brule Sioux 
Chief, killed by jealous warrior. 
Yankton College established by 

Joseph Ward. ; 


State University: established. 
Capital removed from Yankton to 
Bismarck. 


Division and admission movement 
earnestly prosecuted to save 
school lands. First Sioux Falls 
constitutional convention. 

Presbyterian University opened at 
Pierre. Removed to Huron as 
Huron College, 1899. 

Sioux Falls College founded. 

Agricultural College founded 
Brookings. 

Madison Normal School founded. 


Ordway succeeded by Gilbert A. 
Pierce as governor. 

Redfield College founded. 

All Saints School for Young Ladies 
founded at Sioux Falls. 


Second Sioux Falls constitutional 
convention. State officers and 
United States Senators elected. 
Huron temporary capital. 

Spearfish Normal organized. 

Dakota Wesleyan University estab- 
lished at Mitchell. 


Pierce succeeded by Louis K. 
Church as govennor. 

School of Mines founded at Rapid 
City. 

Enabling Act of Congress pro- 
vides for division and admission 
of South and North Dakota. 

Arthur C. Mellette succeeds Church 
as governor. 

Third Sioux Falls 
convention. 

Division and admission at 
November 2. 

Lutheran Normal School founded 
at Sioux Falls. 

Augustana College founded 
Canton. 

Pierre chosen temporary capital. 


Opening of portion of Great Sioux 
reservation between White and 
Cheyenne Rivers. 

Messiah war. Sitting Bull killed.’ 
Battle of Wounded Knee. 

Second year of alarming drought. 
Many settlers destitute. 

Pierre chosen permanent capital. 


Good conditions restored. 


Walter W. Taylor, state treasurer, 
defaults for $367,000, and ab- 
ae Returned and is convict- 
ed. 

Period of great depression and 
hard times. 

Springfield Normal School organ- 
ized. 


at 


constitutional 


last, 


at 


is) 


1896. 
1898. 


1899. 


1902. 


1904. 


1905. 


1907. 


1908. 


1909. 


1910. 
1911. 


1912. 
1913. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


Historical Chronology 


The tide turns. Beginning of long 
period of prosperity. 

Spanish War. First South Dakota 
Infantry sent to Philippines. 
Distinguished service there. 


First South Dakota Infantry re- 
turns from Pihlippines crowned 
with glory. President McKinley 
welcomes the regiment home. 


Northern Normal and _ Industrial 
School opened at Aberdeen. 


Opening of portion of Rosebud res- 
ervation land brings unprece- 
dented rush of homeseekers. 
One hundred and six thousand 
persons apply for right to enter 
lands. 

Mitchell contests with Pierre for 
State capital. Pierre for third 
time successful. 


Legislature authorized erection of 
new capitol. 


Northwestern and Milwaukee rail- 
roads completed from Missouri 
River to Black Hills. 


Corner stone of Capitol Building 
laid, June 25. 

Opening of Rosebud Reservation in 
Tripp County, in October 


Cheyenne River and Standing Rock 
Lands Opened, October 4; BO; 142 
persons registered. 


New Capitol dedicated, July 1. 


Serious drought. 

Ex-Senator Alfred B. 
died May 5. 

Bartlett Tripp, Ex-Chief Justice, 
died December 8 


Fine crops. 


State Tax Commission created and 
assessment made at full value. 
Prof. Neils E. Hansen made trip 
to Russia under auspices of State 
to secure subhumid alfalfas. 

Oscar S. Gifford died January 16. 

Kirk G. Phillips, died August. 7. 


Robert L. Slagle, president State 
College, transferred to presidency 
of State University. 

George W. Nash resigns presidency 
Northern Normal and Industrial 
School; Willis E. Johnson chos- 
en his sucecssor. 

Ellwood C. Perisho, dean of State 
University, chosen president of 
State College at Brookings. 

Marcus P. Beebe died April 11. 

Sylvester J. Conklin died May 20. 

Third State Census taken. 

Bank Deposits guaranteed. 

Dighton Corson died May §&. 

Thomas Thorson died August 30. 

seinen H. H. Beadle died Novem- 

er. 

Fourth South Dakota National 
Guard called into Federal ser- 
vice May 20 and sent to Mex- 
ican border. 

Constitutional prohibition adopted. 

William Jayne, first’ territorial 
governor, died March 20. 


Kittredge 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 
1922. 


1923. 


1924. 


Historical Chronology 


March 3. Fourth Regiment re- 
turned from Mexican border and 
mustered out at Camp Crook, 
Omaha. 


April 6. War against Germany de- 
clared. 
June Sey ihtntshe selective draft, 


58,014 young men registered. 
July 14. First Cavalry mobilized 
at home stations. 
July 15. Fourth Regiment 
ized at home stations. 


mobil- 


October 1. Rural Credits act be- 
came effective. 

October 4. John P. Williamson, 
notable missionary, died at 82. 
June 6. Second selective draft, 

5,197 men registered. 
Sept. 12. Third selective draft, 


77,179 men registered. Great epi- 


demic of influenza; 50,000 cases 
and 1,000 deaths in South Da- 
kota. 

Nov. 11. Armistice signed with 
Germany. 


Willis EB. Johnson succeeds Perisho 
as president, State College. 

Harold W. Foght succeeds John- 
son as president, Northern Nor- 
mal School. 

Sept. 25. 
Homestake mine. Not 
guished until December 1. 
flooded up to 6th level. 

Dec. 2. Special legislative session 
ratifies Federal Equal Suffrage. 


extin- 
Mine 


May 20. Great cloudbursts in cen- 
tral portion of state, causing 
great damage and tying up 


transportation for 21 days. 

June 20. Special session legisla- 
ture continuing to 29th. 

October. Great fall in prices of 
farm produce produced severe 
financial crisis. 


Crime wave, reflex from war. 


July 1. Railway shopmen’s strike 
demoralizes transportation until 
November. 


November. Initiated law for State 
owned Hydro-Electric plant at 


Mobridge defeated, 55,563 for, 
106,409 against. 
March. Legislature provides for 


bridging the Missouri at Cham- 
berlain, Forest City, Mobridge, 
Pierre and Rosebud. 

August 7. Governor McMaster pre- 
cipitates war on gasoline prices. 
Willis E. Johson resigns as presi- 
dent State College; succeeded 

by Charles W. Pugsley. 


June 14. Most disastrous hurri- 
cane in history’ of the State. 
Kight persons killed. 

October 11. Yankton bridge across 
the Missouri completed and dedi- 
cated. 

November 12. Mobridge 
across the Missouri 
and dedicated. 


bridge 
completed 


Great fire broke out in ji 


Hitchcock 
1925. Legislature enact administrative 
reorganization act. 

George W. Nash succeeds Henry 
K. Warren as president of Yank- 
ton College. 

Missouri river bridges at Wheeler 
and Chamberlain completed and 
dedicated. 

Historical Society, State. The 


State. Historical Society was chart- 
ered by the State January 21, 1901. 
Its chief function has been to admin- 
ister the department of history. The 
operations of the society and depart- 
ment have been so closely interwov- 
en that it is difficult to differentiate 
between them. It is controlled by 
15 directors, including the governor, 
secretary of state and state auditor, 
the secretary of the society and 11 
directors chosen biennially by the 
members of the society. It has a 
membership of about 200. The pres- 
idents have been Thomas L. Riggs, 
1901-5; Thomas M. Shanafelt, 1905-7; 
Robert F. Kerr, 1907-9; Delorme W. 
Robinson, 1909-10; Charles E. De- 
Land, 1910-13; Burton A. Cummins, 
1913-15; Pattison F. McClure, 1915-° 
1919; Charles H. Burke, 1919-21; 
Charles BB. Billinghurst, 1921-23; 
Charles N. Herreid, 1923-25; Wilmer 
Ly: Nelson, 1925-. 


Historic Landmarks of the Great 
Northwest. Historical incidents and 
personal experiences compiled by 
Abraham L. Van Osdel, of Mission 
Hill, near Yankton. The work is 
discoursive, but is a valuable collec- 
tion of historical incidents graphic- 
ally portrayed. 


“History of the Christian Church,” 
1879, by William Maxwell Blackburn, 
President of Pierre University. A 
comprehensive history of Christianity 
and a standard authority. 


Hitchcock 
Beadle 


is a town in northern 
County. Founded by the 


358 


Hitchcock, Herbert E. 


Western Town Lot Co. in 1881. Nam- 
ed for C.-S. Hitchcock, the owner 
of the land adjoining the _ station. 
“The News Leader,” established in 
1886, is its newspaper. 


Hitchcock, Herbert E., 1867- : 
Mitchell; born at Mequokota, Illinois; 


August 27th; came to Mitchell, Da- 
kota in 1884; engaged in practice of 


law; state’s attorney of Davison 
County, four years; State Senator, 
1909; 1911. 

Hobart, John, 1832-1895; native of 


New Hampshire; merchant of Egan, 
Moody Co.; legislator, 1887. 


Hockensmith, L. E., 1879- ; born 
at LaCrosse,. Kansas, March 18th; 
came to South Dakota in 1908; en- 
gaged in general merchandise busi- 
ness; delegate to National Democrat- 


ic Convention in 1916; president of 


Corsica commercial club, Douglas 
Co.; legislator, 1923. 
Hodnett’s Lalla Rookh. In 1869 


John Pope Hodnett, appointed by 
President Grant assessor of internal 
revenue for the District of Dakota, 
arrived in Yankton and with the en- 
thusiasm of a youthful Irishman de- 
termined to establish a colony of 
Irish republicans. He secured a 
tract of land for himself, by home- 
stead, a few miles north of Yankton, 
where in the spring was a beautiful 
little pond which he named Lalla 
Rookh. He induced many of his 
political and personal friends to file 
homesteads at Lalla Rookh; several 
of them were distinguished politic- 
ians and merchants from New York 
and Chicago, and he filled Chicago 
and eastern papers with high-sound- 
ing rhetoric pertaining to “the vale of 
the Irish Republic;”’ but, alas, it was 
a dry year and as the season pro- 


3 


5 


Hoffman, Paul J. 


gressed, Lalla Rookh fearfully mis- 
behaved and “the vale in whose 
bosom the bright waters meet” could 
not provide humidity enough to wa- 
ter a mosquito. The condition—par- 
adoxically—dampened the _ enthusi- 
asm of the promoter and the colony 
sort of dried up. 


William, 1868- 
cer; born at Hinton, Iowa, March 
21st; came to Bridgewater, Dakota 
in 1885; engaged in hardware busi- 
ness; later entered banking  busi- 
ness; State senator, 1889, 1909, 1911, 
1913: 


Hoese, Spen- 


. 
’ 


t 

Hoese, W. R., 1897- ; Spencer, 

S. Dak.; born at Spencer, S. Dak., 

June 2nd; educated, Univ. of Minn.; 

engaged in banking and stock rais- 

ing; served in World War; legisla- 
tor; 1923: 


Hoffman, Albert N., 1880- ; born 
at Quincy, Minn., June 16th; came 
to South Dakota in 1900; engaged in 
real estate and general mercantile 
business; county commissioner of 
Perkins County and postmaster of 
Bixby; legislator, 1917, 1919. 


Hoffman, Charles, Sr., 1877- : 
Morristown; born at Fremont, Neb., 
May 25th; came to Corson Co., South 
Dakota in 1920; engaged in farming 
and stock raising; held various 
school, township and county offices 
in Nebraska; legislator, 1925. 


Hoffman, F. C., 1857- ; Mitchell; 
born in Freeport, Illinois, May Ist; 
came to South Dakota in 1879; en- 
gaged in farming and stock raising; 
held various township offices for 
thirty years; legislator, 1917. 


Hoffman, Paul J., 1885- ; born 
Vera, Ill., Apr. 8; A. B., Sioux Falls 
College; A. M., U. of Chicago; 


9 


Holabird 


Rochester Theol. Sem.; Prof. History 
and Sociology, Sioux Falls College. 


Holabird is a village in western 
Hyde County. Was named by Henry 
C. Wicker, an officer of the C. &. 


Nz VW... «RY. sLOPr! ais SWile Salary 
name. 
Holidays. The legal holidays in 


South Dakota are the first day of 
every week, known as Sunday; the 
first day of January; the twelfth day 
of February; the twenty-second day 
of February; the thirtieth of May; 
the fourth of July; the first Monday 
in ‘September; the eleventh day of 
November; the twenty-fifth of De- 
cember; every day on which a gen- 
eral or primary election is held 
throughout the State; every day pro- 
claimed by the president or the goy- 
ernor as a public fast, thanksgiving 
or holiday. No public business, ex- 
cept in case of necessity, shall be 
transacted on any one of said days, 
nor shall any civil process be serv- 
ed upon any legal holiday. If the 
twelfth or twenty-second of February, 
or the fourth of July falls on Sunday, 
the Monday following is a legal holi- 
day. Observe that this rule applies 
only to the three days mentioned. 





Code, 21, 22. 


Holland-Dutch. In 1920 there were 
in South Dakota 3,218 persons born 
in Holland. The census of 1915 show- 
ed 8,160 who claimed Dutch ancestry. 


Holleman, John E., 1864- ; born 
in Ottawa County, Mich., March 3rd; 
located near Springfield, Dakota in 
1884; engaged in farming and breed- 
ing thoroughbred livestock; State 
Senator, 1909; legislator, 1913. 


Holley, Mrs. Frances C. See “Once 
their Home.” 


. Holmgren, Oscar 


Hollyhock is an introduced flower- 
ing plant which thrives mightily. It 
is a native of Palestine and the name 


means blessed mallow. It is also 
called rose-mallow. 
Holm, .O. J., 1865- ‘eo Victor 


born in Sweden, July 20th; came to 
America in 1870 and to Roberts Co., 
South Dakota in 1892; engaged in 
farming; held various township and 
county offices; promoter of the Free- 
mount and Veblin R. R., now Soo 
Line; legislator, 1923, 1925. 


Holmes, Merrill J., 1886 ; born 
Indianola, Ia., Sept. 1; -A. B., Simp- 
son; A. M., Northwestern; S. T. M., 
Harvard; S. T. B., Garrett Theol. 
Sem.; Prof. History and dean, Da- 
kota Wesleyan. 


John, 1867- ; “born at 
Deerfield, Wis., Feb. 18th; came to 
Yankton, South Dakota in 1891 and 
engaged in the practice of law; serv- 
ed in Spanish-American War, two 
years; State’s attorney for Yankton — 
County, four years; mayor of Yank-- 
ton, one year; State legislator, 1905. 


See “Birds of 


Holman, 


Holmes, Charles E. 
the West.” 


Holmes, Washington W., 1859- : 
Aberdeen; born in Olmsted County 
Minnesota, March 18th; came _ to 
Brown Co., Dakota in 1881; engaged 
in farming; legislator, 1919, 1921. 


Holmes, Zachariah, 1853- ; born 
at Litthendal, Sweden, September 
23rd; came to Rapid City, Dakota 
in 1877; engaged in stock farming; 
city engineer of Rapid City; State 
legislator, 1893, 1917. 

Holmgren, Oscar, 1885- ; Pen-. 


ville; born at Amor, Minnesota, July 
5th; came to Harding Co., 8. D., in 


360 


Holmquist 


1907; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; legislator, 1919. 


Holmquist is a village in central 


Day County. 

Holocaust. See Disasters. 

Holp, P. E. See “Golden Ages, 
The.” Yale Band. 


Home for the Feeble Minded. 
School for F. M. 


See 


Homeopath. Homeopathic physic- 
ians are recognized by the laws of 
the State by the requirement that 
at least one member of the State 
board of medical examiners shall be 
of that school. The homeopathists 
have a State association. 


Homestake Mine. See Black Hills, 


Homestake Fires. The Homestake 
Mine has suffered three destructive 
fires. The first occurred in 1897 and 
about four months were required to 
get it under control. March 25, 1907, 
another fire broke out and again it 
was necessary to flood the mine to 
extinguish it, requiring the suspen- 
sion of mining until July. Septem- 
ber 25, 1919, fire attacked the eighth 
level and ate its way through to the 
sixth level before it was checked. 
Whitewood Creek was turned into 
the mine and flooded it up to the 
burning section, but work was not 
stopped in the upper drifts. See 
Homestake Mine under Black Hills, 
iF 

Homestead. Under the exemption 
laws of South Dakota a homestead 
may consist inside of town plats 
of not more than one acre with one 
dwelling house and _ appurtenant 
buildings. Outside of a platted town 
it may be 160 acres in one tract 
or several contiguous tracts. It is 


Homestead Laws 


liable only for the purchase price and 
taxes, unless voluntarily encumbered 
by the owners. A conveyance of a 
homestead requires the execution of 
both husband and wife. The pro 
ceeds of the sale of a homestead are 
exempt from execution while retained 
as such and may be invested in an- 
other homestead. 





Code, 449-69. 

Homestead Laws. The U. S. Home- 
stead act became law at midnight 
on the morning of January 1, 1863. 
The first homestead entry in the 
United States was made by Mahlon 
Gore at the U. S. Land Office at 
Vermillion at the striking of the 
clock of the hour when the law be- 
came effective. There were three 
general methods by which settlers 
could obtain title to government 
lands in the territorial days: by pre- 
emption, by which the purchaser was 
entitled to purchase the land after 
six months settlement upon it, the 
price being $1.25 per acre; by home- 
stead, through which he obtained a 
patent to his quarter section of land 
at the end of five years actual resi- 
dence upon it; by  timber-culture 
entry, which required him to plant 
and successfully cultivate ten acres 
of timber upon his quarter section. 
In the days of the great boom of the 
later eighties, many undertook and 
succeeded in availing themselves of 
all of these rights. Going into an 
area of public domain, the claimant 
would file a preemption and settle 
upon it, at the same time filing a 
timber entry upon an adjacent quar- 
ter section. At the end of six months 
he paid for his preemption and at 
once filed a homstead claim upon an- 
other quarter. Frequently he was 
enabled to secure all three quarters 


361 


“H omesteaders, The” 


contiguous. Chiefly, the govern- 
ment’s title to all of South Dakota 
was’ alienated through these _ pro- 
cesses. For the convenience of set- 
tlers, the first land office where fil- 
ings and final proofs could be made 
was “located at Vermillion; but sub- 
sequently it was removed to Yank- 
ton; soon after a land office was lo- 
cated at Sioux Falls, and a little 
later another at Springfield. As set- 
tlement advanced new offices were 
established as at Aberdeen, Huron, 
Pierre, Chamberlain, Rapid City and 
finally at Lemmon, Timber Lake and 
Belle Fourche. The Sioux Falls of- 
fice was removed to Mitchell and ul- 
timately to Gregory where the Cham- 
berlain office was consolidated with 
it. The Springfield office was re- 
moved to Watertown; the Aberdeen 
office to Lemmon. As the titles to 
the lands were perfected, all of the 
offices east of the Missouri, together 
with the Gregory and Timber Lake 
offices, were consolidated with the 
Pierre office. At this date there re- 
mains only the Pierre office, in which 
the business and records of all the 
other offices are concentrated. 


“Homesteaders, The.” A South Da- 
kota Romance by Kate and Virgil D. 
Boyles. 1909. 


Honey. See Bees. 


Honeysuckle. Ten members of the 
honeysuckle family are native to 
South Dakota; Racemed elder, Sweet 
elder, cranberry tree, sweet virburn- 


um, twinflower, snowberry, robbins, 
low snowberry, wolf berry, coral 
berry and Douglas honeysuckle. 


These are diffused generally over the 
State. 


Hooker is a village in southeastern 
Turner County. Founded by the 


Horse 


Western Town Lot Co. in 1894. Nam- 
ed for John Hooker, an early settler. 


Hoover is a post office in north- 
eastern Butte County. Banking and 
shipping point is Newell, 32 miles 
south. 


Hopewell is a post office in north- 
western Stanley County. Banking 
and shipping point is Ft. Pierre, 30 
miles southeast. 


Hopkins, Henry M., 1853- ; born 
at Plattsville, Wis., April 23rd; 1lo-— 
cated at Letcher, Sanborn Co., in 
1883 and engaged in the hardware 


business; was postmaster, marshal 
and member school board, several 
terms; legislator, 1907. 

Hopp, George W., 1854- ; born in 
Pennsylvania; founder, “Brookings 
County Press,’ Kingsbury County 
News,” “Hamlin County Times,” 
“Lake Preston Times,” and “Huron 


Tribune.’ Was postmaster at Brook- 
ings. 

Hops. Hops are a native to the 
State and grow generally along 
streams and in the Black Hills. 

Hornby, Dr. Henry, 1870- ; born 
at Solon Mills, Illinois, June 14th; 


came to Hgan, Moody Co., Dakota in 
1882; practicing physician and inter- 
ested in a wholesale grocery house 
at Pipestone, Minn.; town recorder 
for many years; legislator, 1905, 1907. 


Horse. The Sioux Indians possess- 
ed horses as early as 1738 and at 
that time were expert horsemen, ac- 
cording to Verendrye’s journal. They 
and all other tribes inhabiting the 
State have possessed abundant 
horses throughout the historical per- 
iod. Horse-raising has been a vari- 
able but usually profitable industry 
since settlement. In 1920 there were 


362 


Horses 


a total of 817,058 horses having a 
value of $57,051,132. 


Horses. See Agriculture, 11. (Live 


Stock). 


Horse Butte is a discontinued post 
office in northern Meade County. 


Horse Creek is a discontinued post 
office in southern Butte County. 


Horse Creek is an eastern tribu- 
tary to Little White River in Mel- 
lette County. 


in central Mel- 
into the Little 


Horsehead Creek, 
lette County, falls 
White River. 


Horsehead Creek rises 
western Nebraska and flowing north- 
erly falls into Cheyenne River in 
eastern Fall River County. 


Horse Mound. A Sioux memorial 
in the form of a horse in boulder 
mosaic, upon a mound on the bank 
of Okobojo Creek 7 miles northwest 
of Onida. The interpretation has been 
lost. 


Horsfall, Allen L., 1860-1921; born 
at Milesville, Wisconsin, July 6th; 
came to Flandreau, Dakota in 1880; 
engaged in farming and real estate; 
State Senator, 1919, 1921. 


Horticulture as’a tributary avoca- 
tion is pursued in the State with 
good returns. It can scarcely be 
called a business. The State encour- 
ages horticulture through the Agri- 
cultural College, the experiment Sta- 
tion and the experimental farms. 
Through the initiative of Dr. Niels 
E. Hansen an extensive flora espec- 
ially adapted to South Dakota condi- 
tions has been developed, including 
hardy fruits and flowers. The horti- 
culturists have a strong State organ- 


in north- 


Hospital for the Insane Fires 


ization and its proceedings are pub- 
lished by the State. 


Hosmer is a town in northwestern 
Edmunds County. 


Hospital. Since the beginning of 
the twentieth century the general 
hospital has become a necessary ad- 
junct of every community. Relative- 
ly few patients are longer treated in 
their homes. The first regular hos- 
pital in the State was perhaps in 
connection with the Homestake mine. 
A few local hospitals had been es- 
tablished when Bishop Thomas O’Gor- 
man came to the State in 1896. He 
at once addressed his attention to 
the subject and established hospitals 
at Sioux Falls, Watertown, Yankton, 
Pierre, Mitchell, Aberdeen, Webster, 
Milbank and at Hot Springs. Many 
others both under Catholic auspices 
and those of other churches have 
grown up and there are many private 
ones. In the alleviation of suffering, 
perhaps no other innovation of recent 
years has accomplished so much as 
the hospitals. ~ 


Hospital. 
pital for. 


See Insane, State Hos- 


Hospital for the Insane Fires. The 
first buildings for the hospital for 
the insane were of wood. They were 
erected in 1878-9. On April 2, 1882, 
the patients were all out enjoying 
the open air; but when the main 
building burst into flames they be- 
came frenzied and tried to rush in- 
side; five managed to do so and were 
incinerated. February 15, 1899, fire 
broke out in the laundry-building of 
the Hospital, the upper portions of 
which were used for dormitory pur- 
poses. Seventeen female inmates 
were burned to death. See Insane, 
Hospital for the. 


363 


Hosupa Creek 


Hosupa Creek is a tributary to the 
Cheyenne River in Armstrong County. 


Hot 
Pierre. 


Springs. See also Capa; 


Hot Springs City. Located at the 
Hot Springs in Minnekata Vale on 
the Fall River in the southern Black 
Hills. It dates from 1885 and is not- 
able as a health resort of growing 
importance. It has both the North- 
western and the Burlington railways, 
which run into the same depot. Its 
business is largely based upon the 
medicinal virtues of the thermal 
waters. These waters have .083 sol- 
ids divided as follows: 


Sulphate orcsoditiin ss... eee eee 023 
Sulphatevot. potassium. 2 acte ee oo ele .005 
Sllphate OL Calendim in cwae eee eis .036 
Ghidoridevot ;Calciwimeyes ew ee eh ee eee -005 
GhioridesoL Ammonia. see eee 00002 
Chioride* of maenesiuim fe ose et 004 
Nitritesomf macnesiumi ryt. ote etl es .0003 
Phosphate of maenesimim ane. «ciel 00009 
Garbonateof marnestim: #5). eer 0035 
Iron sesauelloxsid.ee wea ute turrets pines see 0001 
PAT UIA ss Se cee aries eee ae Se eee 0002 
Sili¢as@ianke haute Pt els er ee Ee Ss 0015 
BV O]U GI Gi sats arate ohoiomoceae ites maka Go fa ancien 00479 
There are located at the Hot 
Springs the Lutheran Sanitarium, 


our Lady of Lourdes (Catholic) Hos- 
pital, Battle Mountain (National) 
Sanitarium for disabled soliders and 
sailors, and the State Home for Sol- 
diers, together with several hotels 
having medicinal bathing annexes 
which provide institutions for the 
restoration of health. “The 7iiot 
Springs Star” and the “Times Her- 
ald” are weekly newspapers.  Alti- 
tude, 3400 feet; population, see cen- 
sus. 


Island is in the Mis- 
souri River, south of Academy, Chas. 
Mix Co. 


Hot Springs 


Houdek is a post office in north- 
western Hand County. Banking and 


Howard, Col. Charles A. 


shipping point is Orient, 16 miles 
northeast. 


Hougen, L. S., 1855-1919; Wilmot; 
born in Norway; came to Roberts 
County in 1879; was county commis- 
sioner and county treasurer, several 
terms; engaged in banking business; 
State Senator, 1905, 1907. 


Houghton is a village in northern 
Brown County. Founded by the 
Western Town Lot Co. in 1886. Nam- 
ed for C. W. Houghton, who owned 
the land here. 


Houlton;: “Lit (Ele ise ; Del- 
mont; born at Kirkwood, Illinois, 
July 20th; came to Douglas Co., Da- 


kota in 1882; engaged 
business; legislator, 1917. 


House, Major Albert E., of the 6th 
regt. of Iowa cavalry, was in com- 
mand of old Fort Sully the winter of 
1863-4. See Crawler: Kelly, Mrs. 
Frances. 


in banking 





Hist.,.1V, 118) Vii. leo 

Houston is a post office in south- 
ern Lyman County. Shipping and 
banking point is Kennebec, 15 miles 
north. 


Hove, Andrew O., 1854- ; Fland- 
reau; born in Boone County, Illinois, 
January 2nd; came to Moody Co., 
Dakota in 1878; engaged in farm- 
ing; formerly engaged in implement 
business; legislator, 1911, 1913. 


‘Hoven is a town in northeastern 
Potter County. “The Advance,” es- 
tablished in 1915, is its newspaper. 


Howard is a city and county seat 
in central Miner County. “The 
Miner County Pioneer,” established 
in 1882 is its newspaper. 


Howard, Col. Charles A., 1865- - 
born at Frontier, New York, July 16; 


64 


Howard, Charles K. 


educated in public schools; came to 
South Dakota 1883; active in affairs 
at Aberdeen since; served in Philip- 
pine war, as major ist S. D. Infan- 
try; brevet colonel; senator from 
Brown county 1895. 


Howard, Charles K., 1839-1918; 
born in New York; in fur-trade at 
Fort Pierre, 1857-9; post sutler, Fort 
Dakota, Sioux Falls, 1865; continued 
in mercantile business. until 1883; 
treasurer of Minnehaha County, 1879- 
1890; in 1890 engaged in cattle busi- 
ness in Pennington County, in which 
he continued for the rest of his life. 


Howard, David, an employe of Gen. 
Ashley, killed by the Rees, June 2, 
1823. 


Howard, William A., 1812-1880; 
sixth governor of Dakota Territory; 
he was a native of Vermont, but 
spent his active years in Michigan; 
a graduate of Middlebury College; 
he settled in Detroit and made a not- 
able reputation for the organization 
of the public schools of that city; 
he served in Congress from 1857 to 
1863 and was an influential member 
of the ways and means committee in 
that very important epoch when the 
plans for financing the war were de- 
veloped. He was an original organ- 
izer of the Republican Party and an 
original “Lincoln for president” man; 
after the Civil War he acquired ex- 
tensive railway interests both in 
Michigan and in the West and was 
an active director of the Northern 
Pacific railway during the construc- 
tion period; his health became im- 
paired and when President Hayes 
tendered him the position of mini- 
ster to China, he declined because 
of his feeble health, but told the 
president that if he wished he would 


Howell, G. Brook 


accept the governorship of Dakota, 
where he believed the climate would 
be beneficial; he came to Dakota in 
1878 fully conscious that his last pub- 
lic service was to be rendered here 
and he entered upon it whole-heart- 
edly, taking active interest in every- 
thing that looked to. the substantial 
foundations of a commonwealth; pos- 
sessed of ample means, he gave lib- 
erally to every worthy enterprise, 
especially: in the foundation of 
churches and schools; abhorring the 
practice of farming-out the insane 
patients of the territory to the low- 
est bidders in other States, he ad- 
vanced the funds for the erection of 
the insane hospital and placed our 
unfortunates under proper care there- 
in. Of many good governors he 
stands among the first. His health 
gradually declined and he died in 
1880. 


Howe, Henry, 1855- ; Sioux 
Falls; born at McLean, N. Y., No- 
vember 28th; came to Minnehaha 
Co., re ee, dle toi; /COmtractor, anu 
builder; county auditor, 1909-1913; 
State Senator, 1913. 

Howe, John l., 1876- Si DORIA 


Norway, February 27th; came to Da- 
kota in 1890; postmaster at Cotton- 
wood, Jackson Co.; later engaged in 
banking business; legislator, 1915. 


Howell is a post office in northern 
Hand County. Banking and shipping 
point is Miller, 16 miles south. 


Howell, G. Brook, 1876- ; born 
at Saybrooke, Illinois, March 3rd; 
came to South Dakota in 1888, locat- 
ing in McPherson County; engaged 
in farming; in Frederick, Brown Co., 
since 1922; State Senator, 1915, 1923, 
1925. 


365 


Howell, Samuel Preston 


Howell, Samuel Preston, 1837- : 
born in Licking Co., Ohio, Dec. 23; 
veteran of the Civil War; settled in 
McPherson County, 1882; member, 
territorial legislature of 1889. 


Howes, William Washington, 1887- 

; Wolsey; born at Tomab, Wis., 

February 16th; city auditor of Wolsey, 

1915-16; engaged in the practice of law; 

State Senator, 1917; Dem. candidate 
for governor, 1920. 


Hoy, Frank, 1878- a DOLL aetle 
Garner, Iowa, September 6th; came 
to Artesian, Sanborn Co., Dakota in 
1884; lived on a farm until 1898, 
taught school until 1902; engaged in 
hardware business for several years; 
State Senator, 1923. 


Hoyt, Rev. Melancthon, 1807-1888; 
the first Episcopal clergyman to set- 
tle in Dakota (1862); he at once 
built the chapel at the corner of 
Fourth and Linn Streets in Yankton, 
which was used by the first terri- 
torial assembly. Member of the leg- 





islature, 1866, 1867. Rector of 
church in Yankton, 1862-75; general 
missionary, Dak. Ter., 1865-84; hon- 
orary dean, 1884-88. 

Robinson, I, 580. 

Hubbard, Charles W., superinten- 
dent Sioux Falls water power; sher- 
iff, 1890; member, legislature, 1889, 
1891. 


Hudson is a town in southeastern 
Lincoln County. “The Hudsonite,” 
established in 1901, is its newspaper. 


Hudson’s Bay Company. This Com- 
pany extended its operations to the 
Missouri River and before the end 
of the Highteenth century had trad- 
ed for a long period at least as far 
south as the Arickara at Little Bend. 
It is believed that the company also 


Humboldt 


traded on the Sioux River as far 
south as Flandreau, but the evidence 
is not complete. 


Huff, Willard H., 1852- ; born in 
Gaines, Orleans County, N. Y.; re- 
moved to Worthing, Lincoln Co., Da- 
kota in 1873 and engaged in farming; 
legislator, 1903, 1905. 


Huffton is a post office in eastern 
Brown County. 


Hughes County. Created, 1873; or- 
ganized, 1881; named for Alexander 
Hughes, (q. v.); begins where the 
10th guide meridian intersects the 
Missouri River; thence north along 
said guide meridian to the 3rd stand- 
ard parallel; thence west along said 
standard parallel to the center of the 
main channel of the Missouri River; 
thence down the center of the main 
channel of said river to the place of 
beginning, including Farm Island. 
Code, p. 146. County seat, Pierre; 
first settlement, 1872; area, 485,760 
acres. 


Hughes, John F., 1856- ; born in 
Scott County, Iowa; educated at St. 
Vincent College, Missouri; came to 
South Dakota in 1882, locating at 
Pierre and engaged in practice of 
law; member, Pierre board of edu- 


cation; Register of the U. S. land 
office; State’s attorney of Stanley 
County; Circuit Judge since 1911. 


Hughes, John R., 1856-1909; Gettys- 
burg; born in New York, Dec. 28th; 
moved to Wisconsin, to Iowa and 
came to Gettysburg in 1884 and es- 
tablished the Potter County bank; 
president of school board; delegate 
to the National Republican conven- 
tion in 1904; legislator, 1905. 


Humboldt is a town in northwest- 
ern Minnehaha County. “The Journ- 


366 


Hume, Albert Nash 


al,” established in 1903, is its news- 


paper. Population, see census. 
Hume, Albert Nash, 1878- ; born 
Piymouth. Ind., Dec.,3; B. 8S. A, 


Purdue, 1900, M. S., 1902; Ph. D., Got- 
tingen. Professor agronomy and sup- 


erintendent sub stations and of the. 


state soil survey, State College and 
Experiment Station, since 1911. 


Humiston, J. D., 1863- ; born in 
Loraine County, Ohio, July 4th; came 
to Ree Heights, Hand Co., in 1900 
and engaged in stock raising; leg- 
islator, 1907. 


Hummingbird, a summer migrant. 
See Birds. 


Hump. A chief of the Minnecon- 
jou Sioux, whose home was at the 
mouth of Cherry Creek, on the Chey- 
enne River. He took an active part 
in the Red Cloud and Black Hills 
Wars, and fought at the Little Big- 
horn. In the Messiah War he rend- 
ered efficient aid to the government. 
He was a grandson of Black Buffalo, 
the important chief who negotiated 
with Lewis and Clark at the mouth 
of Bad River in 1804. Born, March, 
1848, near Bear Butte; died at Cherry 
Creek, Dec. 9, 1908. General Nelson 
Miles became much _ attached _ to 
Hump, whom he held in high esteem 
and on several occasions took him 
to Washington where he entertained 
him. 

Hump Creek is a northern affluent 
of the Grand River in Corson County. 


Humphrey, John M., ............ Au ; Ged- 
des; native of Wisconsin; came to 
Charles Mix Co., Dakota in 1884; 
engaged in farming and auctioneer- 
ing; legislator, 1913. 


Hunter, Harry F., 1860- ; born 
in Oxford, Ontario, Feb. 8; settled at 


Huron 


Mellette, 1881; member, territorial 
house, 1889; State senator, 1889; has 
been land commissioner of Chicago, 
St. Paul & Milwaukee Ry. since 1900. 


Huntimer is a railroad station in 
northwestern Minnehaha County. 
Banking point and post office is Col- 
ton, 3 miles south. 


Hunting. See Game Laws; Buffalo; 
Furs; Sports. 


Huntington, Eugene, 1845; born in 
Connecticut; lawyer of Flandreau, 
1878; later of Webster: adjutant-gen- 
eral, 1890-93. 


Huntley, Con. R., 1859- ; born 
in DeKalb County, Illinois, March 
15th; came to Huron, Dakota in 1882; 
was sheriff of Beadle County for four 
years; legislator, 1913, 1915, 1917. 


Hurley is a town in central Turner 
County. Founded by the Western 
Town Lot Co. in 1883. Named for 
R. E. Hurley, a civil engineer em- 
ployed by the railroad. “The Turner 
County Herald,’ established .in 1883, 
is its newspaper. 


Huron, (named for the Huron In- 
dians) was established upon the ex- 
tension of the Chicago and North- 
western Railway in 1880. It is lo- 
cated upon the James River at the 
center of Beadle County, of which it 
is the county seat. Huron College is 
located here. It is division headquar- 
ters for the Dakota divisions of the 
railroad. The State fair grounds are 
here and the annual exposition is the 


State’s largest assemblage of 
people. The court house is a fine 
building. Huron does an extensive 


jobbing business. It has an extens- 
ive meat-packing plant. “The Daily 
Huronite” and “The Weekly Courier” 


367 


Huron, the Capital 


are published. Population, see cen- 


sus. 


Huron, the Capital. The Sioux 
Falls Constitution of 1885 for “the 
State of Dakota,’ provided that the 
capital should be selected by popular 
vote at the election for the adoption 
of the Constitution. This election 
was held upon the first Tuesday of 
November, 1885. At this election 
Huron, Pierre, Sioux Falls, Chamber- 
lain and Alexandria contested. Huron 
won by 1841 plurality over Pierre, 
the next highest candidate. The leg- 
islature met there December 14, 1885 
and elected Gideon C. Moody and 
Alonzo J. Edgerton, United States 
senators, and adjourned to await the 
action of Congress upon admission. 
This was refused until 1888 and the 
enabling act required that the capital 
location be again submitted; in this 
second election Pierre defeated Hur- 
on. 





Fist; 020, 9316. 


Hurricane. See Wind. 


Hurricane Lake is in southwestern 
Roberts County. 


Hursh, Will T., 1871-1922; born in 
Indianola, Iowa, August 20th; came 
to Deadwood, South Dakota in 1897; 
engaged in mining business; held 
various local offices; member, legis- 
lature, 1911. 1913, 9 Looelela 


Husband and Wife. In South Da- 
kota husband and wife contract to- 
ward each other obligations of mutual 
respect, fidelity and support; the 
husband is the head of the family 
and may choose any reasonable place 
or mode of living and the wife must 
conform thereto; the husband must 
support his wife and family out of 
his property or his labor; the wife 


Hutchinson, John S.° 


must support the husband when by 
any infirmity he is not able to sup- 
port himself; neither husband nor 
wife has any interest in the property 
of the other; they may enter into 
contracts with each other or with 
any other person precisely as they 
might have done were they unmar- 
ried. If the husband neglect to sup- 
ply necessaries for his family, any 
person may supply such necessaries 
and recover the value from him. 





Code, 167-179. 


Huseboe is a discontinued post. of- 
fice in Corson County. 


Hutchinson County. Created, 1862; 
organized, 1871; named for John S. 
Hutchinson (q. v.); consists of town-. 
ships 97, 98, 99 and 100 north, of 
ranges 56, 57, 58, 59, 60 and 61 west 
5th P. M., except the portion of town- 
ship 97, range 61, formerly within 
the Yankton-Sioux Indian Reserva- 
tion and now in-.Charles Mix County. 
County seat, Olivet. First settlement 
was at Maxwell’s Mill on the James 
River in 1870 by Maxwell Brothers. 
The county seat has remained at Oli- 
vet since organization despite sever- 
al attempts to remove it to railroad 
towns. Area, 522,880 acres. 





Code, p. 146. 


Hutchinson, George Smith, 1853-1915; 
born at Pike, Wyoming Co., N. Y., 
Dec. 5th; represented Reid, Murdock 
and Co., of Chicago, at Huron for 
nearly fifteen years; after 1902 en- 
gaged in banking; mayor of Huron, 
two terms; legislator, 1903; State 
senator, 1905. 


Hutchinson, John S., was the first 
Secretary of Dakota Territory and 
acting governor during much of the 
period of William Jayne (1861-3). 


368 


Hutchinson; R. M. 


Hutchinson, R. M., 1858- ; born 
in Henderson Co., Illinois, September 
8th; moved to Douglas Co., Dakota 
in 1882 and engaged in farming and 
raising live stock until 1892, when he 
moved to Delmont and dealt in grain 
and live stock; chairman of town 
board; legislator, 1899, 1903. 


Hutton, Joseph Gladden, 1873- : 
born Montecello, Ind., Nov. 3; B. S., 
Chicago; M. S., U. of Illinois; Assoc- 
iate agronomist in charge soil in- 
vestigations, State College since 1911. 


Hyde is a discontinued post office 
‘in northern Jerauld County. 


Created, 1873;  or- 
ganized, 1884; named for James 
Hyde (q. v.); consists of townships 
Soret Oe 111) 112) 113)" 114, 115° and 
116 north, of ranges 71, 72 and 73, 
west 5th P. M. Code, p. 146. Set- 
tled, 1881. County seat, Highmore. 
Area, 554,240 acres. 
Hydro-Electric. 
er, 3. 
Hydro-Electric Plants. The follow- 
ing hydro-electric plants are in ope- 
ration in South Dakota: In Big 


Hyde County. 


See Missouri Riv- 


Hymns 


Sioux River at Sioux Falls, 2065 
horse power; at Dell Rapids, 150 h. 
p.; Flandreau, 75 h. p.; in Redwater 
River, north of Spearfish, 1000 horse- 
power; in Rapid River at Rapid City, 
and in vicinity, 2,648 horsepower; 
in Spearfish Creek, above Spearfish, 
6,225 horsepower; in the Little White 
River at White River, 200 horsepow- 
er; in Fall River at Hot Springs, 450 
horsepower; in Cascade Creek near 
Hot Springs, 370 horsepower; in Ver- 
million River at Centerville, 50 horse- 
power. 





Mead and Seastone’s “‘Report on Hydro- 
Electric Power from the Missouri River 
1S Dye O20 DP: vo =a 


Hymns. Collections of Christian 
hymns in the Dakota language 
have been compiled by Rev. Dr. 
S. R. Riggs and Rev. John P. 


Williamson (1862), by Rev. J. P. Wil- 
liamson and Alfred L. Riggs (1879) 
and by Rev. W. J. Cleveland, Joseph 
W. Cook and Edward Ashley (1893). 
“Some of the best of Dakota hymns 
are from the pens of native Chris- 
tians.” (“Gospel among the 
kotas,” 484.) 


Da- . 


Icebox Canyon 


Icebox Canyon; the automobile 
road from Lead goes through it 
down into upper Spearfish Canyon. 


Ice Break-up. See Missouri River, 


5. 


Ice Closes Rivers. 
River, 6. 


See Missouri 


Ida is a post office in northern 
Hyde County. Banking and shipping 
point is Orient, 18 miles northeast. 


Ideal is a post office in northern 
Tripp County. Shipping and banking 
point is Winner, 14 miles south. 


Idiots. See School for Feeble Mind- 
ed. : . 

Idle Acts. “The law neither does 
or requires idle acts.” 





Code, 64. 
Imlay is a post office in Pennington 
County. 


Imogene is a post office in central 
Perkins County. Banking and _ ship- 
ping point is Faith, 45 miles south- 
east. 


Impeachment. The _ constitutional 
officers of the State, including the 
judges of the circuit courts, can be 
removed from office only by impeach- 
ment of the House of Representa- 
‘tives and conviction upon trial by 
the Senate. 


“Imperial Washington.” “The Story 
of American Public Life from 1870 to 
1920.” A book by Richard F. Petti- 
grew to indicate the imperialistic 
government tendency at Washington. 
Much of it has to do with his obser- 
vations and activities in Congress and 
the Senate. 


Impossibilities. “‘The law never re- 
quires impossibilities.”’ 





Code, 63. 


Indian Hostilities 


Inavale is a discontinued post office 
in northern Haakon County. 


Independent Party. The official 
name of the Populist political party, 
1890-1898. See Populist. 


Index of “S. D. Historical Collec- 
tions (12 vols.) see Literature, X. 


“Indian Boyhood.” A book by Dr. 
Charles A. Eastman (q. v.) relating 
the story of boylife in the tepee. 
(1902.) 


Indian Claims. See Dakota Indian 


Claims. 


Indian Courts. See Sioux Indian 


Courts. 
Indian Creek rises in extreme 
southeast corner of Montana and 


runs down through Butte County to 
the Belle Fourche River. 


Indian Creek, in central Jackson 
County, falls into Bad River. 


Indian Days. See Old Indian Days. 


Indian Draw enters the Cheyenne 
River from the south in eastern Fall 
River County. 


Indian Hostilities. Considering the 
vast Indian population of the South 
Dakota region and the natural re- 
sentment of the aborigines to the 
occupation of their lands by another 
race, there have been remarkably 
few instances of bloodshed upon our 


soil. Since 1859 these have been 
noted: - 
1862, Aug. 25, Judge Joseph B. 


Amidon and his son, William, killed 
near Sioux Falls. 

1863, May 5, J. A. Jacobson, killed 
and Thomas W. Thompson, seriously 
wounded at James River Ferry, east 
of Yankton. 

1863, Sept. 3, Eugene Trask, killed 
at Tackett’s Station on the Fort 
Randall Road. 


370 


Indian Hostilities 


1864, June 29, Captain John Fiel- 
ner, killed at the crossing of the 
Little Cheyenne River. 

1865, August 10, Edward B. La- 
Moure, on Brule Creek, Union Coun- 
ty. It will be noted that all of the 
foregoing were in connection with the 
War of the Outbreak. 


1872, August, George P. Belden, 
known as the White Chief, near 
Grand River Agency. 

1876, May 4, William Cogan, of 


Watertown, Wisconsin, on the Pierre 
road three miles north of Rapid City. 

1876, May 6, Edward Saddler, Wil- 
liam H. Gardner and John Harrison 
on the Pierre road near head of Bad 
River. 

1876, May 7, J. C. Dodge, of Bis- 
marck, 12 miles north of Rapid City. 

1876, May .., Henry Herring and 
C. Nelson, at Cleghorn Springs. 

1876, June .., Metts and wife, Mrs. 
Harrington, and -Brown, the _ stage 
driver, on the Cheyenne River road 
in Red Canyon. 

1876, Aug. 15, Mail carrier, on the 
Pierre road 8 miles south of Crook 
City. 

1876, Aug. 15, Charles Holland, of 
Sioux City, near Spearfish. 

teiG Aue. 16, Rey. W..H.. Smith, 
near Deadwood. 

meee ue, 24 G. W. Jones, of 
Boulder, Colorado, and John Erquary, 
of Kansas City, at Limestone Springs. 

1876, August 4, J. W. Patterson, of 
Allegheny, Pennsylvania, and Thomas 
Pendleton of Springfield, Massachu- 
setts, at Big Springs. 

1876, Aug. 25. Unknown man on 
Hill City road, ten miles west of 
Rapid City. 

1876, Aug., Teddy McGonnigle, on 
Centennial Prairie. 

fone pepts 27,01.Reve.-R:~ Archer 
Ffennell, Episcopal missionary, at 
Cheyenne River Mission, near Fort 
Bennett. 

All of the killings of 1876, it will 
be noted, were contemporaneous with 
the Black Hills War. 

Two notable battles between white 
soldiers and the Sioux have occurred 
upon our soil; the Battle of Slim 
Buttes, September 9, 1876, and the 


Indian Treaties 


Battle of Wounded Knee, December 
29, 1890. 
In more recent years there have 


‘been a few murders of white men 


by Indians, due to personal differ- 
ences, as those sad affairs also occur 
between neighbors of all races; but 
they have been rare. 


Indian Legends. See Old Indian 


Legends. 
Indian Reservations. See Indian 
Treaties. 
Indian Treaties. The following 


treaties with the Sioux Indians at- 
fect the lands of South Dakota: 


1. Traverse des Sioux 


This treaty was. negotiated at 
Traverse des Sioux (St. Peter) Min- 
nesota, July 23, 1851, by Luke Lea, 
U. S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 
and Alexander Ramsey, governor of 
Minnesota Territory, on behalf of the 
government, and the Sisseton and 
Wahpeton bands of Sioux. It was 
ratified by Congress, June 23, 1852. 
By it the Sioux relinquished nearly 
all of their lands in Minnesota east 
of Lake Traverse and all land lying 
east of a line running from the foot 
of Lake Traverse to the outlet of 
Lake Kampeska, thence down the 
west bank of the Big Sioux River to 
the northwest corner of Iowa; that 
is, all of South Dakota east of the 
Big Sioux was released to the whites. 


2. Yankton Treaty 


This treaty was negotiated at 
Washington, April 19, 1858, between 
Charles E. Mix, U. S. Commissioner 
of Indian Affairs, and Struck by the 
Ree and 15 other Yankton headmen 
who had been induced to visit the 
national capital. It released all the 
lands between the Big Sioux and 
Missouri Rivers, except 400,000 acres 


71 


Indian Treaties 


reserved by the Yankton for a reser- 
vation in Charles Mix County, as far 


north as Medicine Knoll Creek on. 


the Missouri and Lake Kampeska on 
the Big Sioux; that is, approximately, 
a line from Pierre to Watertown. It 
was ratified by Congress and pro- 
claimed February 26, 1859; but the 
Yankton tribe did not agree to it 
until July 10, upon which day they 
removed to the reservation and the 
lands were opened. 


3. Sisseton Treaty 


. This treaty, made at Washington, 

February 19, 1867, between Lewis V. 
Bogy, Commissioner of Indian Affairs 
and William H. Watson, commission- 
ers on the part of the United States, 
and a party of headmen of Sissetons 
and Wahpetons who had been induc- 
ed to visit Washington, by which the 
Indians reserved to themselves the 
“Flatiron” north of Lake Kampeska, 
(the outlines of which still appear on 
all maps of Dakota,) and ceded all 
their lands lying north of the north 
line of the lands ceded by the Yank- 
ton and east of James River, which 
also included 
they laid claim in North Dakota. 


4. The Laramie Treaty 

This treaty was negotiated at Fort 
Laramie, at different periods from 
April to November, 1868, by Nathan- 
ial G. Taylor, Commissioner of Indian 
Affairs, and Generals W. T. Sherman, 
William §S. Harney, John B. Sanborn, 
S. F. Tappan, C. C. Augur, and Alfred 
H. Terry, commissioners on behalf of 
the government, and the headmen of 
the different tribes of Sioux Indians. 
The treaty confirmed to the Indians 
all of South Dakota west of the Mis- 
sourl aS a permanent reservation, and 
the Indians released all claim to all 


much land to which 


Indian Treaties 


lands east of the Missouri except the 
Crow Creek, Sisseton and Yankton 
Reservations. 


5. Treaty of 1876 

This treaty of 1876 was negotiated 
during the autumn of that year at the 
several agencies by H. C. Bulis, of 
Iowa, Bishop Henry B. Whipple, of 
Minnesota, George W. Manypenny, of 
Ohio, J. W. Daniels of Minnesota, A. 
G. Boone, of Colorado, Newton Ed- 
munds, of Dakota, and A. S. Gaylord, 
of Michigan, commissioners on behalf 
of the government and the headmen 
at the different agencies. It released 
all the lands between the forks of the 
Cheyenne River, including the Black 
Hills. 

6. Treaty of 1889 

This treaty was negotiated at the 
different agencies in the summer of 
1889, by Charles Foster of Ohio, Wil- 
liam Warner, of Missouri, and Gen. 
George Crook, U.S. Army, commission- 
ers on the part of the government, and 
three-fourths of the male adults of all 
the bands. By it the Indians relin- 
quished all the lands between the 
White and Cheyenne Rivers, and all 
of what is now Perkins and Harding 
Counties and the portions of Meade 
and Butte Counties north of the Belle 
Fourche River. The treaty became 
effective Feb. 10, 1890. This was the 


last formal treaty negotiated with the 


Sioux. Thereafter lands were relin- 
quished by agreement and contract. 


7. Sisseton and Wahpeton Agreement 


This agreement was negotiated at 
Sisseton Agency, Dec. 12, 1889, by 
Eliphalet Whittlesey, D. W. Diggs and 
Charles A. Maxwell, commissioners on 
behalf of the government, and the 
Sisseton and Wahpeton bands, by 
which the latter agreed to accept 


372 


Indian Treaties 


lands in severalty and sell the sur- 
plus of the “Flatiron” reservation to 
the government at the rate of $2.50 
per acre. The allotments were duly 
made and the surplus lands duly open- 
ed for settlement April 15, 1892. See 
Sisseton Land Opening. 


8. Yankton Agreement 

This agreement was negotiated at 
Yankton Agency, Dec. 1, 1892, by J. 
C. Adams, W. L. Brown, and John G. 
(or J.) Cole, commissioners, and the 
Yankton Tribe, by which the Yankton 
took their lands in severalty and sold 
the surplus of their reservation in 
Charles Mix County to the govern- 
ment for a lump sum of $600,000. The 
lands. were opened to settlers May 16, 
1895. 


9. Gregory County Opening 

The agreement for this opening was 
negotiated by Maj. James McLaugh- 
lin and the Brule Sioux, and was ap- 
proved, April 23, 1904, by which the 
Sioux relinquished all the lands in 
Gregory County, for $2.50 per acre. 
These lands were opened for settle- 
ment on August 8, 1904; but begin- 
ning upon July 5th of that year appli- 
cants for homesteads were required 
to register therefor. See Rosebud 
Lands. 


10. Tripp County Opening 

These lands were opened to settle- 
ment pursuant to an agreement ne- 
gotiated by Maj. James McLaughlin 
with the Lower Brule, by which they 
took their lands in severalty and sold 
the remainder to the government. 
The agreement was approved by the 
act of March 2, 1907, and the lands 
were allotted to registered applicants, 
who were permitted to enter upon 
such homesteads upon March 1, 1909; 
title to such homesteads was effected 


Infant 


by payment of $4.50 per acre in an- 
nual installments and fourteen months 
residence upon the lands. See Tripp 
County Lands. 


11. Cheyenne and Standing Rock 
Agreements 

Agreements for the purchase of the 
surplus lands upon the Cheyenne Riv- 
er and Standing Rock Reservations in 
South Dakota were made with the In- 
dians interested by Major James Mc- 
Laughlin and approved by act of 
March 29, 1908. See Cheyenne River 
and Standing Rock Lands. 


12. Mellette, Bennett and Washa- 
baugh Counties 

The agreements for the opening of 
the lands in Bennett, Mellette and 
Washabaugh Counties were in accord- 
ance with the acts of May 27 and May 
20, 1910, and the surplus lands were 
opened October 1, 1912. 


Indian Wars. See under War. 


Indians. ‘See Aborigines, Arickara, 
Dakota, Iowa, Omaha, Ponca, Sioux, 
Kiowa, Comanche, Indian Hostilities. 


Indians of North America. See Cat- 


lin’s Inds., etc. 


Indictment. All felonies are brought 
before the United States courts of this 
state by indictment of the grand jury. 
Only upon rare. occasions are grand 
juries called in the courts of the State, 
though the circuit judges have power 
to call grand juries at any time. Crim- 
inal cases are brought into court us- 
ually by information, or accusation, 
brought by the County attorney. 


Infant. In law, a minor; an indi- 
vidual not twenty-one years of age. 


' His rights are carefully guarded, and 


(except for necessities of life) he is 
incapable of making a contract bind- 


373 


Industrial Commission 


ing upon himself, if he choose to re- 
scind it upon arrival at his majority. 


Industrial Commissioner. Created 
by Chap. 276, Laws of 1917; to admin- 
ister the Workmen’s Compensation 
act, which see. Stephen A. Travis has 
been commissioner since the es- 
tablishment. 


“In Far Dakota.” A Story of Pio- 
neer Life in Dakota, by Mary J. 
Locke, an English woman: published 
in London and Calcutta, 1890. The 
story is not fixed as to the exact lo- 
cality. 


Influenza, as popularly understood, 
is the disease known as “la grippe” 
(which was epidemic in 1890) and the 
“flu” of 1918. It is a fever oftenest 
involving the respiratory tract. It has 
been epidemic in America many times 
since its first appearance in 1647, but 
rarely appears twice in the same gen- 
eration. Usually fully one-third of the 
population are affected in one visita- 
tion. It is rarely fatal unless compli- 
cated with other ailments; but if the 
patient is exposed or over-exerts it is 
likely to run into pneumonia, with 
serious results. There are no statis- 
tics of fatalities in South Dakota from 
the epidemic of 1890; but in 1918 and 
the ‘early months of 1919 there were 
reported to the State. board of health 
35,457 cases and 2,547 deaths, and in 
addition there were many deaths 
among South Dakota _ soldiers in 
camps without the State. Infants and 
elderly people are quite immune from 
it; and only rarely does a person who 
was affected by it in one visitation 
suffer from it in a. second epidemic. 


Information is the accusation 
against a prisoner, upon which he is 
placed upon trial in circuit court. In 


Inheritance 


practice the information must be form- 
al and explicit, charging the crime 
with all the certainty of a common 
law indictment. It is made by the 
County Attorney. 


Ingerson, J. B., 1865- ; born at 
Watertown, N. Y., June 13th; came 
to Gann Valley, Buffalo Co., Dakota in 
1885; engaged in cattle raising and 
farming; county auditor for four 
years; legislator, 1917. 


Ingham, Rev. S. W., 1838-1914; first 
minister of the Methodist Church in 
Dakota, 1860; chaplain of first legis- 
lature, 1862. 





Robinson, 545. 


Ingvaldson, N. M., 1855- ; Fland- 
reau; born in Norway; came _ to 
Moody Co., Dakota in 1877; engaged 


in farming; legislator, 1909, 1911. 


Inheritance. In South Dakota law, 
if the decedent leave a_ surviving 
spouse and one child, the estate is di- 
vided between such spouse and the 
child; but if there is more than one 
child, the spouse takes one-third and 
the remainder is divided among the 
children, or their descendants, per 
stipes. If there is no surviving spouse 
the estate is divided among the chil- 
dren per stipes; if there are no chil- 
dren the surviving spouse takes the 
first five thousand dollars and one- 
half of the excess and the other half 
goes to the decedent’s parents, or the 
survivor of them. If decedent leave 
no spouse or children the estate goes 
to the parents; if there be no parents 
it goes to the brothers and sisters in 
equal shares. If there be no children, 
parents, brothers or sisters, the spouse 
takes all. If there be no spouse, chil- 
dren, parents, brothers or sisters the 
estate goes to the next of kin in equal 


374 


’ shares. 


“In His Steps” 


If there be no kin the estate 
escheats to the State. 


“In His Steps” or What Would Jesus 
Do. A religious romance by Rev. 
Charles M. Sheldon (q. v.) This work 
is said to have had the largest circula- 
tion (twenty million copies) of any 
book ever printed with the single ex- 
ception of the Bible. 


Initiative and Referendum in South 
Dakota. The Initiative and Referen- 
dum in America originated in South 
Dakota,being the invention of Rev. Rob- 
ert W. Haire, a Catholic priest, for 
thirty-four years a resident of the 
city of Aberdeen, who, during the 
time of the ascendency of the Knights 
of Labor in 1885, proposed what he 
termed the “People’s Legislature,” in- 
volving the principles of the Initiative 
and Referendum. He agitated for this 
very extensively until the Swiss sys- 
tem was brought to his attention. 

Almost contemporaneously with 
Father Haire’s projection of the refer- 
endum idea William H. Lyon of Sioux 
Falls, (Sept. 12, 1885,) submitted the 
following suggestion to the second 
constitutional convention then in ses- 
sion: 

“I respectfully request that this 
convention incorporate in this 
constitution a provision that all 
appropriation bills for new public 
institutions and permanent im- 
provements to existing institu- 
tions, and all laws of general inter- 
est, should be drafted by the leg- 
islature and submitted for the 
people to enact or reject, at an- 
nual or biennial elections, and 
that the legislature be given only 
the power to pass appropriation 
bills for the ordinary running ex- 
penses of the state, and to enact 
necessary laws of a local, special 
and private nature, that cannot 


well be provided for in general 
acts.” 


Initiative and Referendum in S. D. 


The Farmers’ Alliance movement 
followed quickly upon the Knights of 
Labor and Henry L. Loucks, of Water- 
town, South Dakota, became the Pres- 
ident of the National Farmers’ Alli- 
ance. He took up Father Haire’s ideas 
and succeeded in getting them incorp- 
orated into the principles of the Na- 
tional Farmers’ Alliance. The agita- 
tation for the adoption of these princi- 
ples was continued until the Peoples 
party gained control of the South Da- 
kata legislature in 1897, and submit- 
ted the present Initiative and Refer- 
endum provision to the state constitu- 
tion, which was adopted by the people 
at the election held November, 1898, 
by a vote of 23,816 for, to 16,843 
against, out of a total of 75,204 votes 
cast at the,election. That is to say, 
but 53 per cent of the voters at this 
election expressed their preference 
for or against the Initiative and Refer- 
endum. 


The Constitutional provision thus 
adopted, is in the following form and 
was so drafted by S. H. Cramer from 
data supplied by W. E. Kidd: 


ARTICLE III. 


Sec. 1.—The legislative power of the 
state shall be vested in a legislature 
which shall consist of a Senate and. 
House of Representatives, except that 
the people expressly reserve to them- 
selves the right to propose measures, 
which measures the legislature shall 
enact and submit to a vote of the 
electors of the State, and also the 
right to require that any laws which 
the legislature may have enacted shall 
be submitted to a vote of the electors 
of the State before going into effect 
(except such laws as may be neces- 
sary for the immediate preservation 
of the public peace, health or safety, 
support of the State Government and 
its existing public institutions.) 

Provided, that not more than five 
per centum of the qualified electors 


75 


Initiative and Referendum in S. D. 


of the state shall be required to in- 
voke either the initiative or referend- 
um. 

This section shall not be construed 
so as to deprive the Legislature or 
any member thereof of the right to 
propose any measure. The veto pow- 
er of the Executive shall not be exer- 
cised as to measures referred to a 
vote of the people. This section shall 
apply to municipalities. The enacting 
clause of all laws approved by vote of 
the electors of the State shall be: “Be 
it enacted by the people of South Da- 
kota.” The Legislature shall make 
suitable provisions for carrying into 
effect the provisions of this section. 

Chapters 93 and 94 of the Laws of 


South Dakota for 1899, contain the 
necessary legislation to make the Init- 
iative and Referendum provision of 
the Constitution effective. 


No attempt was made to put this 
provision into practical use until after 
the adjournment of the legislature of 
1901, when it was undertaken to refer 
a bill which had been passed by the 
legislature with the emergency clause 
attached, as provided by the constitu- 
tion. The matter was carried to the 
Supreme Court and decided in the 
case of the State vs. Bacon, 14th South 
Dakota, page 394, wherein the court 
defines limitations of the provision, 
and held that an emergency clause is 
not referable, and that the legislature 
is the sole judge of an emergency. 

The next attempt to invoke the use 
of the new provision was made by the 
friends of the primary election, just 
prior to the meeting of the legislature 
of 1905, when a primary election act 
was initiated by the requisite num- 
ber of petitioners but the Senate of 
1905 refused to obey the mandate of 
the Initiative and the bill was not sub- 
mitted to the voters. 

In the autumn of 1906, just prior to 
the meeting of the legislature of 1907, 


Initiative and Referendum in S. D. 


the temperance people initiated a 
county option bill which the legisla- 
ture of 1907 submitted to the people. 
After the adjournment of the legisla- 
ture, three other acts of that session 
were referred, so that at the election 
held in November, 1908, the people, 
for the first time, voted directly upon 
legislation. The acts were. 

County option. 

Reforming Divorce procedure. 


Prohibiting Sunday Amusements, 
Protection of Quail. 


Three of these measures were ap- 
proved but the county option bill, hav- 
ing failed of approval, the temperance 
people immediately initiated a new 
county option bill, which was submit- 
ted by the legislature of 1909; five 
other acts of that legislature were re- 
ferred. Thus at the election of 1910 
the people voted directly upon: 

County option. 

Electric headlights for locomotives. 

Empowering the Governor to re- 
move incompetent or negligent offic- 
ials. 

Licensing embalmers and undertak- 
ers. 

Apportionment of State into certain 
Congressional districts. 

A General Military Code. 

All of the above acts failed to be 
approved by the people at the general 
election of 1910. 

During the session of 1911 the Rich- 
ards Primary election act, which has 
now come into national prominence, 
was initiated and submitted, and three 
acts of that session were referred, and 
were voted upon at the election of 
1912. These were: 

The Richards primary election law. 

Electric headlights. 

Herd Law. 

County seat location law. 

All of these acts were approved by 
the people. 


376 


Initiative and Referendum in S. D. 


In 1913 two initiated laws were sub- 
mitted and one legislative act was re- 
ferred to the people at the election in 
1914 and all failed of approval. These 
were: 

New Primary Election Act. 


Removing restrictions from sale of 
intoxicants. 


Amending the charter of the North- 
ern Normal and Industrial School. 

The legislature of 1913 submitted an 
amendment to the constitution leav- 
ing the percentage of voters required 
to petition an Initiative or Referen- 
dum in Municipalities to the legisla- 
tive discretion, which was not approv- 
ed. 

The legislature of 1913 also enacted 
a law definitely prescribing the re- 
turn to be made upon petitions for in- 
itiative or referendum and prohibiting 
the circulator of such petitions from 
receiving compensation therefor. It 
was claimed that there had been an 
abuse in these matters which the new 
law sought to correct. (Chap. 202, 
Laws of 1913). 

The legislature of 1915 submitted 
‘three initiated acts and one legislative 
act was referred, to be voted up- 
on at the general election in 1916. 
These were: 


Bank guaranty act initiated by the 
state bankers. Chap. 103. 

Bank guaranty act initiated by citi- 
zens. Chap. 104. 

A revision of the Richards primary 
initiated by Mr. Richards. Chap. 259. 

An act permitting a verdict by ftive- 
sixths of a common law jury. Chap. 
241. 


Nhe legislature also passed, as an 
emergency measure, a Primary elec- 
tion act which repeals the initiated 
Richards primary law of 1912. The 
question at once was raised pertain- 
ing to the power of the legislature to 
repeal an act initiated and approved 


Initiative and Referendum in S. D. 


by the people, and the matter was 
taken into the Supreme Court of South 
Dakota, in the case of State ex rel 
Richards vs. Whisman, 154 N. W., 
107, where the court by unani- 
mous opinion sustained the right 
of the legislature to repeal an initiat- 
ed act. In this opinion the court re- 
versed State vs. Bacon, 14th S. D. 
394, holding that the emergency 
clause cannot defeat a referendum un- 
less an actual emergency, as defined 
by the constitution, exists. 


Mr. Richards appealed the portion 
of the decision in State vs. Whisman, 
which holds the right of the legisla- 
ture to repeal an initiated act, to the 
Supreme Court of the United States. 
He promptly obtained a writ of error, 
bringing the decision of the South 
Dakota Supreme Court for review be- 
fore the Supreme Court of the United 
States, upon the ground that it was 
in conflict with the provision of the 
federal constitution which guarantees 
to each state a republican form of gov- 
ernment. No written opinion was fil- 
ed in the case. On March 6th, 1916, 
the Supreme Court of the United 
States dismissed this writ of error, 
for “no jurisdiction”? upon the prin- 
ciple of a long line of decisions of that 
court holding that the question of the 
existence of a republican form of gov- 
ernment in the states is a political 
one to be determined by Congress, 
and not a judicial one for the Courts. 
A later application for a re-hearing 
was refused by the Supreme Court of 
the United States. 

It may be noted that voters have not 
exercised very careful discrimination 
pertaining to the merits of acts in- 
itiated. and referred. Usually one 
popular measure will carry the ap- 


377 


COIN MD OTE CODE 


Initiative and Referendum in S. D. 


proval of all submitted measures at 
that election and an unpopular one 
will seal the doom of all its running 
mates. An affirmative or a negative 
psychology appears to control the sit- 
uation and as popularly stated, we 
have either “vote yes” or “vote no” 


elections. 

An Initiated Measure is one which 
begins by petition, 
the legislature, and then is referred 
without further petition, to the people 
at large at the following election for 
vote. 


is then passed by 


A Referred Measure is a law passed 
by the legislature in the usual way, 


and then, by petition, is referred to 








Initiative and Referendum in S. D. 


the people at the following election for 
vote. 

Table showing title of Initiated or 
Referred acts, of South Dakota; the 
year such were passed by the legisla- 
ture; the Chapter number in session 
laws of that year; the year of the 
election when such measure was vot- 
ed upon; number voting for the meas- 
ure, number voting against it; figures 
by which it was carried or defeated; 
the total vote cast on governor at that 
election, being considered total elec- 
tion vote; and the per cent of the to- 
tal election vote which was cast on 
the Initiated or Referred Law. Aster- 
isk shows law was initiated ;—others 
were referred. 





5 
|% 5 | Sa 
~ 
TITLE 3 | 5 és Z SS 
ra} > a n S ~ S 
o S nM n & — (ax) mH 
tan ..| & | we ra ie ts ® ay 
Sao| S| se8/ 8 | Sh | & | BS | 68 
Hod) O | hp > ea! 0 Q HO 
* Temperance county option ...| 1907 | 179 | 1908 | 39,075 | 41,405] ..... 2,330 | 113,904 
DIVOLCEMTETOrIN PI eicescthie cretene ers 1907 | 132 08 |°60,211 | 38,794 4 21,417 | sasaeee 113,904 
IPFOtECLIONF Old Walla nner 1907 | 158 | 1908 | 65,340 | 32,274 | 33,066 | ...... 113,904 
Sunday amusements. 02. «see 1907 | 234 | 1908 | 48,378 | 48,006 | WO estore 113,904 
* 'Temperance-county option... .| 2909;|) 30.) 1910;|) 425416 |e 55;872:\e oe 22,956 | 105,812 
Hlectric, headients: 4.20... cues 909 2U AST Os 37,9145 \ne 49 ase eee 12,024 | 105,812 
Inégompetent (otricials? ..)... eee 1909) LOT L9LORN S260 525152 sees wee 19,992 | 105,812 
Himbalmers: liGenSed pie. tieisisie tans 1909 | 211} 1910 | 34,560 | 49,496) ..... 14,936 | 105,812 
Consressional districts, 12 eee 1909} 2237 19701 26,918 | 48,888 1"... oe 21,965 | 105,812 
Militany sCodemaiiea? tedtkinaten se 1909-} 52) 1910 | 17,852 | 67,440 ]}).. A. 39,588 | 105,812 
Richards: primary lawieeme kt crs V911 | 201 | 1912-) 58,139 | 33,256.1124. 880) eee 117,828 
HlectrictHeadlights? woe wee. sere 19ND [P2T34] 19127993, 136519 °20,523.| 425613 |e eee 117,828 
Hree -Ranee ;closea i, 20. mc eeu wat 1911 | 254 | 1912.| 56,782.) 80,6488) 26n39)1. seems 117,828 
COUTIEY? SGat 1OGaAtlON. (se ne 19TU 1 1125) 1992 1 49 S78 a eit gules. Los ee 117,828 
*) Primary selectionaehacieenre sens hi LOL HAO Tal 19143706" 445607 s oe ees To9t | 9st 
uf ibelkohbveye Tetsu niosey 6 Ay 4d ceeds oe 1913 (9200. |b01 45 ac, 000 sp Li Con) pene 13,779 | 98,141 
Northern Normal charter ...... 1913!) 1844) 1914 |. 27,538 | 49,3882). 2 .2-. 21,382 | 98,141 
* Richards. Primapye bo le 19154 6259") 1916 T62; 41 0 62) (Sac) eee 323 | 128,520 
IG aysed-a Fats wh abe AOS YOLOy Gane en hs vnc acy Go 1915 | 227) 19164) 4957 544 2 eee, 5,248 | 128,520 
+) Banking vand sMinameciie a fries 191-55) 1.03:) 19165) 4.75915 4s 162,205 le. gees 4,490 | 128,520 
2 Bankin Sa BOAT aie a ieetere 1915 | 104 | 1916 | 47,925 Set Resi 2,301 | 128,520 
BPive Peixthjury eae eee L915 2415) 1916 | 495601 |. 5545297) oc 1,928 | 128,520 
BER iChArdSe prin al Var aa es 191.7) 2341 191871475981 |) 34, 705;] 13.24 05) meee 96,190 
Bone *dry “liquor law. o7.s . 7. 1919 | 246 1830 | 15.8 (Ones 1 OSC sme ae 12,116 | 183,888 
Amsden primary Ve. 2 -suaeene TO ZONA Sal 19207 6551 O8e |e ec, Olan eee 16,905 | 183,888 
Ue hgoleoed Hicremate 59 cs ae Rew e 1921 | 201 | 130 | 5D, 20 anil 0654098) © over res 50,846 | 175,426 
* Abolition State Constabulary — U2 Aa| 3i9).| 1922.).64,221,1) 94241) |e 30,020 | 175,426 
* Sunday. EScriormances, ee. 1921 | 399 | 1922 }°56,530 | 999,848 | 2G 22. 43,528 | 175,426 
* Hst’lishm’t State owned banks|/ 1921 | 132 | 1922 | 33,032 | 122,807] ..... 89,775 | 175,426 
**Removal ‘State. "to Syeey aa 1920 e407 19 22a eso at ao 7o eens 130,110 | 175,426 
Attaching Todd Co. to Tripp...| 1923 | 304 | 1924 | 68,463 | 89,440] ..... 20,977 | 109,894 
Relating to the Nomination 
and election of judges ....... 1923 | 181 | 1924} 54);966)|/°102,839)— inn: 47,373 | 109,894 
Primary lection mipien toward 19230 L824 1924) 54,163) 102, 24000. eae 48,077 | 109,894 
Publies Warenousesee. .ninee 1923 | 307 | 1924 | 45,974 | 107,859 | ..... 








3% 


61,885 | 109,894 


Per cent of vote 
Ons Le ore RarAct: 


Initiative and Referendum in S. D. 


Inkpaduta, 1815-1882, was a rene- 
gade Sioux, son of Wandesapa, who 
having murdered his brother and co- 
chief, Tasagi, was outlawed by his 
people (the Wakpakute) and with a 
little band of fellow spirits moved out 
to the Vermillion River in Dakota. 
Here his camp became a rendezvous 
for the worst element of the nation. 
Wandesapa died in 1848 and Inkpa- 
duta became the head of the band. 
In 1851 he appeared at the treaty 
council at Traverse des Sioux, (St. 
Peter, Minn.) and demanded a share 
in the proceedings, but was run off 
by his relatives. In 1857 he commit- 
ted the awful massacre at Spirit Lake, 
Iowa, and carried away four women 
whom he brought into Dakota. One 
he permitted to be brutally killed at 
Flandreau; one, Mrs. Marble, was res- 
cued by Greyfoot at Madison and re- 
turned to her people; one, Mrs. Noble, 
was killed by his son in eastern Spink 
County; and the last, Abbie Gardner, 
was rescued by John Otherday on the 
James River near Redfield. The gov- 
ernment demanded that the Minne- 
sota Sioux bring him in and Little 
Crow marched into Dakota with a 
band of warriors and finding Inkpa- 
duta at Lake Thompson, in Kings- 
bury County, a sharp engagement en- 
sued, in which three of the small band 
of renegades were killed, but Inkpa- 
duta and his family escaped. When 
the war of the Massacre came on he 
was in it most actively and with 
fiendish ingenuity. He sent his men 
up and down the frontier killing 
wherever he found white people de- 
fenseless. He was a leading spirit in 
the Battles of Big Mound and White 
Stene Hill.in 1863. His last appear- 
ance was in the Battle of the Little 
Bighorn (Custer’s last fight) after 


Insane, State Hospital for 


which he went into Canada and died 
there. See Inkpaduta Massacre. 





ERiSti a l,aoede oo Dl 

“Inkpaduta Massacre of 1857.” <A 
very full account of the Spirit Lake 
Massacre and of the recovery of Mrs. 
Marble and Abbie Sharp (who were 
carried captives into South Dakota). 
Written by Charles E. Flandrau, who 
at that period was the agent of the 
Santee Sioux at Redwood Agency, 
Minnesota; published in 1895 by the 
Minnesota Historical Society. 


Inland is a post office in southern 
Perkins County. Shipping and bank- 
ing. point is Newell, 50 miles south- 
west. 





Kingsbury, IV, 64. 

Inman, Darwin M., 1838-1913; born 
in New York; banker of Vermillion 
since 1875; member, legislature, 1877, 
1881, 1883, 1889; trustee, University. 


Innkeeper. Keepers of hotels are 
responsible for the property of guests 
to the extent of $300, if the same is 
especially committed to them for safe 
keeping. In other matters they are 
liable only for ordinary care. All 
property of guests is subject to a lien 
for hotel bills incurred. 


Innocent Persons. ‘Where one of 
two persons must suffer by the act of 
a third person, he by whose negli- 
gence it happened must be the suf- 
ferer.” 





Code, 75. 

Inoculation. Health officers are 
authorized to vaccinate persons for 
small pox and other virulent diseases 
in the interest of public health and 
against the will of the individual. 


Insane, State Hospital for. The 
State Hospital for the Insane is locat- 


379 


Insane, State Hospital for 


ed three miles north of Yankton in an 
excellent situation and has a fine 
plant of massive buildings. The insti- 
tution was founded by Gov. William 
A. Howard in 1880. Prior to that time 
the insane of South Dakota were 
farmed out to institutions in other 
States. It has since developed in ac- 
cordance with the growth of popula- 
tion. The institution is a model one, 
organized upon principles of philan- 
thropy. Every sleeping room is re- 
quired to have for each individual at 
least sixty feet of floor space and six 
hundred fifty cubic feet of air and 
must have a ventilating system sup- 
plying at least 1500 cubic feet of fresh 
air per hour. The surroundings are 
kept in the most attractive manner, 
with large and beautifully furnished 
parlors and recreation places for the 
inmates. Every surrounding is calcu- 
lated to enliven the minds of the pa- 
tients and to remove melancholy. 
The buildings are upon novel plans 
best adapted to the care and cure of 
the inmates. A large farm provides 
healthful occupation to such inmates 
as desire to avail themselves of it. 
The general plans were devised by Dr. 
Leonard C. Mead, a notable alienist 
and engineer, who became _ superin- 
tendent in 1889 and continued with a 
short intermission until his death in 
1920. The superintendents have been 
Dr. S. B. McGlumphy, 1880-82; Dr. 
James Cravens, 1882-87; Dr. Henry F. 
Livingston, 1887-89; Dr. Leonard C. 
Mead, 1889-99, 1901-1920. Dr. George 
S. Adams, 1920-. 


Insanity. Insane persons, upon due 
complaint, are tried by a competent 
tribunal and if found insane are com- 
mitted to the State Hospital for the 
Insane, where they are kept under 


Insurance of State Property 


treatment until restored. They may 
not be kept in poor-houses or in jails, 
except for temporary safety, until 
they can be conveyed to the hospital. 
Each county is required to contribute 
to the State sixteen dollars per month 
for each citizen committed from the 
respective counties to the hospital; 
but the county has recourse to the 
estate of the incompetent for reim- 
bursement. The rights of insane per- 
sons in their estates is carefully 
guarded by law and they cannot be 
deprived of them except upon due pro- 
cess through the probate court, to 
meet the actual necessities of the in- 
competent or those directly dependent 
upon him. There are about 1200 in- 
mates in the State hospital. 


Insects. See Fauna. 

Institute of Technology. See State 
College of Ag. and M. A. 

Institutions of the State. See Char- 


itable Institutions. 


Insurance. All insurance companies 
doing any form of insurance in South 
Dakota must be licensed by the State 
Insurance Commissioner and report 
annually to that officer the condition 
of the company. The commissioner 
may examine and audit the books of 
any company at any time. See Hail 
Insurance; Insurance on State Prop- 
erty. 


Insurance Agents. All insurance 
agents must be certificated by the 
State Insurance commissioner. 


Insurance of State Property. In 
1913 the State of South Dakota enter- 
ed upon a new policy in relation to 
insurance of State property. It then 
determined to carry its own insur- 
ance and to that end created an 
emergency building-fund to be used 


380 


Interest 


under the direction of the governor 
and attorney general for the purpose 
of replacing or repairing any building 
or other property destroyed by the 
elements. At the same time the State 
entered upon the policy of erecting only 
fireproof structures. The drafts upon 
the fund have been but nominal. 


SESS 

Laws, 1921, chap. 336. 

Interest. Obligations may draw any 
rate of interest agreed upon up to 12 
per cent. Seven per cent is the legal 
rate when no other rate is specified. 
See Usury. 


Interior is a village in. southern 
Jackson County. “The Index,” estab- 
lished in 1907, is its newspaper. 


Interpretation. See Contracts, In- 


terpretation of. 


Interregnum. After the admission 
of Minnesota, May 29, 1858, until 
March 2, 1862, when Dakota Territory 
was admitted, there was not an estab- 
lished government recognized by Con- 
gress for Dakota. <A provisional gov- 
ernment was set up by the settlers 
at Sioux Falls, but without congress- 
ional sanction. A committee of Con- 
gress held (and the report was adopt- 
ed) that the region outside of the 
State of Minnesota cohtinued to be 
Minnesota Territory. 


Inventory. See Public Property. 


lona is a post office in southern 
Lyman County. Shipping point is 
Oacoma, 25 miles north. 


lowa. <A tribe of Indians of the 
Siouan division. De L’Isle’s map of 
1701 shows a band of Iowa living up- 
on the lower James River. 


lowa, Little. The section of South 
Dakota defined by projecting the 
northern boundary of Iowa westward 


Irish 


to the Missouri. The Iowa legislature 
in 1856 sought to have this section 
attached to Iowa and petitioned Con- 
gress to that end. The region at that 
time was popularly called Little Iowa. 





PRistey Ex 93:7 6: 

Ipswich is a city and county seat 
in eastern Edmunds County. “The 
Tribune,” established in 1883, and the 
“Hdmunds County Democrat,” in 1889, 
are its newspapers. See census. 


Irene is a town situated in Clay, 
Turner and Yankton Counties. “The 
Tri-County News,” established in 
1899, is its newspaper. See census. 


Irrigation. Irrigation is employed 
in western South Dakota upon the 
streams debouching from the Black 
Hills. The Belle Fourche Irrigation 
project (a federal government enter- 
prise) constructed in 1905-7, diverts 
the waters of Belle Fourche River in- 
to a vast reservoir, from which water 
is drawn to irrigate about 100,000 
acres of land in the Belle Fourche 
valley. These lands are devoted to 
mixed farming, especially alfalfa and 
sugar beets. The government has in- 
vested in the project $4,329,000, which 
is apportioned to the land benefited 
and the settlers upon the land under- 
take to return it in a series of annual 
payments. The cost of operation is 
also taxed against the land. There 
are 1,198 irrigated farms in South Da- 
kota, with an invested capital of 
$5,465,248. The average cost of the 
plants per acre is $29.20. The cost 
of the Belle Fourche project was 
$49.69 per acre. There are 100,682 
acres irrigated, and the existing 
plants have a total capacity for 
150,914 acres. 


There are in South Dakota 
The 


Irish. 
1954 persons born in Ireland. 


381 


Irish, Silas G. 


census of 1915 showed 26,643 persons 
claiming Irish ancestry. 


Irish, Silas G., 1810-1907; first treas- 
urer of Dakota Territory, 1861-3; set- 
tled at Bon Homme, 1859; was first 
lieutenant, Co. B, Dakota Militia, 1862, 
his sons Columbus and Jerome were 
members of the 14th Iowa Infantry, 
and afterwards of the 7th Iowa Cav- 
alry; and served in the Indian wars 
in Dakota, 1863-6. 





list. os 400. 

Iron Creek is a railroad station in 
central Lawrence County. P. O. is 
Spearfish, 12 miles north. 


Iroquois is a town in Beadle and 
Kingsbury Counties. Founded by the 
Western Town Lot Co. in 1880. Was 
named from the French name of the 
Indian Confederacy of the Six Na- 
tions. Population, see census. “The 
Iroquois Chief,’ established in 1880, 
is its newspaper. 


Isaak, William, 1876- . porn 
Russia, February 6th; came to Hutch- 
inson Co., Dakota in 1879; engaged 
in farming and stock raising; held 


Ivy 


various township offices; president of 
the largest mutual fire insurance com- 
pany in South Dakota; legislator, 
1905, 1923; P. O., Parkston. 


Isabel is a town in northwestern 
Dewey County. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The News,” established in 1909, 
is its newspaper. 


Issenhuth, E. C., 1858- ; born at 
Millersburg, Iowa, May 2nd; came to 
Huron; Dakota in 1880; after 1885 re- 
moved to Redfield and engaged in 
banking business; member, city coun- 
cil of Redfield for many years; legis- 
lator 1907, 1909, 1911; is father of 
Good Roads legislation. 


Italians. In 1920 there were 413 
persons of Italian birth in South Da- 
kota. (U. 8S. Census.) 


Ivanhoe is a railroad station in 
southwestern Custer County. Post of- 
fice is Minnekahta, 4 miles south. 


Ivy. Ivy does not appear to be na- 
tive to the State. Virginia creeper, 
commonly called ivy, grows in abund- 
ance along all streams. 


382 


Jack Rabbit 


Jack Rabbit, see Rabbit. 


“Jack Rabbit, The.” Junior Annual 
publication of the State College of Ag- 
ricultural and Mechanic Arts. It is 
highly illustrated with half-tones and 
tracings, giving vivid impressions of 
college and campus. 


Jackson County, created, 1914, by 
division of Stanley Co.; organized, 
1915; named for Andrew Jackson. 
Bounded on the east by range line be- 
tween ranges 25 and 26, east B. H. 
meridian; on the north by Black Hills 
base line; on west by the line be- 
tween ranges 17 and 18 east B. H. 
meridian; and on the south by the 
main channel of the White River. 
County seat, Kadoka. Population, see 
census; area, 522,240 acres. 





Code, p. 147. 

Jackson, David E., junior partner in 
the firm of Smith, Sublette and Jack- 
son, successors to General W. H. Ash- 
ley. 


vackson, Frank T.,  ........... roe os i ; Sal- 
em; born at Lake City, Minnesota; 
came to South Dakota in 1885; real 
estate dealer and live stock shipper; 
member House of Representatives in 
1903, 1905 and 1911. 


Jacobs, Walter G., 1868-1922; Aber- 
deen; born in Guttenberg, Iowa, No- 
vember 28th; came to Dakota in 1898; 
engaged in business of commercial 
salesman; member House of Repre- 
sentatives in 1915. 


Jacobson, J. A., 1832-1863; born in 
Norway; settled in Clay County, 1860; 
‘member first and second legislatures; 
killed by Indians at James River ferry, 
1863. 


James, a village in southern Brown 
county. 


James River 


James Brothers. See Younger and 
James Brothers. There is no truth 
in the tradition that they hid for 
several days in a cave in the Pali- 
sades at Garretson. 


James River (the Riviere au Jacques 
of Lewis and Clark) rises in North 
Dakota and flowing south entirely 
across the State of South Dakota en- 
ters the, Missouri ten miles below the 
city of Yankton. It is reported to 
be the longest unnavigable river in 
the world. In fact it is susceptible of 
navigation with small craft as far as 
the rapids in Hanson County. This 
stream was frequently called “the 
river of the Yanktons,” by the early 
writers. In 1794 Trudeau called it 
riviere au Jacques; the Sioux name 
was Chan-san-san, meaning  whit- 
ish or yellowish wood. The  or- 
ganic act of Dakota territory, March 
2, 1861 contained this section: Sec. 
20. ‘And be it further enacted, that 
the river in said Territory heretofore 
known as the ‘River aux Jacques,’ or 
‘James River’ shall be hereafter call- 
ed the Dakota River.” This law is still 
in existence, but James river persists 
and popularly the stream is known as 
“the Jim.” Small power plants have 
been erected upon it at Jamesville in 
northern Yankton county, at Max- 
well’s Mill in Hutchinson at old Fort 
James in Hanson, and at the foot of 
Sand lake in Brown. The only prac- 
tical navigation was by a small 
steamer on Sand lake, which is a wid- 
ening of the stream, for a distance of 
about fifty feet above Columbia, before 
the extension of the railroad above that 
point. The steamer, the Nettie Bald- 
win made regular trips in the open 
season and was a great convenience 
to the settlers. The first bridge in 
Dakota was built across the James, at 


383 


Jamesville 


Armadale, Spink county in 1856 by 
Captain J. J. Brackenridge -to facili- 
tate the crossing of his battalion of 
troops, enroute from Fort Ridgley 
Minnesota to Fort Pierre. It was 
thought a road between these forts 
was necessary but it does not seem 
to have been again used. 


Jamesville, discontinued post office 
in northwestern Yankton county. 

James Valley Junction, a station in 
central Beadle county. 


Janousek, post office in south west- 
ern Yankton county. 


“Jason Edwards, An Average Man.” 
A novel of the days of populism, hav- 
ing a Brown County setting, by Ham- 
lin Garland (q. v.). 


Java, a city in northeastern Wal- 
worth County. “The Herald,” estab- 
lished in 1900, is the newspaper. Pop- 
ulation, see census. 


See Birds. 


Jayne, Dr. William, 1826-1916; first 
governor of Dakota Ter. He was a 
practicing physician in Springfield and 
family doctor to the Lincolns. Among 
the first appointments made by Lin- 
coln was William Jayne to be gover- 
nor of the newly created Dakota Ter- 
ritory. He arrived upon the ground 
at Yankton, May 27, 1861 and took the 
necessary steps to set the machinery 
of state in motion, provided for a 
census, called an election for a legis- 
lature and a delegate in Congress and 
returned to Illinois, where he remain- 
ed until the following: spring. He was 
absent during the Indian uprising in 
the summer of 1862; but that autumn 
he was the Republican candidate for 
Congress and was declared elected 
and given the certificate; but his seat 
was successfully contested by Gener- 


Jay. 


Jenkins, Geo. J. 


al Todd. When he went to Washing- 
ton he resigned the governorship and 
never returned until 1911, when he 
came out to join in celebrating Yank- 
ton’s jubilee. He made his home in 
Springfield, amassed a fortune and 
was a leading citizen of the Illinois’ 
capital until his death in 1916 at the 
age of 89 years. 

Jaynes, G. H., 1873- - Pierre; 
born at LaMonte, Missouri, May 27th; 
came to South Dakota in 1883; engag- 
ed in meat market and live stock bus- 
iness; various county and city offices; 
president of Pierre Commercial Club; 
member State Senate in 1917 and 
1919. 


Jefferson, a city in southern Union 
county. Population, see census... 


Jeffries, Henry L., 1873- ; San- 
sarc; born in Coles County, Illinois, 
May 4th; came to South Dakota in 


1882; held various township and coun- 
ty offices; engaged in stock raising, 
fruit growing and growing of special - 
varieties of alfalfa; member House in 
1917. : 

Jeffrey, a station in northeastern . 
Corson County. Post office at Wak- 
pala, 5 miles southeast. 


Jekyll, David T. J., 1861- 
more; born at Ottawa, Illinoiss July 
8th; came to South Dakota in 1901; 
engaged in business of farm loans 
and buying and selling real estate; 
mayor of Highmore; member House 
in 1913. 

Jenkins, Geo. J., 1856- ; born at 
Decorah, Iowa, March 20th; came to 
Dakota in 1886; in the employ of the 
Sisseton agency three years; engaged 
in hotel business at Wilmot; in 1886 
he engaged in the hardware business 
at Sisseton and later banking; mem- 
ber House of Representatives in 1903. 


; High- 


384 


Jenkins, John C. 


Jenkins, John C., 1864- ; Brook- 
ings; born at Chumleigh, North De- 
von, England, June 9th; came to 
Brookings in 1889; engaged in the 
practice of law; states attorney in 
Brookings County 1897-8 and mayor 
of Brookings two terms; State Sena- 
tor in 1907. 


Jenkins, L. P., 1862- ; born at 
Lansford, Pennsylvania, Dec. 20, edu- 
cated in public schools and College of 
Pharmacy in Philadelphia; came to 
Lead City in 1884; druggist, and post- 
master; Mayor of Lead City in 1894 
and 1898; member State Senate, 1903. 

Jerauld County, created in 1883; or- 
ganized, 1883; named for H. J. Jer- 
auld (q. v.); consists of townships 
106, 107 and 108 north of ranges 63, 
64, 65, 66 and 67 west 5th P. M. Coun- 
ty seat, Wessington Springs. First 
settler, 1876, at Wessington Springs, 
Levi Hain; area, 339,840 acres. 





Code, p. 147. 

Jesuits. Members of the Society of 
Jesus, an order of the Catholic 
Church, have ever been active in mis- 
sionary movements. Fathers DeSmet 
and Hoeken, who rendered extensive 


and invaluable service to the Sioux. 


of South Dakota, were members of 
this order. See DeSmet, Hoeken. 


Jewel Cave. See Black Hills. 


Jewett, Charles A., 1848-1916; found- 
er, Jewett Bros. Co., (1882) whole- 
salers, Aberdeen and also since 1888 
in Sioux Falls, where he resided. 


Robinson, II, 1483. 

Jewett, D. Clinton, 1854-- ;. born 
in Ohio; one of the Jewett Brothers, 
wholesalers, Sioux Falls, since 1889. 





Hist. Minn. Co., 579. 
Jigger, see Chigger. 


Johnson, Edward N. 


Jim Creek is a small tributary of 
the James River in eastern Sanborn 
County. 


Jim Creek is a stream rising in 


southern Lawrence County; it emp- 
ties into Box Elder Creek. 
Johnson, Albert, 1874- ; Elk 


Point; born at Elk Point, S. Dak., Jan- 
uary 1st; engaged in farming; town- 
ship clerk for four years and member 
of board of education for six years; 
member of House in 1911, 1913, 1919 


and 1921. 
Johnson, Alexander C., 1861- 
born in Crawford County, Pa. May 


20th; educated Meadville College; pio- 
neer homesteader in Spink County; 
long active business and political lead- 
er; vice president C. & N. W. Ry. 
since 1920. 


Johnson, Andrew H., 1854- Or 
ronto; born in Norway; January 27th; 
came to South Dakota in 1879; engag- 
ed in farming; held various township 
offices; member House of Represent- 
atives in 1911. 


Johnson, Colonel Ole C., 1838-1888; 
native of Norway. Veteran of the Civ- 


il War; banker of Watertown, 1879- 
1884. 

Johnson, C. J., 1844- ; native of 
Norway; came to America, 1860; 


merchant of Dell Rapids since 1880; 
State Senator, 1901. 


Johnson Creek is a stream of cen- 
tral Hanson County flowing into James 
River. 

Johnson, Edward N., 1866- ; born 
in Sweden, August 6; emigrated to 
America in 1876; educated Northern 
Illinois Normal School; moved _ to 
Hamlin County in 1897; merchant; 
member State Senate 1901, 1903 and 
1905. 


385. 


Johnson, Edwin S. 


Johnson, Edwin S., born in Owen 
County, Indiana; came to South Da- 
kota in 1884, locating at Grand View, 
Douglas County; State’s attorney for 
Douglas County and member State 
Senate in 1895; engaged in banking, 
farming and numerous other enter- 
prises; United States Senator from 
1916 to 1927. 


Johnson, George G., 1878- ; born 
in Lincoln County, S. Dak., July 29th; 
county treasurer of Lincoln County 
two terms; elected State Treasurer in 
1908; first State Treasurer to turn in- 
to the treasury the interest received 
- on the public funds. 


Johnson, H. W., 1859-1922; born in 
Clark County, Iowa; educated at Os- 
ceola high school; moved to Sioux 
Falls in 1882 and from there to Doug- 
las County in 1885; real estate deal- 
er; member State Senate in 1901 and 
1903. 


Johnson, Iver J., 1867-  ; Wist; 
born at Hemmis, Norway, April 7th; 
came to South Dakota in 1886 and 
engaged in farming; held many local 
offices; member State House of Rep- 
resentatives in 1909 and 1911. 


Johnson, Jacob, 1851- ; Lake 
Preston; born in Walworth County, 
Wisconsin, March 23rd; came _ to 
South Dakota in 1879; engaged in 
farming and the insurance business; 
held many township and town offices; 


member State Senate in 1907 and 
1909. 
Johnson, John A., 1864- ; Madi- 


son; born in Norway, September 9th; 
came to South Dakota in 1874; engag- 
ed in general mercantile business; 
county assessor; county treasurer and 
city treasurer; State Senator in 1895, 
1909 and 1911. 


Johnson, Otto 


Johnson, John B., 1885- ; born in 
Clay County, S. Dak., February 4; en- 
gaged in farming and stock raising; 
was secretary and manager of one of 
the first live stock shipping associa- 
tions in the State; member of State 
Senate in 1923 and 1925. 


Johnson, J. E., 1869- -; Vermil- 
lion; born in Clay County on June 
28th; engaged in farming and owned 
and managed a threshing outfit for 
16 years; held numerous township 
and school offices; member House of 
Representatives in 1905 and 1907. 


Johnson, John M., 1871- ; Presho; 
born September 6th; came to South 
Dakota in 1894; engaged in ranching; 
county auditor from 1907 to 1910, 
county treasurer 1913 to 1916; mem- 
ber State Senate in 1917 and 1919. 


Johnston, J. M., 1867- ; Bradley; 
born at High Point, Missouri, June 
14th; came to South Dakota in 1883; 
engaged in banking; member of the 
House in 1901, 1903 and 1909; mem- 
ber State Senate in 1919 and 1921. 


Johnson, J. P., 1854- ; Hartford; 
born July 5th at Snestorp, Province of 
Holland, Sweden; orphan at four 
years of age; came to South Dakota 
in 1874 and engaged in farming; api- 
arist and _ horticulturist; member 
House of Representatives in 1907 and 
1909. 


Johnson, Mark D., 1869- ; Mis: 
sion Hill; born near Mission Hill, S. 
Dak., November 21st; engaged in gen- 
eral farming and stock raising; held 
several township offices; member 
House of Representatives in 1913 and 
1915. 


Johnson, Otto, 1878- ; Redfield; 
born at Moheda, Sweden; came to 
Redfield in 1902 and engaged in farm- 


386 


Johnson, Royal C. 


ing; held numerous township and as- 
sociation offices; member House of 
Representatives in 1925. 


Johnson, Royal C., 1883- ; born 
at Cherokee, Iowa, October 3rd; came 
to South Dakota in 1883, locating at 
Highmore, Hyde County; educated in 
Yankton College and University of 
South Dakota Law School; attorney 
at law; deputy state’s attorney for 
Hyde County in 1906-10; Attorney 
General for South Dakota in 1911-12- 
13-14; has represented the second dis- 
trict in Congress since 1914. While 
a member of Congress served in 
World War as a lieutenant and was 
wounded in France. Won distinguish- 
ed Service Cross and Croix de Guerre. 


Johnson, Willis, E., Ph. D., LL. D., 
1869- ; born at Delano, Minnesota; 
connected with Northern Normal and 
Industrial school from its foundation; 
president Ellendale Normal, 1911-14; 
president Northern Normal and Indus- 
trial school, 1914-19; president, State 
College, 1919-1923; Director of Ex- 
tension, State Teachers College, San 
Diego, California, 1924. Author 
“Mathematical Geography;” “South 
Dakota, a Republic of Friends” and of 
the state song, “South Dakota, Land 
of Sunshine.” 


Johnston, Tom H., 1885- ; White 
Owl; born at Mt. Vernon, S. Dak., 
February 7th; engaged in newspaper 
work; U. S. Commissioner; member 
House of Representatives in 1915. 


Johnson, Ulysses Grant, 1864- : 
Redfield; born in Marshall County, 
Iowa, May 31st; came to South Da- 
kota in 1908; engaged in real estate 
and insurance business; member of 
House of Representatives in 1915, 
1917 and 1919. 


Jones Creek 


Jolley, Hon. John Lawlor, 1840- : 
born in Montreal; veteran of the Civil 





War; lawyer in Vermillion, 1866; 
member of territorial legislature, 
1867, 1881; was president of council, 
1875; State Senator, 1889-91; mem- 
ber of Congress, 1891-3. 

Robinson, II, 1371. 

Jones, A. J., 1870- ; Custer; 
born in Seward County, Nebraska, 


September 11th; located in Custer in 
1891 and engaged in the drug busi- 
ness; member House of Representa- 
tives in 1907. 


Jones, A. Sheridan, 1840-1893; vet- 
eran of the Civil War; pioneer of 
Hutchinson County; superintendent 
of public instruction, 1885-7. 


Jones, Buell F., 1892- + Dorn) at 
Spain, South Dakota, November 25th; 
educated at South Dakota State Uni- 
versity; engaged in the practice of 
law; State’s Attorney of Marshall 
County from 1919 to 1922; member 
First S. D. Cavalry, World War, rank 
Captain; elected Attorney General in 
1922 and re-elected in 1924. 


Jones County. Created by division 
of Lyman County, 1916; Organized, 
1917; named for Jones County, Iowa; 
bounded on east by west line of range 
79: on the north by the south line of 
township 3 north, B. H. M.; on the 
west by range line between ranges 
25 and 26; and on the south by the 
main channel of the White River. It 
will be observed that Jones County 
falls within the 5th meridian survey 
as well as the B. H. M. survey. Coun- 
ty seat, Murdo; population, see 
census. Area, 628,480 acres. 


Jones Creek, a northern branch of 
Grand river near Cave Hills. 


387 


Jones, Edward Alfred 


Jones, Edward Alfred, 1880- : 
born on a farm near Spring Green, 
Wisconsin, March 10th; came _ to 
South Dakota in 1889 with his par- 
ents who located in Lincoln County; 
City auditor of Canton two terms, 
Auditor of Lincoln County from 1918- 


1922; elected State Auditor in 1922 
and reelected in 1924. 

Jones, Francis W., 1892- : 
Platte; born: at Platte, September 


24th; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; member House’ of Represent- 
atives in 1925. 


Jones, J. G., 1851- °» born pain 
Oneida County, New York; settled in 
Charles Mix County 1873; member of 
the legislature of the “State of Da- 
kota,” and of the territorial legislat- 
ures of 1887 and 1889. 


Jones, John L., 1864-1923; born in 
Oneida County, New York, August 
25th; settled in Lake County, S. Dak., 
in 1879 and engaged in real estate 
business at Madison; appointed Pub- 
lic examiner in 1907. 


Jones, Joseph W., 1845-1922; 
in Indiana; - lawyer, Sioux 


born 
Falls, 


1883; judge, second circuit, 1894-1919. 


Jonesville, post office in central 
Meade County. Banking and shipping 
point at New Underwood, 26 miles 
south. 


Jones, Wm. H., 1874- ; Caputa; 
born in Iowa, September 20th; came 
to South Dakota in 1878; engaged in 
farming; was county cattle inspector 
and county commissioner’ several 
years; member House of Representa- 
tives in 1911. 


Jordan, a village in western Tripp 
County. Shipping point at Winner, 
10 miles east. 


-1895 to 1899; 


Joseph, Wm. P. 


Jordan, C. H., 1859- ; Chamber- 
lain; born at Caledonia, Wisconsin, 
March 4th; came to South Dakota in 
1883; engaged in stock raising and 
farming; sheriff of Brule County from 
member State Senate 
in’ 1909. 


Jordan, Charles P., 1852-1924; a not- 
able frontiersman who spent most of 
his life with the Brules and Oglalas. 
Married a niece of Red Cloud. An 
authority upon Indian life and upon 
the life of Spotted Tail. 


Jordan, Rev. W. H., 1857- ; born 
Massachusetts; graduate, Northwest- 
ern Univ.; professor there, 1882-5; 
Methodist minister; presiding elder, 
Sioux Falls district, 1889-95; pastor, 
Sioux Falls, 1895-..=..... 





Hist. Minn. Co., 583. 


Jorgenson, J., 1862- ; Esther- 
dale; born in Denmark, April 16; 
came to South Dakota in 1862; held 
numerous county offices; member 
House of Representatives in 1905. 


Jorgenson, Julius, 1885- ; Mar- 
ion; born at Wilmar, Minnesota, 
March 25th; engaged in farming and 
stock raising; came to Dakota in 
1886; member House of Representa- 
tives in 1919 and 1921. 


“Joseph Ward, of Dakota,” is a bi- 
ography of President Joseph Ward, 
of Yankton College, by Geo. H. Dur- 
and (q. V.). 


Joseph, Wm. P., ............ awe ed ; Wagner; 
born in Hopkinton, Iowa; came to 
Dakota in 1885 and engaged in bank- 
ing; held deputyships in several coun- 
ty offices and served as assessor one 
term; member House of Representa: 
tives in 1907. 


388 


Josey, Charles C. 


Josey, Charles C., 1893- ; born 
Seotiand Neck, N. C., Jan. 1; A. M., 
Columbia, 1918 Ph. D.,..1921; 
Philosophy, S. D. U.,- 1923. Author, 
“The Role of Instinct in Social Phi- 
losophy.”’ 


Joubert, a discontinued post office 
in northwestern Douglas County. 


Judges. See Courts. 


Judson, H. C., 1853- >; Viewfield; 
born at Port Washington, Wisconsin, 
September 23rd; came to Dakota in 
1871; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; member House of Represent- 
atives in 1917. 


Judy, E. R., 1885- ; Forestburg; 
born at Forestburg, S. Dak., August 
8th; engaged in banking and automo- 
bile business; ass’t supt. of agricul- 
tural exhibit for nine months at the 
Worlds Fair in St. Louis; member 
House of Representatives in 1917. 


Prof. . 


Jury 


Judy, S. S., 1888- ; Forestburg; 
born at Forestburg, South Dakota, 
March 24th; engaged in farming; 
Oneida township clerk for 12 years; 
member House of Representatives in 
1925. 


Julian;> John. H.,. -1886- - ;. born 
Warsaw, Ind., May 19; A. B., U. S. D.; 
studied Chicago U; vice president and 
registrar, U. S. D. 


Jump Off, an abrupt declevity mark- 
ing the west line of Slim Buttes in 
Harding County. 


Junius, a village in central Lake 
County. 

Jurgensen, J., 1867- ; Chamber- 
lain; born in Germany, May 17th; 


came to Dakota in 1883; engaged in 
farming and stock raising; member 
House of Representatives in 1913 and 
1915. 


Jury. See Verdict. 


389 


Kaas, Otto L. 


Kaas, Otto L. 1877- -* born’, at 
Grand Meadow, Minnesota, February 
14th; came to South Dakota in 1883; 
engaged in farming; register of deeds 
in Marshall County and States At- 
torney; member of House in 1911 and 
1917; served in World War on active 
duty; member State Senate in 1923. 


Kadoka, a town in southern Jackson 
County. County seat. Population, see 
census. ‘“‘The Press,” established in 
1908, is its only newspaper. 


Kanouse, Theodore D., 1838-1902; 
temperance advocate; pioneer of 
Woonsocket; elected to Congress for 


“the State of Dakota,” 1885; warden, 
penitentiary, 1889-91. 


Kampeska, a post office in southern 
Codington County. Founded by the 
Western Town Lot Co. in 1883. Nam- 
ed from the adjoining lake. 


Kaolin (kaolinite) is a clear white 
china clay, apparently decomposed 
feldspar, which is found in great quan- 
tity near Custer. Dr. O’Harra says it 
is adapted for a medium class of china 
ware, but not for the highest grade. 


Karinen, a post office in western 
Harding County. Banking and ship- 
ping point, Bowman, N. D., 35 miles 
northeast. 


Kaspar, a post office in northern 
Sully County. Shipping and banking 
point at Lebanon, 16 miles north. 


Kaylor, a village in southwestern 


Hutchinson County. 


Kehm, J. L., 1864- 5 WOT Tat 
Shannon, IIll.; in 1892 he settled at 
Harrisburg, S. Dak. and engaged in 
the lumber and hardware business at 
that place; member House of Repre- 
sentatives from Lincoln County in 
1903 and 1905. 


Kelley, Edgar 


Keiser, Albert, 1887- ; born Neu- 
firral, Germany, Dec. 7; A. B., Wart- 
burg; A. M.,..U. of Mont Phinbaeg: 
of Ill.; head English department Aug- 
ustana College. 


Keith, Arthur L., 1874- ~ Orn 
Worthington, Ind., April 25; A. B., U. 
of Neb.; Ph. D., U. of Chicago; prof. 
Greek, U. S. D.; organized Society of 
the Colonial Wars in South Dakota, 
1924. 


Keith, Hosmer H., 1846- ; born 
in Madison County, New York, July 
12; graduate Albany Law School; 
came to Sioux Falls in 1883; Trustee 
Sioux Falls college; judge of the sec- 
ond circuit, “State of Dakota;” mem- 
ber last territorial legislature 1889. 


Keldron, a village in northwestern 
Corson County. 


Kell, C. E., 1886- ; White River; 
born at Centralia, Illinois, September 
30th; engaged in practice of law; 
states attorney of Mellette county for 
two years; member House of Repre- 
sentatives in 1917. 


Kelley, Andrew, 1881- ; Wallace; 
born at Nora, Illinois, December 28th; 
came to South Dakota in 1910; -en- 
gaged in farming; school clerk for 
several terms; member House of Rep- 
resentatives in 1923. 


Kelley, Celia M., 1872- ; Mit- 
chell; born in Arena, Wisconsin, Sep- 


tember 29th; came to Dakota in 
1888; housewife; member House of 
Representatives in 1925. 

Kelly, Edgar, 1851- ; born in 


Walworth County, Wisconsin; locat- 
ed on a homestead in Grant County, 
S. Dak., in 1879; member House of 
Representatives from Grant County 
in 1903 and 1905. 


390 


Kelley, Mrs. Fanny 


Kelly, Mrs. Fanny, 1845- ; Mrs. 
Kelly, nee Wiggins, started with her 
husband and a young niece for the 
gold fields of Idaho, traveling by 
the Boseman Trail. On July 12, 1864, 
when about 80 miles north of Fort 
Laramie, she was captured by a band 
of Oglala, who carried her _ into 
North Dakota. The following Novem- 
ber, Major House, in command at 
Fort Sully (the old post below 
Pierre) learning that a captive white 
woman was in a camp of Huncpapa 
on Grand River, dispatched Crawler, 
a Blackfoot headman and a party of 
his people to bring her into the fort. 
This he accomplished and she was 
restored to her husband. After his 
death, she served in the treasury de- 
partment at Washington for many 
years. Mrs. Kelly has published in a 
book the story of her captivity and 


rescue, “My Captivity among the 
Sioux.” 

Hist., IV, 109. 

Kelley, Wm. M., 1895- ; Mit- 


chell; born at Huron, S. Dak., Febru- 
ary 4th; engaged in real estate and 
insurance; served in World War; 
member House of Representatives in 
1921. 


Kellogg, Olin C., 1870- bern 
Spafford, N. Y., April 21; A. B., Syra- 
cuse, 1892, A. M., 1893, Ph. D., 1894. 
Prof. English Language and Litera- 
ture U. S. D., 1906. 


Kelsey, Clayton, 1859- ; Fedora; 
born in Kent County, Mich., January 
1; came to South Dakota in 1882; 
engaged in farming and _ breeding 
pure bred live stock; member House 
of Representatives in 1913. 

a village in northeastern 
Shipping and bank- 
19 miles 


Kenel, 
Corson County. 
ing point at McLaughlin, 
southwest. 


Keya Paha River 


Kennard, George N., 1852-1917; born 
in England; came to South Dakota 
1889; county superintendent Brook- 
ings County; legislator, 1915 and 1917. 


Kennebec, a town in central Ly- 
man County, made county seat by 
popular vote 1922. Population, see 
census. “The Prairie Sun,” establish- 
ed 1903, is the only newspaper. 


Kennedy, Edward G., 1844- * born 
in Hollidaysburg, Pa., December 17th; 
veteran of the Civil War; came to 
South Dakota 1889; state senator from 
McPherson County, 1893; U. S. Mar- 
shal, 1897-1906; residence Sioux Falls. 


Kennedy, Verne C., 1892- ; Can- 
ton; born at Canton, S. Dak., Decem-_ 


ber 17th; consulting engineer; mem- 
ber State Senate in 1925. 

Kenney,* Harry T., 1880- ; Pierre, 
South Dakota; born at Earlville, 


Iowa, March 28th; came to South 
Dakota in 1890; engaged in practice 
of medicine and surgery; served in 
Spanish-American, on Mexican-Bor- 
der and World War; consulting surg- 
ical specialist for disabled soldiers 
for Pierre area; member State Sen- 
ate in 1921. Located in Watertown. 


Kerr, Robert Floyd, 1850-1921; born 
in Indiana; graduate De Pauw Univer- 
sity; taught in Japan; professor, pol- 
itical economy, State College, 1883- 
1893; superintendent, Brookings County 
schools; librarian, State College; 
private secretary to Gov. Elrod, 1905- 
7; President, State Historical Society, 
1907. 


Keya Paha River rises in north 
central Todd County and flows south- 
west into Nebraska, at the southeast 
corner of Todd Co. It soon falls in- 
to the Niobrara River. 


391 


Keystone 


Keystone, a village in southern 
Pennington County. A mining camp. 
Population, see census. 


Kidder, a village in northern Mar- 
shall County. Population, see cen- 
sus. 


Kidder, Jefferson P., 1818-1883; fifth 
delegate in Congress from Dakota 
Territory; born at Braintree, Ver- 
mont, June 4; graduate of Norwich 
U; member of Vermont constitution- 
al convention of 1843, and lieutenant- 
governor 1853-5; removed to St. Paul 
in 1857; member, Minnesota legisla- 
ture, 1861-4; in 1859 he came out 
to Sioux Falls and was at once (pur- 
suant to previous arrangement) elect- 
ed delegate to Congress “from that 
portion of the Territory of Minne- 
sota not within the State of Minne- 
sota and commonly called* Dakota;”’ 
made a valiant fight for recognition, 
but was not seated; appointed by 
Lincoln associate justice of the su- 
preme court of Dakota in 1865 and 
continued in that position until 1875, 
when he was elected delegate to 
Congress and served four years; was 
reappointed to the supreme bench 
and died in office, Oct. 2. 





Robinson, 318, 508. 


Kidder, Lieut. Lyman S., 1842-1867; 
born in Vermont; veteran of the Civ- 
il War. Settled at Vermillion and 
located his soldier’s homestead upon 
the land now the campus of the State 
University; having made _ proof, -he 
enlisted in the regular army, was 
commissioned lieutenant of the Sec- 
ond Cavalry by President Johnson 
and was ordered to Fort Sedgwick, 
Nebraska on June 16, 1867; on June 
29th he was detailed to carry dis- 
patches from General Sherman, then 


Kidder, Lieut. Lyman S. 


at Sedgwick, to Colonel George A. 
Custer, supposed to be encamped up- 
on the Republican River; he was 
given an escort of ten men and an 
Indian guide; the distance to Custer’s 
camp was supposed to be 110 miles. 


-He reached the forks of the Republi- 


can River probably on July 1; finding 
that Custer had left that camp, he 
started to follow his trail, when he 
ran into a band of 500 Cheyenne led 
by the famous Roman Nose. Kidder 
made a stand against them in a deep 
washout, but so located that the In- 
dians commanded it. They fought 
until their ammunition was exhaust- 
ed and until the last man was kill- 
ed. Col. Custer, again passing that 
way on July 11, discovered the trag- 
edy. The bodies were stripped and 
mutilated, as he supposed, beyond 
recognition, but he reported that “one 
of the bodies had a woolen shirt, 
white with black stripes running in 
each direction.” He buried all of the 
bodies in one grave. When Judge 
and Mrs. Jefferson P. Kidder (q. v.) 
read this account they knew at once 
that they could identify the body of 
their son; for Mrs. Kidder, with New 
England thrift, had fitted out her 
son with checked woolen shirts made 
by her own hand. The Judge at once 
went to Sedgwick and exhumed the 
bodies; burying the others at Fort 
Wallace, he brought the body of the 
lieutenant with him and buried it at 
St. Paul, where their home had been. 
The tragedy has gone into history 
with the Fetterman Massacre and the 
destruction of Custer and his men. 
Dakotan, III, 11,207; Colliers, Nov. 
24, 1900; M. Quad, “Dying With Kid- 


der,” Detroit Free Press, July 25, 
1895. Mrs. Custer’s ‘Boots and Sad- 
dles.” 


392 


Kidnapping 


Kidnapping. This is one of the 
most’ serious crimes recognized by 
the laws of South Dakota. Whoever 
shall forcibly or fraudulently carry 
or decoy any person, or so cause any 
person to be so carried or decoyed 
out of the State or shall unlawfully 
confine or conceal any person within 
the State is guilty of a felony and 
subject to ten years imprisonment. 





Code, 4044. 


Killing Frosts. See Climate. 


Kimball, a city in northern Brule 


County. Population, see census. 
“The Graphic,” established in 1882, 
and the “Star,” in 1907, are the 
newspapers. 

King, August, _............ 2 hl ; success- 
fully engaged in farming; member 


House of Representatives from Brook- 
ings County in 1903 and 1905. 


King-Bird, (the Flycatcher) 
Birds. 


see 


Kingdon, John, 1876- Hitech 
cock; born in Springfield, Illinois, 
September 14th; came to Dakota in 
1883; engaged in farming and real 
estate and grain business; member 
House of Representatives in 1915. 


Kingfisher, see Birds. 


King, John, 1844- ; Fulton; born 
in the District of Columbia, Decem- 
ber 21st; came to Hanson County in 
1880 and located in a farm; member 
House of Representatives in 1907. 


King, John Hereford, 1845-1906; 
born Salem, Iowa, Oct. 3; lawyer and 
editor; settled at Chamberlain 1880; 
active in all public affairs; removed 
to Huron, was railroad ocmmissioner 
1889-1903. 


Kinglet, see Birds. 


Kingsbury’s History of S. D. 


“King Saint Olaf’ is a book—a 
drama in verse—by Gustav Melby 
(q.-v.) 1916. 


Kingsburg, a village in southwest- 
ern Bon Homme County. 


Kingsbury County. Created, 1873; 
organizer, 1879; named for George W. 
Kingsbury (q. v.); consists of town- 
ships 109, 110, 111 and 112 north, of 
ranges 53, 54, 55, 56, 57 and 58. Coun- 
ty seat, DeSmet; settled by Jacob 
Hanson at Lake Albert, 1873; area, 
520,960 acres. 


Code, p. 147. 

Kingsbury, George W., 1837-1925; 
pioneer of Yankton; editor, historian; 
Territorial and State legislator; born 
at Lee, Oneida County, New York, De- 
cember 16; printer; located in Yank- 
ton, March, 1862, and at once began 
the publication of “The Weekly Da- 
kotian,” which had been established 
the previous year. For ‘more than forty 
years he was a publisher of newspa- 
pers in Yankton, beginning “The 
Daily Press and Dakotan” in 1875; he 
was a member of the State board of 
charities and corrections, 1897-1901. 
His life work culminated in his two 
volumes “History of Dakota Terri- 
tory,” published in 1915. 


Kingsbury, V, 1126. 

Kingsbury’s History of South Da- 
kota. This work is in five large vol- 
umes. The first two comprise the 
history of Dakota Territory by George 
W. Kingsbury, and are a splendid re- 
pository of source material, with com- 
ment by the editor. These volumes 
contain very much material not other- 
wise available, especially proceed- 
ings of political conventions, lists of 
delegates and party platforms. The 
comment by the editor is excellent, in- 
telligent, illuminating, and filled with 








393 


Kinney, Eaaki 


local atmosphere. There is much 
space given to the biography of pio- 
neers. Volume III is the “History of 
the State of South Dakota,” ostensibly 
by Prof. George Martin Smith; but in 
truth he had little to do with it; as he 
was setting about the work he was 
stricken with paralysis and a hack- 
writer was sent out from Chicago, who 
actually prepared the volume. He had 
no sense of the local setting and cared 
less; but from newspapers gathered 
up such items as appealed to him and 
without attempting to harmonize or 
verify them, jumbled them together. 
This volume possesses no dependable 
historic value. Volumes IV and V, 
contain biographies of subscribers to 
the work: they are well written and 
were submitted to the subjects for 
approval. 


Kinney, T. L., 1840-  OUInit: 
born in Grant County, Wisconsin, Oc- 
tober 20th; came to South Dakota in 
1889; retired farmer; served in Min- 
nesota Cavalry; member House of 
Representatives in 1909 and 1911. 


Kinnikinic, a discontinued post of- 
fice in southeastern Lyman County 
and southern part of the State. 


Kiote (Coyote) as applied to the 
people of South Dakota originated in 
this way: In the autumn of 1863 a 
horse race was matched at Fort Ran- 
dall between a horse owned by Major 
A. EK. House of the 6th Iowa Cavalry 
and a pony owned by Ananias Jones 
and Charles Wambole of Co. A, Da- 
kota Cavalry. It became a matter of 
partisan interest between the Iowa 
and Dakota boys. The Dakota horse 
won; and William Truesdale an Iowa 
man said the Dakota horse “ran like 
a kiote.” From that time the term 
was more or less applied to Dakotans. 


Kirkham, John Edward 


The next summer, after the killing of 
Fielner the naturalist, at the Little 
Cheyenne River, General Alfred Sully, 
standing upon a prominence on the 
south bank of the creek watched the 
Dakota men, in broken ranks, in pur- 
suit of the hostile Indians and said 
to his aide, ‘See the kiotes run.” 
Thereafter the Dakota cavalrymen 
were popularly called kiotes, a name 
that has been adopted for all residents 
of the State. 





Dakotan, I, 75; Hist., IX, 270-277. 


Kirk, a station in central Lawrence 
County. Banking point and post of- 
fice is at Deadwood, 4 miles north. 


Kirk, John R., 1882- ; Spring- 
field; born at Galston, Scotland, Oc- 
tober 21st; came to S. Dak. in 1888 
and located near Springfield; engaged 
in farming; member State Senate in 


1925. 
Kirkeby, S. T., 1866- ; of Baltic; 
S. Dak.; born at Meraker, Norway, 


February 16th; came to South Dakota 
in 1873; engaged in farming; secre- 
tary and treasurer of Farmers Eleva- 
tor Company; member House of Rep- 
resentatives in 1923. 


Kirkham, John Edward, 1870- - 
born Covington, Indiana; educated 
University of Missouri; M. E. and C. 
EK. degrees. Prof. civil engineering 
Pennsylvania State College; Prof. 
structural engineering, lowa State Col- 
lege; designing engineer, American 
Bridge Company; consulting engineer, 
Iowa highway commission; bridge 
engineer, South Dakota highway com- 
mission since 1920; designed and sup- 
ervised construction of the five state 
bridges across the Missouri river, at 
Chamberlain, Forest City, Mobridge, 
Pierre and Wheeler, respectively. Has 


394 


Kirley 


built many other important bridges, 
for the commission, as the interstate 
bridge at Sioux City; and the high 
bridge over the Cheyenne, at Kirley. 
Author of “Structural Engineering;”’ 
“Theory of Reinforced Concrete high- 
way structures.” 


Kirley, a post office in northwest- 
ern Stanley County. Shipping and 
banking point at Fort Pierre, 25 miles 
southeast. 


Kismet, a discontinued post office in 
northern Butte County. 


Kittredge, Alfred Beard, 1861-1911; 
born in Chesire County, New Hamp- 
shire, March 28; educated at Yale 
College; located at Sioux Falls, 1885; 
lawyer; member of state senate 1889- 
1893; appointed by Governor Charles 
N. Herreid, United States Senator, to 
succeed James H. Kyle, who died July 
6, 1901. In the senate Senator Kitt- 
redge soon achieved a position of in- 
fluence; and became the first author- 
ity upon the abstruse legal questions 
affecting the Panama canal. He be- 
lieved in a sea-level canal and fought 
vigorously to that end. He was re- 
elected in 1903, but being extremely 
conservative in temperament was 
overcome by the progressive move- 
ment in politics and defeated for re- 
election in 1909. 


Kjeldseth, Carl G., 1870- ; Irene; 
born in Norway, February 14th; came 
to South Dakota in 1870; engaged in 
farming; member of the House of 
Representatives in 1909; held numer- 
ous township offices; director Citizens 
State Bank at Irene; State Senator in 
1919 and 1921. 


Kjelmyr, Peter, 1878- ; Montrose; 
born at Manistee, Michigan, July 7th; 
came to South Dakota in 1880 and en- 


Knight, Nicholas E. 


gaged in the grain business; mem- 
ber House of Representatives in 1909. 


Kleinsasser, J. J., 1872- ; Free- 
man; born in Russia, July 7th; came 
to Hutchinson County in 1878; engag- 
ed in farming and later in general 
merchandise business; held various 
county offices; recording clerk in 
Secretary of States office 1905-8; mem- 
ber House of Representatives in 1925. 


Kleinsasser, P. P., 1878- ; Free- 
man; born at German Colony, Huth- 
erthal, Russia, April 28th; came to 
Dakota in 1880; engaged in the min- 
istry and farming; one of the direc- 
tors of Freeman College; member of 
the House in 1907 and 1916; member 
State Senate in 1919 and 1921. 


_ Kenebel, August, 1866- oew Pil hg 
born at Paynesville, Minnesota, Febru- 
ary 11th; came to South Dakota in 
1882; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; held various township of- 
fices; member House of Representa- 
tives in 1915 and 1917. 


Keenland, E. G., 1871- ; Custer; 
born at Montreal, Canada, Septem- 
ber 28th; came to Dakota in 1881; 
engaged in banking and _ farming; 
member House of Representatives in 
1921. and 1923. 


Knight, J. F., 1867- ; Promise; 
born at Athens, Texas, April 3rd; 
came to South Dakota in 1900; engag- 
ed in the general merchandise busi- 
ness; member House of Representa- 
tives in 1915. 


Knight, Nicholas E., 1866- ; born 
in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin; edu- 
cated in city schools of Eau Claire; 
farmer and stock grower; located in 
Hamlin County in 1886; member leg- 
islature 1913 and 1915, in latter ses- 


395 


Knight, Wiley W. 


sion chairman of appropriations; com- 
missioner of school and public lands, 
1917-1925. 


Knight, Wiley W., 1885- ; born 
at Lamerteen, Wisconsin, December 
31; A. B., Huron College; lawyer; 
states attorney, Deuel County, 1913- 
16, 1921-23; judge Third Judicial Cir- 
cuit, 1923-...... : 


Knight, Witliam O., 1879- ; Wa- 
konda; born at Muncie, Indiana, No- 
vember 20th; came to South Dakota 
in 1881; engaged in practice of law; 
member of House of Representatives 
in 1911; member State Senate in 1919 
and 1921. 


Knights of Columbus. A fraternal 
and insurance society for Catholic 
men. It was founded at New Haven, 
Connecticut, in 1882. The first coun- 
cil in South Dakota was founded at 
Lead, December 6, 1903. There are 
now in the State fourteen councils 
having 1,111 insured and 4,304 social 
members. The society contributed 
$56,896.44 to war-welfare work and 
sent several men over seas from South 
Dakota during the world war. 





Report of Supreme Secretary, Quebec, 
1923. 


Knoll, a post office in southern 
Hyde County. Shipping and banking 
point at Highmore, 24 miles north- 
east. 


Koch, Adolph, 1869- ; Minne- 
haha County; born in Eldridge, Iowa, 
September 18th; came to South Da- 
kota in 1902; engaged in farming; 
township supervisor; member House 
of Representatives in 1911. 


Koch, John A., 1861-  #bornian 
Beek, Holland, December 26th; came 
to South Dakota in 1883; locating in 
Walworth County; engaged in farm- 


born near Vienna, 


396 


Kranzburg 


ing and flour milling; sheriff of Wal- 
worth County six years, deputy U. S. 
Marshal for four years; member State 
Senate in 1921 and 1923. 


Koehn, H. H., 1866- ; Avon; born 
in South Russia, August 23rd; came 
to South Dakota in 1875; engaged in 
farming; deputy county auditor from 
1898 to 1903; held various township 
and city offices; member House of 
Representatives in 1919 and 1921. 


Koenig, August, born in 
the city of Meinz on the River Rhine 
in Germany; came to the United 
States in 1865 and to South Dakota 
in 1876; member House of Represent- 
atives from Bon Homme County in 
1899, 1901 and 1903. 


A. L., 1884- 


Koenig, ; Fairfax; 
Iowa, September 
3rd; came to South Dakota in 1901; 
engaged in farming; member House 


of Representatives in 1913. 


Koepsel, William, 1858- 
Dodge County, Wisconsin; 
in the common schools; lived on a 
farm in Brown County from 1882; 
member State Senate, 1903 and 1905; 
farmer. 


; born in 
educated 


Kohlstedt, Edward Delor, 1874- 
born Minneapolis, Sept. 14; graduate 
Lawrence College and Garrett Bibli- 
cal Institute; president, Dakota Wes- 
leyan, since 1922. 


Kolls, a discontinued post office in 
northern Jones County. 


Komer, discontinued post office in 
northern Tripp County. 


Kranzburg, a village in southeast- 
ern Codington County. Founded by 
the Winona & St. Peter Ry. Co. in 
1879. Named in honor of the four 


Krell, Nick 


Kranz brothers, who were the earliest 
settlers here. 


Krell, Nick, 1877- ; White Lake; 
born in Blackhawk County, Iowa, 
August 24th; came to South Dakota 


in 1884: engaged in farming and 
stock raising; township assessor for 
17 years; member House of Repre- 


sentatives in 1921. 


Kribs, P. D., 1856- ; Columbia; 
born at Elgin, Illinois, July 5th; came 
to Brown County in 1879 and engaged 
in farming; member House of Repre- 
sentatives in 1903, 1905 and 1907. 


Krueger, E. F., 1874- ; born at 
Kankakee, Illinois, February 16th; 
moved to Lake County in 1887; county 


Kyote 


superintendent of schools for two 
terms; member State Senate in 1907. 
Member faculty Sioux Falls College. 


Kuhns, A. J., 1855- ; Worthing; 
born in Indiana, April 6th; came to 
Dakota in 1882; engaged in farming 


.and raising live stock; member House 


of Representatives in 1895 and 1897; 
member State Senate in 1915 and 
1917. 


Kukuk, a recently established post 
office in Corson County. 


Kyle, a post office in eastern Wash- 
ington County. Banking and shipping 
point at Interior, 30 miles northeast. 


Kyote, see Kiote. 


LaBarge, Capt. Joseph 


LaBarge, Captain Joseph, 1815-1899; 
at 17 he entered the service of the 
American Fur Company upon the Up- 
per Missouri. In 1843 he began as 
a steamboat pilot through the Dakota 
region. See LaBarge, Mrs. Pelagie. 





“Harly Steamboat 
Missouri River.’’ 


LaBarge, Mrs. Pelagie, wife of Cap- 
tain Joseph LaBarge (q. v.) was per- 
haps the first white woman to enter 
South Dakota. She came up the Mis- 
souri River with her husband in 1847, 
upon his steamboat “Martha,” going 
to the Yellowstone River. 





Hist., If, 205-6. 

“la Bonne” is a book for young 
wives, mothers and nurses, by Cassie 
Roselle Hoyt, trained nurse, Pierre. 


Labolt, a town in southern Grant 
County. 


Labrie, R. W., 1875- ; Doland; 
born at Maneno, Illinois, June 2nd; 
engaged in farming, hardware and 
implement business until 1918; enter- 
ed Red Cross service in France; mem- 


ber House in 1913 and 1915; State 
Senator in 1917 and 1919. 
Labor Commissioner. This office 


created in 1917 was administered by 
the Immigration Commissioner 
through Stephen A. Travis special as- 
sistant until 1925 when it was made 
an independent bureau with Mr. Trav- 
is in charge. 


Labor Day. The first Monday of 
September in each year is a legal hol- 
iday, known as Labor Day. 


Labor Laws. The laws of South Da- 
kota afford special protection to labor. 
See Child Labor, Child Welfare. A 
laborer has a lien upon the product of 
his labor for his wages. The employ- 
er of labor has no exemption against 


‘ed against accident. 


Navigation on the 


Ladner 


a judgment for wages. A laborer is 
protected from intimidation. Railway 
employees are protected against long 
hours. The common law defense of 
co-laborer is abrogated. He is insur- 
See Workmen’s 
Compensation. 


~ Code 1668, 4373, 9715, 9398. 
LaChapelle. See Swift Bird. Cha- 


pelle, David. 


Lac qui Parle River-is a stream hav- 
ing several heads in springs in the 
east couteau (near Gary) and running 
down to the Minnesota River. 


LaCraft, O. H., 1850- ; born in 
Washington County, Wisconsin; 
moved to Clark County in 1883; 
assistant postmaster at Clark, 


and conducted some farming opera- 
tions; member of State Senate in 1901 
and 1903. 


LaCreek, a post office in southern 
Bennett County. Shipping and bank- 
ing point at Merriman, Neb., 15 miles 
southwest. 


Lacy, a post office in northern Stan- 
ley County. Banking and shipping 
point at Fort Pierre, 25 miles south- 
east. 


Ladd, G. D., 1862- ; Wilmot; born 
in Tama County, Iowa, November 
18th; came to South Dakota in 1909; 
engaged in farming and livestock rais- 
ing; organized Federal Farm Loan As- 
sociation at Peever, S. Dak., and serv- 
ed as its president for three years; 
member House of Representatives in 
1923 and 1925. 


Ladelle, a discontinued post office in 
southeastern Spink County and north- 
eastern part of the State. 


Ladner, a post office in northern 
Harding County. Banking and ship- 


398 


LaFramboise Island 


ping point at Bowman, N. D., 38 miles 
northeast. 


LaFramboise Island, in front of 
Pierre, below the mouth of Bad River; 
the “Bad-Humored Island” of Lewis 
and Clark. It is named for Joseph 
LaFramboise, who- made the first set- 
tlement at Fort Pierre, 1817. It is 
sometimes called “Goddard Island” 
and “Rivers Islands” for settlers at dif- 
ferent times; but the recognized name 
is LaFramboise. 


La Grippe, see Influenza. 


Laidlaw, William. After Kenneth 
McKenzie removed his capital from 
Fort Pierre to Fort Union, (1829) Wil- 
liam Laidlaw became, burgeoise at 
Fort Pierre and later was put in 
charge of Fort Union. He was a good 
servant to his employers, but had the 
reputation of being a hard master to 
those under him. He made fortunes 
for others, but died in poverty. 





Hist., I, 342; Robinson, I, 118: 


Lake Andes, a. city in southern 
Charles Mix County. Situated on the 
shores of a beautiful lake, which of- 
fers exceptional advantages to sports- 
men, being the best black bass lake 
in the northwest. Population, see 
census. “The Charles Mix County Cour- 
ier,’ established in 1885, and the 
“Wave,” established in 1904, are the 
newspapers. 


Lake Andes, see Andes lake. 


Lake City, a village in southeastern 
Marshall County. The “Journal,” es- 
tablished in 1915, is the only newspa- 
per. 


Lake County, created, 1873; organ- 
ized, 1873; named for the lakes about 
Madison; consists of townships 105, 
106, 107 and 108 north, of ranges 51, 


Lake Kampeska Homestead Colony 


52, 538 and 54. Code, p. 147. William 
Lee, 1870, first settler, at Lake Her- 
man. County seat, Madison, where is 
the Eastern Teachers’ College. Area, 
359,680 acres. 


Lake Goodenough, is the bayou left 
from the cut-off of Heron Bend in the 
Missouri River in Jefferson township, 
Union County. 


Lake Hendricks is a large lake ly- 
ing across the Minnesota state line in 
eastern Brookings County. 


Lake Henry, four miles southeast 
of DeSmet, is a fine lake named for 
the pioneer Henry family of Oakwood 
Lake, of whom George H. Henry, long 
secretary of the Highway Commis- 
sion, is a representative. 


Lake Henry is a small lake in south- 
western Lake County. 


is a fine lake two 
which was 


Lake Herman 
miles west of Madison, 
originally built upon it. 


Lake Kampeska Homestead Colony. 
Organized at St. Paul, September 25, 
1874. W. C. Pike was general agent 
and G. H. Ellsbury, of Winona, secre- 
tary. The members were understood 
to be largely recruited from the so- 
ciety of Spiritualists of the more lib- 
eral school. A prospectus assures 
those who join the colony that “they 
will at once derive such benefits as 
schools, churches, town and county 
organization, mail facilities and good 
society. Each member will acquire 
an equal interest in the town-plat of 
the village of Lake Kampeska, the 
whole avails of which will go to edu- 
cational purposes. Each member will 
be entitled to an equal share in a val- 
uable water improvement.” A num- 
ber of persons came out in the aut- 


399 


Lake Norden 


umn of 1874; made claims and built 
sod cabins on the lands west of the 
Sioux River within the present city 
of Watertown. All of these claims 
were abandoned, but the one held by 
General Manager Pike finally came in- 
to his possession, due to the fact that 
he was for a long period confined in 
the Illinois asylum for the insane; 
when he was released his homestead 
right was restored him, after Water- 
town was built and the land had be- 
come valuable. 


city in southern 
Hamlin County. A summer resort. 
Population, see census. The Enter- 
prise, established in 1914, is the only 
newspaper. 


Lake Norden, a 


s 


Lakeport, a discontinued post office 
in western Yankton County. 


Lake Preston, a city in eastern 
Kingsbury County. Population, see 
census. The Times, established in 
1881, is the only newspaper. 


Lakes. Most of the lakes of South 
Dakota are of glacial origin. That is 
they are formed by the gathering of 
surface water in depressions left in 
the surface by the ice; the chief ex- 
ceptions to this rule are Bigstone and 
Kampeska Lakes, which are formed 
by springs. There are more than 
two hundred lakes in the State; those 
of importance will be treated under 
their geographical names. See Lake. 


Lake Shetak. See Shetak Capture. 


Lakeview, a post office in southern 
Todd County. The banking and ship- 
ping point is at Crookston, Neb., 10 
miles south. 


akings);*Woh hpwee: ae: ; Hurley; 
born at Lincolnshire, England; set- 
tled in Turner County in 1886 and en- 


’ lands 


Land Commissioner 


gaged in farming and breeding of live- 
stock; township supervisor from 1905 
to 1908; member House of Represent- 
atives in 1909. 


Lakota Sandstone. The lowest mem- 
ber of the Dakota sandstone group, 
usually not differentiated by geolo- 
gists. In the Black Hills section, how- 
ever, the difference seems quite dis- 
tinct. The Lakota, lying upon a mas- 
sive sandy shale, is from 150 to 200 
feet thick. Upon this is a shaly bed 
15 to thirty feet thick, above which 
is the Dakota proper, from 50 to 100 
feet thick. The fossils of the Lakota 
are distinctly different from those of 
the Dakota, while the interlying fu- 
sion has still different fossils. In the 
logs of the many artesian wells bored 
into and through the Dakota. in the 
eastern portion of the State these dif- 
ferentiations are not so manifest. 


LaMars, a station in Roberts coun- 
ty. The post office is at Rosholt, 7 
miles southwest. 


Lanam, W. A., 1868- ; Olivet; 
born at Indianapolis, Ind., December 
13th; located at Bridgewater in 1892 
and moved to Hutchinson county in 
1893; taught school for fifteen years 
and later interested in real estate and 
lumber business, also engaged in 
farming and stock raising; member 
House in 1907. 


Lance Creek is a stream in central 
Stanley County falling into Bad River. 


Land Cessions. The title -to all 
in Dakota has been secured 
from the Indians within the last 75 
years. See Indian Treaties. 


Land Commissioner. All school and 
public lands in South Dakota, how- 
ever acquired, are placed under the 


400 


Landeau 


supervision of the commissioner of 
school and public lands. He is made 
the custodian of the plats and records 
of such lands and is required to be 
informed of their condition and to 
give information pertaining to them. 
He has charge of the sale and trans- 
fer of them, under the general advice 
of the board of school and _ public 
lands, consisting of the governor, the 
auditor and himself. See School 
_Lands. There was no territorial land 
commissioner, the commissioners 
since statehood have been: 


Osner H. Parker, 1889-91. 
Thomas H. Ruth, 1891-1895. 
John L. Lockhart, 1895-99. 
David Eastman, 1899-1903. 
Christen J. Bach, 1903-07. 
O. C. Dokken, 1907-11. 

F. F. Brinker, 1911-13. 

Fred Hepperle, 1913-17. 
Nicholas E. Knight, 1917-25. 
O. P. J. Engstrom, 1925-. 





Code, 5628. 


Landeau, post office in southern 


Corson County. 


Land Grants. As an inducement to 
construct the first railroad into Da- 
kota Territory, the government grant- 
ed to the Winona & St. Peter Rail- 
road every alternate section of land 
from the east line of Dakota Terri- 
tory to the Sioux River, over a strip 
twenty miles in width. This was the 
only grant of lands to a railroad 
made in South Dakota. The railroad 
company disposed of this land to set- 
tlers at a nominal price. 

The Ordinance of 1789 for the gov- 
ernment of the Northwest Territory 
of the United States provided that one 
section of land in each congressional 
township should be reserved for the 
support of public education. This was 
increased to two sections—16 and 36 


Landslides and Slumps 


—in each congressional township. In 
the creation of Dakota Territory this 
grant of school land was confirmed. 
Through the enabling act of 1889, pro- 
viding for the admission of the State 
of South Dakota to the Union, the fol- 
lowing grants of land were made to 
the State of South Dakota—a total of 
669,920 acres: 

Fifty sections of land for the erec- 
tion of public buildings at the State 
capital. 

Seventy-two sections for the State 
University. 

The section of land near Yankton 
upon which the State Hospital for 
the Insane is located. 

120,000 acres for the support of the 
Agricultural College. 

40,000 acres’ for 
Mines. 

40,000 acres for the reform school. 

40,000 acres for the deaf school. 

40,000 acres for the agricultural col- 
lege (additional). 

40,000 acres for the University (ad- 
ditional). 

80,000 for the normal schools at 
Madison and Spearfish. 

50,000 acres for public buildings at 
the capital. 


the School of 


170,000 acres for other educational 
and charitable purposes. 


Landing Creek rises in western 
Gregory County and flows north into 
the Missouri River at Durex Island. 


Land Offices, see Homesteads. 


Landslides and Slumps. In Sep- 
tember, 1902, on the Schalkle farm, 
three miles west of Redfield, there 
was a cave-in that is rather remark- 
able. In the barnyard where a farm 
road passed and was much traveled, 
the surface appearing as hard as a 


401 


Lane 


pavement, a section 20 feet in diame- 
ter fell in about thirty feet. It was 


as if driven down by a giant punch. 


It at once filled with water nearly to 
the surface. After more than a score 
of years the situation is little chang- 
ed. 

In 19238, about April 20, a slump 
occurred on the northwest quarter of 
Section 27, 112-80 in Hughes County, 
involving about 21 acres of land. In 
the center of the tract it fell to a 
depth of 31 feet. It is supposed that a 
great body of sand and gravel deposited 
upon a steep shale bank gave way and 
running down the hillside pushed the 
earth out at the bottom of the hill 
and pulled down the surface at the 
top of the hill. Each of these is a 
curiosity attracting much interest and 
many visitors. : 

Many South Dakotans have observ- 
ed and inquired about a slump on the 
Iowa side of the Big Sioux River, near 
Canton, on section 20, town 48 in 
range 48, in Lyon County, Iowa. This 
has been evident for fifty years or 
more and the soil continues to slide 
into the river, due to a springy con- 
dition of the steep hillside. 


Lane, a town in eastern Jerauld 
County. Population, see census. The 
Pioneer News, established in 1903, is 
the only newspaper. 


Lane, T. W., 1857- ; born at Free- 
port, Illinois; railroad employee, and 
rancher; railroaded as far west as 
Mitchell in 1879; filed on claim in 
Buffalo County in 1882; member of 
State Senate, 1903. 


Lange, Moritz, Adelbert, 1855- : 


b., N. Y.; pioneer, McCook County, 
1878; county superintendent of 
schools, 1882-94; county surveyor; 


deputy State superintendent, public 


LaRoche 


instruction, 1897-1905; in Rapid City 
since 1907; state senator, 19138. 





Kingsbury, IV, 454; Robinson, II, 13874. 

Langford, a city in southern Mar- 
shall County. Population, see census. 
The Bugle, established in 1886, is the 
only newspaper. 


“Langford of the Three Bars” is a 
story of the war upon cattle rustling 
in the range'region of South Dakota, 
by Kate Boyles (Bingham) and Virgil. 
Boyles (q. v.). 


Langness, John O., 1839-19 ; pio- 
neer of Minnehaha County, 1868; mem- 
ber territorial legislature, 1879, and 
county treasurer, 1897. 





Hist., Minn. Co., 926. 

Lanning, George R., 1844-1924; born 
in New Jersey; veteran of the Civil 
War; editor, “Egan Express;” mem- 
ber board of Charities and Correc- 
tions. 

Lantry, a post office in southwest- 
ern Dewey County. 


LaPlant, a village in southern Dew- 
ey County. 


Laramie Treaty. Treaty with the 
Sioux Nation consummated at Fort 
Laramie in the summer and autumn 
of 1868. See Indian Treaties, 4. 


Lark, see Birds. 


Larkins, John, 1860-  ; born in 
LaCrosse, Wisconsin, May 10th; came 
to Dakota in 1887 and located at Egan 
as agent of the C. M. & St. P. R’y; 
later moved to Madison; held various 
city and county offices; president 
Southern Minnesota and South Da- 
kota Miller’s Ass’n; member State 
Senate in 1905. 


LaRoche, 
Stanley County. 


post office in southern 
Shipping and bank- 


402 


Laroche Island 


ing point at Pierre, 30 miles north- 
west. - 


Laroche Island is in the Missouri 
River at the mouth of LeCompte 
Creek, southwest of Academy, Chas. 
Mix Co. 


Larsen, Christian, 1874- ; born 
Odense, Denmark, Aug. 4; B. S., lowa 
State, 1902; M. S., 1904; studied at 
Cornell; and in Europe; prof. dairy 
husbandry 8. D, State College 1907-17; 
dean of agriculture since 1922. 


Cacsen, Ls P34. 1872- ; LaBolt; 
born near Hjorring, Denmark, Feb. 
10th; came to South Dakota in 1877; 
engaged in general farming; held var- 
ious school and township offices; 
member House of Representatives in 
1925, 


Larson, A. L., 1879- yoborn7tin 
Spink township, Union County, April 
6th; engaged in general farming; 
member House of Representatives in 
1923 and 1925. 


Larson, Gilbert, 1880- ; Menno; 
born in Yankton County, June 5th; 
engaged in farming; held township 
and school offices; member board of 
directors of Menno Lumber Company; 
member House of Representatives in 
1917, 1919 and.1921. 


Larson, J. F., 1874- ; Alcester; 
born in Union County, December 31st; 
taught school for a short time; later 
engaged in farming; member House 
of Representatives in 1907 and 1909. 


Larson, J. M., 1862- > bern 7-in 
Norway, April, near Throndjen; came 


to the U. S. and Yankton County in ~ 


1881 and settled on a homestead; held 
numerous local and school offices; 
member House of Representatives 


Law 


from Yankton County in 1901 and 
1903; 
Larson, Lewis, 1878- ; Sioux 


Falls; born in Yankton County, June 
28th; engaged in real estate business 
and was city auditor of Sioux Falls 
from 1906 to 1908; member House of 


Representatives in 1909; municipal 
judge, Sioux Falls. 
Carson,;, -L....Es;)'/1882- * Colton; 


born at Colton, S. Dak., October 12th; 
engaged in farming; member House 
of Representatives in 1919 and 1921. 


Larson, La we «lett ; born in 
Livingston County, Illinois, February 
6th; came to South Dakota in 1883; 
engaged in farming; was a member of 
the House in 1911 and 1913; member 
of the State Senate in 1923 and 1925. 


Lassegard, S. C., 1891; Alexandria; 
born. ins BHansons County, S. .Dak:, 
March 17th; engaged in abstracting 
insurance business; held numerous 
school and county offices; member 
House of Representatives in 1925. 


Laughing Wood. Crawler’s Indian 
village on Grand River, a short dis- 
tance above Bullhead Station. See 
Crawler. 


Laurel, a post office in northwest- 
ern Sully County. Banking and ship- 
ping point at Agar, 12 miles east. 


Laurson, C. A., 1867- ; Howard; 
born at Oneida, Illinois, April 29th; 
came to Dakota in 1886; engaged in 
electric light and flour milling busi- 
ness; held different city offices for 
years; State Senator in 1915. 


Law. “Law is a rule of property and 
of conduct prescribed by the sovereign 
power.” 
power is expressed in South Dakota 
by the Constitution of the United 


403 


The will of the sovereign - 


‘Lawealh J: 
States, the treaties made under its 
authority, the statutes enacted by 
Congress, the constitution of South 


Dakota, the statutes enacted by the 
legislature, the statutes enacted under 
the initiative and referendum, and by 
the ordinances of municipalities. 





Code, 1, 2. 


LAW, ula. wealodbe ; Clear Lake; 
born in Chicago, Illinois, January 17; 
came to South Dakota in 1881; at- 
torney at law; states attorney of 
Deuel County for eight years; mem- 
ber State Senate in 1913. 


Law Library, see Library, Supreme 
Court. 


Lawler, Mgr. Francis Xavarius, 
1822-1900; born in Ireland; sometime 
domestic prelate to Pope Leo XIII; 
vicar general of South Dakota. He 
had been President of St. Mary’s Col- 
lege (Kentucky) and master of disci- 
pline at Notre Dame. 


Lawler, John D., 1855-189..; born in 


Erie County, New York; settled at 
Mitchell 1882; member territorial 
council 1887; territorial treasurer 
1887-1889. a 

Lawrence, C. G., 1871- ; born in; 


Madison, Wisconsin, Jan. 12th; edu¥ 
cated in the University of Wiseonsin; 
came to Canton in 1894 and was pro- 
fessor of Latin and History in Aug- 
ustana College four years; county 
superintendent two terms; city sup- 
erintendent eight years; State Super- 
intendent of Public Instruction from 
1911 to 19i5: 


Lawrence County, created, 1875; or- 
ganized, 1877; named for John Law- 
rence (q. v.); begins ten miles north 
of the point where the 44th parallel 
intersects the western boundary of 


Lea, Samuel H. 


South Dakota, bounded on the west by 
Wyoming; on the north by Butte 
County, on the south by Pennington 
Co.; on the east by the range line 
separating ranges 5 and 6, east of 
the B. H. M. Settled by John B. Pear- 
son (q. v.) 1875; Deadwood is the 
county seat; in the county are the 
Homestake Mine at Lead and the 
Black Hills Teachers’ College at 
Spearfish. Population, see census; 
area, 510,080 acres. 





Code, p. 147. 
Lawrence, Harold G., 1884- : 
born Toledo, Ohio, May 21; A. B., 


Oberlin; A. B., U. of Chicago; M. A., 
U. of Minnesota; head dept. educa- 
tion and psychology, Huron College 
since 1918. 


Lawrence, Malcom 8B., 1857-1925; 
born Cherryfield, Maine, Jan. 1; A. B., 
Colby, 1882; A» M., 1886; professor 
Mathematics, Eastern State - College 
1910 to death. 


Lawson, James M., 1863-1922; prac- 
ticed law in Aberdeen from 1886; 
Speaker South Dakota House of 
Representatives 1893; member State 
Senate 1899, 1901, 1903 and 1905. 


Lawson, CO: Ese wit ee ; came to 
America in 1869 and to South Dakota 
in 1872; taught school several win- 
ters; engaged principally in farming; 
member House of Representatives 
from Union County in 1903. 


Lawyers, see Attorney. 


Laxson, J. G., 1867- ; Canton; 
born at Elkport, lowa, February 23rd; 
came to South Dakota in 1892; en- 
gaged in the real estate business; 
mayor of Canton for two terms; meme 
ber State Senate in 1907 and 1909. 

Lea, Samuel H., ........... aeoht.. ; born in 


404 


Lead 


' Alabama, educated in Lexington, Va.; 
was in the U. S. Engineer Service en- 
gaged in the survey, construction and 
maintenance of levees on the Missis- 
sippi river in Louisiana; 1900-1 was 
Chief Engineer of the Lehigh and Del- 
aware canals in Penn. and made ex- 
tensive surveys and examinations for 
storage reservoirs for this canal sys- 
tem; in charge of the construction 
work of the water supply system at 
Fort Meade; appointed State Engi- 
neer of Irrigation in 1906 for six 
years; author of a text book on Hyd- 
rographic Surveying. 


Lead was founded in 1876 and nam- 
ed for the mother lead of the Black 
Hills gold deposit, upon which it is 
built. Homestake Mine is located 
here and is the chief interest of the 
place. The altitude at the Burling- 
ton depot is 5,087 feet but the average 
altitude of the city is considerably 
more than one mile above see level. 
The city is at the terminal of the 
Chicago and Northwestern and the Bur- 
lington Railways. ‘The Lead Call” is 
_its daily newspaper. For population, 
see census. See Black Hills, 6 (Gold 
Mining). 


Lead. A small percentage of lead 
is found with the gold ores in the 
Black Hills. 
produce considerable lead. 


Leavenworth, Colonel Henry, U. S. 
Army, 1783-1834; he was in command 
of Fort Atkinson, located at Council 
Bluffs, Nebraska, in 1823 when infor- 
mation was received of the Arickara 
attack upon Gen. Ashley’s men. He 
at once ordered Companies A, B, D, 
E, F and G, of the 6th regiment of 
Infantry to proceed at once up the 
Missouri to the Arickara towns to 
afford relief to the survivors and 


The silver-galena ores 


Lee, Andrew E. 


chastise the Arickara for their crimes 
(June 22). He accompanied the bat- 
talion as commander, attacked the 
Arickara in their stockaded towns 
and fought them until they sued for 
peace and offered compensation for 
the losses Ashley and his men had 
sustained (Aug. 9-11). He was again 
in South Dakota in 1825 as command- 
er to the military escort accompany- 
ing the Atkinson-O’Fallon treaty com- 
mission and conducted a public Fourth 
of July celebration at Fort Pierre. 
Brevet Brig.-General, 1824. 





Hist., I, 181-256. 


Lebanon, a town in eastern Potter 
County. Founded in 1887 by the Pio- 
neer Town Site Co. Named from 
Lebanon, New York. The Independ- 
ent, established in 1892, and the Blue 
Blanket Leader, established in 1905, 
are the newspapers. Population, see 
census. 


LeBeau, a village in southwestern 
Walworth County. 


LeCocq, Frank, Jr., 1858- ; born 
at Pella, Marion County, Iowa, June 
19th; founded Holland Colony in 
Douglas County, S. Dak., 1882; coun- 
ty commissioner for Douglas County, 
1882-1889; member first Legislature 
in 1889; engaged in real estate, farm- 
ing, etc.; elected Railroad Commis- 
sioner in 1891. 


LeCompte Creek, rises in southern 
Brule County and flows south through 
Charles Mix Co. into the Missouri 


River. 
Lee, Andrew E., 1847- = othird: 
governor of South Dakota. Governor 


Lee was born near Bergen, Norway, 
March 18, and was brought to Ameri- 
ca when four years of age. His 


405 


Lee, Ben E. 


youth was spent upon a farm in Dane 
County, Wisconsin, where he obtain- 
ed a common school education; but 
at an early age he adopted a com- 
mercial career; in 1869, when 22 years 
of age, he came to Vermillion, and 
entered into a partnership with C. E. 
Prentis; they were highly successful, 
amassing fortunes in merchandising 
and farming. In 1896 Mr. Lee was 
elected governor upon a fusion ticket 
supported by democrats, populists and 
free silver republicans, and was re- 
elected in 1898, serving from 1897 to 
1901. During this period was the 
Spanish-American War, which (as is 
usual in America) came when the 
country was unprepared; Governor 
Lee defrayed from his own funds the 
expense of the mobilization of the 
South Dakota troops, being later re- 
imbursed. He sought to conduct the 
affairs of the State as he did his pri- 
vate business. He was the only gov- 
ernor the State has had who was 
not a republican in politics. Natural- 
ly he was subjected to much criti- 
cism, and he was unfortunate in the 
selection of some subordinates; but 
on the whole his administration was 
creditable. 


Kingsbury, IV, 965. 

Lee, Ben E., 1856- ; Watertown; 
born in Norway; came to Watertown 
from Beloit, Wisconsin in 1880 and 
with his brother, established the Wa- 
tertown Plow Works; held various 
city and county offices; member 
House of Representatives in 1905 and 
1907. 


Lee, William, 1840- -4 born: in 
New York; first settler of Lake Coun- 
ty; sheriff. 

Leedom, Chester N., 1882- isborn 
in Franklin, Kansas; public school ed- 


Legion 
ucation; settled near Cottonwood 
1904; editor; member legislature 
1913; member State Highway com- 


mission 1921-1925; private secretary 
to Senator McMaster, 1925-. 


Leeville, a discontinued post office 
in southern Lincoln County, south- 
eastern part of the State. 


Legal Holiday, see Holidays. 


Legion. The American Legion in 
the State of South Dakota was char- 
tered on the 24th day of May, 1919 and 
the following temporary officers ap- 
plied for this charter: T. R. Johnson, 
Chairman, J. C. Dennison, Secretary. 
At the first annual meeting of the Le- 
gion held in Sioux Falls M. L. Shade 
was -elected Commander. Records 
of the Department’s first year’s activi- 
ties have been lost. The 1920 and 
1921 officers were as follows: Fred B. 
Ray. Yankton, Commander; Harry D. 


Sewell, Huron, Vice Commander; 
Claude J. Harris, Sioux Falls, Adju- 
tant; M. L. Thompson, Vermillion, 


Finance Officer; Fred Eberhart, Da- 
vis, Chaplain; Wright Tarbell, Water- 
town, Historian; Russell Laird, Aber- 
deen, Master at Arms; Fred B. Ray, 
Yankton, National Executive Commit- 
teeman; Claude J. Harris, Sioux Falls, 
Americanism; Frank L. Sieh, Aber- 
deen, Publicity; Chas. Maylor, Sioux 
Falls, Vocational; .C.. E.. LuaGrave, 
Sioux Falls, Executive Committeemen 
as follows: 1st District R. J. .Lyons: 
Madison; 2nd District Carroll Lock- 
hart, Watertown; 3rd District M. C 
Johnston, Aberdeen; 4th District L. 
L. Stephens, Pierre; 5th District L. 
H. Robinson, Lead; 6th District Les- 
lie Jensen, Hot Springs; 7th District 
Geo. N. Drake, Kimball. These offi- 
cers were elected at the 2nd Annual 


406 


Legion 


Convention at Watertown on August 
24th to 26th, 1920. 

At. the Third Annual Department 
Convention held at Rapid City on Aug- 
ust 23rd to 26th, 1921 the following 
officers were elected: Fred B. Ray, 
Yankton, Commander; Frederick Spaf- 
ford, Flandreau, Vice Commander; 
David F. Heffron, Sioux Falls, Adju- 
tant; Herbert L. Olston, Lake Preston, 
Finance Officer; Rev. Blair Roberts, 
Dallas, Chaplain; Wright Tarbell, Wa- 
tertown, Historian; John Monahan, 
Lead, Master at Arms; Americanism 
Chairman, Frank L. Sieh, Aberdeen; 
National Executive Committeemen, 
Fred B. Ray and David F. Heffron; 
The Department Executive Committee 
as follows: 1st District, Dr. G. G. Cot- 
tan Sioux Falis; 2nd District, R. J. 
Lyons, Madison; 3rd District, Andy E. 
Foley, Watertown; 4th District, A. C. 


Wilcox, Groton; 5th District, Paul 
Byrne, Faulkton; 6th District, Cliff 
Hailas; Salem; ‘th District,..Tiff 


Donnelly, Scotland; 8th District, Carl 
B. Lenker, Colome; 9th District, Flagg 
P. Carlyle, Kadoka; 10th District, 
Mark Wheeler, Philip; 11th District, 
Fred D. Shandorf, Selby; 12th District, 
Robt. I. Wood, Sturgis; 13th District, 
Harold F. Hanley, Custer. 


At the Fourth Annual Department 
Convention held at Huron on Aug- 
ust 21st to 23rd, 1922 the following of- 
ficers were elected: J. H. Williams, 
Gettysburg, Commander; Dick Lyons, 
Madison, Vice Commander; Herb Ol- 
ston, Lake Preston, Finance Officer; 
Guy Squire, Sioux Falls, Chaplain; 
Wright Tarbell, Watertown, Histor- 


ian; Fred B. Ray, Yankton, Sergeant: . 


At-Arms; Douglas Sheldon, Water- 
town, Adjutant. The following men 
were elected on the Department Ex- 
ecutive Committee: 1st District, Dr. 


Legion 


D. W. Craig, Sioux Falls; 2nd District, 
Walter Jarratt, Colman; 3rd District, 
L. V. Ausman, Watertown; 4th Dis- 
trict, W. I. Longstreth, Sisseton; 5th 
District, Merle Cornell, Huron; 6th 
District, E. F. Turgeon, Plankinton; 
7th District, W. M. Dunn, Yankton; 
8th District, Robert Frazier, Winner; 
9th District,.C. B. Beelman, Gann Val- 
ley; 10th District, L.-L. Stephens, 
Pierre; llth District, Q. A. Quigley, 
Mobridge; 12th District, R. E. Waters, 
Whitewood; 13th District, L. F. Han- 
ley, Custer. 


At the Fifth Annual Department 
Convention held at Madison on June 
6th to 8th 1923 the following officers 
were elected: L. L. Stephens, Pierre, 
Commander; Carle B. Lenker, Col- 
ome, Vice Commander; Dr. G. G. Cot- 
tam, Sioux Falls, National Executive 
Committeeman; Wm. Loft, Redfield, 
Finance Officer; Herb Anderson, 
Aberdeen, Historian; Guy Squire, 
Sioux Falls, Chaplain. The Executive 
Committee as follows: ist District, 
Roy Burns, Sioux Falls; 2nd District, 
H. W. Trebble, Howard; 3rd District, 
J. F. Gavin, Willow Lakes; 4th Dis- 
trict, L. W. Bicknell, Webster; 5th 
District, J. M. Erwin, Redfield; 6th 
District, Dr. F. S. Kidd, Woonsocket; 
7th District, W. M. Barton, Vermil- 
lion; 8th District, G. F. Matousek, 
Gregory; 9th District, B. L. Hintz, Re- 
liance; 10th District, J. H. Williams, 
Gettysburg; 11th District, Q. A. Quig- 
ley, Mobridge; 12th District, Al 
Jones, Spearfish; 13th District, C. E. 
Lees, Edgemont. Adjutant, Douglas 
Sheldon, Watertown. 


At the Sixth Annual Department 
Convention held at Hot Springs on 
July 30th and 31st, 1924 the follow- 
ing officers were elected: Frank G. 
McCormick, Sioux Falls, Commander; 


407 


Legislative Journals 


Al Jones, Watertown, Adjutant; Rus- 
sell Halley, Rapid City, Vice Com- 
mander; J. R. Coonrod, Flandreau, 
Finance Officer; Louis Gwynn, Mil- 
bank, Chaplain; Thomas Necklace, 
Bullhead, Historian; Frank L. Sieh, 
Aberdeen, Americanism; A. D. Elli- 
son, Belle Fourche, Master at Arms; 
Dr. G. G. Cottam, Sioux Falls, Nat- 
ional Executive Committeeman; M. C. 
Johnston, Aberdeen, Child Welfare. 
The following Executive Committee 
were elected: 1st District, H. C. 
Kehm, Harrisburg; 2nd District, Wal- 
ter Jarratt, Colman; 3rd District, Carl 
Johnson, Clear Lake; 4th District, A. 
H. Wieters, Waubay; 5th District, I. 
R. Crawford, Huron; 6th District, Dr. 
F. S. Kidd, Woonsocket; 7th District, 
W. M. Barton, Vermillion; 8th Dis- 
trict, Dr. Carle B. Lenker, Colome; 
9th District, O. E. Lincoln, Murdo; 
10th District, J. H. Williams, Gettys- 
burg; 11th District, Geo. Blackstone, 
Isabel; 12th District, A. D. Ellison, 
Belle Fourche; 13th. District, Walter 
Halley, Rapid City; 14th District, B. 
E. Archer, Groton. Al Jones. 


Legislative Journals, Council and 
House Journals were printed for each 
Territorial legislative session down to 
that of 1872-3. Thereafter no legis- 
lative journals were printed until the 
session of 1885. From 1862 to 1868-9 
annual sessions were held; thereafter 
the sessions were biennial. The journ- 
als for 1875, 1877, 1879, 1881 and 1883 
are preserved in written form at Bis- 
marck and no copies are in South Da- 
kota. All the journals of the State 
Legislature have been printed. 


Legislature, Special Sessions, 
Special Sessions of Legislature. 


see 


Leir, a discontinued post office in 
northeastern Jones County. 


Leroy 


Lemmon, a city in northeastern 
Perkins County. Is surrounded by 
vast beds of lignite coal. Population, 
see census. The Tribune, established 
in 1907, is the only newspaper. 


Lennan, C. E., 1848-1925; Mobridge; 
born at Belfast, Maine, December 14; 
came to Dakota in 1883; engaged in 
real estate and farm mortgage busi- 
ness; member House of Representa- 
tives in 1921. 


Lennox, a city in northern Lincoln 
County. Population, see census. The 
Independent, established in 1886, is 
the only newspaper. 


Lentz, a discontinued post office in 
western Lawrence County. 


Leola, a city and county seat in 
eastern McPherson County. Population, 
see census. “The McPherson County 
Herald,” established in 1892, is the 
only newspaper. 


Leola Park, a station in northwest- 
ern Pennington County. Post office at 
Silver City, 2 miles east. 


-LeRaye, Charles, a son of Count de 
Chaumont, was taken prisoner by the 
Brule Indians when upon a trading 
enterprise on the Osage River, 1801 
and was brought to the Big’ Sioux 
River where he wintered near Elk- 
point. The next year they took him 
up the river to the Yellowstone, and 
thence to the Minnesota River and 
returned to the Missouri via the Ver- 
million River in 1804. They were 
very near Spirit Mound when Lewis 
and Clark visited that point, August 
25, 1804. On April 26, 1805, he es- 
caped and later reached St. Louis. 





Hist., IV, 150. 


Leroy, a discontinued post office in 
northern Lake County. 


408 


Leslie 


Leslie, a post office in northern 
Haakon County. Shipping point at 
Midland, 50 miles southeast. 


Lesterville, a town in northwestern 
Yankton County. Population, see cen- 
sus. The Ledger, established in 1901, 
is the newspaper. 


LeSueur, Charles Pierre, 1657-1718; 
explorer. Perhaps visited South Da- 
kota in 1685 and 1700. See the Le- 
sueur Tradition. 





Hist., IX, 336. 

Letcher is a town located upon the 
Milwaukee Railway in the southern 
part of Sanborn County. “The Chron- 
icle,’” is its weekly newspaper. Pop- 
ulation, see census. 


Letellier, Louis Dace, 1827-1909; a 
native of Canada; came to the upper 


Missouri River in 1850; operated from — 


Sioux City to Fort Union. He left an 
autobiography, edited by Constant R. 
Marks. 





PLISt.0V 7 211. 

Letter of Credit, under South Da- 
kota Law, “is a written instrument 
addressed by one person to another 
requesting the latter to give credit to 
the person in whose favor it is 
drawn;” it may be addressed to sev- 
eral persons in succession; or it may 
be a general letter authorizing any 
person to whom it is shown to give 
credit to the person in whose favor 
it is drawn; the writer is liable for 
all credit extended upon such letter 
and may be proceeded against with- 
out demand. 





Code, 1513-1521. 

Lewis and Clark in South Dakota. 
The Lewis and Clark expedition over 
the Missouri river, enroute to the Pa- 
cific Ocean was distinctively the en- 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


terprise of Thomas Jefferson. It was 
conceived, undertaken and well un- 
der way before the purchase of Louis- 
iana from France. Lewis and Clark 
were west of the Alleghanies on their 
way toward the Pacific before infor- 
mation reached them that they were 
not to explore a foreign country but 
the domain of the United States. Jef- 
ferson not only conceived and _ pro- 
moted the enterprise but he formu- 
lated all of the rules and directions 
for the guidance of the explorers. 
Summarized these directions were as 
follows: 

“The object of the enterprise 
was to explore the Missouri River 
and such principal streams of it, 
* * * as may offer the most 
direct and practicable water-Com- 
munication across the continent 
for the purposes of commerce.” 

“Beginning at the mouth of the 
Missouri take observations of lati- 
tude and longitude at all remark- 
able points. * * * of a durable 
kind as that they may with cer- 
tainty be recognized hereafter.” 

“Your observations are to be tak- 
en with pains and accuracy. * * * 
several copies are to be made and 
carried by several trustworthy per- 
sons. One copy to be made upon 
paper-birch.” 

“Acquaint yourselves with the 
names of nations, (Tribes of In- 
dians) and their numbers. 

“The extent and limits of their 


possessions. 

“Their relations with other 
tribes. 

“Their language, traditons and 
monuments. 

“Their ordinary occupations in 
agriculture, fishing, hunting, war, 


arts, and the implements for these. 


409 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


“Their food, clothing and domes- 
tic accommodations. 

“The diseases prevalent among 
them and the remedies they use. 

“Moral and _ physical circum- 
stances which distinguish them 
from tribes we know. 

“Pecularities in their laws, cus- 
toms and dispositions. 

“Articles of commerce which 
. they may need or furnish and to 
what extent. 

“The state of morality, religion 
and information among them. 

“Other objects worthy of notice 
will be: 

“The soil and face of the coun- 
try, its growth and vegetable pro- 
ductions. 

“The animals of the country gen- 
erally. 

“Mineral productions of every 
kind, but more particularly, metals, 
limestone, pit-coal, salines and min- 
eral waters. 

“Volcanic appearances. 

“Treat the natives in the most 
friendly and concilatory manner. 

“Allay jealousies among them. 

“Acquaint them with the position, 
extent, character, peaceable and 
commercial dispositions of the 
United States. 

“Induce some of the principal 
chiefs to visit us. 

“Offer to bring back some of the 
children to be educated. 

“Carry with you some matter of 
the kine-pox and teach them about 
vaccination. 

“Use your discretion in emerg- 
encies; take no unnecessary risks; 
err on the side of safety. Bring 
back your party safe even if it be 
with less information.” 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


It was with these general instruc- 
tions that the explorers started out. 
Before leaving the east Captain Lewis 
went to Philadelphia and remained 
three months where he took a course 
of scientific instruction under Dr. 
Benjamin Smith Barton, the most not- 
able American Scientist of his age. 

The personnel of the party of ex- 
plorers as finally assembled was as 
follows: 


Commandants 


Meriwether Lewis, captain first 
U. S. Infantry. Born August 18, 1774, 
near Charlottestown, Virginia, of one 
of the notable First Families of Vir- 
ginia, related by marriage to the 
Washingtons. He served in the 
Whiskey Rebellion, and was chosen 
as his private secretary by Jefferson, 
in which capacity he was _ serving 
when appointed for the northwestern 
expedition. He died mysteriously pre- 
sumably by suicide, but perhaps was 
murdered, September 18, 1809, while 
enroute from St. Louis to Washing- 
ton. 


William Clark, second lieutenant U. 
S. Artillerists, promoted to captain 
and Engineer for this expedition. 
Born in Caroline county, Virginia, 
August 1, 1770, married first, Julia 
Hancock, who died in 1820; second, 
Harriet Kennerly. After the return 
of this expedition he was first ap- 
pointed by Jefferson brigadier gen- 
eral and Indian agent for the Louis- 
iana purchase, and upon the death of 
Captain Lewis he became governor 
He was a 
younger brother of George Rogers 
Clark of Revolutionary fame. He 
died at St. Louis September 1, 1838. 


of Missouri Territory. 


410 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Sergeants 

John Ordway, a native of New 
Hampshire and a grand uncle of 
Nehemiah G. Ordway, governor of 
Dakota Territory, 1880-1884, was 
most depended upon by the com- 
mandants of the expedition of any 
of the subordinates. The order book 
shows that whenever the captains 
were to be absent the command was 
conferred upon Ordway. He went 
home to New Hampshire in 1806 but 
soon returned to Missouri, where 
with family and New England fore- 
Sight and thrift he bought up the 
land rights of his companions and 
located a large tract in the vicinity 
of New Madrid. Dakotans can well 


imagine his notable nephew doing 
likewise. 
Charles Floyd, was a Virginian 


and a neighbor of Captain Lewis. 
He appears to: have been an able 
young man. He died, as Captain 
Clark wrote in his journal of a 
“Biliose Chorlick,” at Sioux City, on 
August 20th, 1804. A handsome 
monument now marks the grave. 

Nathaniel Pryor was also a Vir- 
ginian and a neighbor of Lewises, as 
well as a cousin of Sergeant Floyd’s. 
He remained in the army and rose to 
the rank of captain; fought with 
credit through the war of 1812 and 
resigned his commission in 1815, 
when Captain Clark, then governor 
of Missouri appointed him Indian 
agent to the Osages with whom he 
continued and died in 1931. 

Patrick Gass, was elected sergeant 
by his comrades after the death of 
Sergeant Floyd. He was born at 
Falling Springs, Pennsylvania, June 
12th, 1771 and was of Scotch-Irish 
origin. He kept a diary of the ex- 
pedition which has been widely pub- 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


lished. He served with credit in the 
War of 1812 and lived until April 
3rd, 1870 being 99 years old at his 
death. He died at  Wellsburgh, 
Pennsylvania, a member of the De- 
ciples Church. 


Privates 

William Bratton, was a blacksmith 
by trade and consequently especially 
valuable to the enterprise. The 
story of his early life is lost. He 
settled in New Madrid where he re- 
mained until the war of 1812 in which 
he served and then lived at Waynes- 
town, Indiana, where he married and 
raised a large family. He died there 
in 1841 and his monument bravely 
declares that he served with Lewis 
and Clark. 


John Collins; record lost. 


John Coiter, was a native of Bed- 
ford county, Pennsylvania, but he 
joined the expedition from Kentucky. 
He was a valuable man. He resign- 
ed from the party when returning 
at the Mandan villages in August 
1806. He returned to hunt along the 
Missouri and discovered Yellowstone 
Park which was long known as Col- 
ter’s Hell. He soon entered the serv- 
ice of Manuel Lisa and had some 
hair-raising experiences with the In- 
dians. He settled at La Charrette, 
Missouri where he married a young 
wife. Nothing further is known of 
him. 


Peter Cruzette, chief waterman of 
the expedition, was of Spanish-French 
blood and a grandson of Don. Fran- 
cisco Crusat, former Spanish, lieuten- 
ant governor of Louisiana. He it was 


who accidentally wounded Captain 
Lewis upon the return trip. 

Joseph and Reuben Fields, were 
two brothers from Kentucky. They 


411 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


were admirable fellows of whom un- 
fortunately nothing further is known. 

Robert Frazier, was from _ Ver- 
mont. He kept a journal of the trip 
which he proposed to print as a busi- 
ness venture, but nothing came of it. 
The journal has been lost. 

George Gibson, a native of Mercer 
county, Pennsylvania, upon his rec- 
turn from the west settled, married 
and died in St. Louis shortly after. 
His death occurred in 1809. 

Silas Goodrich was of Massachus- 
etts and nothing further has been 
left of record pertaining to him. 

Hugh Hall, 
record. 

Francois La Biche (deer). 
undoubtedly a soubriquet. 
ed at St. Louis. Record lost. 

Baptiste LePage, enlisted at the 
Mandans and was with the party on 
the return through South Dakota. 
Lewis said he possessed “no pecul- 
iar merit.” 

Hugh McNeal; 


John Potts. He resigned with Col- 
ter, at the Mandans and remained 
upon the upper Missouri where he 
was killed by the Blackfeet a few 
years later. 


of Massachusetts; no 


This is 
He enlist- 


no record. 


George Shannon was a boy of 17. 
He came of a good family, served 
faithfully and lost a leg in the battle 
with the Rees, in northern South Da- 
kota in 1807. He studied law at 
Transylvania University, Kentucky 
and practiced at Lexington, Kentucky 
and at Palmyra, Missouri, where he 
was chosen judge of the circuit 
court; in 1836 at the age of 49 years 
he fell dead in the court room at 
Palmyra. His younger brother serv- 
ed two terms as governor of Ohio 
and one as governor of Kansas. 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota : 


John Shields was the artificer of 
the expedition and was exceptionally 
useful. His record has been lost. 

William Werner, settled in Mis- 
souri and was made an Indian agent 
by Captain Clark after he became 
governor of Missouri and superin- 
tendent of Indian affairs. 

Joseph Whitehouse, kept a journ- 
al of the expedition which was re- 
covered by Dr. Reuben Gold Thwaites 
in 1904 and published in his “Origi- 
nal Journals of the Lewis and Clark 
Expedition.” No further knowledge 
of Whitehouse has been preserved. 

Alexander Willard, a native of New 
Hampshire was, next to Shannon the 
youngest man of the company. He 
settled in St. Louis and became the 
father of a large family. Governor 
Clark was much attached to him. In 
his old age he removed to Wiscon- 
sin to live with one of his children 
and soon after removed with his off- 
spring to Oregon, and though he was 
75 years of age he tramped sturdily 
most of the way driving a team of 
oxen. He died in Oregon in 1865 at 
the age of 88. 

Peter Wiser, enlisted at Pittsburg; 
no further record. 


Guides, Interpreters and Hunters 


Pierre Dorian. A French frontiers- 
man picked up at St. Louis as guide 
and interpreter to the Sioux. He was 
then an old man and is frequently 
called “Old Dorian.” He was mar- 
ried to a Yankton woman as early 
as 1785, and maintained some sort 
of a home with the Yanktons and 
may be said to be among the first, if 
not the very first white resident of 
South Dakota. His eldest son, Pierre, 
Jr., was guide and interpreter to the 
Astorians in 1811 and many of his 


412 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


descendants are still in South Da- 
kota.. 
George Droulliard, (Drewyer) a 


mixed blood. He was a man of sterl- 
ing worth and invaluable to the ex- 
pedition. Upon this trip he incurred 
the enmity of the Blackfeet and a 
few years later was killed by that 
tribe. Many of his descendants are 
in Dakota and one of them, Joseph, 
rendered very important service to 
the settlers and to the government 
in the war of the Outbreak. 

Toussaint Charboneau, picked up 
by the Captains at the Mandan vil- 
lages and with them upon the return 
trip. Chiefly notable as husband of 
Sa-kaka-wea, the Birdwoman, who ac- 
companied him. 

In addition there were 13 French 
boatmen who were hired at St. Louis 
and went as far as the Mandans. 

The party was divided into four 
messes. 

1. The officers mess: Lewis and 
._ Clark, served by York, a slave be- 
longing to Captain Clark. 

2. First Squad, Sergeant Nathan- 
iel Pryor in command. Privates Gib- 
son, Shannon, Shields, Collins, White- 
house, Wiser, Hall. 

3. Second Squad, Sergeant Charles 
Floyd, commanding. Privates Mc- 
Niel, Gass, R. Fields, J. Fields, Win- 
sor, Frasier. 

4. Third Squad, Sergeant John 
Ordway commanding. Privates Brat- 
ton, Colter, Willard, Warner, Good- 
rich, Potts. 

Several other men, notably Thomas 
P. Howard, John B. Thompson, Rich- 
ard Worthington, John Robertson, 
John Boyle, Moses Reed, John New- 
man, were enlisted for the service 
but for one reason or another drop- 
ped out. Reed, was discharged at 


41 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


the Omaha villages for attempted de- 
sertion but kept along with the party 
as a laborer until the Mandans were 
reached. John Newman served as a 
private until as they were crossing 
the north line of South Dakota when 
he was tried for “mutinous expres- 
sion” convicted and discharged from 
the military service but continued as 
a camp drudge to the Mandans. He 
and Reed were sent back to St. 
Louis in the spring of 1805 with the 
rivermen. 

‘Throughout the trip Captain Clark 
was the engineer of the expedition, 
carried a surveyor’s transit and kept 
a record of “coarses distances and 
refferrences.” While his indicated 
courses cannot always be followed, 
nor are his estimates of distances 
quite dependable in all cases, bench 
marks are so frequent at natural 
land marks which are unmistakable, 
that it is not difficult to determine 
every camping place with approxi- 
mate accuracy. Occasionally merid- 
ian observations were taken to de- 
termine longitude, but these are found 
to be usually some minutes of longi- 
tude distant from the true longitude. 
In determining the camping places 
on the South Dakota stretch, Mr. 
Elwin H. Quinney, assistant state eng- 
ineer very carefully checked Captain 
Clark’s courses upon the Missouri 
River Commission map and _ deter- 
mined the location of each. 

In his field notes Captain Clark 
used the term ‘“S” meaning Star- 
board, and “L” meaning Larboard, 
to indicate the side of the stream up- 
on which camps were made. This 
has frequently misled readers and 
some usually careful editors have 
mistaken the signs to mean “south” 
and “left.” 


3 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Captain Lewis left Washington, for. 


this enterprise on July 5th, 1803; he 
was joined by Captain Clark at Louis- 


ville, Kentucky, and arrived in St. 
Louis, in the month of December. 
When at Pittsburg, enroute west, 


Lewis was overtaken by an express 
from Jefferson, telling him of the 


Louisiana Purchase, and later, Jeffer- 


son instructed the captains to re- 
main in St. Louis and assist in the 
transfer of the Louisiana region from 
Spain, through France to the United 
States. The members of the party 
were assembled in St. Louis and set- 
tled in an encampment on the IIli- 
nois shore of the Mississippi where 
they remained until after the cere- 
monies connected with the transfer 
of Louisiana which occurred on May 
9th and 10th, 1804. 

The party was supplied with three 
boats, the largest fifty-five feet long 
and propelled with 22 oars; but also 
with sails to take advantage of fav- 
orable winds. There were decks in 
the bow and stern making comfort- 
able cabins. The other boats were 
smaller being of six and seven oars 
respectively. Captain Clark enum- 
erates the articles taken with them as 
follows: 


14 bags of parchmeal of 2 
bushels each, weight about 


les, pete s Arey etek seus! 1200 lbs. 
9 bags of common meal 800 
Ll _bags ol hulled corn... a. 1000 


30 half barrels of flour, gross 


weight? Te)! SRI Tae! 3900 
2 bags of flour. 
7 bags of biscuit. 
44parrels OL DiIsCuit scan 560 
7 barrels’ salt, 2 bushels 

CAC Pie le coe 750 
50a kesh lofipork tie? sen 3705 
2 boxes of candles and one 

OF S08 Dircie a a. one een 170 
1 bag of candle wick ..... 8 
i pase of “Cofies 7... eae 50 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


1 bag of beans and 1 of 
Deas.) dist ke & Hoek > ee 100 
2 bags_of sugar v1. ..5eeee 112 
1 keg of hog’s’ lard 5. .suee 100 
4 barrels of hulled corn .. 600 
1 barrel of corn meal .) 150 
Grease, +. ne%) dss cee 600 


50 bushels of meal. 

24 bushels hulled corn. 

21 bales Indian goods. 

- Tools of every description. 


Not a very extensive supply for 
forty-three men going into the wild- 
erness for a two years campaign; but 
it was expected that much of their 
living would be secured from the 
hunt and in this they were not dis- 
appointed. 

It rained in the morning of May 
14th and the voyaguers remained in 
camp until 4:00 P. M. Captain Lewis 
had not returned from a visit to St. 
Louis, but it was determined to start 
that evening and so at 4 o’clock, 
everything being in readiness they 
made the start and camped for the 
night four miles up the Missouri. 

Thereafter, day by day they made 
their toilsome way up the turbid 
stream and more than three months 
had elapsed before on the morning 
of August 21st at about 9 o’clock 
they passed the mouth of the Big 
Sioux River and entered the present 
domain of South Dakota. 


In South Dakota 

At nine o’clock on the morning of 
Tuesday, August 21st, 1804; a beauti- 
ful warm, clear morning with a gen- 
tle breeze from the Southeast, Cap- 
tain Clark stood on the top of War 
Eagle hill and for the first time look- 
ed upon the lower valley of the Big 
Sioux river, the windings of the Mis- 
souri through the great alluvial plain 
between Sioux City and Elkpoint and 
all of that unrivaled landscape that 


414 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


welcomes the traveler into the Sun- 
shine state. With him was “Old Dor- 
ian,’ the guide and interpreter of 
the Sioux who told him the name of 


the smaller stream and described its, 


course to Sioux Falls and beyond and 
especially told him of the picturesque 
Split Rock, and the Pipestone quarry 
and of the rights which all of the 
tribes held in common there. After 
surveying the attractive scene spread 
before him Captain Clark trained his 
transit upon the head of an island 
a couple of miles away and took the 
bearing to be south, 48 degrees west, 
and leaving the bluff the expedition 
set upon its way to follow the great 
river across the Dakota land. Soon 
clouds came up and a high wind 
made navigation difficult. Two days 
previous Droulliard and Colter had 
been dispatched up the west bank 
with the two horses to hunt and all 
day Tuesday the Captains looked 
anxiously for some sign from them 
but in vain;. this was probably due 
to the fact that much of the time the 
course of the river kept them far 
away from the Nebraska high land 
where the hunters naturally travel- 
ed. In mid afternoon the explorers 
found themselves at the turn of the 
“Heron Roost Bend” close up to Jef- 
ferson and only two miles distant 
from the Big Sioux River. Not much 
of importance is recorded, though 
Captain Clark was pleased to find a 
very excellent fruit resembling the 
red currant (Buffalo berry, Shepardia 
Argentea). They camped that night 
on the Nebraska shore on the west 
side of Miner’s Bend. Latitude taken 
4 miles above mouth of Sioux 42° 28’ 
29: which is very. nearly correct. 


41 


Lewis and Clark in South. Dakota 


Wednesday, August 22, 1804 

At daylight camp was broken and 
sailing with the assistance of a 
strong south wind they soon made 
the three miles to Ponca Landing 
where they found Droulliard and Col- 
ter awaiting them, with the horses 
and two deer which they had killed. 
There the party took breakfast and 
the scientists set to work to discover 
the character of the material in 
Dixon’s Bluff. Just what tests they 
applied are not revealed but the re- 
sults will always be a joy and delight 
to posterity. Captain Clark gravel} 
records: ‘By exomination this Bluff 
Contained Alum, Copperas, Cobalt, 
Pyrites; a Alum Rock Soft & Sand 
Stone. Capt. Lewis in  proveing 
the quality of those minerals was 
Near poisoning himself by the 
fumes & tast of the Cobalt which 
had the appearance of Soft Ison- 
glass. Copperas & alum is verry 
pisen.” The fact is they were get- 
ting their first observation of the 
Cretaceous; below this point the for- 
mation is pleistocene. The “clift” 
so carefully and scientifically ‘“exom- 
ined” by the captains, contains ac- 
cording to the analysis made in 1839 by 
Nicollet, ‘“argillaceaus limestone, cal- 
careous marl and a slightly ferrugi- 
nous clay.” All of the party were 
troubled more or less at this time 
with some seasonable ailment of the 
bowels, perhaps the same that in 
more violent form: had carried off 
Charles Floyd a couple of days before 
When however, they discovered 
the “verry pisen’ elements of the 
bordering bluff they were convinced 
that these poisons were floating on 
the surface of the river and that 
they were affected by drinking the 
water. Thereafter they conserved 


5 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


their health by dipping deep below the 
surface to secure drinking water and 
their maladies soon ceased. In those 
days the Missouri turned sharply east 
from Dixon’s bluffs, at Ponca landing, 
cut up through what are now the Bal- 
enger and Mosher farms close to the 
School House in District 20 clear up 
to the Rasch and Freeman _ places 
and only a few rods from the pres- 
ent line of the Milwaukee Railway, 
where it turned sharply westward, 
washing the southern walls of the 
city of Elkpoint and returning to the 
present channel at the Chausee farm, 
three miles west of the city. 
Throughout the day they toiled upon 
their way, buffeted about by a high 
wind. On the higher prairie on 
the starboard shore, upon a point of 
land extending into the stream, the 
outlines of which are still visible, 
Captain Clark had discovered a lone 
tree which they resolved to reach 
for the evening camp and as the sun 
was setting they ended a long day’s 
work, by pitching camp under that 
tree on the _ point. Everywhere 
about them the hunters discovered 
Elk sign and they named the place 
Elkpoint. 

The death of Sergeant Floyd at 
Sioux City had disorganized the 
party to some extent and the com- 
mandants recognized the necessity of 
selecting a leader for the Second 
Squad and wisely they determined to 
leave the choice to the men them- 
selves, but not wishing to leave the 
choice wholly without limitation they 
devised the first primary election in 
Dakota land, by nominating William 
Bratton, Patrick Gass and George 
Gibson, from whom the privates were 
permitted to elect one. There have 
since been many political campaigns 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


in Union county in which breathless 
interest was felt in the result, but 
perhaps not one fraught with more 


intense interest than this first elec- 


tion to be held by white men upon 
Dakota soil. The ballot was cast and 
the votes counted in the flickering 
light of the camp fire and Captain 
Lewis announced that Patrick Gass 
had received the votes of nineteen 
of his comrades, a clear majority, 
and was duly elected. 


Politics and medical science came 
to South Dakota arm in arm for 
after the election Captain Clark writes: 
“Captain Lewis took a dost of salts.” 
And so ended the second eventful day 
of the first official exploration of 
South Dakota. 


Thursday, August 23, 1804 


They got off again at daylight this 
morning with a south-east wind help- 
ing them along. Captain Clark and 
Joseph Fields started off for a hunt, 
the Captain remaining near the shore 
while Fields struck out in the fine 
meadows between Elkpoint and Bur- 
bank. Very soon the captain came 
in with a fine buck, but scarcely had 
he received congratulations upon his 
kill, when Fields arrived to announce 
that he had killed a fine buffalo bull. 
Captain Lewis at once took with him 
12 men and went out and dragged 
the big beast to the river where 
they salted two barrels of the meat 
for future consumption. Reuben . 
Fields who had been traveling on 
shore with the horses came up and 
added two deer to the larder. The 
wind turned west and blew a gale, 
raising clouds of sand from the bars 
so that travel was very difficult and 
was soon abandoned; they found 
shelter and “jurked the meat.” To- 


416 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


ward sunset the wind abated and 
they pushed on camping that night 
on the Nebraska shore within Kate 
Sweeney Bend and almost south of 


the present village of Burbank. It. 


was not a very eventful day, though 
they got all the game they could use 
and saw much more. Two elk swam 
the river near to the boats and others 
were seen standing upon the sand- 
bars. “One Beaver Cought” says 
Clark. 
Friday, August 24, 1804 

A showery morning after a rainy 
night, but the camp was broken at 
sunrise and the party on its way fol- 
lowing what is practically the pres- 
ent channel until they came to the 
“Hot Bluff,’ on the Nebraska shore, 
which “was too hot for a man to 
bear his hand in the earth at any 
depth.” They were of the opinion 
that it was volcanic aS were many, 
more scientific travelers, who follow- 
ed them. It is now known that the 
heat is chemically produced by the 
decomposition of pyrites in the damp 
shales. The heat is sufficient at 
times to produce steam and even to 
fuse some of the sand and clay. They 
found more buffalo berries and Cap- 
tain Clark testifies that they were 
“deliciously flavored and makes de- 
litefull tarts. The froot is now ripe.” 
Clark and his negro York and a 
French boy strolled along the Ne- 
braska shore and got two buck elk 
and a fawn. Captain Lewis walked 
out to them and “it rained and it rain- 
ed hard and we gott verry wet.” They 
passed the mouth of the Vermillion 
and camped on the Nebraska shore in 
about the middle of the flood plain and 
directly south of the Milwaukee rail- 
road bridge across the Vermillion. They 
called the latter stream the Whitestone 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


from the Indian name which they spell 
Wassisha, which according to the 
adopted modern spelling is Wa-se- 
sha and means simply Red Paint. 
They passed a disagreeable night in 
the rain. 


The chronometer stopped from 
some unknown cause and was kept 
going with difficulty. Thereafter the 
latitude is not so accurately ascer- 
tained. 


Saturday, August 25, 1804 


Long before reaching the Vermil- 
lion the captains had been regaled 
by the Ottoes, the Omahas and other 
tribes with tales of the hill of Little 
Devils, where dwelt hordes of little 
people no more than 18 inches high 
but with inordinately large heads, 
and armed with exceedingly sharp 
arrows they were able to kill at a 
great distance and so alert were they 
that no human being could hope to 
escape who approached the hill. The 
voyaguers were seriously told that 
but a short time previously three 
mighty warriors of the Omaha tribe 
had fallen before the merciless fury 
of the Little Devils. The supersti- 
tion pertaining to this hill was wide 
Spread and very ancient. Radisson 
and Grossielier writing of their voy- 
age down the Mississippi in 1654, one 
hundred fifty years before Lewis and 
Clark obtained from the Indians a 
good deal of information pertaining 
to the Missouri river and the tribes 
residing upon it. They learned that 
the men of the Missouri were large 
and strong, engaged in agriculture 
and producing exceedingly large pump- 
kins and melons; but that they were 
exceedingly afraid of “little men” 
and cry out in terror at sight of 
them and join in large bodies for 
protection against these little furies. 


417 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


There is little doubt that the story 
of Spirit Mound had filtered down to 
them at that early date. 


Charles LeRaye, a trader coming 
from a noble French family was tak- 
en a captive by the Sioux in 1801 and 
visited Spirit Mound on the 21st day 
of March 1802 two years and a half 
prior to the coming of Lewis & Clark 
and in his journal has this to say of 
it. 

“Above the Sioux River and be- 
tween that and the River Jacque 
is a small hill, destitute of timber, 
which the natives say is inhabited 
by spirits in shape of human be- 
ings of a very diminutive size, not 
being according to their descrip- 
tion, more than six or eight inches 
high. Respecting these bodily spir- 
its they have a number of ridicu- 
lous fancies. An old chief told me 
with great gravity that the occa- 
sion of their coming and living on 
this hill was because the Indians, 
a great many winters ago, were so 
wicked and foolish, as to strive to 
kill all of the animals made for 
their use. The Great Spirit saw 
them from above and was_ so 
angry with them that he sent these 
little beings, which the Indians 
called Wakons, to drive the ani- 
mals out of the country, which 
they did, and many of the Indians 
starved for want of food. But 
after much entreaty and many sac- 
rifices the anger of the Great Spir- 
it was appeased and he _ permit- 
ted the animals to return; but di- 
rected the Wakons to reside on 
this hill to watch the conduct of 
the Indians, and should they again 
be so wicked, they are to drive all 
of the animals off, never to return. 
This impression has had an ex- 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


cellent effect on the natives as it 
prevents causeless waste of what 
is so necessary for their subsist- 
ence. They pretend often to see 
these little beings on and about 
the hill, as they are passing, but 
no consideration would induce an 
Indian to set his foot on this holy 
ground.” 


Lewis and Clark had learned that 
“the Hill of the Little Devils” was 
located near the Vermillion some 
miles above its mouth and they re- 
solved upon this rainy Saturday 
morning to visit the mound and learn 
the truth for themselves. They there- 
fore took one of the smaller boats 
and accompanied by Sergeant Ord- 
way, John Colter, Joseph Fields, Rob- 
ert Frasier, Drulliard and two other 
men, they dropped back down the 
Missouri to the mouth of the Ver- 
million where they left the boat in 
care of two of the men and set out 
for the hill of the superstition. Two 
hundred yards from the mouth of the 
Vermillion they reached the high 
prairie which indicates that at that 
time the mouth of the stream was 
not far from the bridge that now 
crosses the Vermillion upon the road 
leading from the city to the farms 
along the river south of Meckling. 
The trip up to the mound was not 
wholly an excursion of joy. Captain 
Clark thus relates the story: “We 
left the river at 8 oClock, at 4 miles 
we Crossed the creek 23 yards wide 
in an extensive Valley and contined 
on At two miles further our dog was 
so heated and fatigued we was oblig- 
ed send him back to the Creek, at 
12 oClock we arrived at the hill. Cpn 
Lewis much fatigued from heat the 
day being verry hot & and he being 
in a debilitated State from the Pre: 


418 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


cautions he was obliged to take to 
prevent the effects of the Cobalt & 
Minl Substance which had like to 
have poisoned him two days ago, his 
want of water and Several of the 
men complaining of Great Thirst de- 
termined us to make for the first 
water which was the creek in a bend 
North east of the mound about three 
‘miles.” In fact the distance to the 
creek is but two miles, but like the 
curate’s sermon, under the circum- 
stances, it seemed longer. Spirit 
Mound is located upon the west half 
of Section 14, and the bend of the 
creek where they went to get a drink 
is in the northwest quarter of Sec- 
tion 18 in the next township to the 
east. When the creek was reached 
and the party had quenched its thirst 
the men lay down for an hour and 


a half, Clark says “to recrut,” they ~ 


set off down the creek stopping once 
for an hour to gather some “delisious 
froot such as Grapes, Plumbs & Blue 
Currents.” They reached the mouth 
of the Vermillion at sunset and went 
up to the camp of the previous night 
where they remained until morning. 
Hon. P. W. Peterson, Clay county’s 
erstwhile representative may justly 
place especial value upon his South- 
east forty of the northwest quarter 
of Section 18, Prairie Center town- 
ship, where Lewis and Clark loafed 
for 90 minutes upon that hot Aug- 
ust day while “recruting.” 


Captain Clark says it was nine 
miles from the mouth of the Vermil- 
lion to Spirit Mound. In fact the 
mound is 1014 miles from the pres- 
ent mouth of the Vermillion river, 
but it perhaps was little more than 7 
miles from the mouth of that stream 
as then located but they doubtless 
traveled 9 miles and more in reach- 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


ing the mound. Dr. 
Kellogg, the notable commentator 
upon the journals of Lewis and 
Clark thinks Captain Clark used some 
system of triangulation in determin- 
ing distances, but Dr. Homer N. Derr 
the former State Engineer’ says 
there is no known system by which 


Louise Phelps 


‘he could have measured distances 


while traveling so rapidly, and that 
in his judgment the distances record- 
ed were mere estimates, in which 
engineers become astonishingly ac- 
curate in practice. 

I give herewith verbatim, Captain 
Clark’s report upon Spirit Mound: 


“This mound is Situated on an 
elivated plain in a leavel and ex- 
tensive prarie, bearing N, 20 W. 
from the Mouth of White Stone 
Creek nine miles, the base of the 
Mound is a regular parallelagram 
the long side of which is about 300 
yards in length the shorter 60 or 
70 yards, from the longer Side of 
the Base it rises from the North 
& South with a Steep assent to 
the hight of 65 or 70 feet, leaveing 
a leavel Plain on the top 12 feet 
in width & 90 in length. The 
North & South part of this Mound 
is join by two regular rises, each 
in Oval forms of half its hight, 
forming three regular rises from 
the Plain the assent of each eli- 
vated part is as suden as the prin- 
cipal mound at the narrower sides 
of its Base. 

“The reagular form of this hill 
would in Some measure justify a 
belife that it owed its orrigin to 
the hand of man; but as the earth 
and loose pebbles and other sub- 
stances of which it was Compos- 
ed, bore an exact resemblance to 
the Steep Ground which border on 


419 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


the Creek in its neighborhood we 
concluded it was most probably 
the production of nature. 

“The Surrounding Plains is open 
Void of Timber and leavel to a 
great extent, hence the wind from 
whatever quarter it may blow 
drives with unusial force over the 
naked Plains and against the hill; 
the 
thus involuntaryly driven to the 
Mound by the force of wind, or fly 
to Leeward for shelter; the Small 
Birds whoes food they are, Conse- 
quently resort in great numbers 
to this place in Surch of them; 
Particularly the Small Brown Mar- 
tin of which we saw a vast num- 
ber hovering on the Leeward side 
of the hill, when we approached 
it in the act of catching those in- 
sects; they were so gentle that 
they did not quit the place until 
we had arrived within a few feet 
of them. 

“The only remarkable Charac- 
teristic of this hill, admitting it 
to be a natural production is that 
it is insulated or Separated a con- 
siderable distance from any other, 
which is verry unusial in the nat- 
ural order or disposition of the 
hills. 

“One evidence which the Inds 
give for believing this place to be 
the residence of Some _ unusial 
Sperits is that they frequently dis- 
cover a large assemblage of Birds 
about this Mound is in my opinion 
a sufficent proof to produce in the 
Savage Mind a Confident belief of 
all the properties they ascribe it. 

“from the top of this Mound we 
beheld a most butifull landscape; 
Numerous herds of buffalow were 
Seen feeding in various directions; 


insects of various kinds are | 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


the Plain to North N. W. & N. E. 
extends without interuption as far 
as Can be seen. 
“From the Mound to the Mouth 
of Stone River is S 20 E. 9 Miles. 
to the woods near the mouth of 
River Jacque is West. to the high- 
land. near the Mouth of Soues Riv- 
er is 8. 70 E. to the highland op- 
posit side or near Maha Town, 
(across from Audubon Point) is S. 
45 HK. 
“Some highlands to be seen from 
the Mound at a Great distance is 
to the N. E. (The Couteau region 
about Beresford) some nearer to 
N. W. (Turkey Creek Hills) No 
woods except on Missouri Points. 
“if all timber on the Stone Creek 
was on 100 acres it would not be 
thickly timbered, the soil of those 
plains are delightful. 
“Great numbers of Birds are 
seen in those Plains Such as 
black bird, ren or prarie burd, a 
kind of larke about the sise of a 
Partridge with a short tail etc.,” 
T. H. Lewis a notable geologist and 
antiquarian visited this mound about 
1890. He says of it: “The body of 
the hill is chalk-stone of the cretac- 
eous group to within 30 feet of the 
top, covered with yellow clay, and 
this with a gravelly loam, which for 
some reason escaped erosion which 
cut away the surrounding surface.” 

When the tired explorers reached 
the camp just above the mouth of 
the Vermillion that night they found 
that Sergeant Pryor had moved for- 
ward up the Missouri, but they were 
too weary to follow him and so slept 
about the old campfire. Pryor had 
conducted the remainder of the party 
about six miles up stream and camp- 
ed on what is now the big sandbar 


420 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


within “North Alabama Bend,’ less 
than four miles southwest of the 
present city where they were joined 
by the captains and party at 9: the 
next morning. Before retiring Sat- 
urday night the Captains had set the 
prairie on fire to notify the Sioux 
that they were approaching and de- 
sired to meet them on the river. 


The hunters had made good use of _ 


the day. Reuben Fields brought in 
five deer and the boy, George Shan- 
non brought down a monster buck 
elk. 

While the voyaguers were thus so 
complacently inspecting Spirit Mound, 
hunting upon the bottoms or sleeping 
unguarded on the sand bars they 
were subjected to a hazard of which 
they were not aware and perhaps 
never afterward received knowledge. 
The large party of Sioux with whom 
LeRaye was prisoner had spent the 
years 1802, 1803 and the spring of 
1804 in dragging him about over the 
northwest; they took him to the Yel- 
lowstone, across to the Minnesota, 
back to the Missouri at Big Bend and 
finally in August were hunting upon 
Vermillion, where runners came to 
them with news of the approach of 
Lewis and Clark, with their party, 
which they were led to believe was 
an army of invasion. On the very 
day Lewis and Clark were inspecting 
Spirit Mound and “recruting” in the 
shade of the trees on the Peterson 
farm, a great council was being held 
a few miles away in which lengthy 
debates were indulged in to deter- 
mine whether or not the army should 
be attacked. The council continued 
until the 29th when it was concluded 
that the whites would return down 
the river in the spring of 1805 and 
it would be best to wait, get assist- 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


ance and take it by surprise and ut- 
terly destroy it. 


Sunday, August 26, 1804 


It was 9: o’clock in the morning 
when the captains came up to the 
remainder of the party and some 
time was spent jerking the meat kill- 
ed upon Saturday and in braiding the 
elkskin into a much needed tow rope. 
Presently however they got under 
way and proceeded nine miles to go 
into camp for the night, on Audu- 
bon’s point on the Dakota shore. The 
two horses belonging to the outfit 
seem to have been hardly worth their 


keep for they constantly strayed 
away and made a great deal of 
trouble. They had taken occasion on 


Saturday night to make one of their 
ventures and Druillard and Shannon 
were sent in pursuit. During the 
day Captain Lewis entered in the 
Orderly book an order confirming the 
election of Patrick Gass as sergeant 
and assigning him to the command 
of the mess of the late Sergeant 
Floyd. In connection with the order 
of appointment Captain Lewis writes: 


“The Commanding officers have 
every reason to hope, from the 
previous faithful services of Sergt. 
Gass that this expression of their 
approbation will be still further 
confirmed by his vigilent attention © 
in future to his duties as a Serg- 
eant. the Commanding officers 
are still further confirmed in the 
high opinion they had previously 
formed of the capacity, deligence 
and integrity of Sergt. Gass from 
the wish expressed by a large ma- 
jority of his comrades for his ap- 
pointment as Sergeant.” 


The camp of Sunday night appears 
to have been on the accretion lands 


421 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


at about the dividing line between the 
Myron and Weston farms. It was di- 
rectly across from the mouth of Bow 
Creek, and they relate that this creek 
was named for Little Bow, a chief of 
the Omahas, who with 200 of his peo- 
ple rebelled against the despotic sway 
of Chief Blackbird and settled there, 
but that they had reunited with the 
main tribe since Blackbird’s death in 
1800, so that the settlement was very 
recent at this date. 


Monday, August 27, 1804 
On this morning the party were 
early astir and Captain Clark made a 
remarkable astronomical discovery, 
scarcely less remarkable than his min- 
eral and chemical discoveries down at 
Ponca Landing. He writes: 


“This morning the star calld the 
morning Star much larger than 
Common.” 


Drewyer appeared in camp at day- 
light and reported that he had failed 
to find the horses and had lost Shan- 
non. John Shields and Jo. Fields 
were sent back to find the boy and 
horses and directed to report at Calu- 
met Bluff. A gentle breeze from the 
South east filled the sails and bore 
them up the stream passing the first 
cliff where the chalkstone is exposed. 
Captain Lewis concluded that this was 
white clay, marl or chalk. In the 
detritus at the foot of the cliff he dis- 
covered “large stone much like lime 
incrusted with a clear’ substance 
which I believe to be cobalt, also ore 
embedded in the dark earth.” The 
prairie was again fired as a signal to 
the Sioux to come to the river. 

At two o’clock they reached the 
mouth of James river to find an In- 
dian there who swam out to them. 
They were soon joined by two others. 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


These Indians informed them that a 
large party of Sioux were encamped 
on the James not far from its mouth. 
Sergeant Pryor, one Frenchman and 
Old Dorian the Sioux interpreter were 
sent to the camp to invite the Sioux 
to meet the white party at Calumet 
Bluff. Two of the Indians accompa- 
nied Pryor and his party, but one of 
them a mere boy of the Omaha tribe 
remained with the whites. He told 
them his people, the Omahas were off 
patching up a peace with the Paw- 
nees. 


They proceeded up the river to a 
sand bar on the Dakota side just east 
of Yankton and camped for the night 
having made 14 miles that day. 


The latitude was taken this morn- 
ing at the first chalkstone cliff, direct- 
ly south of Gayville and fixed at 42° 
53’ 13” which is about 5 miles off. 
Evidently the chronometer was not 
yet properly adjusted. 


Tuesday, August 28, 1804 


Out again at day break, which Capt. 
Clark at times told us was the “usial’” 
and at other times the ‘“useal’ time 
for breaking camp, they passed the 
present townsite of Yankton, which is 
called “a handsome prarie ascending 
gradually from the river” and at 8 
o’clock stopped for breakfast under 
Mount Marty, where the Indian boy 
left them and set out for the camp 
on James river at about the Van 
Osdel farm. The wind high in the 
morning became a gale and made nav- 
igation difficult, and progress very 
slow. At 2 P. M. one of the boats was 
snagged while they were going by 
Smutty Bear Bottom and they came 
near to losing it and its valuable car- 
go, but Whitehouse says they finally 
“stoped the water from comming in 


422 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


by Stopping in one thing & another.” 
and they got her across to the south 
shore under the lee of Calumet Bluff 
at a point directly opposite the West- 
ern Portland Cement works. The 
camp was on the bottom in groves of 
oak timber. Shields and Fields were 
awaiting their coming as they had 
been directed to do and reported that 
Shannon had gone on ahead with the 
horses and that they had been unable 
to overtake him. This fact caused 
the captains some uneasiness for the 
lad had not established a reputation 
as a successful hunter, notwithstand- 
ing the fact that he had _ brought 
down the big buck elk at Vermillion. 
John Colter was at once “started in 
pursute of him with provisions.” At 
the Calumet Bluffs the party awaited 
the return of Sergeant Pryor from the 
Indian camp. 

In anticipation of a prolonged coun- 
cil with the Sioux at this camp a high 
pole was planted and the American 
flag raised upon it. 

An observation for latitude taken 
but not recorded. 


Wednesday, August 29, 1804 


The voyaguers arose in a rainy 
morning. The captains spent the time 
in bringing up their journals and in 
writing letters to be dispatched by 
Derian to the States. At 4 p. m. Pryor 
appeared on the Dakota shore with 
sixty Sioux who camped where they 
were. 


Old Dorian had found his son Pierre 
trading in the Sioux Camp on the 
James and brought him along. This 
would indicate that Pierre had al- 
ready arrived at man’s estate and 
gives some hint of when the old man 
settled with the Yanktons. It is a 
safe conclusion that such settlement 


‘partan it. 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


must have been as early as 1780 per- 
haps earlier. Provisions were sent 
across to the Sioux and the chiefs 
were informed that they would be re- 
ceived in council by the captains upon 
the following day. The Indians 
brought with them 2 elk and 6 deer 
which they had killed while on the 
tramp from their camp on the James 
to the Missouri a distance of about 
12 miles. There is every evidence 
that wild game was marvelously plen- 
ty in those days. 

Sergeant Pryor brought to the cap- 
tains a careful report of what he had 
found at the Sioux Village. When 
they approached the camp the men 
came out with a buffalo robe upon 
which to carry the visitors but Dorian 
told them they were not the chief men 
of the party and did not wish to be 
carried. He describes the tepees to 
be of skins but otherwise as we know 
them at this day. Except for the fire 
place in the center they found each 
tepee carpeted with buffalo robes. 
Each lodge had a separate kitchen. 
As a special delicacy the visitors were 
served with baked dog flesh. They 
found from 10 to 15 persons residing 
in each lodge. Whitehouse says this 
band were Bois-Brule Sioux, but there 
can be no doubt that in the main 
they were Yankton. Traditions have 
come down to us through the’ Yank- 
tons pertaining to this meeting. When 
Dr. Burliegh first went to the Yank- 
tons as their agent there were many 
men still living who as children took 
The suggestion of it all 
was a three days’ carousal in which 
the white men gave unlimited license 
to their baser propensities, but there 
is nothing in the journals to justify a 
belief that this is true. Gass says 
there were no squaws in the party. 


423 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


The captains at least appear to have 
conducted themselves with the strict- 
est propriety. Struck by the Ree, 
chief of the Yanktons, in early terri- 
torial times frequently boasted that 
he was born during this council and 
that Captain Lewis learning of the 
event had the infant brought to him 
and pronouncing it an American, 
wrapped it in an American flag. There 
is no hint of this in any of the journ- 
als and it could scarcely have happen- 
ed at the council at Calumet Bluff. 
It is possible that something of the 
kind occurred at the Village on the 
James and that it was Pryor and not 
Lewis who performed the ‘‘naturaliza- 
tion ceremony.” Old Strike was so 
consistent in his Americanism and so 
convinced that it was conferred upon 
him at his birth that there must have 
been some foundation for his belief. 


Thursday, August 30, 1804 


A thick fog enveloped the earth in 
the early morning shutting out a view 
of the Indian camp across the river, 
but it lifted at eight o’clock and the 
Indians were brought over for the 
formal council. Perhaps no more in- 
teresting account of what occurred 
can be made than to give verbatim 
Captain Clark’s report, supplemented 
in some particulars by the notes of 
Private Whitehouse: 


“we sent Mr. Dorion in a Perogue 
for the Cheifs and Warriors to a 
Council under an Oak Tree near 
where we had a flag flying on a 


high flagstaff at 12 oClock we met - 


and Cap. L Delivered the Speeach 
and then made one great Chiff by 
giving him a Meadel & Some 
Cloathes, one 2d Chief & three 
Third Chiefs in the same way, they 
rec.d those things with the goods 


4 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


and tobacco with pleasure To the 
Grand Chief we gave a Flag and 
the parole & Wampom with a hat 
& Chiefs coat, We Smoked out of 
the pipe of peace, & the Chiefs 
retired to a Bourey made of bushes 
by their young men to Divide their 
presents and Smoke eate and Coun- 
cil Capt. Lewis & My self retired 
to dinner and consult about other 
measures. Mr. Daurion is much 
displeased that we did not invite 
him to dine with us (which he was 
Sorry for afterwards). The Souex 
is a Stout bold looking people, (the 
young men handsom) & well 
made, the greater part of them 
make use of Bows & Arrows, Some 
fiew fusees I observe among them, 
notwithstanding they live by the 
Bow and arrow, they do not Shoot 
So well as the Northern Indians, 
the Warriers are Verry much Deck- 
erated with Paint Porcupine quills 
& feathers, large leagins and mock- 
ersons, all with buffalo roabs of 
Different Colours. The Squars 
wore Peticoats & a White Buffalo 
roabe with the black hare turned 
back .over their necks and Shold- 
ers. 

I will here remark a SOCIETY 
which I had never before this day 
heard was in any nation of Indi- 
ans, four of which is at this time 
present and all who remain of this 
Band. Those who become Mem- 
bers of this Society must be brave 
active young men who take a Vow 
never to give back let the danger 
be what it may, in War Parties 
they always go forward without 
screening themselves behind trees 
or anything else to this Vow they 
Strictly adhier dureing their Lives. 
an instance which happened not 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


long sence, on a party in Crossing 
the R Missourie on the ice, a whole 
was in the ice imediately in their 
Course which might easily have 
been avoided by going around, the 
foremost man went on and was lost 
the others were draged around by 
the party. in a battle with the 
Crow Indians who inhabit the Cout 
Noir or black Mountain out of 22 
of this Society 18 was Killed, the 
remaining four were draged off by 
their Party Those men are likely 
fellows the Set together Camp & 
Dance together. This Society is 
in imitation of the Socities of the 
de Curbo or Crow Indians, whom 
they imitate.” ; 


Friday, August 31, 1804 


“after the Indians got their 
Brackfast the Chiefs met and ar- 
ranged themselves in a row with 
elligent pipes of peace all pointing to 
our Seets, we came forward and took 
our Seets, the Great Cheif The 
Shake hand rose and Spoke to 
some length approving what we 
had said and promissing to pursue 
the advice. 

Mar to ree 2d Cheif rose and 
made a Short Speech and refured 
to the great Chief Par nar ne arpar 
be 3rd. Chief rose and made a 
short speech Are ea we char che 
3rd. Chief rose & Spoke at some 
length much to the purpose. The 
other Cheif said but little One of 
the Warriers Spoke after all was 
don & promissed to Support the 
Cheifs, they promised to go and 
See their Great father in the Spring 
with Mr. Dorion, and to do all 
things we had advised them to do. 
and all concluded by telling the 
distresses of their natoin by not 


425 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


haveing traders, & wished us to 
take pity on them, the wanted 
Powder Ball, & a little Milk. 

last night the Indians danced un- 
til late in their Dances we gave 
them (throw into them as is usual) 
Some Knives Tobacco & Bells & 
tape & Binding with which they 
were Satisfied. 

We gave a Certificate to two Men 
of War, attendants of the Chief. 
gave to all the chiefs a Carrot of 
Tobacco. had a talk with Mr. Dor- 
ion, who agreed to Stay and Col- 
lect the Chiefs from as Many 
Bands of Soux as he coud this fall 
& bring about a peace between the 
souex and their neighbors &c. &¢c 
&c. 

After Dinner we gave Mr. Peter 
Dorion, a Commissoin to act with 
a flag and some Cloathes & Provis- 
ions & instructions to bring about 
a peace with the Seioux, Mahars, 
Panles, Poncaries, Ottoes & Mis- 
souries, and to employ any trader to 
take Some of the Cheifs of each or 
as many of those nations as he 
Could Perticularly the Seuouex 
(down to Wash) I took a Vocabu- 
lary of the Suoux Language, and 
the Answer to a fiew quaries such 
as refured to their Situation, Trade, 
Number, War, &c. &c. This Na- 
tion is Divided into 20 Tribes, pos- 
sessing Seperate interests. Col- 
lectively they are noumerous say 
from 2 to 3000 men, their interests 
are so unconnected that Some 
bands are at war with Nations 
which other bands are on the most 
friendly terms. This Great Nation 
who the French has given the 
Nichname of Suouex, Call them- 
selves Dar co tar their language is 
not peculiarly their own, they Speak 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


a great number of words, which is 
the Same in every respect with the 
Maha, Poncarer, Osarge & Kanzas. 
which clearly proves that those na- 
tions at some period not more than 
a century or two past are of the 
Same nation. Those Dar ca ter’s 
or Suous inhabit or rove over the 
Countrey on the Red River of Lake 
Winipeck, St. Peters & the West of 
the Missippie, above Prarie De 
Cheen heads of River Demoin, and 
the Missouri and its waters on the 
N. Side for a great extent. they 
are only at peace with 8 nations, & 
agreeable to their Calculation at 
War with twenty odd. Their trade 
coms from the British, except this 
Band and one on Demoin who trade 
with the traders of St. Louis. They 


furnish Beaver, Martain, Loups, 
Pekin, Bear & Deer Skins, and 
have about 40 Traders among 
them. The Dar co tar or Suouex 


rove & follow the Buffalow raise 
no corn or any thing else the 
woods & praries affording a suffc- 
ency, they eat Meat, and Substi- 
tute the Ground potato which grow 
in the Plains for bread. 


The Names of the Defferent Tribes 
or bands of the Sceoux, or Dar 
co tar Nation 
Ist. Che cher 
bois ruley) (brule) now present 
inhabit the Suouex & Demoin 


Rivers and the Jacque. (200 
men.) 
2nd. Ho in de borto (Poles) they 


live on the heads of Souex and 
Jacques Rivers. 

3rd. Me Ma car jo (Make fence 
on the river) rove on the Coun- 
try near the big bend of the Mis- 
souries. 


ree Yankton (or: 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


4th. Sou on, Te ton (People of the 
Prarie) the rove in the Plains N. 
of the Riv Missourie above this. 

5th. Wau pa coo tar (Leaf Beds) 
the live near the Prarie de Chain 
Near the Missippi. 

6th. Te Car ton (or Village. of 
Prarie) rove on the waters of the 
Mississippi above Prarie de 
Chain. 

7th. Ne Was tar ton (big Waters 
Town) rove on the Missippi 
above the St. Peters River. 

8th. Wau pa tone (Leaf Nation) 
live 10 Leagues up St. Peters 
River. 

9th. Cas Carba (White Man) live 

- 35 Leagues up St. Peters river.- 

10th. Mi ca cu op si ba (Cut bank) 
rove on the head of St. Peters. 

lith. Sou on ( ) rove on 
St. Peters river in the Praries. 

12th. Sou se toons ( ) live 

40 Leages up the St. Peters river. 


The names of the other bands 
neither of the Souex’s interpters 
could inform me. in the evening 
late we gave Mr. Dourion a bottle 
of whiskey, & he with the Cheifs 
& his Son crossed the river and 
Camped on the Opposit bank. Soon 
after night a violent wind from the 
N. W. with rain the rain Continud 
the greater part of the night. The 
river a riseing a little.” 


Private Whitehouse gives us a brief- 


er, but more graphic story of the coun- 
cil and attending ceremonies: 


426 


“about 9 oClock the Indians was 
brought across the river in our 
pearogue our Captains counseled 
with them read a Speech to them, 
& made 5 of them chiefs & Gave 
them all Some Marchandize &c &c. 
They received them verry thank- 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


fully divided them out among them- 
selves, & play on their juze harps, 
Sung &c. they boys Shot with 
their Bows and arrows for Beeds 
and appeared to be merry, and be- 
haved well among our parie. Capt. 
Lewis Shot his air cun_ told them 
that their was medician in hir & 
& that She would doe Great exe- 
cution, they were all amazed at the 
at the curiosity, & as Soon as he 
had Shot a fiew times they :ll ran 
hastily to See the Ball holes in the 
tree they Shouted aloud at the 
Site of the execution She would 
doe &c. The Captains gave them 
provisions &c. as Soon as it was 
dark a fire was made a drum was 
repaired among them. the voung 
men painted themselves different 
ways. Some with their faces all 
white others with their faces part 
white round their forehead, & 
breasts &c. then they commenced 
dancing in a curious manner to us. 
their was a party that Sung and 
kept time with the drumm._ they 
all danced or all their young men 
especially. they Gave a houp be- 
fore they commenced dancing, they 


would dance around the fire for 


Some time and then houp, & then. 


one of the 
warrirs would git up in the centre 


rest a fiew minutes. 


with his arm & points towards 
the different nations, & make a 
Speech, telling what he had done, 
how many he had killed & how 
many horses he had Stole &c. all 
this make them Great men & iine 
warrirs, the larger rogues the best 
men &c or the Bravest men & 
them that kills most gets the great- 
est honoured among them” 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Patrick Gass too, adds his contri- 
bution, and throws a little additional 
light upon the event. 

“at nine o’clock the Indians came 
over the river. Four of them, who 
were musicians went backwards 
and forwards, through and round 
our camp, singing and making a 


noise. After that ceremony was 
over they all sat in council. Cap- 
tain Lewis and Captain Clark 


made five of them chiefs, and gave 
them some small presents. At 
dark Captain Lewis gave them a 
grained deer skin to stretch over 
a half keg for a drum. When that 
was ready they all assembled 
round some fires made for the pur- 
pose; two of them beat on the 
drum, and some of the rest had 
little bags of undressed skins dried, 
with beads or small pebbles in 
them, with which they made a 
noise. These are their instruments 
of music. Ten or twelve acted as 
musicians, while twenty or thirty 
young men and boys engaged in 
the dance, which was continued 
during the night. No Squaws made 
their appearance among _ this 
party.” 

This last statement that there were - 
no squaws is not quite consistent with 
Captain Clark’s declaration that “the 
squars wore petticoats, etc.” Per- 
haps however it is susceptible of ex- 
planation. Clark’s notes were made 
at the time. Gass’s story was written 
by a third party, many years after- 
ward from notes made by Gass and 
from his personal recollection. 

From Calumet Bluff young Pierre 
Dorian was given a commission and 
sent with United States flags to the 
surrounding tribes to endeavor to 
make peace between them and the 


427 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Sioux, while Old Dorian was sent to 
Washington with a delegation of 
Sioux chiefs. They left the camp on 
the south side and crossed the river 
to the Dakota shore. 


Saturday, September 1, 1804 


Bright and early Old Dorian was 
back in the camp. He had “lift his 
Kittle’ and was back to secure it. 
It had been a rainy night but the 
morning was delightful with a gentle 
breeze blowing up from the _ south. 
The voyaguers resumed their journey 
passing across near the north shore 
and under ‘‘White Bear Clift,” so call- 
ed because “one of those animals 
haveing been killed in a whole in it.” 
The gentle breeze of the morning soon 
turned into a gale and more or less 
rain fell all day long. They made 
their way however to the foot of Bon 
Homme Island, where they camped 
for the night and enjoyed a feast of 
cat fish which were exceedingly 
plenty and of fine quality. “Drewyer” 
killed an elk and a beaver. 


Sunday, September 2, 1804 


They got an early start but were 
soon halted by a landmark that ap- 
pealed strongly to their scientific and 
antiquarian instincts. They went 
across to the north shore and pitched 
their camp and then devoted the day 
to the examination and measurement 
of “the antient works which is situ- 
ated on a level plain about three miles 
from the hills which are high.” 

“A Discreption of the Fortification” 

(1) Commencing on the _ river 
opsi’d the Good Mans Island, first 
Course from the river is 

S. 76 W. 96 yards thence 

S. 84. W. 53 yards (at this angle a 

kind of angle or horn work) 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


N. 69. W. 300 yards to a high part, 
passing the gateway Covered by 
two half Circler works one back 
of the other lower than the main 
work the Gate forms a right 
angle projecting inward. 

N. 32. W.:56: yards 

N. 20 W. 73 yards 

578 

This part of the work appears to 
have either double, or a covered 
way. from this Some irregular 
works appear to have been on 
mounds between this and the 
river, with a Deep round whole in 
the center of a Gorge formed by 
another angle. This part of the 
work is from 10 to 15 feet 8 
Inches—the Mounds of Various 
hight the base of the work is 
from 75 to 105 feet, Steep inward 
and forming a kind of Glassee 
outwards. 

N. 32 W. 96 yards to the Com- 
mencement of a Wall from 8 to 
16 feet high this Course not on 
the Wall but thro to the com- 
mencement of another detached 

N. 81 W. 1830 yards to the river & 
above where this bank Strikes 
the river is the remains of a 
Circular work. 

in this Course at 533 yards a Deep 

Pond of 73 yards Diameter perfect- 

ly round is the Course of the bank 

which is about 8 feet high, from 
this Pond the bank lowers gradu- 
ally. a bank about the same hight 
runs near the river, and must have 
joined the main work at a part 
which is now washed into the river, 
this is also perfectly Streight and 
widens from the main. work, as 
the river above has washed in its 
banks for a great distance I can- 


. Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


not form an Idear How those two 
long works joined. where they 
Strike the river above, they are 
about 1100 yds apart,” 


The numbers below refer to the 


humbers upon the sketch-plan made 
by 
with. 


Captain Clark, reproduced here- 


No. 1. a Wall of the Antient 
Work Commencing on the bank 
of the River and running on a 


direct line S. 76. W. 96 yard, - 


about 75 feet baice and 8 feet 
high. 


2. Wall Continued. and Course S. 
84 W. 53 yards from an angle 
formed by a slopeing decent No. 
13. has the appearance of a horn- 
work of nearly the same hight of 
the former angle No. 1. 


3. the Wall Continued on a Course 
N. 69. W. for 300 yards in which 
there is a low part of the wall 
which is Covered by two Circu- 
lar and lower Walls one back of 
the other. 8.8 which covers the 
gateway Completely, between 


those outer Walls 8.8 there ap- - 


pears to have been a Covered way 
out of the Main work into the 
vacancy between those two 
Walls No. 9. This Wall No. 3 is 
8 feet high and about 75 Bace. 


4. a Wide part of the Wall which 
is about 12 feet high and 105 feet 
base on the Course N. 69 W. Con- 
tinued from the gate way. 


5. The Wall about 15 feet high 
and about 90 feet bace on a 
course N. 32 W. for 56 yds. 


The Wall Continus on a Course 
N. 20 W. for 73 yards and ends 
abruptly near a whole near Sev- 
eral Mounds prismiscusly in the 


rele 


429 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Gorge of the Work between this 
and the river. 


10. N. 32 W. 96 yards across a 
low place much lower than the 
Common leavel of the plain to 
the Commencement of a wall of 
8 feet high this is an open Space, 
from whence there is Some ap- 
pearance of a Covered way to 
the Water. 

10. is a large hollow place much 
lower then the plain. 

12. 12. Several little Mounds in 
the gouge 

7. the 
work. 

14. a redoubt Situated on an Is- 
land which is makeing on the 
Side next to the Main work, the 
wall forming this redoubt is 6 
feet high 


gateway to the Strong 


15. 15. The river banks at the wa- 
ters edge. 
16. a thick Wall of about 6 feet 


high passing from the Rivers 
edge at the gouge of the Work 
perfectly streight to the bend of 
the River above and there ends 
abruptly where the Missouri is 
under mineing its banks on this 
Wall maney large Cotton Trees 
of two & 38 feet diameter, the 
Bank passes thro’ a wood in its 
whole Course. 


No. 17. 19. a Streight wall of 1830 
yard extending from the Gouge of 
the strong work on a Course N. 
81 W. This wall is 8 feet high 
to a round pon (No. 18) from 
then it becomes lower and strikes 
the Missouri at a place where 
that river has the aple of have- 
ing incroached on its banks for 
a great distance. this wall passes 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota | 


‘SyIOM [BOLSOTBVOYIIV JO} USHVISHAL “PUBIST SUIUOHUOg 1¥ SYNC PULM JO SeYy}OYS SAIeIO ‘4deQ 


small Fegavét re. 





RS 7y SULLO OI 
OO 4a 





¥9Y 9dd DIDG OVI 99d NOQAIS 


BIIIZI9 
feAe2/ ay 338 3333 99099 NIIIIg 
Sid500 0g50000 oo ann oy 
° tf 72> 2466 rep LY MoT Sf? bia 0435, 





430 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


"SHIOM [BVOISO[VOYOIV IO] USHRISI “PURIST 9UTWOFUCg 3¥ SiJlIq PUTA JO SoyoJoHS Syae[O Weep 


Sy tap, & 
S) D oe ae A, “LLL 2. Re zs, 


ay ra Sa) 











py ot 
W ~ 


ib 












SSseerentl Su a — oN) 

SaFs OE eee “ — 

-=: Hips a 

ie ee > Ae 

mack =~ x =— ‘4y 
esr TE =. Lb — 

LARNSS CUOlYS LILY. 4 104 ; > oe 
fess 


431 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


in its whole course thro’ a leavel 
plain. 

18. a Deep pond of 73 yards diam- 
eter in the Wall, perfectly round 


20. Thro from the extremity of 
one Wall to the other 1100 yards. 


21. a Small redoubt on the bank 
of the river. 


The Strong part of this work 
which must be about 2/3 of it’s 
original Size Contains Twenty 
acres. 


The part Contained between the 
two Walls is about 500 acres, and 
it is Certain that those Walls have 
been longer and must have con- 
tained a much greater Space”’ 


The foregoing survey and descrip- 
tion like very much of the untrained 
observation of the captains appears to 
have been with little of justification 
in fact. In 1889 Theodore Hays Lew- 
is, an anthropologist of note who has 
done a tremendous amount of work 
in noting and preserving the ancient 
landmarks made a most painstaking 
examination of the “antient Works,” 
at Bon Homme Island. He found 
them to consist wholly of sand drifts 
blown from the bars of the Missouri 
river upon the adjacent flood plain. 
The captains had been _ specially 
charged by Jefferson to bring back 
descriptions of ‘the monuments” of 
the natives and they were honestly 
doing their best to comply with the 
requirement. Neither is it surpris- 
ing that they were misled in this in- 
stance, for many of the wind drifts 
are so curiously placed as to seem to 
be works of men. While through their 
lack of .scientific training they made 
many laughable mistakes, no question 
can be ever raised as to the serious 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


and honest desire which actuated 
them in every report submitted. 


During this day, while the captains 
were examining and surveying the 
“antient Works” Drewyer, Reuben 
Fields, Newman and Howard each 
brought in a fine elk and the men 
were busied in jerking the meat and 
in stretching the green skins over the 
boat to protect it from the snags 
which filled the stream. 

The camp of that day and night 
were at the mouth of the draw that 
makes down to the river from the vil- 
lage of Bon Homme. 


Monday, September 3, 1804 

Extremely cold weather followed 
the rain nearly freezing the unpre- 
pared explorers. They went on ten 
miles to the mouth of Emanuel Creek 
just above Springfield and stopped at 
noon to take an observation to deter- 
mine the latitude, but though they 
noted the observation and gave the 
data secured did not determine the 
latitude of the point. On the Nebraska 
shore they saw signs that Shannon 
had passed up with the horses and 
perhaps that Colter was also ahead, 
but that they were not together. They 
found an abundance of finely flavored 
grapes and delicious plums. They 
camped that night on the Dakota 
shore two miles east of Running Wa- 
ter. 

Tuesday, September 4, 1804 

Only eight miles were made, the 
night camp being pitched on the site 
of old Fort Mitchell, just above the 
mouth of the Niobrara. Captain 
Clark explored the Niobrara for sev- 
eral miles and the men went out to 
hunt for Shannon but got no trace of 
him. The boy had now been gone 
since the 24th of August and Colter 


432 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


had been after him since the evening 
of the 28th and real anxiety was felt 
for his safety. 


Wednesday, September 5, 1804 


Another daylight start with a high 
wind at their backs which sent them 
rapidly up stream. They made five 
miles before stopping for breakfast. 
at the point where Spotted Tail Agen- 
cy was located about 1879, at the 
mouth of Ponca Creek. Two men were 
sent a couple of miles up the creek 
to visit the Ponca village but found 
the inhabitants absent upon the au- 
tumn buffalo hunt. They killed a 
buffalo in the village and a large buck 
deer near by. Going on they passed 
over to the Dakota shore to examine 
the saline springs which spout out 
from Chouteau bluffs just below the 
mouth of Chouteau Creek. In early 
times the Sioux resorted to these 
springs for their supply of salt, secur- 
ing it by a system of evaporation. 
When LeRaye was captive with them 
in the spring of 1802 they left the 
winter camp at Elkpoint in March to 
go to these springs to make salt. The 
high wind carried away their mast 
and they were compelled to camp at 
4 p. m. upon an island which has dis- 
appeared, almost at the 145 mile mark 
above the Sioux river, where they cut 
a cedar tree and shaped it for a mast 
and shipped it upon the big boat. They 
had come but 14 miles. They found 
signs that Shannon and Colter were 
still ahead of them. In addition to 
the buffalo and buck secured in the 
morning, they added to their larder 
three bucks and two elk. While wait- 
ing the meat was jerked for future 
use. They also secured some wild 
turkeys. 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Thursday, September 6, 1804 


The party arose to face a severe 
storm blowing from the northwest; 
the rain soon ceased, but the north- 
west wind raged and it was extreme- 
ly cold and they camped long before 
night in a patch of timber on the Da- 
kota shore, having come _ but 81% 
miles. It was perhaps the most un- 
eventful day spent in the South Da- 
kota stretch. The camp that night 
was at the present Yankton Agency. 


Friday, September 7, 1804 


The movement for this day simply 
carried them forward a few miles and 
across the river to the foot of the 
Tower. On this day they for the first 
time came upon a village of prairie 
dogs, then utterly new to science and 
they spent the greater part of the 
day studying the interesting little 
rodents. The village was discovered 
by the hunters some. distance out on 
the prairie and the captains went and 
examined it, but being unable to se- 
cure a specimen returned and ten 
men carried water from the river and 
with it they succeeded in drowning 
out one of them, which ultimately 
they were able to deliver to President — 
Jefferson. They state that it requir- 
ed five barrels of water before the 
beast came out of his den. They at- 
tempted to dig to the end of the hole 
but after excavating more than Six 
feet gave up the search. The cap- 
tains also examined and measured the 
Tower, but for some reason failed to 
take its latitude. It is one of the most 
notable land marks on the river and 
mentioned by all travelers and ex- 
plorers. Ten years, almost to a day, 
before Lewis: and Clark were there, 
Jean Baptiste Trudeau camped upon 
the very spot where the explorers 


433 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


were resting at this time. Catlin 
painted a picture of it in 1832. War- 
ren in 1856 made it the bench mark 
from which he located the Fort Ran- 
dall Military reservation. Captain 
Clark’s memorandum of it says: ‘We 
landed near the foot of a round mount- 
ing, resembling a dome. Cap Lewis 
& Myself walked up to the top which 
forms a Cone and is about 70 feet 


higher than the high lands around it: 


the base is about 300 foot.” Gass with 
his characteristic bluntness_ says: 
“Captain Lewis and captain Clarke 
and some of the men went to visit a 
round knob of a hill on the prairie.” 
On Sunday, August 31, 1806, when re- 
turning Captain Clark says: “At 4 
P. M. passed the doome.”’ Of the 
prairie dogs Gass says: “Having un- 
derstood that the village of those 


small dogs was at a short distance -° 


from our camp, captain Lewis and 
Captain Clark, with all the party ex- 
cept the guard went to it and took 
with them all the kettles and other 
vessels for holding water; in order 
to drive the animals out of the holes 
by pouring water in; but though they 
worked at the business till night, they 
caught only one of them.” Close by 
the Tower on the river bank they 
found a scaffold covered with meat 
neatly dried. It had been left by 
John Colter the man “in pursoot” of 
Shannon. 


Saturday, September 8, 1804 


A warm spell followed the cold 
storm and a gentle breeze came up 
the river this morning to help them 
on their way. They stopped almost 
exactly upon the point where the 
North line of Nebraska touches the 
Missouri river and took the latitude 
which they recorded so far as the 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


astronomic date is concerned but were 
unable to take the meridian. These 
observations were made at 7:27 a. m. 
Soon afterward they passed the Tru- 
deau or Pawnee House which was lo- 
cated upon what is now Section 22, 
Town 95, Range 65 in Charles Mix 
county. Clark says Trudeau spent the 
winter of 1796 there, but we have no 
other evidence upon this point and 
he may be mistaken about the year. 
The house was built in November 
1794 by Jean Baptiste Trudeau, rep- 
resenting “The Commercial Company 
for the Discovery of Nations of the 
Upper Missouri,” of St. Louis. He se- 
lected this location sheltered by the 
chalk cliff and amid the timber where 
the little creek supplied pure water 
in the hope of escaping the attention 
of any of the Indians, but the Oma- 
has and Poncas soon found him out 
and moved in and lived off him dur- 
ing a most trying winter. In the 
spring Trudeau went to the Arickara 
and not long afterward ‘was teaching 
the first public school in St. Louis. He 
may have been a very good school 
teacher but he certainly was not a 
success as an Indian trader. They 
passed the later site of Fort Randall. 
Drewyer who had been out with the 
remaining horse, shot a buffalo on 
the prairie, and placed his hat over 
the wound to keep off the flies while 
he came to the boat for help. Patrick 
Gass went out with him to bring in 
the meat but when they arrived at 
the place found that a pack of wolves 
had literally devoured the carcass of 
the buffalo, but what was worse had 
carried off the Frenchman’s hat. Not- 
withstanding Drewyer’s bad luck they 
had a successful day hunting. Captain 
Lewis got a buffalo which was swim- 
ming the river, a hunter got another 


434 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


and two elk, 4 deer, 3 turkeys and a 
squirrel were casually picked up. They 
stopped early on Chicot, or Big Cedar 
Island to jerk the meat, having come 
17 miles from the Tower. 


Sunday, September 9, 1804 


Sunrise found them on the way, 
the prairies, the river bottom and the 
stream itself were literally filled with 
game. Hundreds of buffalo fed un- 
concerned on the plains, every copse 
covered deer and elk. The bag that 
day contained four buffalo and three 
deer. Captain Clark got one beef, 
York 2 and Reub. Fields 1. Drewyer 
brought in the three deer. The whole 
party finding themselves in a sports- 
man’s paradise were wild to hunt, but 
wisely the captains contented them- 
selves with only so much as could 
be preserved. They traveled 14% 
miles as their Sabbath’s day journey 
and having spent a good deal of time 
curing the meat, kept on until sun- 
set and camped on the west shore at 
the mouth of Whetstone Creek, where 
Spotted Tail’s second agency on the 
Missouri was located and from which 
he speedily removed to get his braves 
further from the intoxicating liquors 
which flowed almost as freely on the 
Missouri, as did the muddy waters of 
the stream. The latitude this morn- 
ing was taken as 45° 11’ 56” almost 
right. 

Monday, September 10, 1804 

A dark cloudy morning with a south- 
east wind threatened rain but the 
party set out at the usual early hour 
and at noon had made ten miles where 
they stopped to climb the west bank 
to examine ‘fa ruck of bones,” which 
proved to be some forty-five feet of 
the tail of a plesiosaurus, a pioneer 
settler of the Mesozoic whose grave 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


had been desecrated by the post 
glacial wash, leaving his petrified car- 
cass exposed on this hill top. A por- 
tion of the vertebra was picked up 
and may be still seen in the Museum 
of the Smithsonian Institution. 

John Colter who had been looking 
for Shannon since the 28th of Aug- 
ust came to the boat, not having over- 
taken his man, but certain that he 
was ahead. Sergeant Ordway, after 
looking at the petrified remains of 
the saurus, started for a hunt along 
the bluffs of the west shore but soon 
came to the boat to report that he 
had found a remarkable salt spring 
about a mile and a half back from the 
river. They therefore came, to op- 
posite Cedar Island, and while Cap- 
tan Clark and some of the men went 
up to examine the spring Captain Lew- 
is took the sun’s altitude for the sec- 
ond time that day but in neither in- 
stance was the latitude deduced. Two 
springs were found pouring out an 
abundance ‘of remarkable Salt water.” 
They took a sample of it which final- 
ly reached Washington. They made a 
total of 20 miles that day and camped 
on the lower end of Hot Springs Isl- 
and. They got three buffalo and one 
elk that day. 


Tuesday, September 11, 1804 


Another cloudy disagreeable morn- 
ing, but they were off before it was 
fairly light and picked: their way 
over the sand bars for eleven and 
one-half miles where they halted in the 
attempt to get some specimens of the 
prairie dog, at about the Watson Ham 
Farm in LaRoche township, Charles 
Mix county, and took their dinner 
there. At one o’clock they saw a 
horseman coming down the west 
shore and they pulled across to him. 


435 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


It proved to be poor George Shannon 
looking disconsolate enough as he 
rode down the bank in the rain which 
now cold and biting was driving down 
from the northwest. The child had 
found the horses soon after leaving 
camp on the morning of August 28, 
near the mouth of the Vermillion and 
thinking the party were ahead had 
pushed on up the river. He had but 
a few bullets with him and these 
were soon shot away. From the first 
he was ahead of the party, but did 
not himself reach that conclusion un- 
til he had reached the mouth of Bull 
Creek, in Lyman county, just south, of 
the White River. Now believing that 
he had left the party behind he camp- 
ed for several days, subsisting wholly 
upon grapes while the wolves howled 
around his lonely camp. Game was in 
plenty but he could not secure any 
save a rabbit which he shot with a bit 
of wood used in place of a bullet. Fin- 
ally he came to believe he had made a 
great mistake; that the party was real- 
ly far ahead of him and that he could 
not hope to overtake it. So he had 
started back down the river hoping to 
come upon a trading boat which it 
was understood was to come to the 
upper river that autumn. When he 
reached the explorers he was in a 
starving condition but soon recovered 
and seemed to be no worse for his 
trying experiences. One of the two 
horses had been quite lost. They 
went on four and one-half miles furth- 
er and camped for the night on the 
west shore at the mouth of a run, 
practicaly at the line projected, which 
separates Brule and Charles Mix 
counties. 


Wednesday, September 12, 1804 
The morning continued cold and 
dark with a raging northwest wind 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


and they found themselves in a nar- 
row channel between an island (sand 
bar) and the west shore where the 
current was unusually swift and 
though they toiled liked beavers all 
day were able to make but 4 miles 
against the current and head wind. 
They persevered until after dark and 
then went into camp for the night on 
the west side, opposite and a little be- 
low the old Spaulding Ranch. All of 
the journalists remark upon the diffi- 
culties of that day’s voyage. Time and 
again the current would catch the 
boats and whirl them about. The men 
waded in the water up to their necks. 
On numerous occasions the cargoes 
were nearly dumped in the river. It 
drizzled all day and it was far from 
being a happy occasion. Captain 
Clark took Patrick Gass and John 
Newman with him and went for a 
hunt on the west side but got no 
game. 


Thursday, September 13, 1804 


This was another cold, drizzly day 
the northwest wind continuing, but 
better progress was made. George 
Drewyer caught four beavers and 
Captain Lewis ‘Killed a Porcupin on 
a Cotton tree, feeding on the leaves 
and bowers of the said tree.” They 
accomplished 12 miles and camped on 
the “stobbard” side under a high bluff 


where the Muskeetors was verry 
troublesom.” They were under the 
high bank in the vicinity of “Dry 
Island.” 


Friday, September 14, 1804 


The drizzly weather continued and 
conditions were most disagreeable. 
The water was so shallow “we had 
to waid & hall the barge over the 
bars.” Captain Clark walked on the 
west shore looking “to find an old 


436 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Vulcanoe, Said to be in this Neigh- 
borhood, by Mr. J. McKey, of St. 
Charles. I walked on the shore all 
day without Seeing any appearence 
of the Vulcanoe.” Mr. McKay doubt- 
less referred to the “burning bluff” 
in Gregory county which they had 
passed several days earlier. It is 
near the bank of the river in the 
northeastern corner of Gregory coun- 
ty and is quite an interesting phenom- 
enon. Many observers have attribut- 
ed the heat to natural gas, but Prof. 
James E. Todd, long state geologist, 
says of it: “I have no doubt it (the 
heat) was due to the oxidation of 
iron pyrites. There is an abundance 
of that material in the unexposed 
shales. As erosion causes. fresh 
cracks from time to time the air en- 
ters and oxidation, not infrequently 
goes on so rapidly as to decompose 
the pyrite and set the sulphur on fire, 
producing according to circumstances, 
burning bluffs,’ such as those near 
Vermillion and in Gregory county. 

While looking for the “Vulcanoe” 
Captain Clark saw and shot the first 
antelope which had come to their 
notice. He thought it a goat but 
takes pains to describe it fully and 
accurately. They made nine miles 
and camped at dark at the mouth of 
‘Bull Creek, on the site of the first 
Brule Agency and the spot where 
poor little George Shannon had spent 
a miserable week, starving on wild 
grapes. By the camp fire that night 
in the persistent rain, they ‘“stufed 
the rabit & Goat.” 


Saturday, September 15, 1804 


Two ‘miles above the camp they 
passed the mouth of White River and 
stopped to explore it a bit. Captains 
went up the stream a short distance 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


and finding it interesting, Patrick 
Gass and Reub. Fields were sent to 
make a fuller examination. They 
went up the stream 8 miles and camp- 
ed for the night, Captain Clark says 
on the S. S. which ordinarily means 
on the Starboard, or east shore, but 
he says also it was opposite the mouth 
of a large creek on which there is 
more timber than is usually upon 
creeks in these parts. This camp was 
on the East shore almost opposite 
the mouth of American Crow creek, 
five miles below Chamberlain. “The 
evening is Verry Cold. Great Many 
Wolves of Different sorts howling 
about us.” 


Sunday, September 16, 1804 


It had been the plan to send Corp- 
oral Worfington back to St. Louis with 
some of the boatmen, upon the expi- 
ration of his term of enlistment, 
which occurred on August 4th when 
they were at Council Bluffs, but he 
had been prevailed upon to keep along 
with the party, and the experience of 
the last few days had convinced the 
commandants that they could not get 
on with fewer men than they already 
had. They put the matter up to 
Worfington and he readily consented 
to remain until spring. The continued 
rains had wet the baggage, the small- 
er boat had been gradually relieved 
of its load in anticipation of sending 
it back, and it was determined to 
rest a day or two, examine and dry 
the goods and reship them in a way 
to more equitably distribute the loads 
in the boats. They therefore crossed 
the river to a point a mile and a quar- 
ter above the mouth of American 
Crow creek and very near the present 
village of Oacoma and made camp in 
a “butifull plain Serounded by thin 


437 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Timber.” The tired men were rejoic- 
ed to get this rest. The weather had 
turned warm and delightful and they 
named the place Camp Pleasant. They 
found delicious plums in abundance 
and the acorns were just falling from 
the burr oaks and the men feasted 
upon them. The goods were spread 
out to dry, several deer were killed to 
secure the hides to cover the boats. 


Gass and Fields left their camp on 
the White river early and came across 
the hills until they struck American 
Crow Creek which they followed 
down to Oacoma and joined the party 
at Camp Pleasant at 4 p.m. They re- 
ported that they found pine burs and 
birch wood floating in White River. 

The region had recently burned 
over and the continued rains had 
started a fine growth of new grass 
and every condition made the land 
seem a paradise on that beautiful 
September Sunday. While the men 
were engaged in renovating the cargo 
Captain Lewis determined to amuse 
himself by a tramp on land. He kill- 
ed a buffalo and a magpie, a bird not 
known in the eastern states. Captain 
Lewis seems to have recognized it as 
a magpie but still called it Crow and 
gave the name to the Creek where 
he found it; hence American Crow 
Creek. The rest in Camp Pleasant 
continued over Monday. Captain 
Lewis went up and explored American 
Island which was but a mile above 
the camp; it has moved up stream 
some distance since that date. 

In overhauling the goods they came 
upon the thermometer, which had 
been hidden since the 14th of May, 
the day they started up the stream, 
and thereafter the temperature was 


recorded twice daily. This instru- 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


ment had an_ interesting history. 
When they arrived in St. Louis they 
found there Dr. Saugrin, a French 
scientist of note, who was a refugee 
in America from the terrors of the 
Revolution. He convinced the cap- 
tains of the necessity of having a ther- 
mometer in their kit, but there was 
not a single one in the Mississippi 
Valley. Madame Saugrin possessed 
among the few articles she was able 
to bring from Franee, where they had 
lived in luxury before the Revolution, 
a French plate mirror, which was the 
joy of her heart, but she heroically 
consented to sacrifice it in the inter- 
est of science. Dr. Saugrin carefully 
scraped the quicksilver from the back 
of the mirror, melted up the glass to 
make the stem of the thermometer 
and putting the quick silver into it 
and graduating it by careful tests, 
determined from the freezing point 
and the normal human temperature. 
Judging by known temperatures of 
this period the instrument seems to 
have been fairly accurate. 

On both Sunday and Monday merid- 
ian observations were made but the 
latitude was not deduced. 


Tuesday, September 18, 1804 

The party, rested and refreshed, 
started early with the boats in much 
better trim; but a strong head wind 
made progress slow. They killed an- 
immense amount of game and camped 
early to jerk the meat at mile 260 
above the Sioux river, being upon the 
point of the first bend above Cham- 
berlain and on the west side. They 
passed American Island, but only note 
that there was “a large perportion of 
seeder” on it. Only 7 miles were trav- 
eled on the way this day. 


438 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Wednesday, September 19, 1804 


A beautiful morning with a south- 
east wind made navigation easy and 
they sped forward 261% miles reaching 
the gorge at Big Bend before they 
camped. The bag that day two buck 
elk, two buffalo and four deer. They 
made the acquaintance of the cactus 
this day and named one of the 
streams “Prickly Pear” in honor of it. 
They passed the three creeks that en- 
ter the Missouri river from the east 
at Crow Creek Agency, which they 
called the Three Rivers of the Sioux 
Pass. This point was a favorite 
crossing of the Missouri for all of the 
tribes and Clark says it was a place 
where all tribes had the right of 
asylum, as at Pipestone Quarry. A 
meridian observation was taken at the 
mouth of the Three Rivers, but the 
result was not deduced. At sunrise 
the thermometer registered 46 above 
and at 4:00 p. m. 71 degrees. 


Thursday, September 20, 1804 

The camp of the previous night was 
upon the upper point of the lower of 
the two islands opposite the gorge of 
Big Bend. Drewyer and Shields were 
sent across the gorge with the lone 
horse, to hunt until the party had 
made the circuit of the bend. Cap- 
tain Clark stopped to examine the 
gorge. He says: “I walked on shore 
with a view of examening this bend 
crossed at the Narost part which is 
high irregular hills of about 180 or 
190 feet, this place the gouge of the 
bend is 1 mile & a quarter from river 
to river across. From this highland 
which is only in the gouge the bend 
is a butifull plain through which I 
walked.” Reub. Fields killed a fe- 
male antelope: “She differs from 
Mail as to size being smaller with 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota. 


Small Horns, Streght with a Small 
Prong without any black about the 
neck. None of these goats has any 
beard, they are all Keenly made.” 
Captain Lewis was likewise out pros- 
pecting the shore. A camp for the 
night was made on the “stobbard,” 
side about five miles east of the 
“eouge”’ on the north side of the bend, 
and both captains joined the camp at 
dark. They slept on the sand bar too 
close to the river and at 2 o’clock in 
the morning the bank broke down 
nearly capsizing the boats and pre- 
cipitating the men into the water. 
They crossed the river and camped 
on the other shore for the rest of the 
night, and at daylight the morning of 
the 21st went on five miles to the 
“souge” to breakfast. The observa- 
tions of Captain Clark we now know 
were very accurate except as to the 
distance around the bend. This he 
estimated at thirty miles, whereas it 
is but 24. 


Friday, September 21, 1804 


After breakfasting at the gorge of 
Big Bend, the remainder of the day 
was uneventful. They made 11% miles 
and camped on the east shore in a 
cottonwood grove at the mouth of 
Reynolds Creek, in what is now 
Hughes county. At the mouth of Med- 
icine Creek, then called Tyler’s Creek, 
they found that Drewyer and Shields 
had killed and hung some game for 
them to pick up and had gone on. 
At this point was afterward located 
“Fort Defiance” and the Red Cloud 
Agency was also here for a brief per- 
iod after the Laramie Treaty of 1868. 
They observed that the water fowl 
were fiying South for the first time 
that day and took it to be a sign of 


early winter. It was a fine summery 


439 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


day with mercury at 58 at sunrise 
and rising to 88 at 4:00 p. m. 


Saturday, September 22, 1804 


The fog was so heavy they could 
not make their way until after 7 
o’clock but when it lifted they were 
entranced with the beautiful prairies 
which border on both sidés of the 
river at this point. The pasture was 
excellent and the plains on _ both 
sides were literally alive with buf- 
falo which were rolling in fatness. 
They passed the Three Sisters, which 
consisted of the two Islands now 
known as Dorian Islands and Cedar 
Creek, and on to an island near the 
east shore that has since become in- 
corporated with the east mainland in 
Hughes county, two miles*below the 
mouth of Chapelle Creek and about 
the same distance from DeGrey post 
office. It was a beautiful, cedar 
covered island a mile and a half 
long and upon it Registre Loisel, of 
St. Louis had built a_ substantial 
trading post, a space about 70 feet 
Square picketed in with cedar poles 
13% feet above ground and with 
sentry boxes in two of the angles. 
Within this picketed square was a 
comfortable house, 32% x 45% feet 
divided into four equal rooms, one 
for trade, one for a common hall and 
two for living purposes. Just when 
this house was built is not certain 
but perhaps in 1796. 


Loisel, who was a Canadian, locat- 
ed in St. Louis in 1793 and at once 
engaged in trade on the upper Mis- 
souri. It is scarcely possible that he 
was located here in 1794 when Tru- 
deau was in the vicinity. He died 
in 1804 at St. Louis after Lewis and 
Clark left that place. There has 
been much dispute as to the exact 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


location of this house, many authori- 
ties placing it upon Upper Dorian 
Island, but “Capt. Clarks Course, Dis- 
tance & Refferences,”’ for September 
21 and 22, places it 25 miles above 
the gorge of Big Bend, and then to 
make certainty doubly sure marked it 
upon his map, which is in every re- 
spect remarkably accurate, just be- 
low the mouth of Chappelle Creek. 
After Loisel’s death the property 
passed into the possession of Manuel 
Lisa and from him to the St. Louis 
Missouri Fur Company and burned 
in 1810 while filled with very valu- 
able furs entailing a loss of more 
than $10,000. There is much reason 
to believe that Manuel Lisa’s estab- 
lishment which he maintained for the 
benefit of the Sioux of the Missouri 
during the War of 1812 was located 
upon this island. 

Drewyer and Shields who had again 
gone up the west shore with the 
horse, joined the main party at 
Loisel’s house. 

Patrick Gass says two of the 
rooms in the Loisel house were “a 
family house,’ and Private White- 
house in speaking of the use of 
which the rooms were put says: 
“and one for a famaly house,” and 
this leads one to wonder if Mrs. 
Loisel, to whom he .was married in 
St. Louis in 1800 spent her honey- 
moon here. 

They camped for the night at the 
mouth of the Chapelle, in Hughes 
county. 


Sunday, September 23, 1804 


A beautiful autumn morning, with 
a southeast breeze; though the equi- 
noxial storm was scarcely over the 
purity and dryness of the atmosphere 
was noted and Captain Clark states: 


440 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


“Aire remarkably dry. plumbs & 
grapes fully ripe. in 36 hours two 
Spoonfulls of water aveporated in a 
sauser.” It was fifty above in the 
morning and grew exceedingly hot be- 
fore night. Reub. Fields was hunting 
up. the east shore and came upon Med- 
icine Knoll Creek, and the captains, 
in honor of its discoverer named it 
Reuben’s Creek. They found several 
small wooded islands that have dis- 
appeared. The prairies across in Ly- 
man county were discovered to be on 
fire. The Tetons no doubt had secur- 
ed information of the approach of 
the explorers and were signalling 
-their friends to come in. They camp- 
ed on what is now the McClure Ranch, 
opposite the mouth of Antelope creek 
and about two miles below Hackberry 
creek. Three Sioux boys swam the 
river to the camp and informed them 
that 80 lodges were camped near the 
mouth of Bad River and 60 other 
lodges were near by. They gave the 
boys a quantity of tobacco and ferried 
them back to the west shore. They 
deduced the latitude as 44° 40’ 42”. 
It is 44° 20’. 


Monday, September 24, 1804 


They called the very straight por- 
tion of the river from De Grey to 
Pierre, the Grand Reach. They pass- 
ed Farm Island which was but 1% 
miles long at that time and the main 
channel of the river passed north of 
it. They “observed a great Deel of 
Stone on the Sides of the hills on the 
‘Stobbard’.”” They felt some anxiety 
about the reception they would re- 
ceive from the Tetons. Since Old 
Dorian left them at Yankton they had 
no interpreter who could speak the 
Sioux with any facility. They got 
their guns in trim and also laid out 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


a number of presents for the chiefs. 
John Colter had left the horse at the 
mouth of Antelope Creek and crossed 
over to Farm Island to hunt and had 
killed an elk, but when he returned 
for his horse it was not to be found, 
and the serenity of the occasion was 
not advanced when he came running 
to the boat to inform the captains 
that the Indians had stolen old Dob- 
bin. Soon five Indians came to the 
shore and wanted to fraternize with 
them, but they “ankered out Som 
distance and Spoke to them informed 
them we were friends & Wished to 
continue So but were not a fraid of 
any Indians, Some of their young men 
had taken the horse, * * * and we 
would not Speek to them untill the 
horse was returned to us again.” 
Whitehouse adds to this statement, 
“We could not understand them nor 
them us.” It was early in the after- 
noon, but one of the boats had stop 
ped down at Farm Island to dress the 
elk, and they waited where they were, 
midway between Farm Island and 
Perry’s Island until the boat came up. 
They named Perry’s Island, ‘Good 
Humored Island,’ and came on to the 
mouth of Bad River where they an- 
chored 100 yards out in the stream. 
On Evans’ map of the Missouri as far 
as the Mandans, which they carried 
with them, this stream was called the 
little Missouri, but the captains at once 
changed the name to Teton. The 
Indians called it “Seecha,”’ (Bad) and 
their name has stuck. Captain Clark 
went ashore and smoked with the 
chiefs and arranged for a council on 
following day. They had much diffi- 
culty in making themselves under- 
stood, although one Frenchman of the 
party could speak a few words of the 
Sioux language. The chief said they 


441 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


would see to it that the horse was 
returned if one of their men had stol- 
en it. More than half of the men 
r-mained on board that night, but a 
few of the hardier ones slept ashore 
with the Indians. 


Tuesday, September 25, 1804 
Captain Clark’s journal entry for 
this day is so unique, characteristic 
and original, as well as entertaining 
that it is included herewith verbatim 
et literatum. 


“A Fair Morning the Wind from 
the S. E. all well, raised a Flag 
Staff & made a orning or Shade on 
a Sand bar-in the mouth of Teton 
River, for the purpose of Speeking 
with the Indians under, the Boat 
Crew on board at 70 yards Dis- 
tance from the Boat. the 5 Indi- 
ans which we met last night Con- 
tinued, about 11 OClock the 1.t & 
2d. Chief Came we gave them Some 
of our Provisions to eat, they gave 
up great Quantitis of Meet Some of 
which was Spoiled we feel much 
at a loss for the want of an interp- 
eter the one we have can Speek 
but little. 


Met in Council at 12 oClock and 
after Smokeing, agreeable to the 
usueal Custom, Cap. Lewis pro- 
ceeded to Deliver a Speech which 
we oblige to Curtail for want of a 
good interpeter all our party pa- 
raded. gave a Medal to the Grand 
Chief Calld. in Indian Un ton gar 
Sar bar in French Beeffe nure 
Black Buffalow. Said to be a good 
Man, 2 Chief Torto hon gar or the 
Parti sin or Partizan bad the 3rd, 
is the Beffe de Medison his name 
is Tar ton gar Wa Ker. 1. Consid- 
erable Man, War zing go. 2 Con- 


442 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


siderable Man Second Bear—Mato 
co que par. 

Envited those Cheifs on board to 
Show them our boat and such Cur- 
iossities as was Strange to them, 
we gave them 14 a glass of whiskey 
which they appeared to be verry 
fond of, Sucked the bottle after it 


was out & Soon began to be 
troublesom, one the 2d Cheif as- 
sumeing Drunkness, as a Cloake 


for his rascally intentions I went 
with those Cheifs (in one of the Pe- 
roques with 5 men—3 & 2 Ind.) 
(which left the boat with great 
reluctiance) to Shore with a view 
of reconsiling those men to us, as - 
Soon as I landed the Perogue three 
of their young Men Seased the 
Cable of the Perogue, (in which 
we had pressents &c) the Chiefs 
Sold r. Huged the mast, and the 
2nd Cheif was verry insolent both 
in words & justures (pretending 
Drunkenness & staggered up 
against me) declareing I should not 
go on, Stateing he had not receiv- 
ed presents sufficient from us, -his 
justures were of Such a personal 
nature I felt My self Compeled to 
Draw my Sword (and Made a Sig- 
nal to the boat to prepare for ac- 
tion) at this Motion Capt. Lewis 
ordered all under arms in the boat, 
those with me also Showed a Dis- 
position to Defend themselves and 
me, the grand Chief then took hold 
of the roap & ordered the young 
Warrers away. I felt My Self warm 
& Spoike in verry positive terms. 

Most of the Warriers appeared 
to have ther Bows strung and took 
out their arrows from the quiver. 
as I (being surrounded) was not 
permited (by them) to return, I 
Sent all the men excep 2 Inps. to 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


the boat, the perogue Soon return- 
ed with about 12 of our determined 
men ready for any event. this 
movement caused a no: of the In- 
dians to withdraw at a distance, 
(leaving their chiefs & soldiers 
alone- with me). Their treatment 
to me was verry rough & I think 
justified roughness on my part, 
they all lift my Perogue, and Coun- 
cild, with themselves the result I 
could not lern and nearly all went 
off after remaining in this Situa- 
tion Some time I offered my hand 
to the 1. & 2. Chiefs who refusd. 
to receive it. I turned off & went 
with my men on board the per- 
ogue, I had not prosd. more the 

10 paces before the 1st. Cheif 3rd. 

& 2 Brave Men Waded in after 

me. I took them in & went on 

board. 

We proceeded on about 1 Mile & 
anchored out off a Willow Island 
placed a guard on Shore to protect 
the Cooks & a guard in the boat, 
fastened the Perogues to the boat. 
I call this Island bad humered Is- 
land as we were in a bad humer.” 
The real names of the chiefs as 

now known are Tatonka Sapa or 
Black Buffalo. He was long a promi- 
nent chief of the Minneconjous and 
was the grandfather of the _ well 
known Hump, of recent years. Tawa 
ecedan okiya, the partisan, Tatonka 
Wakan, The Buffalo Spirit. I am 
unable to make any thing intelligible 
of the Indian names recorded of the 
two Considerable Men. 

Bad Humored Island was of course 
Marion’s Island lying in front of the 
capitol and across which the railroad 
now runs. It has become incorporat- 
ed with the west shore and is no long- 
er a true island. 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Private Whitehouse tells the story 
of the day laconically but not the less 
graphically: 


“We delayed to wait for the In- 
dian chiefs and warries to come 
which we expected. about 10 

. oClock they came about 50 in nom- 
ber. our officers made three of 
them chiefs and gave them Med- 
dels & Some presents. 5 of them 
came on board & Stayed a long 
time. Capt. Clark and some men 
took to Shore in a perogue. the 
Indians did not incline to let us 
Go on any further up the river. 
they held the cable of the perogue 
and said they wanted one perogue 
at least to stay as they were poor. 
Capt. Clark insisted on going on 
board but they resisted for a long 
time. they sd they had soldiers 
on Shore as well as we had on 
boar. Capt Clark told them that 
he had men and medicin on board 
that would kill 20 such nations in 
one day. they then began to be 
still and only wished we would 
stop at their lodges untill their 
Women & Children would see us. 
4 of them came on board again & 
we proceeded on 1 mile and anker- 
ed out at the lower point of an 
Island in the middle of. the river. 
the 4 Indians stayed with us all 
night.” 


Just how serious the situation was 
is difficult to determine at this time. 


The Indians had been given just 
enough liquor to make them some- 
what irresponsible. If the captains 


had weakened they would no doubt 
have been pretty mean, but in the 
light of our present day knowledge of 
Sioux character I take it they were 
bluffing and when the bluff was call- 


445 


‘ 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


ed they yielded as graciously as pos- 
sible. 


Wednesday, September 26, 1804 


At day break they set sail and went 
to what is known as the “Buffalo 
Pasture,” directly opposite Snake 
Butte and anchored in the stream. 
The shores were literally lined with 
Indians of all ages, sexes and condi- 
tions. The men were armed with 
“fusees.” All appeared very friendly 
and the chiefs pressed them to land 
and meet their families. Capt. Lewis 
and five men did go ashore and to 
the camp some distance back from 
the river. He was carried from the 
river to the camp on a buffalo robe 
by a party of the young men. He 
was absent for three hours and Cap- 
tain Clark became so uneasy by this 
prolonged absence that he sent one of 
the sergeants to ascertain why he was 
detained. The sergeant reported that 
Lewis was being finely entertained 
and that the Sioux were preparing 
for a great dance that evening. Pres- 
ently Lewis was brought back to the 
boat and Captain Clark was carried 
OHLMALO. Mihey Carin He says: 
“IT was received on a_ elegant 
painted B. Robe & taken to the vil- 
lage by six men & Was not permitted 
to touch the ground untill I was put 
down in the Grand Concill house on a 
White dressed Robe.” As soon as 
Clark had been set down in the coun- 
cil house, the men returned to the 
river and again brought out Lewis in 
the same grand style. The pipe of 
peace was then smoked and a dog 
feast was indulged in and the feast- 
ing and smoking continued until night 
fall when dancing began and was con- 
tinued until midnight. Captain Clark 
thus describes the function: 


444 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


“Soon after they Set me Down, 
the men went for Capt. Lewis 
brought him in the same way and 
placed him also by the Chief in a 
fiew minits an old man rose & 
Spoike aproveing what we had done 
& informing us of their situation 
requesting us to take pity on them 
& which was answered. The great 
Chief then rose with great State 
to the Same purpote as far aS we 
Could learn & then with Great 
Solemnity took up the pipe of 
Peace & and after pointing it to 
the heavins the 4 quarters of the 
Globe & the earth, he made Some 
disertation, (then made a Speech) 
lit it and presented the Stem to us 
to Smoke, when the Principal Chief 
Spoke with the Pipe of Peace he 
took in one hand some of the most 
Delicate parts of the Dog which 
was prepared for the fiest & made 
a Sacrefise to the flag. after a 
Smoke had taken place, & a Short 
Harange to his people, we were re- 
quested to take the Meal (& then 
put before us the dog which they 
had been cooking, & Pemitigon & 
ground potatoe in Several platters 
Pemn. is Buffa. meat dried or jerk- 
ed pounded & mixed with grease 
raw. Dog Sioux think great dish 
used on festivals eat little of dog 
—pemn. & Pote. good.) We Smok- 
ed for an hour (till) Dark & all 
was Cleared away a large fire 
made in the Center, about 10 Mu- 
sitions playing on tabereens (made 
of hoops & Skin stretched), long 
Sticks with Deer & Goat Hoofs tied 
so as to make a gingling noise, and 
many others of a Similer Kind, 
those Men began to Sing & Beet 
on the Tamboren, the Women Came 
forward highly Deckerated in their 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Way, with the Scalps and Tropies 
of War of their fathers Husbands 
Brothers or near Connections & 
proceeded to Dance the War Dance 
(Women only dance jump up & 
down—five or’ six young men se- 
lected accompanied with songs the 
tamborin making the song extem- 
pore words & music every now & 
then one of the com’ come out & 
repeat some exploit in a sort of 
song—this taken up by the young 
men and the women dance to it) 
which they done with great Chear- 
fullness untill about 12 oClock 
when we informed the Cheifs that 
they were fatigued &c. they then 
retired & we Accompd. by 4 Cheifs 
returned to our boat, they Stayed 
with us all night. Those people 
have Some brave men which they 
make use of as Soliders’ those 
men attend to the police of the 
Village Correct all errors I saw 
one of them to day whip 2 Squars, 
who appeared to have fallen out, 
when he approached. all about 
appeared to flee with great tur- 
row. at night they keep two 3, 4 
5 men at difference Distances 
walking around Camp Singing the 
accurrences of the night.” 


But two weeks previously these 
Tetons had been upon a foray against 
the Omahas and killed a_consider- 
able number of them and taken 25 
women and boys prisoner and these 
prisoners were in the camp. They 
exacted a promise from the chiefs 
to return these captives to Pierre 
Dorian in order that he might restore 
them to their people. 


The captains again entertained the 
chiefs on board, after the dance that 
night. 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Thursday, September 27, 1804 

Captain Clark having “Saw & Eat 
Pemitigon, Dog, Groud potatoe made 
into a Kind of Homney,” slept very 
badly and arose early to find his 
guests already up and the shores 
again lined with spectators. The 
guests unconcernedly and as a mat- 
ter of course rolled up the blankets 
upon which they had slept and car- 
ried them off, together with a peck 
of corn apiece. They left’ the boat 
with “reluctience,”’ but Clark speed- 
ed the parting guests by going ashore 
with them and was entertained all 
day, going from one lodge to another 
to be feasted. Later Captain Lewis 
came out and they remained for an- 
other dance that night and when 
“we were Sleepy, & returned to the 
boats” the chiefs again went with 
them. In rowing out to the big boat 
the oarsman awkwardly crossed the 
bow and broke the cable, losing the 
anchor. Clark in a loud voice order- 
ed all hands to the oars, to keep the 
big boat from floating off, and the 
hustle and _ bustle “allarmed_ the 
Chiefs” who “hallowaed & allarmed 
the Camp or Town informing them 
the Mahas were about attacking us.” 
In about ten minutes the bank was 
lined with armed men under the lead 
of Black Buffalo. Two hundred 
braves were in the line, but learning 
the situation many of them returned 
to their teepes while 60 remained 
and patrolled the shore until morn- 
ing.” The big boat was brought to 
shore and tied up. The conduct of 
the Indians at this time, while on 
the surface was friendly and appar- 
ently solicitous for the welfare of the 
whites convinced the captains that 
they were really hostile and would 
make them trouble when they start- 


445 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


ed forward. 
confirmed by 
Pierre Crusette 
Omaha _ captives. 
was maintained until 
no one slept. 


In this view they were 
information which 
secured from the 

A strong guard 
morning and 


Friday, September 28, 1804 


From daylight until 9 o’clock they 
dragged the river in hope to recover 
the lost anchor, but concluding that 
it was buried in the sand determined 
to start forward. A _ soldiers’ lodge 
had been organized among the Sioux 
and the camp placed in their charge; 
that is to say, martial law prevailed. 
With great difficulty the chiefs were 
prevailed upon to leave the boat and 
go ashore, but as they were starting 
the soldiers’ lodge siezed the cable. 
Black Buffalo was still on the boat 
having declared his intention to go 
up the river for some distance with 
the visitors. “I told him the men of 
his nation set on the cable.” He went 
out and told Captain Lewis, “the 
men who Set on the roap,” were sol- 
diers and wanted tobacco. “Capt. L. 
would not be forced into anything.” 
After a good deal of debate Clark 
gave Black Buffalo a twist of tobac- 
co which he threw to the soldiers 
and while they were scrambling after 
it “he jurked the rope from them and 
gave it to the bowsman.” They got 
away aided by a fine breeze from’ the 
southeast. When they got about two 
miles up stream they observed old 
Spirit Medicine standing on _ the 
shore, beckoning to them. They 
stopped and took him on board. He 
told them the soldiers “who set on 
the roap” were acting under the or- 
ders of “The Partisan,’ who spoke 
with a forked tongue. Shortly after- 
ward another Indian was seen com- 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


ing on horse back. He left his 
horse and came to the river. They 
took him on board to learn he was 
a son of Spirit Medicine’s. By him 
they sent back a rather defiant mes- | 
sage to the Sioux and then going 
over to the east shore improvised an 
anchor of stones and took dinner and 
then camped for the night on a sand 
bar in the middle of the river at an 
early hour, having made but six 
miles. They camped unusually early — 
for they all needed rest. Clark says: 
“T am very unwell for want of sleep 
Deturmined to Sleep tonight if pos- 
sible, the men Cooked & we rested 
well.” This camp was about three 
miles below Oahe. 


Saturday, September 29, 1804 

Got an early start and at 9 o’clock 
who should turn up on the west 
shore but The Partisan, with three 
men and a squaw. They wished to 
come aboard to ride to visit some of 
their friends further up the river. 
“We refused stateing verry Sufficint 
reason and was Plain with them on 
the Subject.” Gave him a half twist 
of tobacco for his friends and at his 
request ferried him across to the east 
shore. Just above the mouth of 
Chantier creek they observed the re- 
mains of a Ree town, which had been 
abandoned but five years ago, that is 
in 1799. This I think is a mistake. 
It is not likely that any Rees re- 
mained after 1794. They anchored 
in mid-stream and passed the night 
there having made eleven miles. The 
anchorage where they passed _ the 
night was not far from the mouth of 
the Okabojo. 


Sunday, September 30, 1804 
As soon as it was light it became 
evident that the country was full of 


446 


- Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Indians. One came and wanted to 
ride to the Rees. He was refused. 
At 9 o’clock a large party was found 
camped upon the shore. They cast 
anchor 100 yards out and_ talked 
with them assuring them they could 
not be longer delayed and informing 
them of the bad treatment given 
them by the Tetons. They gave them 
a quantity of tobacco and went on. 
Each of the men of the party was 
given a glass of whiskey, perhaps to 
settle his nerves. The wind was 
blowing strongly from the southeast 
and presently the big boat ran onto 
a snag, “the boat turned and was 
very near filling before we got her 
righted the waves being verry high.” 
Spirit Medicine, the brave chief was 
scared almost to death. He ran and 
hid himself, and then asked to be 
allowed to land, saying that he had 
now conducted his friends beyond all 
danger and he would go back. They 
set him on shore, gave him some 
presents and advised him to keep his 
men away. They went on and camp- 
ed after making 20 miles in mid 
river at Cheyenne Island, having 
passed without notice-.the lower side 
of the gorge at Little Bend. 


Monday, October 1, 1804 


They got up to a raw, cold wind 
and the temperature near the freez- 
ing point, and passing Cheyenne Is- 
land came to the mouth of the Chey- 
enne river. The river daily fell and 
made the sand bars more difficult to 
negotiate. Above the Cheyenne they 
were so bad that at places the water 
was insufficient and they were com- 
pelled to haul the boats across them. 
The wind became so violent that they 
were compelled to lay up for three 
hours. After making 16 miles they 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


camped on the river 11 miles above 
the mouth of the Cheyenne. Here 
they were manifestly surprised to find 
a trading house hid away in the wil- 
lows on the “Lobbard Side.” It was 
the property of John Valle, of Ste. 
Genevive, a son of one of the notable 
old French families of Missouri. He 
was still living in 1827. Valle had 
with him a boy and a Frenchman. 
They were awaiting the coming of the 
Sioux. from the north to trade with 
them. This house was located at 
about the present Clement (Claymore) 
place, midway of the reach on the 
northside of Little Bend peninsula. 
Valle told them he had traded the 
previous winter far up the Cheyenne 
river and gave them some wonderful 
and mistaken information about the 
Black Hills. It was a bad night with 
a howling wind. When they arrived 
at the north side of the gorge of 
Little Bend they stopped to take the 
latitude and determined it at 44°19’ 
36”. It is in tact about 44° 45’ or 
more than 24 miles off. The chronom- 
eter was evidently playing them tricks 
again. 


Tuesday, October 2, 1804 


The voyaguers got up to a cold and 
blustering morning, but without frost. 
John Valle came out and rode with 
them a couple of miles to the gorge 
of Little Bend where they stopped 
for breakfast and to take the latitude 
at the foot of Devils Island. They 
took dinner on a large sand bar in 
the river. It is to be noticed that 
from the time they left Pierre, they 
invariably camped in the middle of 


the river and as far as possible avoid- 


ed the mainland. ‘This fact gives us 
a substantial understanding of the 
mistrust they felt for the Sioux. They 


447 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


heard a shot fired not far away while 
they were at dinner, which gave them 
some concern. At 2 p. m. an Indian 
came out of the woods on the west 
shore and shot his gun, beckoning for 
them to land. ‘We payed no atten- 
tion to him.” He followed along the 
shore some distance, and finally they 
engaged him in conversation. He 
said he was a Yankton and his camp 
of 20 lodges was just over the hill to 
which he invited them to go. They 
excused themselves and told him to 
go and see Pierre Dorian who had a 
message for them. He wanted trade 
and they referred him to John Valle, 
at the next bend below. This inter- 
view occurred just below Plum Is- 
land, directly opposite Fairbank. They 
expected an attack from these Indians 
and made every preparation against 
it. They concluded the Indians would 
be lying for them at the narrows on 
the west side of Plum Island, which 
they named “the Iland of Caution.” 
They were not molested and camped 
after making but 12 miles for the 
day on a sand bar a full half mile 
from the mainshore. This camp was 
about 6 miles above Fairbank. The 
thermometer registered 46 at 4 p. m. 
and the wind was southeast. There 
had been no frost. 


Wednesday, October 3, 1804 


After a rainy windy night on the 
sand bar they went on at 7 o’clock and 
found great difficulty in negotiating 
the sand bars. Mice had gotten into 
the boat and were working havoc with 
the provisions and clothing and at 
noon they stopped for a mouse hunt, 
overhauling the entire cargo. 
fighting the sands’ bars for a time 
without making any progress’ they 
camped and spent the afternoon pros- 


After © 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


pecting ahead for a channel. They 
had come but 8 miles all day and werr 
at what is now known as Pascal I; 
land a short distance north of th 
Sully-Potter county line. At one 
o’clock that afternoon while they were 
still ferreting for mice an Indian 
came to the east bank with a wild 
turkey on his back and he was soon 
joined by four others, but they did 
not deign to notice them. 


Thursday, October 4, 1804 


The result of the reconnoissance of 
the previous evening convinced the 
captains that they had missed the 
main channel, that they were in a cul 
de sac and that the only escape was 
through backing down and _ starting 
over again. This they did dropping 
back three miles and finding the main 
channel proceeded, gaining 12 miles 
above the camp of the previous night 
and 15 miles up stream for the day’s 
work. They made quick work of the 
passage down stream before break- 
fast, and were toiling up the main 
channel when about 8 o’clock several 
braves appeared on the east bank and 
demanded that they land. As the 
voyaguers did not obey the Indian 
“sciped a ball before us. we payed 
no attention to him” but going on un: 
til 9 o’clock stopped on the west shore 
for breakfast. The Indians had fol- 
lowed up the east bank and one of 
them swam across to inform them 
the Sioux wanted traders, and begged 
for powder. They gave him a piece 
of tobacco and set him across on a 
sand bar and went on. They passed 
Dolphees Island, which Captain Lewis 
went ashore to examine. He found 
in the center of it a deserted Ree 
village which has been occupied as 
late as 1797 and was called Lahoocat. 


448 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


They camped for the night on a sand 
bar which then made out from the 
upper end of Dolphees Island and 
about 5 miles below the present site 
of Forest City. 


Friday, October 5, 1804 

The first white frost of the season 
occurred this morning. At 7 a. m. 
the thermometer stood at 36, but it 
had been colder in the night. This 
frost was seasonable as indicated by 
the long period of official observa- 
tions in modern times. While in some 
years the first frost at Pierre is de- 
layed until very late; November 5, in 
1904 and October 20th in 1911 the 
average date since observations have 
been kept, covering 1868 to 1914 in- 
clusive has been October 5, the ex- 
act date of Lewis and Clark’s record. 
They got an early start, but at 7: a. 
m., three Indians, Teton Sioux ap- 
peared on the east bank begging for 
tobacco. They disregarded them and 
went on. Made the bend at Forest 
City, passed Little Cheyenne river 
and camped for the night on a sand 
bar near the east shore at the mouth 
of Stage Creek. They discovered and 
named White Brant creek that day. 
Since leaving Pierre they had secured 
scarcely any game, perhaps because 
they had not cared to take the chances 
of hunting in the Sioux Country, but 
upon this day they killed a buck and 
several antelope beside many geese 
and brants. 


Saturday, October 6, 1804 

This day they traveled from the 
mouth of Stage creek to the mouth of 
Swan creek in the present Walworth 
‘county. Five and one-half miles south 
of Swan Creek, just above the mouth 
of Steamboat creek they passed a 
Ree village, deserted but in good state 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


of repair. There were skin canoes, 
mats, buckets and other utensils and 
materials about the lodges, all giving 
the appearance of recent occupation 
by the owners. 


It is very probable that it was at 
this village Trudeau found the Rees 
in the spring of 1795. This would cor- 
rect a seeming inconsistency in his 
journal. Swan Creek then as now 
was notable for its strong flow of 
water, being fed by unfailing springs. 


Sunday, October 7, 1804 


They got a good start and went 
over to the mouth of the Moreau for 
breakfast. Here they came upon the 
tracks of a white bear. On the south 
side of the Moreau they found another 
Ree town of 60 lodges, palisaded. 
Every thing indicated it had been but 
recently occupied. Captain Clark 
walked for a mile or more up 
the Moreau Valley; during the day 
he also explored Blue Blanket Island 
and found the remains of a Ree town 
upon it, and also found an abundance 
of grouse upon it, for which reason 
they named it Grouse Island. They 
camped on the east bank at what was 
later known as the Revhiem place. 


Monday, October 8, 1804 


Five and one-half miles above the 
camp of last night they found the 
mouth of Grand river which they call- 
ed the Weterhoo. They stopped long 
enough to determine the latitude as 
45° 39’ 5” which is closer than most 
of the observations taken since the 
chronometer began cutting up down at 
Elkpoint. The real latitude is about 
45° 34’ so that they were but 5 miles 
out of the way. They noticed Walpala 
or Oak Creek 2 miles above the Grand 
River where the Milwaukee Coast 


449 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


line now bridges the Missouri. They 
said the natives called it Rearpar, 
meaning beaver dam river, but they 
called it Maropa River. Few streams 
have been blessed with so many 
names within historic times; the 
steamboat men called it Rampart 
Creek because it flowed down from 
the range of hills Known as the ram- 
parts. Thus we have Rearpar, Mar- 
opa, Oak, Rampart and Wakpala. The 
latter is Sioux and simply means 
“creek” or literally little river. 


Four and one-half miles further 
they came to having passed the fam- 
ous towns of the Rees, located in 
what is now Corson county on the 
north bank of the Missouri at that 
point where the river runs directly 
west, where “I formed a camp of the 
french & the guard on shore with one 
sentinel on board the boat at anchor, 
a pleasent evening all things arranged 
for peace or war,’ and Captain Clark 
with two interpreters and two men 
went into the village. The visit was 
no surprise to the Rees for when they 
passed up the banks were lined with 
curious people inviting them to land. 
The river and surroundings have 
changed very materially at this point 
since those days. Then an island 
three miles long lay in front of the 
villages, occupying the entire reach 
where the river runs west. It was 
separated from the west shore where 
the villages stood by a deep narrow 
channel 60 yards wide. The island 
“was covered with the fields and gar- 
dens of the Rees where they grew an 
abundance of corn, beans, pumpkins, 
melons, tobacco and other crops. The 
main channel of the river then ran 
against the Campbell county 

The narrow channel where 


over 
shore. 


-ash_ poles set 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Captain Lewis anchored the boats is 
now covered with giant cottonwoods 
some of them four feet in diameter 
and where the pumpkins and melons 
grew in 1804 the Missouri has plowed 
out its main channel, the eastern 
channel has disappeared and what 
remains of the island has been incorp- 
orated with the Campbell county main- 
land. 


Captain Lewis was not gone long 
until he returned bringing with him 
several Frenchmen among whom were 
Joseph Gravelines and Antoine Ta- 
beau. It may safely be assumed that 
they were also accompanied by “the 
pestiverous Garreau.” They were as- 
sured of the friendliness of the Rees 
and Gravelines who was a trader set- 
tled among them gave them much val- 


uable information. He was a very 
valuable interpreter for them while 
there. 


That evening Robert Frazer was 
enlisted into the service. He had been 
with the party at least since April 1, 
when Captain Lewis entered a note in 
the Orderly Book that he should be 
retained in the service until further 
orders. He was assigned to the mess 
of Patrick Gass. 


The Ree towns consisted of three 
distinct villages the first of which 
was down opposite the Ashley 
island, the other two being higher up 
and separated only by a small creek 
that comes into the Missouri from 
the north. All were palisaded with 
close together and 
bound in place at the tops with wil- 
lows. These walls were about fifteen 
feet high and were a very good de- 
fense against enemies armed only with 
small arms and bows and arrows. 


450 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Tuesday, October 9, 1804 


The voyaguers remained in camp 
all day, it being so cold and the wind 
so high that a council with the Rees 
could not be satisfactorily held. The 
Indians thronged out to see them and 
with open eyed astonishment observ- 
ed York the negro. They had not 
seen nor had they heard that a black 
race existed. York was a natural 
born wag and as strong as a horse. 
He told them that he had formerly 
been a wild animal and had _ been 
caught and tamed by Captain Clark. 
He showed them the most astonish- 
ing feats of strength and to his white 
companions made himself altogether 
too terrible, but he completely won 
the hearts of the Rees, especially of 
the ladies of the municipality with 
whom his crush was tremendous and 
they vied with each other in their 
attentions to him and the very per- 
sonal favors they showered upon him, 
though in this particular they quite 
impartially favored all of the party 
who were susceptible. Even the dig- 
nified captains were greatly embar- 
rassed by their civilities. 


Wednesday, October 10, 1804 

A fine morning greeted them. Grave- 
lines and Tabeau came up upon invi- 
tation and took breakfast with the 
captains and all plans were made for 
At this juncture an 
important sociological condition, 
which is happily wholly confined to 
South Dakota, was forced upon the 
attention of the doughty command- 
ants. Here were two rival towns lo- 
cated within a short distance of each 
other; the leading citizens of which 
were invited to meet in the council; 
the mayor and all of his satellites 


a grand council. 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


from the lower city were on hand, but 
though they waited impatiently until 
12 o’clock, no representative of the 
upper town put in an appearance. 
“We have every reason to believe that 
a gellosie exists between these vil- 
lages,” writes Captain Clark. When 
noon brought no one down from the 
upper settlement, Gravelines was dis- 
patched to ascertain what the diffi- 
culty might be. He was informed 
that it was understood that the new 
governmental regime was to recognize 
a great chief of the Aricaras, and 
that it was likewise understood that 
a citizen of the lower town had been 
pre-selected for the honor, and that 
they did not propose to participate in 
a political convention in which all the 
cards were stacked against them. 
Gravelines assured them they should 
have a fair opportunity and they re- 
luctantly came down to the council. 
When the captains were confronted 
with the proposition they adroitly 
met the situation by naming a chief 
from each of the three villages with 
equal powers and honors. The three 
gentlemanly citizens of South Dakota 
whom the captains recognized that 
day upon behalf of the government of 
the United States as chiefs of the 
Aricaras were Lightning Crow, (Kak- 
awissassa) Hay (Pocasse) and Eagle 
Feather (Piabeto). The chiefs re- 
fused to seal the new compact by 
in whiskey and gravely 
offering 


pledging it 
rebuked the captains’ for 
them a drink that takes away men’s 
sense. After the ceremony was over 
and York had made a special exhibi- 
tion of his “turrubleness” the men 
set up a small corn mill they had 
with them and greatly interested the 


Rees in its operation. 


451 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Thursday, October 11, 1804 


All of this time the party had been 
encamped just above the lower vil- 
lage. They waited until 11 o’clock 
and then went into the village to-hold 
a special council with the Lightning 
Crow. He pledged friendship, loyalty 
to the United States and an open 
road for traders bound for the upper 
river. At 1: p. m. they set out for 
the upper villages, taking Lightning 
Crow and his nephew with them. 
They visited the two villages con- 
secutively and counseled the leaders 
and remained with them until ten in 
the evening, being treated with 
every civility, although “those people 
are both pore & Durty.” Prom- 
ising to council with each village sep- 
arately, on the morrow they went off 
to bed upon the boats, but most of 
the men were accommodated that 
night in the mansions of the munici- 
pality. During the visit that day the 
captains were regaled ‘with bread 
made of Corn & Beens boild a large 
Been which they rob the Mice of the 
Prarie which is rich and very nur- 
rishing also quashes &c.” 


Friday, October 12, 1804 


The forenoon was spent in visiting 
the chiefs of the villages who loudly 
vociferated their loyalty. The cap- 
tains took pains to enlarge upon the 
power of the United States. There 
was an exchange of presents and at 
2:00 p. m. the party resumed its voy- 
age accompanied by all three of the 
chiefs. Lightning Crow and Hay soon 
left them but Eagle Feathers accomp- 
anied them to the Mandans. At that 
date the Rees had 500 fighting men. 
They advanced 91% miles and camped 
on the east shore at what is now 
known as the Campbell Landing. 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Saturday, October 13, 1804 

This morning information was 
brought to the captains that John 
Newman had been persistently indulg- 
ing in contemptuous criticism of the 
enterprise and its commandants. They 
instantly arrested him and confined 
him upon the boat charged with ‘‘mut- 
inous expression.” When they arriv- 
ed at Spring Creek, Campbell county 
they learned of a _ local tradition 
which Captain Clark relates thus: “A 
few miles from the river on the Star- 
board (east) Side 2 stones resembling 
humane persons and one resembling a 
dog is situated in the open prairie, to 
these stones the Ricores pay Great 
reverence make offerings whenever 
they pass those People have a curious 
Tredition of those Stones, one was a 
man in Love, one a Girl whose parents 
would not let marry (The man as is 
customary went off to mourn, the fe- 
male followed) the Dog went to morn 
with them all turned to Stone gradu- 
ally commencing with the feet. Those 
people fed on grapes until they turn- 
ed and the woman has a bunch of 
grapes Yet in her hand.” They trav- 
eled 18 miles and camped on the east 
shore on the bottom midway between 
La Grace and Vanderbilt and about 
on the line separating the Chillcot 
and Ferguson farms. That night they 
entered an order Constituting Serg- 
eants Ordway and Gass, John Shields, 
‘Hugh Hall, John Collins, William 
Werner, William Bratte, George Shan- 
non and Silas Goodrich as court mar- 
tial to try John Newman. Captain 
Clark was to preside and see that all 
proper forms were complied with but 
he was to give no opinion. They pro- 
ceeded at once to the trial. Newman 
pleaded not guilty to the charges 
against him and made what defense 


452 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


he could but from the testimony ad- 
duced, more than two-thirds of the 
court agreed to his conviction and 
sentenced him to, on the following 
day, be given 75 lashes on the bare 
back, and be discharged from the ser- 
vice. 

This sentence was confirmed by the 
captains who ordered that it be exe- 
cuted the next day between 1 and 2 
o’clock p. m. 


Sunday, October 14, 1804 

All of Saturday night a heavy rain 
fell which continued through out Sun- 
day and wet, cold and oppressed by 
the necessity to punish John Newman 
the party got on its way, but the 
progress was slow. At one p. m. 
they stopped on a sand bar at the 
state line; took a dinner for which no 
one cared and then John Newman 
was brought out and his back bared 
to the cold rain and _ seventy-five 
lashes were applied leaving him cut, 
bruised and bleeding. He was then 
ordered to the Red Perogue, the boat 
handled by. the French river men, not 
enlisted regularly and made the camp 
drudge. His case was indeed a sorry 
one. He was really a good man with 
a bad temper who had brought his 
ills upon himself by talking too much. 
After his awful humiliation he did 
his utmost to reinstate himself in the 
good graces of the commandants and 
his army comrades. Every task im- 
posed upon him he performed with 
fidelity. At Mandan he was especially 
useful. While hunting to supply food 
for the camp he was badly frozen in 
the hands and feet and suffered ex- 
cruciatingly but did not relax his 
efforts to please. When spring came 
he begged to be reinstated, but the 
captains were inexorable and sent 
him back to St. Louis. On the way 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


down he continued to be useful and 
on one occasion by his’- exertions 
saved the party and the boat from 
shipwreck. Captain Lewis filed a 
strong brief in his behalf in the War 
Department. 

Having signalized their approach to 
South Dakota by compelling Moses 
Reed to run the gauntlet, they left 
it by whipping John Newman as 
they crossed the line into North Da- 
kota. 


From South Daokta to Pacific and 
Return 

The Lewis and Clark party went 
on up the Missouri after leaving 
South Dakota and spent the winter 
of 1804-5 with the Mandan Indians 
at about the present site of Wash- 
burn, North Dakota, where they built 
a substantial winter home. They ar- 
rived at the Mandans on October 27, 
and remained with them until 4 p. m. 
April 7, 1805 when they resumed the 
up river journey. At the same mom- 
ent Corporal Richard Warfington ac- 
companied by Moses Reed and John 
Newman, the discharged soldiers, 
John Robertson and John Boyley, 
Joseph Gravelines, as_ pilot, (two 
Frenchmen and a Ree Indian to go 
as far as the Ree towns) and other 
unidentified persons to make up the 
number of 13, took the big barge, 
with letters, dispatches, and the col- 
lections of museum exhibits and re- 
turned to St. Louis. Of their passage 
through South Dakota we have no rec- 
ord save that they stopped at the 
Ree Villages and picked up one of 
the chiefs who accompanied them to 
Washington. 

The party who left the Mandans 
that April afternoon to accompany the 
captains upon their further explora- 
tions consisted of 33 persons includ- 


453 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


ing the commandants themselves and 
the infant child of Sa-ka-ka-wea, wife 
of Charbonneau. They followed the 
Missouri to its head waters, crossed the 
continental divide to the headwaters 
of the Columbia and down the latter 
stream to its mouth on the Pacific 
where they built a house. They ar- 
rived at the Pacific coast on Nov- 
ember 14th and remained there un- 
til March 23, 1806, when they started 
upon the return trip. They were de- 
layed west of the mountains await- 
ing the melting of the snows but 
finally were able to cross the div- 
ide and reach the headwaters of the 
Missouri on June 29th. At this time 
the party was divided, Captain Lewis 
took nine men and five Indians who 
had joined them and cut across to 
the northeast striking the Missouri at 
the Great Falls and thence down to 
the mouth of the Yellowstone, but 
from Great Falls making a side trip 
to the headwaters of the Marias river. 
While Lewis says he had nine men 
with him his journal speaks of elev- 
en, being Gass, Ordway, J. Fields, 
R. Fields, Drewyer, Thompson, 
McNeal, Werner, Fraser, Willard and 
Cruzette. On Monday August 11, 
Cruzette accidently shot Captain Lew- 
is in the thigh inflicting a deep and 
painful wound from which he suffered 
intensely for several weeks. 


Captain Clark who had separated 
from Lewis at about the present site 
of Missoula, with the remainder of the 
party crossed over to the Yellowstone, 
and passed down that stream, reaching 
the mouth several days in advance 
of Lewis and as the hunting was not 
good in the vicinity he went on. Lewis 
overtook them August 12, at the 
mouth of the Little Knife, in western 
North Dakota. 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


They stopped with the Mandans 
and one of the principal chiefs known 
as Big “White determined to accom- 
pany them to Washington. They left 
Charbonneau and Sa-ka-Ka-wea at their 
home with the Mandans, but took 
with them Rene Jessaume and his 
wife and two children to interpret for 
Big White. They left the Mandans 
on August 18th, John Coulter having 
at his request been discharged there, 
and on August 20th, 1806, again en- 
tered the northern border of South 
Dakota. 


BACK IN SOUTH DAKOTA 


Thursday, August 21, 1806 

The camp of the previous night 
had been very near the state line 
and at 8 o’clock this morning, just 
after reentering South Dakota they 
met three Frenchmen coming up the 
river from the Rees to the Mandans. 
One of these has been identified as 
Francis Rivet, who became a pioneer 
of Oregon, another is called Greinyea 
or Grienway and is believed to have 
been Phillip Degie they were ac- 
companied by a young lad who for- 
merly belonged to the Northwest Com- 
pany, (Canadian). The boy desired 
passage to St. Louis and was permit- 
ted to accompany the party. They 
informed the captains that the Ree 
chief who had accompanied Warfing- 
ton and his party to the States in the 
spring of 1805 had. died when upon 
the return trip, at the Sioux river. 
At 11:30 they came in sight of the 
upper Ree town and fired a salute 
of four guns. The salute was prompt- 
ly returned from the village and was 
met by two of the three chiefs rec- 
ognized by the Government when go- 
ing up. The third was not there and 
I think was the chief who went to the 
States and died while returning to 


454 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


his people but there is some doubt 
of this. During their absence a new 
prophet had arisen in Israel and 
Lightning Crow gracefully presented 
Grey Eyes a young man of 32, who 
the old chief said was a greater man 
-than himself and to whom he had 
given the flag and the medal with 
which Lewis and Clark had sealed 
his acknowledged chieftainship in 
1804. Grey Eyes was absent when 
they went up. It would be most in- 
teresting to know just what sort of 
political revolution had occurred in 
the capital of the Aricaras in the in- 
tervening period. In any event Light- 
ning Crow gave over to his successor 
in office all pretentions. Greyeyes 
was destined to become an important 
personage in the dealing of Uncle 
Sam with the Rees. He was the 
leader in the revolt of 1807, officious 
in the trafficing of the Astorians in 
1811, incited the massacre of Ashley’s 
men in June, 1823, and was himself 
_ killed by the first shot fired by Leav- 
enworth in August, 1823, in his expe- 
dition to punish the Rees for the Ash- 
ley massacre. 


The captains felt called upon to re- 
buke the Rees for violating their 
promise to them and making war up- 
on the Mandans. Greyeyes attempted 
to explain the matter from the Ree 
standpoint, a chief of the Cheyenne’s 
who was present volunteered the view 
that both Rees and Mandans were at 
fault, Big White the Mandan took a 
hand, or rather a voice in the argu- 
ment and instantly the assembly was 
in a state of turmoil quite alarming. 
Captain Clark promptly took control 
of affairs. “I inform the Ricaras of 
this village that the Mandans had 
opened their ears to and followed our 
concils, that this chief was on his way 


. 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


to see their Great Father the P. of 
U. S. and was under our protection 
that if any enjorey was done to him 
we would all die to a man. I told 
the Ricaras that they had told us lies, 
they promised to be at peace with the 
mandans and Menetarres, that our 
back was Scercely turned before the 
went to war and Killd them and Stole 
their Horses & ec.” The captain’s 
firmness seemed to have quieted the 
disturbance. “The Chief then envited 
me and the Mandan Chief to his 
house to talk there.” They continued 
to visit with the Rees until 11 o’clock 
on the morning of the 22, when they 
set out down the river. Their conver- 
sations and councils were carried on 
through Joseph Garreau who had liv- 
ed with them since 1792 having at 
that early date been induced to set- 
tle in South Dakota to take advantage 
of our liberal exemption laws, much 
to the chagrin of his numerous credi- 
tors in St. Louis and Canada. The 
captains especially counciled the Rees 
and Mandans to unite in opposition. 
to the Sioux, for whom the voyaguers 
possessed no noticeable love or confi- 
dence. 


Friday, August 22, 1806 

They found here one of the numer- 
ous LaRoches, who as a boatman had 
accompanied them in 1804 as far as 
the Mandans. He had spent all of 
his wages and was literally upon his 
uppers. He asked to be allowed to 
work his way down to St. Louis and 
was permitted to do so. This old Can- 
adian family has had a hand in most 
enterprises in the west at least from 
1750 forward and many mixed bloods 
bearing the name are found in South 
Dakota as well as elsewhere in the 
region. 


455 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


They were now almost entirely de- 
pendent upon wild game for their liv- 
ing and were grateful for a quantity 
of corn given them by the Rees. While 
the captains were at the Rees, Drew- 
yer, the Field brothers and two other 
men were sent down to Blue Blanket 
Island to hunt. Being in the Sioux 
country and having information that 
the Sioux were unfriendly they did 
not venture to hunt elsewhere than 
on the Islands. When the party came 
to them the hunters reported there 
was no game on the Island. Their 
bedding was wet and moulding and at 
the mouth of Grand river they stopped 
several hours to spread the blankets 
to dry and consequently made but 17 
miles before going into camp at Sun- 
down on a bar just below Blue Blan- 
ket Island. Captain Clark closes his 
journal this evening with this happy 
note: 

“I am happy to have it in my 
power to say that my worthy friend 
Capt. Lewis is recovering fast, he 
walked a little today for the first 
time. I have discontinued the tent 
in the hole the ball came out.” 
The word tent, though uncommon is 

a good surgical term and means a roll 
of lint, linen, or other absorbent sub- 
stance used to keep open the wound. 


Saturday, August 23, 1806 

A gale blew up the river making 
progress extremely slow and at 11:30 
the river became so rough that they 
were obliged to land and wait until 
3:00 p. m. when a shower passed 
over after which the wind “lay” and 
they went on. When they stopped 
John Shields and Jo and Reub Fields 
were sent on to the next bottom to 
hunt. “we proceded on Slowly and 
landed in the Bottom (opposite Steam- 
boat creek). The hunters had killed 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


3 elk and 3 deer the deer was pore 
and Elk not fat had the fleece & 
brought in. the Musqueters large and 
very trublesom.” They made forty 
miles for the day and camped on a 
sand bar not far from Forest City. 
They do not note their courses upon 
the return and so, unless some natur- 
al land mark is noted it is more diffi- 
cult to determine the exact location 
of the camps than on the up trip. 
Captain Lewis continued to improve. 


Sunday, August 24, 1806 


They made 43 miles and camped 
for the night on the north side of the 
gorge of Little Bend, four miles east 
of the Valle trading house. The cap- 
tain notes that “the gorge is 1% mile 
through and 20 miles arond the bend.” 
They got no game that day. 


Monday, August 25, 1806 


“Shields, Collins, Shannon and the 
two fieldses,’ were routed out long 
before day and ordered to take the 
two canoes and go on round the bend ° 
to Cheyenne Island, on the South Side 
and hunt until the main party came 
along. The captains stopped at the 
mouth of the Cheyenne river and took 
a meridian observation but unfortu- 
nately did not deduce it. These ob- 
servations were usually if not always 
taken by Captain Lewis who learned 
the trick from Dr. Barton. The last 
previous observation was taken on 
Marias river before Lewis was shot. 
The observation at the Cheyenne was 
an evidence of his improved condition. 
The hunters found no game on Chey- 
enne Island and had gone on down 
river and the boats missed them. 
When at 5:00 p. m. no sign of them 
had been discovered the party in much 
concern camped in the timber just 
above Oahe. Drewyer providentially 


456 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


killed a deer close by the camp, but 
there was every evidence that the 
Sioux had recently hunted the _ sec- 
tion and driven the game away. They 
examined the Ree village site near by. 
Shields had returned and they anx- 
iously awaited “the 2 fields and Shan- 
non.” 
Tuesday, August 26, 1806 

“Shannon & the 2 fields came up 
at sunrise and we set out, they had 
killed only 2 small deer one of which 
they had eat.’ At 8 o’clock they had 
arrived at the place opposite Snake 
Butte where the council of 1804 was 
held and at nine passed the mouth 
of Bad river. They indicated no de- 
sire to tarry in this region but hurry- 
ing along reached the Loisel House, 
near DeGray at 5:00 p. m. and found 
it unchanged. Fires had _ recently 
burned in the fireplaces. They went 
on and camped on the west shore at 
the mouth of Dry Creek in Lyman 
county. “Capt. L is Still on the Mend- 
ing hand he walks a little. Discon- 
tinued the tent in the hole where the 
ball went in.” 


Wednesday, August 27, 1806 

They went around Big Bend and 
camped on the island at the lower 
reach. Their meat was exhausted 
and though the hunters worked dili- 
gently they secured nothing until 
evening when they got two cows, a 
bull and a calf. Captain Clark went 
to help butcher the buffalo leaving his 
patient to his own devices. Lewis 
took a long walk on the sand bar, 
exhausting his strength and as a re- 
sult passed a very bad night. 


Thursday, August 28, 1806 
They were reluctant to leave the 
region without specimens of the mule 
deer and antelope, ‘neither of which 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


we have either skins or scellitens of.” 
A large party of hunters were sent 
out on both sides to hunt for these 
animals while the boat crew went on 
and camped at the old ‘Pleasant 
Camp,” of 1804 at Oacoma which they 
reached at noon. By sunset all of 
the hunters were in but without any 
specimens of the game so much de- 
sired. 


Friday, August 29, 1806 


Still determined to secure speci- 
mens if possible the hunters were 
started early down both shores, while 
Reub Fields in a small canoe kept 
pace with them in the river, to se- 
cure any game they might kill. The 
main party remained in camp until 
10 o’clock and set out passing White 
river at noon and making 20 miles 
camped near and below Dry Island. 
They got two elk and saw the prair- 
ies fairly covered with buffalo, but 
got no specimens desired. Jo Fields 
wounded a female mule deer but was 
unable to bring it in, owing to the 
lateness of the hour. 


Saturday, August 30, 1806 


At day break Joe Fields was sent 
back to get on the track of the wound- 
ed deer and bring it in if possible. 
Reub and George Shannon were left 
with a canoe upon a sand bar near 
by to pick him up when he returned 
to the river and the main party went 
on. Soon Capt. Clark accompanied 
by three hunters set out on the east 
shore to supply the larder with fat 
meat, and hunted the bottom in the 
vicinity of the Austin-Spaulding 
Ranch. Out of a plum thicket two 
big buck elk bounded and the boys 
got both of them. Capt. Clark ran 
down to the shore and stopped the 
boats and they brought in the meat 


457 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


which was fat and fine. The plums 
were most delicious and they laid by 
a good supply of them. This delay- 
ed them two hours. They had in the 
morning arranged a rendezvous on 
the west bank at the point of the 
bend near the southeast corner of 
Lyman county and they went on and 
came to this point ‘to wait for the 
2 fields and Shannon.” Clark at once 
observed several men on horse back, 
across the river on the Bijou Hills, 
to the northeast. With the assistance 
of his spy glass he ascertained they 
were Indians and a short time later 
twenty of them appeared on a hill 
near the river and immediately there- 
after 80 or 90 others came out of the 
woods on the shore all armed with 
fusees and bows. They fired a salute, 
which the voyaguers returned. Not 
wishing to take any risks Captain 
Clark took three Frenchmen in a 
canoe and went out to a sand bar 
near enough to the east shore so that 
they could be heard across the chan- 
nel. One Frenchman spoke Ree, an- 
other Omaha and one a little Sioux. 
Clark told the man who spoke Omaha 
to address them but got no response; 
he next tried the Ree language upon 
them with the same negative results, 
but when the Sioux was attempted 
they answered at once that they were 
the Teton Band of Black Buffalo, from 
Bad River; the same they had met 
near Fort Pierre in 1804. The whites 
had no stomach for this crew but 
Clark could not let the opportunity 
escape him to let them know his opin- 
ion of them. His own story tells best 
what he said: 


“IT told those Indians that they 
had ben deef to our councils and 
ill treated us as we assended this 
river two years past, that they had 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


abused all the whites who had vis- 
ited them since. I believed them 
to be bad people & should not suf- 
fer them to cross to the Side on 
which the party lay, and directed 
them to return with their band to 
their camp, that if any of them 
come near our camp we Should 
kill them certainly. I lef them on 
the bear and returned to the party 
and examined the arms &c those 
indians seeing some corn in the 
canoe requested some of it which 
I refused being deturmined to have 
nothing to do with those people. 
Several others swam across one of 
which understood pania, and as our 
pania interpreter was a very good 
one we had it in our power to in- 
form what we wished. I told this 
man to inform his nation that we 
had not forgot their treatment to 
us as we passed up this river &¢c 
that they had treated all the white 
people who had visited them very 
badly; robed them of their goods, 
and had wounded one man whom 
I had seen. we viewed them as 
bad people and no more traders 
would be Suffered to come to them, 
and whenever the white people 
wished to visit the nations above 
they would come sufficiently 
Strong to whip any vilenous party 
who dare to oppose them and 
words to the same purpote. I also 
told them that I was informed that 
a part of all their bands were go- 
ing to war against the Mandans 
&c, and that they would be well . 
whiped as the Mandans & Mini- 
tarres & had plenty of Guns 
Powder and ball, and we had given 
them a cannon to defend them- 
selves. and derected them to a re- 
turn from the Sand bar and inform 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


their chiefs what we had said to 
them, and to keep away from the 
river or we Should kill every one 
of them &c &c. those fellows re- 
quested to be allowed to come 
across and make cumerads which 
we positively refused and 1 direct- 
ed them to return immediately 
which they did and after they had 
informed the Chiefs &c. as I sup- 
pose what we had said to them, 
they all set out on their return to 
their camps back of a high hill. 7 
of them halted on the top of the 
hill and black guarded us, told us 
to come across and they would kill 
us all &c of which we took no 
notice. we all this time were ex- 
tremely anxious for the arrival of 
the 2 fields & Shannon whome we 
had left behind, and were’ some- 
what consx. as to their safty. to 
our great joy those men hove in 
Sight at 6 P. M. Jo.. Fields had 
killed 8 black tail or mule deer. we 
then Set out, as I wished to see 
what those Indians on the hill 
would act, we steared across near 
the opposite Shore, this notion put 
them some agitation as to our in- 
tentions, some set out on top of 
the hill and one man walked down 
the hill to meet us and invited 
us to land, to which invitation 
I paid no kind of atention. this 
man I knew to be one who had 
in the fall of 1804 accompanied 
us 2 days and is said to be the 
friend to the white people. af- 
ter we passed. him he returned 
on the top of the hill and gave 
3 strokes with the gun (on the 
earth—this is swearing by the 
earth) he had in his hand this 
I am informed is a great oath 


among the Indians. we proceeded 


_Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


on down about 6 miles and en- 
camped on a large Sand bar in the 
middle of the river about 2 miles 
above our encampment on Mud 
Island on the 10th Septr. 1804 
haveing made 22 miles only to 
Day. Saw Several Indians at a 
distance this evening viewing us. 
our encampment of this evening 
was avery disagreeable one 
bleak exposed to the winds, and 
the sand wet. I pitched on this 
Situation to prevent being distur- 
bed by those Sioux in the course 
of the night as to avoid the mus- 
quetors killed 9 whistling squir- 
rels.” 
No sooner did “the 2 fields and Shan- 
non” hove in sight, than the exped- 
ition was again on its way and al- 
though it was already 6 o’clock in the 
evening, they put fifteen miles behind 
them before they camped for the night 
on a bleak sand bar in the middle of 
the river opposite the mouth of Le- 
Compte Creek, Charles Mix county, 
but notwithstanding their speed they 
were constantly made aware that they 
were kept under surveillance by the 
Sioux as heads might be seen 
peering over every hill top and occas- 
ionally a party would appear on some 
eminence. 


Sunday, August 31, 1806. 

It was a most unhappy night. Not 
only were they disturbed by the prox- 
imity of their enemies which kept 
them alert, but at 11 o’clock a terrific 
thunderstorm, accompanied by a gale 
struck them and in their defenseless 
situation played havoc with their ship- 
ping. Two of the canoes in which 
were Ordway, Big White, Jessaume, 
the squaws and Willard and Wiser 
were quite blown away but safely 
brought up on _ the east_ shore. 


459 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


Pryor followed them in another 
canoe and succeeded in navi- 
gating them _ back tieetue ms Dar. 


At daylight with their guns primed, 
they again set off, a party of Sioux 
being sighted on the eastern hills to 
witness their departure. The Sioux 
kept them in sight until 9 o’clock when 
they gave up the chase. At four o’- 
clock they passed the tower, nor did 
they slaken the pace until they were 
at the mouth of Chouteau Creek where 
they camped having come 70 miles 
since morning. 


Monday, September 1, 1806. 


After a night spent largely in fighting 
mosquitoes they got off at dawn. The 
Fields and Shannon stopped on Ponca 
Island to try to get some fresh meat. 
The remainder of the party went 
along and when a couple of miles be- 
low the Niobrara nine Indians appear- 
ed on the Dakota shore. The whites 
thought they were the Tetons over- 
taking them and were confirmed in 
the belief when Pierre Cruzette 
tried his stock of Sioux on them and 
got no response. Again “the 2 fields 
and Shannon” were’ behind and in 
peril and the Captains sought a good 
defensive position and landed. A 
quarter of an hour later they heard 
a volley of gun shots and feeling sure 
the hunters were being attacked Clark 
took fifteen of the best men and set 
back on shore at double quick, while 
Lewis, still scarcely able to walk 
hobbled up the bank with the remain- 
der ready for war. When they arriv- 
ed where they could get a view of the 
situation the Indians calmly = stood 
where they had left them watching the 
bobbing of an empty cask which the 
whites had thrown in the water and 
at which the Sioux could not resist 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


the impulse to take a shot. The canoe 
with the hunters was seen coming on 
a mile above. Captain Clark walked 
up to the Indians who were standing 
on the levee at what now is the village 
of Running Water, South Dakota and 
gave them his hand. They proved to 
be a party of Yanktons among whom 
was a brother of Pierre Dorian’s wife 
and others whom they had met at Cal- 
umet Bluff in 1804. They conversed 
with them until the canoe arrived learn- 
ing that Old Dorian had sucessfully 
performed his mission of conducting 
the Yankton chiefs to Washington and 
had seasonably returned them to their 
people and that likewise a regular 
trading house for the Yanktons had 
been established on the Nebraska 
shore below the Sioux river. They got 
an Elk at Bon Homme Island, and 
camped for the night on a bar directly 
in front of Calumet Bluff and observed . 
that the flag staff which they had- 

raised two years previously was still 
standing. 


Tuesday, September 2, 1806. 


At 8 o’clock the next morning they 
reached the mouth of Jim river and 
just below it on the Dakota side they 
found the remains of a trading house 
which had been built and abandoned 
during their absence. This house was 
built by Robert McClellan who spent 
the winter of 1804 and 1805 with the 
Yanktons. The wind blew so strongly 
up river that they were obliged to 
lay by and Captain Clark took 8 men 
and hunted buffalo on the north 
side, getting two cows. They were 
three miles from the river, but they 
butchered the animals and each man 
carried as much meat as he could lug 
back to the boats. Toward evening 
they got off again and made 22 miles 


460 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


from the Calumet bluffs for the day’s 
run camping on the Dakota side di- 
rectly south of Gayville, Yankton coun- 
ty. 

Wednesday, September 3, 1806. 

They made good progress and at 4 
p. m. arrived at Elkpoint where they 
met James A. Aird, a Scotch trader, 
bound to the Sioux, from Prairie Du 
Chien. He was associated with Robert 
Dickson and their permit was for a 
single season’s trade. They encamp- 
ed at once and remained visiting with 
Aird until 8 the next morning. He 
brought to them the first news of any 
moment which they had had from 
home for more than two years and 
they eagerly drank in the story of the 
times. Their first inquiry was for the 
health of President Jefferson. Captain 
Clark crowds into a paragraph the im- 
portant details he brought them: 


‘This gentleman informed us of 
maney changes & misfortunes 
which had taken place in the IIl- 
inois amongst others the loss of 
Mr. Cady Chouteau’s house and 
fortune of our friend Chouteau I 
feel myself very much concern & 
C. He also informed us that Genl 
Wilkinson was the govenor of the 
Louisiana and at St. Louis. 300 
of the American troops had been 
cantuned on the Missouri a fiew 
miles above its mouth. Some dis- 
turbance with the Spaniards in 
the Nackatosh Country is the 
cause of their being called down 
to that Country, the Spaniards 
had taken one of the U. States fri- 
gates in the Miditeranean. Two 
British Ships of the line had fired 
on an American ship in the port 
of New York and killed the Capts. 
brother. 2 Indians had ben hung in 
St. Louis for murder and several 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


others in jale. and that Mr. Burr 
& Genl. Hambleton fought a Duel, 
the latter was killed & c. & C.,” 


A heavy rain came on in the even- 
ing and the captains were happy to 
shelter themselves in Mr. Aird’s tent. 
They had not enjoyed the luxury of a 
roof since leaving Fort Clatsop on the 
Pacific. 


Thursday, September 4, 1806. 


They exchanged some corn with 
Mr. Aird for flour and bought some 
needed supplies from him paying him 
in orders on St. Louis. He proved 
a most agreeable gentleman, quite sus- 
taining the reputation which followed 
him while he lived. At 8 o’clock they 
got away and passed out of South Dak- 
ota at 11: o’clock a. m. and reached 
St. Louis without notable adventure, 
all quite well, at noon on Tuesday, 
September 23rd, 1806. 


On to Washington. 


After some time spent with their 
friends in St. Louis, where they were 
feted and feasted, the captains set out 
for Washington, taking with them Big 
White. They were’ received with 
much eclat by Jefferson and his 
friends and they were the lions of 
the winter at the national capital. 
Scarcely less than the honors shown 
the captains were the attentions paid 
Big White, who dressed in the height 
of American fashion of the day was 
received every where that the first 
gentlemen of the land were welcome. 


Return of Big White 


It was a part of the undertaking 
of the Captains that the Mandan 
should be safely returned to his peo- 
ple the following season and conse- 
quently he was returned to St. Louis 
early in the spring of 1807 and Ser- 


461 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


geant Pryor was detailed with the 
party of soldiers to conduct the chief 
to his home. In this party was the 
boy George Shannon who now was 
20 years of age. 


Late in May the party set out from 
St. Louis; there were in it Big White, 
his wife and one child. Rene Jess- 
aume, his wife and one child; Nathan- 
iel Pryor, now promoted to the rank 
of Ensign and 11 privates; Twenty- 
four Sioux Indians visiting St. Louis 
in charge of Old Dorian who were re- 
turning to Yankton at this time es- 
corted by Lieutenant Joseph Kimball; 
A trading party of ten men bound for 
Yankton, under young Pierre Dorian, 
and a party of thirty-two men under 
Pierre Chouteau, Sr., one interpreter, 
one hunter and three hired boatmen; 
all told the party was. ninety-five 
strong, there being 72 men besides 
the Indians. 


At Yankton, Kimball and Dorian, 
with the Sioux dropped out, but fifty 
men remained in the party that pro- 
ceeded up river. They arrived at the 
lower town of the Rees, at 9 o’clock 
September 9, 1807. They were greet- 
ed with several gun shots aimed di- 
rectly at the boats. Old Dorian asked 
them what they meant by such con- 
duct and they in reply invited the par- 
ty to land and secure a supply of pro- 
visions. The Rees had been so court- 
eous the previous year that the whites 
were entirely off their guard and 
came to. They were at once informed 
that the Mandans and the Rees were 
at war and that several of the Teton 
bands were in league with the Rees 
and were then in the village. A Man- 
dan woman, captive among the Rees 
came on board and informed them 
that the Rees had turned against the 
whites. That Manuel Lisa had recent- 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


ly gone up the river and that they 
stopped him and compelled him to 
give them a large portion of his stock 
and that they would have killed him 
and his men except that they had learn- 
ed from him that the Chouteau party 
would soon arrive with a great stock 
of goods and they feared if they kill- 
ed Lisa the news of it would reach the 
second party and they would turn 
back. Pryor at once barricaded Big 
White and his family in the cabin and 
went on to the upper towns. He was 
compelled to land there to pick up 
Dorian and Jessaume who had gone 
by land from the lower village. The 
denizens of the upper towns promptly 
informed them that they proposed 
to detain Chouteau. They seized the 
cable to his boat, proposing to attack 
the party where there were no sold- 
iers. They ordered Pryor to go on. 
Chouteau tried to compromise by pro- 
mising to leave them a trader and 
half of his goods, but they were con- 
fident they could take the whole sup- 
ply. 

Grey Eyes then came to Pryor’s 
boat and demanded that Big White go 
ashore with him. This demand Pry- 
or peremptorily refused. The Indians 
demanded a surrender of all the arms 
and ammunition. Grey Eyes tore the 
medal given him by Lewis and Clark 
from his neck and threw it to the 
ground. One of Chouteau’s men was 
struck down with a gun. Raising a 
general war whoop they fired upon 
the whites, hiding behind a fringe 
of willows fifty yards from the shore. 
Pryor opened upon them with his en- 
tire force and a red hot battle was 
fought for fifteen minutes, but the 
force of Indians was overwhelming 
and the complete destruction of the 
whites seemed eminent. Pryor order- 


462 


Lewis and Clark in South Dakota 


_ed a retreat, but it was found that 
Chouteau’s barge was fast on a sand 
bar and the men had to get out un- 
der the fire of the enemy and drag 
it off. At length they got loose and 
floated down the current, the Indians 
maintaining the fight for more than 


an hour. Black Buffalo and his band 
of Tetons from Bad River’ were 
present and doubtless incited the 


Rees to hostility in order to revenge 
the slight put upon them by Captain 
Clark when returning home the pre- 
vious year. Black Buffalo himself 
was severely wounded in the engage- 
ment but recovered. Three of Chou- 
teau’s men were killed, one mortally 
and three others severely wounded. 
Three of Pryor’s men were wounded. 
One of these was George Shannon 
and another Rene Jessaume. Pryor 
proposed to undertake to conduct Big 
White home by land, but the chief 
would not consent and they returned 
to St. Louis. 


Poor Shannon was in a desperate 
condition. The crude surgery of the 
upper Missouri was performed with 
unsterilized instruments. Long  be- 
fore they reached the lower river he 
was burning up with a fever induced 
by blood poisoning. At St. Charles 
he was taken from the boat to the 
hospital 'at the new military post, 
where Dr. Saugrin, the Frenchman 
who made the thermometer was post 
surgeon. No sooner did he see the 
poor suffering boy than he sent post- 
haste to St. Louis for young Dr. Far- 
rar to come to his assistance. To- 
gether they performed the first thigk 
operation in the Mississippi valley and 
brought their patient through to be- 
come a valuable citizen. 


Big White remained in St. Louis 
until 1809 when he was returned safe- 


Lewiston 


ly to his home by the Missouri Fur 
Company. 





“Original Journal of the Lewis and 
Clark Expedition,’ edited by Reuben 
Gold Thwaites, New York, Dodd, Mead & 
Company. 

“The History of the Lewis and Clark 
Expedition,’’ edited by Dr. Elliot Coues, 
New York, Frances P. Harper. 

“The Trail of Lewis and Clark,’ by Ol- 
in D. Wheeler, New York, Putnam. 

“The Expedition of Lewis and Clark,’’ 
by James K. Hosmer, Chicago, McClurg. 

“Gass’s Journal, Lewis and Clark Ex- 
pedition,’’ by James K. Hosmer, Chicago, 
McClurg. 


Lewis, Major Evan Elias; b., Dakota 
er, , aso, lieut.,, Inf... Uy _S. Army: 
It.-colonel, 1918; colonel, 1919; rec’d. 
distinguished service cross in World 
War. 


Lewis, Meriwether, 1774-1809; he 
was a cousin of George Washington; 
private secretary to President Jeffer- 
son and leader of the Lewis and Clark 
exploration to the Pacific, 1804-6. Af- 
terward he was governor of Lousiana, 
which included the Dakota country. 


Libel. In law a “libel is a false, un- 
privileged publication by writing, 
printing, picture, effigy, or other fix- 
ed representation to the eye which 
exposes any person to hatred, con- 
tempt, ridicule or obloquy, or which 
causes him to be shunned or avoid- 
ed or which has a tendency to injure 
him in his occupation.” A libel is pun- 
ishable by fine and imprisonment; and 
the person injured may recover civil 
damages. A newspaper cannot’ be 
held for libel until an opportunity has 
been afforded for retraction; if re- 
traction is promptly and fully and 
fairly made, all presumption of malice 
is removed. 





C_de, 95-97. 


Lewiston, a postoffice in northwest 
Sully county. Banking and shipping 
point at Onida, 16 miles southeast. 


463 


Libraries 


Libraries. When Dakota Territory 
was organized it was supplied with a 
finely selected library of classical 
books, histories and _ biographies. 
This was the only library of conse- 
quence for many years. It had no 
systematic care and many of the vol- 
umes were lost. Much of it was in 
sets and careless people took the first 
volume away, so that the most of 
these sets now lack the first volume. 
The remainder of this first library has 
come into the possession of the State 
Library administered by the depart- 
ment of history. The educational in- 
stitutions began to gather libraries 
from the beginning and there were 
sporadic effort at establishing public 
libraries by popular subscription from 
an early date. The first provision for 
tax-supported public libraries was by 
chapter 56, laws of 1887, which pro- 
vided a system for establishing and 
governing libraries in any municipal- 
ity having 500 inhabitants. This was 
taken advantage of in a small way in 
several communities; the city of Sioux 
Falls established a permanent library 
through that method. There _ was, 
however, no considerable activity un- 
til in 1899 Andrew Carnegie gave to 
Sioux Falls $25,000 for a public library 
building, provided the city irrevocably 
bound itself to provide at least $2500 
annually for its maintenance. This 
was followed by gifts on similar terms 
to other places, until all of the larger 
cities were supplied with libraries: 
and thus impulse was given to the 
library movement’ enabling most 
towns to have excellent collections of 
books. 


By an act of 1901 each school dis- 
trict is required to expend at least 
10 cents per pupil annually for school 
library books. An act of 1913 provid- 


Library, State 


ed for an ex-officio Free Library Com- 
mission directed to inaugurate a sys- 
tem of traveling libraries to supply the 
rural regions with properly selected 
books and to supply reference mater- 
ial to applicants. 


In 1919 a county library act was 
passed, and three county libraries 
have been established under it, to 
wit: Hyde, Potter and Tripp Coun- 
ties. 


The report of the Free Library Com- 
mision gives the following statement 
of the activities of the public and free 


library commission for 1924: 
pat 


Books in Free Library, 17,114. 

Traveling Libraries 
Community libraries loaned, 433; books 

therefrom circulated, 40,676. 
School libraries loaned, 239; 
trav. libs. loaned, 672. 

Reference Department—Requests filled. 

Schools, 1,383; Clubs, 1,507; miscellan- 
eous, 1,717; total, 4,067. 

Field Work—Visits to libraries, 95; ad- 
dresses and lectures, 15. 

Total expenditures, $18,692.29. 

Libraries in the State, tax-supported, 42; 
privately supported, 17; Carnegie librar- 
ies, public, 25—total, 84; in State insti- 
tutions, 10; in Colleges, 8. 


total of 


Libraries, County, see Library. 


Libraries, School. Provision for pub- 
lic school libraries was made by 





Laws 1901, chap. 172; Code, 9941-7. 


Library, Law, see Library, Supreme 
Court. 


Library, State. The act of 1903 
created the State Library to embrace 
all miscellaneous books at _ the 
Capitol and future additions thereto 
and placed the administration in the 
Department of History, making its su- 
perintendent ex-officio librarian there- 
of. The collections are the documen- 
tary publications of the States and the 
United States, publications exclusively 
of or about South Dakota; a legisla- 
tive reference library, a genealogical 


464 


Library, Supreme Court 


library and a historical library. There 
are about 80,000 titles in all. It is 
not intended as a circulating library 
and books from it are reserved for 


reference; if loaned they are sent 
through the Free Library Commis- 
sion. 

Library, Supreme Court. The Su- 


preme Court Library comprises the 
law publications belonging to the 
State, and is directly under the super- 
vision of the court through a supreme 
court librarian. There are 17,000 vol- 
umes in this library, which is wholly 
independent of the State Library. 


Lien, Burre H., 1859, ; born in 
Iowa; teacher and county officer, 
Brookings County, 1879; capitalist, 


Sioux Falls, 1891; democratic candi- 
date for governor, 1890; on State board 
of charities and corrections, 1899; 
brother of Jonas Lien (q. V.). 





Hist. Minn. Co., 602. 


Lien, E. O., 1873- ; Volin, born at 
Elk Point, August 9th; engaged in 
mercantile business; member House 
of Representatives in 1925. 


Lien, Jonas, 1874-1899; born in 
Minnesota; student of State College 
and Nebraska University; Lieutenant 
Adjutant of First South Dakota In- 
fantry in Philippine War; killed 
March 27, 1899, in battle of Marilao; 
brother of Burre H. 


Liens. Under South Dakota law 
liens are created by contract or by 
operation of law; any person doing 
anything in labor or material for 
the development of a mine has a lien 
upon the mine; mechanics, laborers 
and material men have a lien upon 
any structure for labor performed 
upon it or material furnished for it, 
except on homesteads, which are ab- 


Lignite 


solutely exempt (q. v.). Every one 
who keeps and pastures stock has a 
lien upon such stock for the _ val- 
ue of the keep and pasturage; own- 
ers of domestic sires have liens upon 
the offspring for the service; who- 
ever supplies seed-grain has a lien 
upon the crop; threshers have liens 
upon grain threshed for the threshing 
bill; vendors of real estate have a 
lien upon the property for the pur- 
chase price; every craftsman who 
performs any service in repairing any 
personal property has a lien upon it 
for such repairs, dependent upon his 
keeping it in his possession; a bank- 
er has a general lien upon all pro- 
perty of his customer (in his pos- 
session) for any balance due the 
bank; the master of a ship has a lien 
upon the vessel and freightage for 
benefit of the ship. 





Code, 1522-46. 


Lieutenant-Governor, see Governors, 
Lieutenant. 


Lightcap, a postoffice in southern 
Corson county. The banking and 
shipping point is Isabel, 14 miles dis- 
tant. 


Lightner, Mahion T., 1854- : 
Roscoe; born May 28th near Peters- 
burg, Penn;-came to Dakota in 1886; 
real estate dealer; member State Se- 
nate in 1905. 


Lignite. There are very exten- 
sive measures of lignite of a good 
fuel quality generally underlying De- 
wey, Perkins and Harding Counties. 
There has been only local develop- 
ment of these mines because of lack 
of railroad facilities. See the fol- 
lowing Bulletins of the U. S. Geol- 
ogical Survey: No. 499, “Coal Near 
the Black Hills;” No. 575, “Geology 


465 


Lilac 


of the Standing Rock and Cheyenne 
Indian Reservations;” No. 627, “The 
Lignite Field of Northwestern South 
Dakota.” 


Lilac, is an introduced ornamental 
shrub, cultivated profusely every- 
where. 


Lillibridge, Frank, 1846-1911; veter- 
an of civil war and lost a leg in 
front of Petersburg; member terri- 
torial legislature from Sully county, 
1889; Agent Cheyenne River agency 
1889-1893. 


native to 
Mar- 
Pur- 


lilies are 
Western red, 
Mariposa and 


Lily. Four 
South Dakota: 
iposa, Nutall’s 
ple- Frittillaria. 


Lily, a town in southern Day coun- 
ty. Population see census; The 
Leader, established in 1914, is the 
newspaper. 


Lime. The massive Paha Sapa 
Limestones of the Black Hills make 
pure lime of a high quality. The 
chalks of the Niobrara formation 
along the Missouri River are cal- 
careous but are not recommended 
for commercial lime making. Lime 
has long been provided for local 
purposes from kilns in the Black 
Hills, but the industry is not large- 
ly developed. 


Limitations, Statute of. The statute 
of limitations runs against ordinary 
contracts, open accounts and prom- 
issory notes in six years. Sealed in- 
struments are outlawed in 15 years. 
During the entire period the promisor 
must have been within the juris- 
diction of the South Dakota courts. 

Lincoln, was a stage-station on the 
Sioux City-Yankton trail; it is ‘now 
the village of Meckling. 


Lindland, George 


Lincoln County was created in 
1862; organized, 1867; named for 
Abraham Lincoln; bounded on east 
by Iowa; on north by base line be- 


tween townships 100 and 101 north; 
on west by range line running be- 
tween ranges 51 and 52 west 5th P. M.; 
and on south by township line between 
towns 95 and 96 north. Code, p. 147. 
Canton is the county seat; settled, 
1861, by L. P. Hyde at Canton. The 
Hiawatha Federal Insane Asylum for 
Indians is at Canton. Area, 367,360 
acres. 


Lincoln, Francis C., 1877- ; born 
Boston, Mass. Sept. 5th; B. S. in M. 
E. Mass. Inst. Technology; M. KE. 
School of Mines, N. M; A. M. Col- 
umbia; 1907, Ph. D. 1911; Prof. School 
of Mines. 19238. 


Lincoln, Isaac, 1868- é Aber- 
deen; born at Brunswick, Maine, 
March 9th; came to Dakota in 1880; 
engaged in banking and farming; 
member State Senate in 1913, 1915, 
1917, 1919 and Loel, 


Lindbloom, Otto A., 1894- ; 
Pierre; born on farm in Hughes 
County, September. 26th; engaged in 
real estate, and court stenographer; 
deputy clerk of courts three years; 
county justice two years; served in 
World War; member House of Re- 
presentatives in 1921; later employ- 
ed with State Insurance Dept. 


Linden, a postoffice in southwest 
Tripp county. The banking and ship- 
ping point is Winner, 35 miles north- 
east. 


Lindland, George, 1867- ; Nap- 
les; born in Norway, June 19th; 
came to South Dakota in 1883; en- 
gaged in farming and stock raising; 
deputy county treasurer and  coun- 


466 


Lindley, Samuel M. 


ty commissioner of Clark 
member State Senate in 1917. 


county; 


Lindley, Samuel M., 1860- : 
Bonesteel; born at Blencoe, Iowa, 
August 3rd; came to South Dakota 


in 1877 and settled in Gregory coun- 
ty in 1890; engaged in banking busi- 
ness; represented Charles Mix county 
in the House in 1900; held numerous 
county offices; member House in 
1905. 


Lindquist Andrew, 1867- ; born 
at Malmo, Sweden, September 8th; 
came to South Dakota in 1900, lo- 
cating at Centerville later moving to 
Lake Andes; held various township 
offices; member House of Represent- 


atives in 1919, 1921 and 1923. 


Lindsay, a postoffice in northwest 
Stanley county. Banking and _  ship- 


ping point at Ft. Pierre, 48 miles 
southeast. 

Lindsey, John C., 1875- 4 Dorn 
Boscobel, Wisconsin, June 23; edu- 


cated Madison Normal and Columbia 
U.; educator; superintendent Mitchell 
schools; president S. D. E. A. 1920-1. 

Linstad, Otto B., 1884- >; Pierre; 
born in St. Paul, Minn. January 4th; 
attorney at law; served in World War; 
held world’s record for speed and 
accuracy in typewriting in 1907; 
member House of Representatives in 
1923 <and,,/1925. 


Line, a postoffice in northern Hard- 
ing county. Banking and_= shipping 
point at Hot Springs, North Dakota, 
15 miles northwest. 


Linseed, see Flax. 


Lindseed Oil. The law prescribes 
the quality of linseed oil which may 
be sold in this State. The sale of 


Literature, South Dakota 


adulterated oil is prohibited by penal- 
ties. 


Code, 7888-91. 


Liquor Laws, see Prohibition. 


Lisa, Manuel, Spanish fur trader, 
1772-1820. He was the most enter- 
prising trader of his time and the 
first to see the opportunity afford- 
ed by the opening of the Missouri Riv- 
er to American trade. He visited 
the upper Missouri and established 
trade in 1807 and spent the remain- 
der of his life in that business. He 
was most loyally attached to the 
American cause during the last war 
with England, and by his diplomacy 
and finesse kept the Tetons’ also 
loyal. 





PUSt.<UV sd 2) 5. oh Lts 


Lister B. M., 1852- ; Onida, born 
in Vermillion County, Illinois, Feb- 
ruary 12th; came to Dakota in 1885; 
engaged in farming; held various 
county offices; member House of 
Representatives in 1919. 


SOUTH DAKOTA LITERATURE. 


The state library several years ago 
undertook the task of assembling the 
entire literature of the state and 
devoted a commodious department to 
shelving the same. It has been fair- 
ly successful, although there are a 
few known pieces of booked work not 
yet attained. Too, a _ very large 
part of the official publications of 
Dakota territory were lost, apparently 
beyond hope of recovery. In terri- 
torial days there was no systematic 
method of preserving public docu- 
ments, and in consequence all were 
scattered and many utterly lost. On- 
ly by the most diligent search was 
it possible to get all of the territor- 


467 


Literature, South Dakota 


ial laws assembled. A vast deal of 
labor was expended to secure the 
legislative journals and it was only 
after years of search that it was dis- 
covered that the journals of the ses- 
sions from 1871 and 1885 were not 
printed at all. 


In the state library South Dakota 
literature is gathered in three class- 
es. 1. The material produced by 
South Dakota citizens while residing 
here. 2. Material produced by per- 
sons resident of South Dakota, though 
the work may have been done else- 
where. 3. Material wholly about 
South Dakota, although the author 
is not a resident of the state. 


In most libraries books are classi- 
fied by a system devised by Melvin 
Dewey, state librarian of New York, 
and known as the Dewey decimal sys- 
tem. That system is employed in the 
classification of the South Dakota 
material in the _ state library. All 
knowledge is divided into ten gen- 
eral classes as follows: O. General 
matter. This class embraces news- 
papers and _ periodicals, catalogues, 
indexes, bibliographies, dictionaries, 
encyclopedias and similar  publica- 
tions. 1. Philosophy; 2. Religion; 3. 
Sociology; 4. Philology; 5. Natural 
Sciences; 6. Useful Arts; 7. Fine 
Arts; 8. Literature; 9. History. 


O. General Works. 


The most important element in this 
class is of course the newspapers of 
the state, and manifestly, too, with 
about 300 weeklies and 17 dailies, 
but little specific attention can be 
given them in an article of this char- 
acter. Newspapering began in the 
Dakota region by the publication of 
the Dakota Democrat, by Samuel J. 
Albright, at Sioux Falls on July 2nd, 


Literature, South Dakota 


1859. The Democrat was, under all 
of the circumstances a most creditable 
production. One is led to wonder how 
it was possible on the extreme fron- 
tier in a community containing per- 
haps less than 100 people, so good a 
paper could be made. It continued to 
be published for two or three years. 

The first contemporary of the 
Democrat was the Dakotian, estab- 
lished at Yankton by Frank M. Zie- 
bach, the well known squatter gov- 
ernor, on June 6th, 1861. It still 
exists in the Yankton Press and Da- 
kotan. The Vermillion Republican 
was the third, and is but a few 
weeks younger than the Dakotian, 
though its subsequent publication 
was interrupted at times, while the 
Dakotian has been essentially contin- 
uous. Not much more may be said of 
the newspapers here except to add that 
they have always been intelligent and 
progressive exponents of Dakota 
sentiment, and compare most favor- 
ably with the press of any section of 
the country. 

The state library has six issues 
of the Dakota Democrat and _ the 
initial copy of the Dakotan. 

There have been several attempts 
to publish purely literary periodicals 
with greater or less success. The 
first of these to come to my atten- 
tion. was projected at Hot Springs by 
Kennett Harris, now well known as a 
humorous writer in standard publi- 


cations. Harris began in July 1895 
to publish “The Hesperian” as a 
monthly, and he continued it until 


when he was com- 
pelled to suspend. It was a most 
creditable illustrated magazine con- 
taining the best state-made stuff. 

In May 1898 Doane Robinson be- 
gan the Monthly South Dakotan, 


January 1896, 


468 


Literature, South Dakota 


devoted to South Dakota literature, 
art and progress, and continued the 
publication successfully for six 
years when the magazine was sold 
to the Educator at Mitchell and the 
subscription lists consolidated. 


In 1906 John A. Ross of Sioux 
Falls got out two numbers of a 
very attractive monthly called the 
“Queen City Monthly,” but it did 
not get the support to justify its 
continuance. 


The next literary venture was un- 
dertaken at Watertown in December 
1907 when C. J. Baily, a_ brilliant 
and experienced newspaperman  be- 
gan the publication of the Dacotah, 
a really high class magazine which 
compared favorably with standard 
eastern publications. It was. con- 
tinued for one year, but the field 
proved to narrow for its financial 
success. 


“South Dakota the Sunshine State 
and Progress Magazine,” by Mark 
Scott, Sioux Falls, assisted by a 
staff of editors is a creditable month- 
ly publication, promoting all _ state 
interests. 


“The South Dakota Educator,’ by 
Frank L. Ransom, Mitchell is (1925) 
in its thirty-third volume. It is the 
chief exponent of the educational in- 
terests of the state. 


“The Black Hills Engineer,’ form- 
’ erly the Paha Sapa Magazine, is the 
official organ af the state School of 
Mines. It is under the editorial dir- 
ection of Dr. C. C. O’Harra, presi- 
dent of the school and is of the 
first interest, treating liberally all 
matters related to mining and min- 
eral interests, and incidentally a 
much wider field. 


Literature, South Dakota 


“The Legionaire,” published by 
Walter Fischer, Sioux Falls, is the 
lively exponent of the ‘American 


Legion. 

“The Odd Fellows World,’ by James 
M. Patton, Sioux Falls is almost an- 
cient. It is a dignified exponent of 
Odd Fellowship. 


1. Philosophy 

The philosophical works produced 
by South Dakotans which have been 
preserved in the State Library con- 
sist of ten books and pamphlets. 
There are five pamphlets by Dr. 
John Logan formerly professor. of 
Philosophy and English in the State 
University; a book and pamphlet by 
Gustav G. Wenzlaff, Ph. D., former 
President of the Springfield Normal; 
Translations and Comment upon the 
Essays of Schopenhauer, by Dr. Gar- 
rett Droppers, formerly President of 
the State University; works’ by 
Frances Larimer Warner of Philip;: 
and a small pamphlet by Dr. J. H. 
Hamilton, written while a citizen of 
Sioux Falls. 

Dr. Logan’s contributions consist 
of essays entitled “Aristotelian The- 
ology.” Others are “The Absolute 
as Ethical Postulate;” “Plato’s Lit- 
erary Art as a Method of Philoso- 
phy,” and “Fixity of Character; Its 
Ethical Interpretation.” Dr. Logan 
enjoyed the reputation of being a 
very deep thinker and logical rea- 
soner. 

Mrs. Warner’s “Our Invisible Sup- 
ply” is a series of personal letters 
to students, detailing methods of 
demonstration of health, wealth and 
every form of attainment, done in a 
very attractive volume of 170 pages. 

Dr. Hamilton’s Pamphlet is entit- 
ed “Subjective Phone 10,000,000 
Call sb ; 


469 


Literature, South Dakota 


Dr. Wenzlaff’s book is. entitled 
“The Mental Man an Outline of the 
Fundamentals of Psychology,’ and 
it is a clear and logical presenta- 
tion of the subject intended for 
high schools and colleges, and it is 
being used throughout the country 
for the purpose intended. The 
science of the human mind as _ pre- 
sented by Dr. Wenzlaff is a fascin- 
ating study which may be read by 
every one with understanding and 
profit. 

His 
Principles” is 
er’s hand book to accompany 
Mental Man.” | 


“Outline of Psychological 
intended as a_ teach- 
“The 


2. Religion. 

“The History of the Christian 
Church,” by William M. Blackburn, 
D. D., is a splendid volume of 718 
pages in Dr. Blackburn’s best _ his- 
torical style. It is an analytical 
‘and philosophical presentation of 
Christianity, and reveals an intimate 
knowledge of the foundations and 
development of the church through 
its two thousand years of life. The 
reader is not only edified and _ in- 
structed but is likewise impressed 
with the profound learning of the 
author, and he reads with increased 
reverence for the great South Dak- 
otan. 


“A History of the Roman Catho- 
lic Church in the United States,” by 
Right Reverend Thomas O’Gorman, 
Bishop of Sioux Falls. This story 
of American Catholicism is delight- 
fully told in the diction for which 
Bishop O’Gorman is and 
indicates a reading as broad as 
the literature of the church and of 
America. There are 515 pages. 
Not only does sit tell the story in 


famous, 


Literature, South Dakota 


ample datail, but as well it reveals 
the high aims and wise policy which 
has actuated the church in its devel- 
opment on this continent. 


“The Baptist History of South 
Dakota,” by Thomas M. Shanafelt, D. 


D., is a record of the foundation 
and development of the Baptist 
church upon South Dakota _ soil. 


The church is too young here to 
permit of any special philosophical 
writing in its behalf, but Dr. Shan- 
afelt has faithfully recorded. the be- 
ginnings so that with the passage of 
time the philosophical historian will 
have a solid basis of fact upon which 
to base his conclusions. 


“Woonspi Itakihna”’ is the Pro- 
verbs translated into the Dakota 
Indian language by Rev. John B. 


Renville, a mixed blood Sisseton 
Sioux, who lived and died in Ro- 
berts county. 


The Dakota Service in the Epis- 
copal Book of Common Prayer tran- 
slated into the. Sioux under the dir- 
ection of Bishop Hare. 


“The Golden Age and Other Ser- 
mons” is a collection of twelve ser- 
mons by Philip E. Holp, member of 
the famous Yale Missionary band 
who came to Dakota territory in the 
early eighties. Holp was pastor of 
the congregational churches of 
Sioux Falls and Watertown respect- 
ively. The sermons published were 
delivered during his Sioux Falls 


pastorate. 
“The Gospel in Literature” is a 
series of sermons by Rev. Joseph 


Nelson Greene, pastor of the First 


Methodist Church of Watertown, 
and shows how) great. religious 
truths may be drawn from _ the 


classical literature of the world, and 


470 


Literature, South Dakota 


ilustrates the point with many con- 
crete examples. 


Palmer’s Dictionary of the Metho- 
dist Episcopal church for the Dak- 
ota Conference’ was published in 
1888, and gives a complete list of 
all the Churches of that date with a 
brief historical sketch, and the ros- 
ter of the membership of each. 
This work grows in historical im- 
portance and interest with the pas- 
sage of time. 

“The Bible Message in Modern 
Literature,” and “The Working 
man’s Christ” are two well considered 
works, by Dr. Craig S. Thoms, Pro- 
fessor of Sociology in the State Uni- 
versity. ; 

“Mistrials of Jesus,” is a careful 
study of the proceedings before the 
Jewish and Roman authorities at 
Jerusalem, pertaining to the trial 
and condemnation of Jesus, of Na- 
zareth by Charles EK. DeLand. 


“Told Again,’ religious romance 
by Rev. W. D. Atwater of Sturgis. 


“From Nebula to Man,” a study of 
Evolution in relation to religious 
dogma, by Richard M. Slocum of 
Glenham, formerly regent of educa- 
tion. 

“How to Use the Bible,’ a _ text 
book by Dr. L. Wendell Fifield, of 
Sioux Falls. 

In addition there are almost in- 
numerable pamphlets, sermons, 
tracts and appeals,, missionary stories 
and the like, which cannot receive 
separate ‘mention here, although 
many of them are of great literary 
and historical interest. 

The proceedings of all the church 
and religious bodies of the _ state 
also make up very voluminous con- 
tributions to this clasification. To 


Literature, South Dakota 


the student of church history no 
other clasification is more _ inter- 
esting and luminous. Our mission- 
aries have been most indrustrious in 
recording current events, and _ in 
many localities were the only ones 
who left records. Without the _ re- 
cord contributed to the American 
Missionary Herald it would be im- 
possible to write a satisfactory his- 
tory of South Dakota, and we owe 
very much to the zeal of these writ- 
ers upon religious topics. 


3. Sociology. 


The third clasification comprises 
the socological publications of the 
state including the _ public docu- 
ments, laws, legislative journals, su- 
preme court reports , proceedings 
and reports of civic, benevolent and 
secret societies, the catalogues re- 
ports and other publications of the 
educational institutions, and all sim- 
ilar matter. There is in addition. a 
goodly number of text books and oth- 
er sociological publications. The 
space of this article is too limited to 
PO SiN ed discussion of the public 
documents and similar publications, 
although they contain much of a 
true literary character. Some of 
the governor’s messages and reports 
of state officers are literature of a 
high type. 

Perhaps the first publication of 
this class was brought out about 
1885 by W. H. Lyon of Sioux Falls 
under the title, “The People’s Problem 
and its Solution.” This is a little 16 mo 
book bound in sedate black, and it 
sounds the first alarm against the 
modern tendency toward big busi- 
ness which still looms so large upon 
our horizon. Mr. Lyon, at that ear- 
ly date discovered the movement 


471 


Literature, South Dakota 


toward consolidation, but perhaps 
did not perceive that it was the be- 
ginning of a great and _ irresistible 
evolution. He felt strongly that it 
was a menace to individual effort 
and he proposed as a remedy the 
nationalization of most industries. 
It is a well presented argument for 
government ownership. 


“A Prairie Patriot” is a_ political 
story by H. A. Rodee of Forestburg. 
It combines the free silver argu- 
ments of the late nineties with a 
very satisfactory love story, but 
since the political features of the 
work predominate the book takes 
its classification with sociology in- 
stead of fiction. 


“Civil Government of South Dak- 
ota,” by John A. Ross of Sioux Falls 
was published by the Educator peo- 
ple at Mitchell about twenty years 
ago, and in a revised form is still 
used as a text book in the schools. 
It is a lucid outline of the course 
of government rather than of the 
philosophy of government. It tells in 
an understandable way how local 
and state government is administer- 
ed laws passed, etc. 


“The State and Nation” is like- 
wise a civics by Dean Clark M. 
Young, late head of the College of 
Arts and Sciences at the State Uni- 
versity, and Professor George M. 
Smith of that institution. It ex- 
tends its scope to national civics as 
well as local and state government. 
It was superceded by Smith and 
Young’s History and Civil Govern- 
ment of South Dakota, which will 
be noticed in another classification. 


“The Dakota Justice” is a com- 
plete treatise for practice and plead- 
ings in the justices’ courts, by Ameri- 


Literature, South Dakota 


cus B. Melville, formerly of the Hu- 
ron bar. It is a dignified and scho- 
larly work, published in the territor- 
ial days when the Dakota _ justice 
practice was new to most lawyers, 
served a very useful purpose. 


“Trial Practice and Appellate Pro- 
cedure” is likewise a dignified and 
learned treatise by Hon. Chas. E. De 
Land of the Pierre bar, and is still 
a useful and much used text book. 


“The Index of Dakota Cases,” by 
Horace G. Tilton of Vermillion, was 
the earliest effort to supply a means 
of ready reference to the decisions 
of the supreme courts of Dakota Ter- 
itory and of North and South Dak- 
ota. Later it was merged into a di- 
gest prepared and published by an 
outside law publisher. 


“The South Dakota Digest” is an 
exceedingly handy and valuable di- 
gest to South Dakota cases compil- 
ed by Hon. James H. McCoy. 


“Fuller’s Dakota Justice, Proceed- 
ings and Forms,’ by Howard G. 
Fuller, reporter of the supreme 
court, is the latest manual of just- 
ice’s practice. 

“Elementary Economics” and ‘“Val- 
ue and Distribution,” are two im- 
portant contributions to the economic 
literature of America, by Dr. Her- 
bert K. Davenport, former superin- 
tendent of the schools of Sioux Falls. 


“Great Conspiracy of the House of 
Morgan Exposed,” by Henry UL. 
Loucks of Watertown, who also has 
pamphlets upon “The New Mone- 
tary System” and “The Railroads,” 
involving his advanced economic 
views. 

“Grigsbys Cowboys” is a story of 
that famous regiment in the Spanish 
war, by Otto L. Sues of Sioux Falls. 


472 


Literature, South Dakota 


It is more properly history than 
sociology but under the arbitrary 
rules of classification employed they 
are shelved under this division. It 
is a well written illustrated record. 


“The History of Yankton College,” 
by Dean W. J. McMurtry also comes 
under this arbitrary classification. 
This is a very comprehensive hist- 
ory of the development of the first 
college established upon our _ soil, 
and embraces very much of collat- 
eral historical interest. 


Sociology is much the most exten- 
sive branch of our literature, and 
embraces, including reports of state 
officers and boards, several hundred 
titles. 


4. Philology. 


Naturaly the chief contributions 
to philology in the South Dakota 
field have to do with the lang- 
uage of the Sioux Indians and for 
the same reason the works along 
these lines are chiefly by the Riggses 
and Williamsons. 


Immediately on coming to the 
Dakota field in 1864 Dr. John P. 
Williamson compiled and _ published 
a text book for use in the Indian 
schools. It was called “Oowa Wowapi, 
Dakota Iapien.” It was a sort of primer 
well calculated for beginners as a 
reader and spelling book. 


Soon after Dr. Williamson brought 
out his English-Dakota Dictionary, 
a most useful work which has gone 


through several editions. It is the 
most useful work for the English 
speaking student of the Dakota 
which has been prepared, and is 
doubtless as useful to the Dakota 


who is seeking a knowledge of the 
English. 


Literature, South Dakota 


In 1873 J. Russell Webb and Dr. 
S. R. Riggs brought out a Model 
First Reader in the Siouan tongue. 
Perhaps we have no right to claim 
this as a piece of South Dakota pro- 
duction, but in any event we have 
an inherited right to it. 


Dakota Hymns were published by 
Dr. Williamson in 1879. They are 
a collection of the “best known 
Christian hymns, translated into the 
Dakota and set to familiar music, and 
are sung in all of the native churches. 


One of the most _ philosophical 
works pertaining to Dakota was 
prepared by Frederick L. O. Roeh- 


rig at old Fort Wadsworth (Sisse- 
ton) in 1866 and published in the 
Smithsonian report for 1872. Roeh- 


rig made a comparative study of the 
Sioux and the Asiatic languages, in 
the endeavor to establish the Asi- 
atic origin of the Dakota people. He 
was able to show that the general 
construction of the Siouan and of 
the Ural-Altaic languages are the 
same and that _ specifically very 
many of the words are as similar 
as it could be hoped to maintain 
an unwritten language among peo- 
ples widely separated for a long 
time. He does not arbitrarily de- 
clare the Sioux to be Asiatics, but 
the inference from the evidence 
presented is that they originated 
in Asia. 


In 1893 Elias Molee of Bristol, 
South Dakota, originated a very in- 


genious language which he called 
““Nu-Gothic,”” or regular English. 
He published several works upon 


the subject in the form of pamph- 


lets: “A Plea for an American 
Language,” “Pure Saxon English,” 
and “Nu-English.” His most _ pre- 


473 


Literature, South Dakota 


tentious work was a pamphlet of 
102 pages printed at Webster en- 
titled ‘“Nu-Gothic.” In this he out- 


lines his new language, gives the 
theory upon which it is based, a 
brief outline of its grammar, and an 
extensive vocabulary. He did not 
succeed in attracting the _ atten- 
tion of scholars, though his scheme 
is certainly ~as meritorious as_ the 
much exploited Esperanto. 

The most exhaustive and import- 
ant philogical work produced by a 
South Dakota writer has not been 
published and probably will not be, as 


a commercial enterprise. It is by 
the late Rev. Robert W. Haire 
of Aberdeen. He devoted many 
years to its perfection, and _ in 


it he has followed each of the more 
than seven hundred recognized Ar- 
yan root words down to their innum- 
erable offspring in the  Sanscrit, 
Greek, Latin, German, French, and 
English languages. It is a work of 
monumental importance, and it is 
to be hoped that the Smithsonian 
or the Carnegie Institution may be 
induced to publish it as ‘an important 
contribution to knowledge. 


5. Natural Sciences. 


The literature of Natural Science 
occupies an important place in the 
writings of South Dakotans and of 
those who have written about South 
Dakota. However, the list of copy- 
righted works upon natural science 
is a short one. 


“The Elements of Business Arith- 
metic,” is a recent text book by 
Prof. Anson H. Biglow of the Lead 
schools. It is a _ practical arithme- 
tic, more practical than the text 
book by that name with which our 
parents were familar. It aims _ to 


Literature, South Dakota 


afford a key to most of the ordin- 
ary business transactions. 


The “Elements of Algebra’ and 
“Higher Algebra” are two _ texts 
by Dr. George Lilly for some time 
president of the Brookings State 
College. These works were not 
published until sometime after Dr. 
Lilly left South Dakota, but they 


were chiefly prepared while he was 
a Dakotan. They stand well among 
the practical text books and are 
widely used. 


“Hydrographic Surveying” is a 
manual for hydrographic surveyors 
prepared by Samuel H. Lea, at one 
time state engineer. It contains 
formulas, suggestions for field work 
and convenient tables. It is espec- 
ially useful to those who are inter- 
ested in irrigation surveying which 
is fast taking so important a place 
in South Dakota development. 


“Results of Spirit Leveling in 
South Dakota,” by R. R. Marshall, 
chief geographer of the Geological 
Survey, gives the absolute altitude 
of a very large number of points 
in the state, chiefly inland places 
not reached by railroads. 


“Reconnoisance Soil Survey of 
Western South Dakota” is likewise 
a government publication accompanied 
by an exhaustive map showing the 
different soils west of the Missouri. ~ 


“Hlements of Inorganic Chemistry,” 
by Prof. James H. Shepard of the 
State College, has long been a notable 
text book widely used. 


“Natural Science” is indebted to 
Dr. James E. Todd, formerly state 
geologist for very much of permanent 
value. Among his contributions to 
knowledge are the following: 


474 


Literature, South Dakota 


“The Missouri River Loess,” a 
study of the river silts. 

“The Effects of Certain Charac- 
teristics of Rocks upon their Eros- 
ion,” is a study of the rock forma- 
tions of the Black Hills. 


“Concretions and their Geolog- 
ical Effects,’ pertains to the con- 
cretionarly formations which are so 
prominent in Western South Da- 
kota. 


“The Moraines of eastern South 
Dakota and their attendant Depos- 
its,” is a monograph of exceeding 
interest, not only describing the 
Moraines, but analyzing the Mis- 
souri river trough as well. It is an 
illustrated work of nearly 200 pages. 


“Geology and Water Resources 
of the Lower James River Valley,” 
is the result of a careful reconnois- 
sance of the section. Dr. Todd 
likewise examined several other 
quadrangles in eastern South Da- 
kota for the geological survey the 
result of which is published in the 
following folios. A quadrangle 
comprises a county or more in ex- 
tent surrounding the town which 
gives it its name; as for illustration 
the Elkpoint Quadrangle embraces 


part of Clay, all of Union County © 


and adjacent sections of Iowa and 
Nebraska. Dr. Todd covered Aber- 
deen, Redfield, Alexandria, DeSmet, 
Elkpoint, Huron, Olivet, Mitchell 
and Parker quadrangles. 


“The Moraines of the Missouri 
Coteau and their Attendant Depos- 
its.” 


Dr. Todd also prepared Bulletins 1, 
2, and 3 of the South Dakota Geo- 
logical Bulletins and a considerable 
portion of the fourth bulletin, the lat- 
ter being completed by Dean Perisho. 


Literature, South Dakota 


Horatio Nelson Darton, of the United 
States Geological Survey has been in 
South Dakota so much that he may be 
considered a full fledged citizen. At 
any rate much of his published work 
is distinctly ours. Among his works 
are: 


“A Preliminary Report upon the 
Artesian Waters of a Portion of the 
Dakotas in 1896.” This report gave 
an account of each well bored at 
that time. 

“Geology and Underground Wat- 
ers of South Dakota, 1909” contains 
additional matter and revised con- 
cluSions. 

“Geology and Underground Water 
Resources of the Southern Portion 
of the Black Hills in 1901, and Geol- 
ogy and Water Resources of the 
Northern Portion of the Black Hills, 
1909” very thoroughly treats of the 
water supply of that section of the 
state. 


“A report of the Reconnoissance of 
the Black Hills of Dakota made in the 
Summer of 1874” by William Ludlow, 
Captain of Engineers, accompanying 
the Custer expedition of that year 
tells the story of the trip and gives 
George Bird Grinnell’s report upon 
the natural history and paleontology 
of the region and Dr. N. H. Winchell’s 
report upon its geology. As the first 
scientific information coming from the 
Hills region it is peculiarly valuable 
and interesting. 


“Boulder Cutline Figures in Dakota,” 


by T. H. Lewis, and “Boulder Mos- 
aics” by Dr. Todd, are interesting 
studies of these Indian memorials 


found so frequently in this region. fs 


“Hivolution, True or False,’ is a 
philosophical inquiry into evolution by 
C. L. Abott of Estelline. It is not a 


475 


Literature, South Dakota 


very extensive work but it is suffi- 
ciently important to attract the favor- 
able criticism of Huxley and Fisk. 


“The Bluing and Red Rot of the 
Black Hills Pine’ is an exhaustive 
study of the diseases of the western 
yellow pine by Herman Von Schrenk, 
published by the Agricultural Depart- 
ment. 


Natural History proper has brought 
out four works. 


“Lost Mammals Collected in the 
Black Hills Region” by J. A. Allen, 
with field notes pertaining to the speci- 
mens. 

“The Vanishing Prairie Hen’ by 
Clate Tinan of the Kimball Graphic, 
who is an authority upon all game 
birds, beasts and fishes. 


“Birds of the West,” by Professor 
Charles E. Holmes, the South Dakota 
poet and naturalist. 


“Cenozoic Mammal Horizon of Wes- 
tern North America,’ by Henry Fair- 
field Osborn, has chiefly to do with 
the prehistoric animal life of the South 
Dakota region. 

Perhaps this work has more to do 
with geology than natural history in 
the accepted sense. 


For the Bulletins and Circulars of 
the South Dakota Geological and Nat- 
ural History Survey see Geological and 
Natural History Survey. 


For the publications of the School 
of Mines, see School of Mines. 


6. Useful Arts. 


The literature of the useful arts com- 
prises seven copyrighted volumes and 
in addition there is a vast deal in the 
way of map making, state advertising 
and reports of such offices as that of 
the state engineer so that first and 
last the division occupies a good 


Literature, South Dakota 


deal of space on the library shelves. 
The copyrighted works are as follows: 

“Obstetrical Guide,’ by Dr. R. L. 
Murdy of Aberdeen, a work well 
spoken of by the medical profession 
and the medical press. 

“TLeBonne” a guide for nurses, wives 
and mothers by Cassie Roselle Hoyt 
of Pierre. A very useful work which 
is worthy a place in every household. 

“Progressive Poultry Culture,” by 
Dr. A. A. Brigham of Brookings, is a 
very complete -guide for poultrymen, 
containing a vast deal of important 
information. ; 


“Tonnage Tables” by Jesse Bean of 


_Columbia, is a ready reckoner upon 


every topic likely to come into prac- 
tical experience of the every day man. 


“Manual of Assaying” by Dr. Charles 
H. Fulton, former president of the 
School of Mines, is am exhaustive 
treatise upon the subject and is an 


authority among the assayers of 
America. 
“Irrigation in South Dakota” by 


Samuel H. Lea, state engineer, tells 
of the opportunities for irrigation in 
this state and tells what has been ac- 
complished, and is a fine presentation 
of our entire irrigation problem. 


“Structural Engineering” and 
“Theory of Reinforced Concrete Con- 
struction” by John Edward Kirkham, 
practical manual for engineers and 
text book for schools of engineering 
are in wide use. 


Among the advertising pamphlets 
that have been produced in the Da- 
kota region in the past half century 
there is a vast deal that is unique and 
intensely interesting. They afford one 
of the interesting features of the lib- 
rary, and an analysis of them reveals 
much light upon the social progress 


476 


Literature, South Dakota 


and. the material development of the 
region. 
7. Fine Arts. 


The literature of fine arts in South 
Dakota is exceedingly limited. It con- 
sists of collections of photographs 
and prints and of published music in 
the main. 

Of course the sum of photography 
is tremendous, but the South Dakota 
writing about photography is almost 
nil. There are a considerable number 
of oil and water color artists in the 
state but there are no South Dakota 
publications pertaining to art that have 
found their way into the library. 

Neither are there any writings which 
have come to my attention on the sub- 
ject of music, but there are a large 
number of music compositions which 
have been published. Not nearly all 
of this has been secured for the lib- 
rary, and contributions not listed here 
will be welcomed. The first South 
Dakota music to come to my attention 
is a group of songs by Linda W. 
Slaughter, formerly of Fort Randall 
as wife of the post surgeon as follows: 


“When friends are False.” 

“My Soldier.” 

“The Bivouac.” 

There are several numbers in the 
line of military and patriotic music: 


“Return of the Regiment,” by Frank 
Halstead, chief musician of the First 
Regiment in the Philippines. 


“The Fighting Suit of Brown,” by 
H. J. Barker, First Regiment. 


“William McKinley’s Memorial 
March,” by Carrie E. Stratton of Iro- 
quois. 


“Peacefully Sleep,’ by James W. 


Morse of Pierre. 


Literature, South Dakota 


“Pin the Old Badge to My Bosom 
Once More,” by Emma L. Maynard of 
Kimball. 

In sentimental music there is a 
larger list: 

“If to Forget,” by Janosek and Dvor- 
ak of Yankton. 

“Little Footprints in the Snow,” by 
James W. Morse of Pierre. 

“Only a Lost One,” by Frank M. 
Halstead. 

“When,” by Jake Skinner of Park- 
ston. 

“Mother,” by Jake Skinner. 

“No One’s Darling,” by Harry Budde 
of Pierre. 

“Neath Dakota’s Northern Skies,” by 
Harold Davis. 

“Frolic of the Prairie Chickens,” by 
Carrie E. Stratton. 

“Troquois Grand March,” by Carrie 
Stratton. 

Senator George A Perley of Flan- 
dreau is a musical man and has writ- 
ten a number of pieces. 

“Saca awea,” a tribute to the Bird 
Women of the Lewis Clark expedi- 
tion. 

“Dakota Land,” 
music, 

“When Teddy’s Boat Goes By,” a 
tribute to Roosevelt. 

“Our Pop Convention,’ a_ topical 
song sung by the Minnehaha Mand- 
skor at the national populist conven- 
tion in 1900, by Jake Skinner. 

“On the Car,’ by Powers Gurand. 

But one piece of sacred music has 
come to the library, an Ave Christe 
by Rev. Earl Pierce of Brookings. 

Frank P. Glassner of Tyndall has 
published an “Easy Method for the 
Harpischord,” a manual for beginners. 


a piece of band 


477 


Literature, South Dakota 


Dramatization also comes under this 
division of literature. and in this line 
we have: 


“Clate Manson, B.S.A.,” by Asa For- 
rest, Jr. of Canton. Also the drama- 
tization of “One of the Palls.” 

“Yankton, a pageant,’ by Joseph 
Mills Hanson. 


8. Poetry. 


The poetical literature of South Da- 
kota consists of 32 printed books and 
a lot of fugitive stuff. In quality it 
ranges from the amateurish to really 
refined verse. 

So far as I am informed the first 
book of South Dakota verse was pub- 
lished by the late John Banvard of 
Watertown, and is entitled “The Tra- 
dition of the Temple.” It is a versi- 
fied tale of the Temple at Jerusalem. 
Banvard was a unique character. He 
was an Egyptian traveler and scholar 
of note. As a showman he vied with 
Barnum and had conducted museums 
and panoramas in New York, London 
and Paris. He made a painting of the 
Mississippi river more than three miles 
in length, which he exhibited in Lon- 
don. Afterward he painted the Nile. 
He was a prolific producer of verse, 
and coming to South Dakota when an 
old man kept the newspapers filled 
with his effusions. 

Sam Clover’s “Zephyrs from Dakota” 
was the next to appear and contains 
a dozen of the author’s best pieces. 

The next in order was May Philips 
Tatro’s “Thanksgiving Souvenir.” Mrs. 
Tatro was making genuine reputation 
at the time of her early death. 


Hamlin Garland was a resident of 
South Dakota when his first book of 
“Prairie Songs” appeared. From the 


technical stand point, his is, no doubt, 


Literature, South Dakota 


the best poetry which has been pub- 
lished by a South Dakotan. 


“The Poet Scout” of Captain Jack 
Crawford, is distinctly a South Da- 
kota production, and most of his verses 
have the local color of the Deadwood 
camp. 


“Across the Wheat” was Will Dill- 
man’s first book, and he will have to 
travel a strong pace if he excels some 
of the compositions in it. He now re- 
sides at Excelsior, Minnesota, but this 
work is wholly ours. 


“Midst the Coteaus of Dakota” by 
Doane Robinson, is a collection of his 
early dialect verses. 


“Happy Days,” by Charles E. 
Holmes, is one of the daintiest and 
most scholarly collections the state 
has produced. Mr. Holmes is no long- 
er a South Dakotan, but his little work 
will always be a monument to him 
here. 


“Black Hills Ballads,’ and ‘“Cow- 
boy Lyrics” are Robert V. Carr’s books 
of verse, and each is filled with char- 
acteristic South Dakota material. 


“Songs of the Sioux’? by Will Cham- 
berlain, contains his earlier verse, and 
some of it is among his best. 


“Dakota Rhymes” compiled by Gus- 
tav G. Wenzlaff, and B. Wade Burleigh, 
comprise some of the best work of a 
dozen or more of the South Dakota 
verse makers. 


“Ballads of the Plains,” by Mrs. 
Emily E. Sloan of Belle Fourche, is a 
thin collection of verse written and il- 
lustrated by the author. 


“Frontier Ballads” by Joseph Mills 
Hanson, is a collection of verses every 
South Dakotan will want to know. — 
Hanson has “the ballad swing” to per- 
fection. 


478 


Literature, South Dakota 


“Threads of Gold Woven into Verse” 
is a rather pretentious volume by Rev. 
James Davies. 


“Hager” is Rollin J. Wells’ very 
strong dramatic verse. It is of more 
than ordinary strength, and stamps 
the author as a genuine poet. 


“Songs of the Bast and West” is 
Rev. Leonard Kingsley Smith’s col- 
lection of real poetry. 


Mrs. A. J. Dickenson of Chamberlain 
has at least four collections all finely 
printed and illuminated with colored 
drawings. They are ‘Voices of the 
Winds,” “Souvenir of the Artesian 
Wells,” “Voices of the Wheat Fields” 
and “Ocean and Other Poems.” 


‘Day Dreams and Realities” is a 
collection of the poetic fancies of Rev. 
E. B. TreFethren. 


“Sun and Saddle Leather,” by Badg- 
er Clark is a collection of Clark’s 
characteristic verse. He is unques- 
tionably the most popular poet of the 
region. 


Flora Shufelt Rivola, of Yankton is 
doing very excellent work, much of 
which finds its way into standard mag- 
azines but which has not been col- 
lected. 


The following have written accept- 
able verse: 


Abel, Edwin L. 
Aisenbrey, Calvin J. 
Bagstad, Annie HE. 
Beaumont, Adelbert E. 
Brown, Mortimer C. 
Burleigh, B. Wade 
Burleigh, Andrew F. 
Butler, Daisy Dean 
Caldwell, Arthur L. 
Chamberlain, Beulah. 
Creed, Charles H. 
Crill, Louis N. 


479 


Literature, South Dakota 


Crothers, Ralph 
Dickson, Margarette A. 
Hagman, Bernice 
Hall, Fremont 
Harrington, Nellie 
Lawton, Charles Bracy 
McMurtry, William J. 
Martin, Mary Frances 
Miser, Nellie Pyle 
Richardson, Mabel K. 
St. John, C. Griffin 
Stillwell, Ethel Brooks 
Swift, Flora M. 
TreFethren, E. B. 
Van Camp, George A. 
Van Dalsam, Edward 
Van Cise, Edwin 
Wentworth, Frank M. 
Wenzlaff, Gustav G. 
White, Gay C. 


A few bits of characteristic verse 
by South Dakota writers are appen- 
ded. 


The World’s Out-of-Doors 

’'Tis joy to ride o’er the grassy plains 

And follow the wild stampede, 

To rest at night ’neath the star’s pale 
light 

By the side of your faithful steed; 

There’s health in the chase for the 
wily game 

And joy in the sport that thrills, 

As you listen at morn for the hunts- 
man’s horn 

And canter away to the hills. 


There are forests vast where I fain 
would roam, 

There are mountains with caps of 
snow, 

There are canyons deep where the 
waters leap 

To the chasms so. far below; 

And whether we ride o’er the billowy 
plains 

Or sail o’er the surging sea, 


Literature, South Dakota 


There’s joy in the quest for the life 
that’s best, 
The life that is wild and free. 


I love the scent of the towering pines, 

The gleam of the heaving seas, 

The tints that glow when the sun is 
low, 

The life that is wild and free. 

I love to stand by the cascade’s brink 

Where the water in splendor pours, 

And catch the spell of the throbs that 
swell 

From the heart of the world’s out- 
doors. ; 

H. Howard Biggar. 


The Bad Lands 
Bluff of ochre and brown and red, 
In varied glory flare, 
For here is the land of mystery, 
Where God plays solitaire. 


A gray plain and a soft mirage, 
In the blue haze over there, 

For here is the land of lonesomeness, 
Where God plays solitaire. 


A muddy butte and shapes that come 
And at the sunset stare, 

For here is the land of forgotten pasts, 
Where God plays solitaire. 


A silence that dwarfs the soul of man, 
Oh, the silence everywhere! 
For here is the land of things unsolved, 
Where God plays solitaire. 
Robert V. Carr. 


Growing Old 
A little more tired at the close of day, 
A little less anxious to have our way; 
A little less ready to scold and blame, 
A little more care for a_brother’s 
name; 
And so we are nearing the journey’s 
end, 
Where Time and Eternity meet and 
blend. 
Rollin J. Wells. 


Literature, South Dakota 


Moods 


"When the weather is fair my fancies 


soar 
Away over forest and hill and lea, 
When the weather is foul and the 
fierce winds roar, 
My fancies come shivering back 
to me 
And we brood together before the 
grate 
Of the things that come by the 
hand of fate 


When the weather is fair the world 
seems wide, 
Its bounds stretch out in the far 


dim blue 
And my spirit floats out on a puls- 
ing tide 
Into distant lands that I never 
knew, 


When the weather is foul and the 
sad rain falls 
There is no world but my cottage 
walls. 


When the sunlight glints thro’ the 
warm, soft skies 
Love plumes his pinions and wan- 


ders free 
Where soft-voiced sirens with star- 
ry eyes 
Sing songs of the beautiful soon- 
to-be— 


When darkness falls on the cloud- 
hung dome 
Love hears no voice but the voice 
of home. 
Mortimer Crane Brown. 


Sweet Peas 


Dream-eyed delights and fairie fan- 


tasies 

Wandered from rarer regions and 
congealed 

To form and color in our denser 
air, 





480 


Literature, South Dakota 


These, like the royal captives bound 
of eld 

In fair, bright fetters 
more enchance 

Their alien beauty, 
adorn 

Imperial 
train. 

These are the merry-makers of the 
feast; 

The gay coquettes that wanton with 
the winds; 

The sportive nymphs enamored of 
the sun; 

The blithe Bacchantes drunk with 
rain and dew 

The dancing girls of Summer’s pag- 
eantry. 


which the 
o’er all else 


Summer’s glad triumphal 


Annie E. Bagstad. 


Mors et Vita. 

To him who guides the 
breaking plow 

Is given pleasure and high privilege; 

To grasp the curving tails with 
sturdy strength 

And watch the rolling colter’s cruel 
bite, 

To hear the snarling share tear out 
the roots 

God planted in creation’s gardening 
days l 

Doth teach the lesson inexorable, 

That larger life comes through the 
gate of death. 

The beauty of the ribboned sod that 
flows : 

All black and glistening from the 
shining mold; 

The fragrance of the broken blooms 
that fall; 

The new-turned earth; 
feathered friends 
That follow him and 

with song; 
The vernal breeze; thé comfort of 
the sun— 


prairie- 


the trustful 


cheer the day 


Literature, South Dakota 


All serve for joy abounding unto 
him 


Who joins in partnership with the 
Most High 

To fructify the earth for fellow 
man. | 


Doane Robinson. 


From Town. 
We’re the children of the open and 
we hate the haunts o’ men, 
But we had to come to town to 
get the mail. 
And we’re ridin’ home at daybreak 
‘cause the air is cooler then— 
All ‘cept one of us that stopped be- 
hind in jail. 
Shorty’s nose won’t bear paradin’, 
Bill’s off eye is darkly fadin’, 
All our toilets show a touch of 
disarray, 
For we found that city life is a con- 
stant round of strife 
And we ain’t the breed for shyin’ 
from a fray. 


Chant your warwhoop _pardners 
dear while the east turns pale 
with fear 

And the chaparral is tremblin’ all 
aroun’ 

For we’re wicked to the marrer; 
we’re a midnight dream of ter- 
ror 

When we're ridin’ up the rocky 
trail from town! 


We acquired our hasty temper from 
our friend, the centipede. 
From the rattlesnake we learnt to 
guard our rights. 
We have gathered fightin’ pointers 
from the famous broncho’ steed 
And the bobcat teached us rep- 
pertee that bites. 
So when some high-collared herrin’ 
jerred the garb that I was wear- 
in’ 


481 


Literature, South Dakota 


‘Twasn’t long till we had got 

where talkin’ ends, 

.And he et his ill bred chat, with a 
sauce of derby hat, 

While my merry pardners entertain- 
ed his friends. 
Sing’er out, my buckeroos! 
desert hear the -news. 
Tell the stars the way we rubbed 

the haughty down. 

We’re the fiercest wolves a-prowlin’ 
and it’s just our night for howl- 
in’ 

When we’re ridin’ 
trail from town. 

Since the days that Lot and Abram 
split the Jordan range in halves, 

Just to fix it so their punchers 
wouldn’t fight, 

Since old Jacob skinned his dad-in- 
law for six year’s crop in calves 

And then hit the trail for Canaan 
in the night, 

There has been a taste for battle 
"mong the men that follow cattle 

And a love of doin’ things that’s 
wild and strange 

And the warmth of. Laban’s. words 


Let the 


up the rocky 


when he missed his speckled 
herds 
Still is useful in the language of 


the 


Sing’er out, my bold coyotes! lea- 
ther fists and leather throats, 
For we wear the brand of Ishm’el 

like a crown. 
We’re the sons of desolation, we’re 
the out-laws of creation— 
Ke yow! a-ridin’ up the rocky 
trail from town! 
Badger 


range. 





Clark. 


Men. 
and plays and 


Outdoor 

You to your books, 
dance, 

And we to the woods and hills, 


Literature, South Dakota 


You to the maids whose looks en- 
trance, 
And we to the chattering rills, 
You with the learning, and clothes 
and airs, 
And your problems of how to be 
gzood,— 
But ours, when all’s said, is the life 
that wears, 
And only we have understood. 
Leonard Kingsley Smith. 


Wild Bill’s Grave. 
On the side of the hill, between White- 
wood and Deadwood 
At the foot of the pine stump, 
there lies a lone grave 
Environed with rocks and with pine 
trees and redwood, 
Where the wild roses bloom o’er 
the breast of the brave. 
A mantle of brushwood the green 
swarth encloses 
The green boughs are waving far 
up overhead; 
While under the sod and the flow’ 
rets reposes 
The brave and the dead. 
Capt. Jack Crawford. 


On Harney’s Crest. 
Thy shoulders Harney, cleve the 
skies, 
A mantle therefrom on thee lies, 
More pure than ermine fleece. 


So towering, chill, yet wrapt in 
peace 

Art thou! Tho’ oft the gods of tem- 
pests” rest 


in frowning quest 
brow, and gazing 


Upon thy flanks, 

From Jupiter’s 
down, 

Scorn the low-huddled mining town, 

And deem the _ furnace’s smoking 
blast 

A puppet’s anger at thy splendors 
cast. Will Chamberlain. 


482 


Literature, South Dakota 


Jake Dale. 


What, stranger, you never heerd tell 
o’ Jake, 
Jake Dale, o’ the “Lucky George?” 
You must a’ been raised in the 
East, my son, 
If you never clapped ears to the 
yarn that’s spun 
Of Jakey Dale an’ the race he won 
In the year o’ the big ice gorge. 


Come March in the Spring o’ ‘81, 
An’ the river broke at Pierre 
An’ come rantin’ down on the clean 
rampage. 
She marked 36 on the Yankton 
gage, 
Which I reckon you know is some 
of a stage, 
An’ she covered the bottoms here. 


The “George” was hitched on the 
city bar 
Close up by the railroad track. 
When the row began we fixed her 
strong, 
Rigged seven hawsers where two 
belong; 
She’d ‘a’ taken an acre o’ soil along 
If she dragged in the grindin’ 


pack. 


But along one night the drift-ice 
stopped; 
The flood run clear as June, 
Fer the stuff had jammed in Hag- 
in’s Bend 
An’ choked the channel from end 
to end, 
it fought an’ screamed like a 
wild-cat, penned, 
In the light of the cold March 
moon. 


An’ 


Yeh see that p’int acrost the bar 

With the riffle o’ shoal below? 

Well, that’s where the widow o’ old 
Buck Slack, 


Literature, South Dakota 


Oncet had a claim an’ a drift-wood 
shack, 
Where she lived an’ slaved with 
her young-un pack, 
All which was some time ago. 


Well, we on the “George” had tumb- 
led out— 
The roar o’ the jam was wild— 
When we heard a cry through the 
shriekin’ night, 

An’ there on the p’int, in the pale 
moonlight, 
A-wavin’ an’ yellin’ 

might, 
Stood Buck Slack’s youngest child. 
An’ 


with all her 


we knowed, without darin’ to 
say the word, 
They was tripped for 
Unknown, ‘ 
Fer the gorge had slapped the cur- 
rent round 
An’ cut ‘em off from the higher 
1 ground, 
An’ the hand that could save ‘em 
from bein’ drowned 
Was the hand of God alone. 


Then all at oncet we heerd a yell 
An’, down ‘cross the willow bank, 
A-layin’ a course that was skeercely 
snug, 
Came Jakey Dale with 
key jug 
As drunk as the mate of a log-raft 
tug, 
An’ a-swearin’ 


the Great 


his whis- 


somethin’ rank. 


“You rust-chawed fragments o’ junk, 
sez he, : 
“Now what do ‘you think you’ve 
found? : 
A-standin’ ‘round on this old bilge 
tank, 
Like a bunch o’ frogs on a float- 
in’ plank; 
Be ye lookin’ fer gold in yon cut-bank? 
An’ then he heerd that sound. 


483 


Literature, South Dakota 


As quick as the jump of a piston- 


rod 
He was over the  wheel-box 
guard, 
An’ before we could figger on stop- 
pin’ him 


He had slashed the falls from the 
long-boat’s rim 

was out past the slush o’ the 

channel’s’ brim, 

A-pullin’ quick and hard. 


An’ 


He sidled his tub through that rip- 
pin’ flume 
While we stood on the 
an’ swore. 
The boy was looney with raw-corn 
gin 7 
But he reckoned his course to the 
width of a pin 


“George” 


Ran straight to the eddy an’ clawed 


her in 
An’ staggered himself ashore. 


Now stranger I want to ask you, 
flat, 
If a man with his head-piece right, 
Would ‘a’ piled eight folks in that 
skiff’s inside 
Fer a half-mile pull through that 
mill race tide 
An’ think to land safe at the end 0’ 
the ride? 
Well, Jake Dale did, that night. 


When he shoved her off from the 
gumbo p’int 
She reeled like a sawyer snag, 
Then the current caught her along 
the beam 
An’ she whirled around an’ 
down stream 
With the foam from her bow like 
a cloud o’ steam, 
As fast as the red-tail stag. 


shot 


Good Lord, the fright in them child- 
ren’s cries! 


Literature, South Dakota 


It curdled a feller’s blood, 
Them river men ain’t a_ prayerful 
race, 
But that night more’n one sort of 
hid his face 
An’ sent up a plea to the Throne 0’ 
Grace 
To guide them through the flood. 


An’ then that gorge sent up a roar 
That shook the solid ground; 
The sort that splits yer ears in two 
When a side-wheel packet drops 

a flue 
An’ blows six b’ilers amongst her 
crew, 
An’ cooks them that ain’t drown- 
ed. 
She was breakin’ loose like an ayal- 
anche, 
Slipped free on a mountain side. 
Jake Dale turned ‘round an’ give 


one look 
An’ read the truth like a printed 
book 
Then bent to his oars till the keel- 
post shook, 


An’ pulled fer the “George’s” side. 


He jammed her bow through the 
buckin’ tide 
Till the painter floated free; 
With blinded eyes an’ drippin’ skin 
He fought fer the race he had set 
to win 
Like a_ soldier fights, 
rolled in 
An’ ground against ~her lee. 


till the ice 


But he’d got her up to ropin’ range 
An’ we hauled her to the rail. 
When he’d landed the last one, safe 


an’ sound, 
Jake follered, an’ says, as he look- 
ed around, 
“You fellers fetch out that jug you 
found, 


I’m as dry as the Mormon Trail! 


484 


Literature, South Dakota 


Well stranger, that there is the 
yarn o’ Jake, 
Jake Dale, o’ the “Lucky George.” 
He wasn’t no saint with the gilt-edged 
crown; 
His language would shatter a 
church-steeple down; 

He’d a thirst in his throat that noth- 
in’ could drown; 
Ie dye T1Ston (like: y a. 

forge. 


blacksmith’s 


But, all the same, he’d a Christian 
soul 
If he hadn’t the Christian creed, 
An’ a better heart, by a blame long 


shot, 
Than some pious folks that brag 
a lot 
On savin’ their souls, but haven’t 
got 


No time fer their brother’s need. 


An’ I reckon the Lord has found a 
place 
In the Kingdom o’ the Lamb 
Fer the man that cast his own fears 


by 
An showed that he wasn’t afear- 
ed to die 
Fer the sake of a frightened baby’s 
cry. 


That night o’ the big ice jam. 
Joseph Mills Hansen. 


The Weeping Magdalen 
That simple face, so innocent and 
fair, 
So sad, —if aught inanimate have 
_wrongs— 
Has often claimed the greatest art- 
ist’s care 
Has oft received the minstrel’s 
sweetest songs. 


Yet they have missed its beauty, for 
it stands 


- Pherson 


Literature, South Dakota 


From human skill so measureless 
apart, 
It breaks the chords of minstrelsy 
and brands 
With burning shame the wonder- 
inmgmetace. of # Art. 
C. E. Holmes. 


Pioneers. 

They rise to mastery of wind and 
snow; 

They go like soldiers grimly 
strife 

To colonize the plain. They plow 
and sow, 

And fertilize the sod with their own 
life, 

As did the Indian and the Buffalo. 


into 


8. Fiction. 

South Dakota has a_ respectable 
body of fiction of acceptable charac- 
ter. There are upwards of 25 tit- 
les published by residents of the 
state and a good many others by non- 


residents which deal exclusively 
with South Dakota scenes and peo- 
ple. 


I think the first printed book of fic- 
tion published by a South Dakotan 
was written in 1876 by Mrs. George 


E. Spencer, of Deadwood and was 
entitled “Calamity Jane.’ The scenes 
are about the mining camps at 
Deadwood. It is really very good 
and of thrilling interest. Under a 
more dignified title it might have 
become a “best seller.” This was 


soon followed by ‘Dakota Girl,’ by 
Stella Gilman of Hudson, who a lit- 
tle later added “The Gumbo Lily” to 
the literature of the state. 


Three of Hamlin Garland’s fict- 
ions belong to South Dakota, all of 
them dealing with Brown and Mc- 
county scenes. They are 


485 


Literature, South Dakota 


“The Little Norsk,” “An Average 
Man”’ and “Moccasin Ranch.” 


The late Dr. Will O. Lillibridge of 
Sioux Falls, left an even half dozen 
volumes, as follows; “Ben _ Blair,’ 
and “When the. Trail Divides.” 
Stories of the South Dakota Range 
Region; ‘A Breath of Prairie,” also 
of the out-doors, “The Dominant 
Dollar,” ‘‘Dissolving Circle’ and “Qu- 
recus Alba” stories of Sioux Falls. 
Mr. Lillibridge’s death cut short a 
promising career. “Ben Blair” and 
“Where the Trail Divides’ were a- 
mong the most popular novels of 
the day, the sale running into tre- 
mendous figures. 


Kate and Vergil Boyles of Yank- 


ton have three very _ successful 
books: “Langford of the Three 
Baas “The Homesteaders” and 
“Spirit Trail.” These have been 


very popular and sold to high fig- 
ures. 


Eleanor Gates, spent her youth in 
Minnehaha county, and two of her 
books are distinctively South Dak- 
otan. They are “The Autobiography 
of a Prairie Girl’ and “Plow Wo- 
man.” They were published by the 
Century Company, a sufficient guar- 
antee of their quality. 


Mary Agnes Byrne, of Volga has 
two juvenile works “The Little Wo- 
man of the Spout,” and “Roy and 
Rosy Rocks,’ which were popular 
with children. 


Lawyer John Burns of Deadwood 
is the author of “Memories of a 
Cow Pony.” Mrs. Aken Douglas, of 
Fort Pierre, gives us “Beryl,” Judge 
George H. Marquis, of Clear Lake, 
“Fairview’s Mystery,” Rev. Charles 
Sinnett of Carthage, “The 


Norsk. 


Literature, South Dakota 


Gopher,” Rev. W. D. Atwater of 
Sturgis, “Told Again,” "andee.ieoe 
Fox, formerly editor of the Sioux 
Falls Press, “Private Smith in the 
Philippines,’ each of which is inter- 
esting and worthy of perusal. 


“The Patriot” by Thomas Stubbins 
of Yankton, and “Every Man His 
Chance,” by Matilda Wood Stone, of 
Rapid City are likewise very attract- 
ive novels. 


Of notable fiction pertaining to 
South Dakota scenes and South 
Dakota People may be mentioned, 
“Tonda,’ by Warren K. Moorhead. 
This is a story of the Pine Ridge 
Indians. “The Westerners,’ and 
“The Claim Jumpers” are Black 
Hills Stories, by Stewart Edward 
White, once a resident. 


“The Conquest” by Eva Emery 
Dye, is not legimately a South Dak- 
ota story although Mrs. Dye for- 
merly resided in this state as the 
wife of Prof. Dye of the Madison 
Normal and is the story of the Lew- 
is and Clark expedition dwelling ex- 
tensively upon the time spent by the 
explorers in this territory. 


College Orations. A compilation of 
the winning orations in the inter-col- 
legiate contests in South Dakota from 
the first in 1888 to the thirtieth in 1917 
compiled by O. W. Coursey, is as fol- 
lows: 


1. G. R. Varney, Sioux Falls College, 
“The Jew.” 

2. E. A. Chase, Yankton College, 
“The Pursuit of Wealth.” 

3. Fred H. Clark, Dakota Univ., “The 
Problem of the Century.” 

4, A.C. Shepard, Dakota Univ., “The 
Indian Problem.” 

5. J. W. Barrington, Redfield College, 
“The National Problem.” 

6. T. A. Stubbins, Yankton College, 
“The Spirit of Romance.” 


486 


10. 


Tt. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 


23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
ol. 


32. 


33. 


3 Richard A. Locke, 


Literature, South Dakota 


Sioux Falls 
College, “‘The Preservative Ele- 
ment in American Society.” 

A. B. Rowell, Yankton College, 
“Robert Burns.” 

W. F. Ewert, Yankton College, 
“Individualism.” 

Winifred McVey, Dakota Univer- 
sity, “Civilization and the Pro- 
phet.” 

E. T. Dolton, Dakota University, 
“Decline of Citizenship.” 

H. A. Rodee, Dakota University, 
“Our Social Crisis.” 

Walter Hubbard, Huron College, 
“Wendell Phillips.” 

James A. Walton, Redfield Col- 
lege, “American Problems.” 

Edith Noble, Dakota University, 
“Tito Melema.” 

Carlton D. Hardy, Dakota U., 
“From Fame to Infamy.” 

Anna Bagstad, Yankton College, 
“Goethe.” 

James E. Crowther, D. Wesleyan 
U., “Oliver Cromwell.” 

Burton F. Tanner, Dakota Univer- 
sity, “Robert Burns.” 

Lou E. Miles, Redfield College, 
“Micheal Angelo.” 

Ralph Shearer, D. Wesleyan U., 
“Saxon Versus Slav.” 

George Norvell, D. W. U., ‘Joan 
Gr Arc, 

Howard Warren, Yankton College, 
“The New Orient.” 

John Dobson, D. W. U., “America’s 
Greatest Problem.” 

James Dobson, D. W. U., 
Pacific Outlook.” 

C. A. Alseth, Yankton College, 
“The Lion of the North.” 

Harvey L. Leavitt, D W. U., “Men 
of Vision.” 

Roi B. Tibbetts, D. W. U., ““Amer- 
ica’s Industrial Crisis.” 

Floyd Pool, State University, 
“Restriction of. Immigration.” 
Samuel Marble, D. W. U., “From 

Fame to Infamy.” 

Clement Thomas, Huron College, 
“Children of the Gloom.” 

Simon P. Nelson, Yankton. Col- 
lege, “The Knight among the 
Nations.” 

Harold R.. Husted, Sioux Falls 
College, “Ideals of the Coming 
Age.” 


Ory: 


Literature, South Dakota 


of," Prancis* Cace, Ds “W:' U,, “The 


Modern Paradox.” 

Numbers 13, 21, 23 and 33 above 
were won in interstate contests. The 
winners since 1918 have been: 1918, 
Lloyd Rising, Wesleyan; 1919, No con- 
test; 1920, Walter A. Aschenback, 
Sioux Falls; 1921, Roy Wilson, Yank- 
ton; 1922, Dean McSloy, Sioux Falls; 
1923, Laura Belle McBurney, Yank- 
ton; 1924, Clifton Churchill, Yankton. 


Speeches 
Pettigrew, Richard F., ‘“‘The Course of 
Empire,” “Imperial Washington.” 


These books are addresses made 
by Mr. Pettigrew as United States 
Senator, selected and edited. 


Addresses of the South Dakota Repre- 
sentatives in the Congress of the 
United States will be found in the 
Congressional Record, indexed under 
their several names. 

Messages of the several Governors 
of Dakota Territory and of South 
Dakota were published separately. 
Complete files are in the State Lib- 
rary; but it is now difficult to find 
some of them elsewhere. 

The Public addresses of William B. 
Sterling were published by his . 
friends in a memorial volume, “Mem- 
oirs of William B. Sterling.” 


IX. History 

For an outline of the history of 
South Dakota see Historical Chronol- 
ogy. The following Histories of the 
State or sections of it have been pub- 
lished: 
Andrea’s Atlas, 1884. Contains a fine 

Historical sketch of Dakota. 


Armstrong’s “History of Dakota,” 1866. 

Armstrong’s “Early Empire Builders 
of the Great West.” 1901. 

Batchelor, ‘History of Dakota Terri- 
tory,” a revision of Armstrong’s. 


487 


Literature, South Dakota 


Foster, “History of Dakota Territory,” 
a revision of Armstrong’s for immi- 
gration purposes. 


Johnson’s (Willis E.) “South Dakota, 
A Republic of Friends.” 1911. 


Kingsbury’s “History of Dakota Ter- 
ritory,’ by G. W. Kingsbury, 2 vol- 
umes; invaluable for source-mater- 
TAD MALO). 


McClure, Pattison F.; ‘Resources of 
Dakota, 1887”; contains sketch of 
each county. 


Peterson’s (Frank E.) “Atlas of South 
Dakota,” 1904. Contains a fine his- 
torical sketch of §S. D. 

Ransom (Frank L.) “The Sunshine 
State;” a brief school history. 1912. 
Robinson (Doane) ‘History of South 

' Dakota from the Earliest Times,” 
1899. 

“History of South Dakota,” 2 vols., 
1904. 

“Brief History of South Dakota,” 
1905. 

Smith (with. Youn?) | “History and 
Government of South Dakota,’ 1898. 


Smith (G. M.) “History of South Da- 


kota,” (third volume of the Kings- 
bury History, 1915. Not written by 
Prof. Smith and not dependable) See 
Kingsbury’s History of Dakota (in 
this Cyclopedia). 


Young (Clark M.) with Smith; ‘“Hist- 
ory and Government of South Da- 
kota” (revised, 1912). 


Van Osdel, Abraham Lincoln, “Historic 
Land Marks of the Great Northwest.” 


Black Hills 


Dodge, (Gen. Richard I.) “The Black 
Hills.” 1876. 


Rosen, Father Peter, “The Black Hills 
of Dakota.” 


Literature, South Dakota 


Tallent, (Mrs. Annie D.) “The Black 
Hills, the Last Home of the Dako- 
tahs.”’ 1899, 

Coursey, O. W., “The First Woman in 


the Black Hills: ” an abridgement of 
Mrs. Tallent’s book. 1923. 


County Histories 

Beadle, sketch in Peterson’s “Atlas of 
Beadle County.” 

Charles Mix, sketch in Peterson’s “At- 
las of Charles Mix County.” 

Clay, sketch in Peterson’s “Atlas of 
Clay County.” 

Davison, sketch in Peterson’s “Atlas 
of Davison County.” 


Davison, ‘‘History of Davison County,” 
by N. C. Dunham. 


Edmunds, sketch in Peterson’s “Atlas 
of Edmunds County.” 


Faulk, “History of Faulk County,” by 
GH silts: 


Hanson, sketch in Peterson’s ‘‘Atlas of 
Hanson County.” 


McPherson, ‘History of McPherson 
County,’ by George Hichman. 


Marshall, “History of Marshall 
County,” by George Hichman., 


Minnehaha, “History of Minnehaha 
County,” by Dana R. Bailey. 


Turner, sketch in Peterson’s ‘Atlas of 
Turner County.” 


Union County, Historical sketches by 
W. H:. He Fate, in Hist., Xone 
528° X.b6T-"71 (2) 

There are perhaps other county hist- 


ories which have not come to the at- 
tention of the editor. 


920. 


Collections of biographies of South 
Dakotans are printed, among others 
in the following books: 


Biography 


488 


Literature, South Dakota 


“History of Southeastern Dakota,” 
1884. 

Robinson’s “History of South Dakota,” 
1904. 

Kingsbury’s “History of Dakota Terri- 
tory,’ 1915. 

“Memorial and Biographical Record,” 
1897, for Clay, Union, Lincoln and 
Turner Counties (Ogle, Publisher, 
Chicago). 

The same for Bon Homme, Charles 
Mix, Douglas and Yankton Counties. 

The same for Central South Dakota. 

The same for Hastern South Dakota 
(named also “Compendium of Biog- 
raphy, 1898).” 

“Compendium of Biography of the 
Black Hills,” 1898 (Ogle). 

.“Who’s Who in South Dakota,” by O. 
W. Coursey, 5 vols. 

“Who’s Who Among South Dakotans,” 
by Lawrence K. Fox; contains about 
2,000 sketches of active South Da- 
kotans. 

Bailey’s 
County,” 1899. 

The following individual biographies 
have been published: 

“Gen. W. H. H. Beadle,” by 
Coursey. 

Dollard, Maj. Robert, ‘Recollections of 
the Civil War, and Going West to 
Grow Up with the Country.” 

“William Hobart Hare,” by M. A. De- 
Wolf Howe. 

“Alfred B. Kittredge,’ by O. W. Cour- 
sey. 


Ore Wis 


“William B. Sterling,’ compiled by 
friends. 

“Joseph Ward, of Dakota,” by George 
’H. Durand. 


“John P. Williamson,” 
Barton. 


by Winifred 


“History of Minnehaha 


Literature, South Dakota 


Biographical sketches of State offi- 
cers and legislators since 1903 appear 
in the respective legislative manuals, 
known as the “Blue Books.’ There 
are sketches of numerous South Dako- 
tans in each issue of ‘‘Who’s Who in 
America.” 

Very numerous sketches of persons 
of importance in South Dakota history 
will be found in the “Historical Col- 
lections” published by the Department 
of History. 

The department of history has an 
index file of every person enumerated 
in the State census of 1905, of 1915, 
and 1925, with much personal infor- 
mation about each. 


Historical Material 
The following index gives the chief 
contents of the first twelve volumes 
of the “Collections of the Materials of 
History” published by the Department 
of History of South Dakota: 


Aborigines of South Dakota, C. E. De- 
Land 


MME jogs ine slang Rae Re a a ie Ill, 271 
Ainsworth, Cephas W., sketch by 
GPU eS he iia yan ad, a IV, 197 
Ainsworth, Frank B., sketch of C. W. 
WS yh 6 pars lle a IV, 197 
Aldrich, Irwin D., sketch of S. R. Gold, 
a aa om Lig ige 24g tee Ee ene Ne a Tis 
Allison, E. H., Sioux Proper Names, 
Sitka Reo. ae eR en aaa VI, 275 
Sitting Bull’s Birthplace ..VI, 270 
Sitting Bull’s Surrender ..VI, 231 


Amsden, C. S., Big Winter of 1880, 


ee PE Me Cee NM AO eee Ge he Me Ve 92 
Arickara War, 1823, Official Corres- 
DOBAENCOS > 25 wR toe Poke & Eero er 
Arickara Indians, History, by C. E. 
Dellandirs ve7 set ta. sek tees 00 heal 


Ashley Massacre, Official Correspon- 
dence 


489 


Literature, South Dakota 


Astorians in Dakota, by Washington 


Irving 2. soars ALi ene oe oe x 196 
Babcock, Thornton, Sioux Customs, 
2) sf ees ok cea ViT2rg 
Bach, Christen J., Sketch of Emiel 
BY OUCIG sick ora oa le» was ee Vil, 537 
Badlands, Ancient Fireplaces, A. E. 
ITGLOOM is 7 ca sc ite a atelatette te Virecli 


Barbier, Charles P., Rescue of Lake 
Shetak Captives 
Beadle, W. H. H., His Memoirs. . III, 85 
Beebe, Marcus B., Appreciation of, by 
J. W. Parmley - Vat e515 
Berg, Otto, appreciation by Thomas 
Sterling 
Bickelhaupt, W. G., War Fuel Admin- 
istration x, 279 
Billinghurst, Charles B., Biennial Ad- 


oe © ed 0 whe, Chel wie eh@ ale fe 4 sane 


YOR re Gis oe eneeie aie cick whega otis tee at ira Me 
Bird Woman, The Name of, D. R., 
Speed, Rita mars Po Mis ea Reh a et XII, 82 


Blackburn, William M., sketch by T. 
L. Riggs 
Black Hills Bygones, D. R.....XII, 198 


C0 0.18 © 6) U6 oF OL0 6 PLS © Ber ere one 


Black Hills, Custer’s Report of dis- 
COVOEY? cau locas ae aire VII, 5838 
Black Hills exploration, A. B. Donald- 
BOG etre PAU erent eters VII, 554 
Black Hills Names, V. T McGillycuddy 
net Pe ee ee es Ath oR eae ltd Shem VI, 273 
Boulder Mosaics, J. E. Todd..VI, 207 
Boulder» Mosaics, .D.. Re..... VII, 541 
Boundaries of South Dakota, S. S. 
WES TLOP EY 2 gut, 20k et ee hatnne aie Maal IX, 380 


Brouch, Emiel, sketch, by C. J. Bach 


Set ee PE er! eee ea VII, 537 
Brown, of Wadsworth, D. R...XII, 219 
Brown: County <0) Rew. ae x11,.219 
Brughier, Theopile, sketch by C. R. 

IVE LUIS Ae Beith esac. are veh ae ast a IV, 263 
Buffalo Bill’s Bluff, M. F. Steele IX, 475 
Buffalo County;! Ds esse XII, 243 


490 


Literature, South Dakota 


Buffalo Hunt, T. L. Riggs V, 95; XI, 399 


Buffalo East of the Missouri, C. S. 


Stevenson 


| 
ee ones Oe a 6 ee Soe) a) eee 


Gee 6.'e 6 6 ere wl #6 .o fe) 0 46 0) ee ee wre rr reee 


MATA" Ys edo yes as see ee Vie 
Case, Ralph, Tribute to Robert 
McDowell. ‘Vv .k oye eee IV, 100 
Census of 1860, G. W. Kingsbury 
neat ante te PEEP EE hr eth 0 


Tian, vie, shea «tects a XI, 245 
Codington County Incidents, D. R. 
wile are, os enero neecee ane iaae XII, 131; VII, 549 
Collins, Mary C., Ethel C. Jacobsen 
Pere Tee tack cee. ee X, 388 
Colonial Claims and S. D., C. E. De- 
Land 250. ss os ao 5 ee VII, 41 
Convict Labor in S. D., F. T.,Stockton 
Se Gio foe So as vO wast ate XI, 220 
Cook, Edmund, An Adventure in Da- 
kota oe Sea va) DG ia 
Courts. of the Sioux, D: KR... ee V, 402 
Crazy Horse’s Story of Custer Battle 
ee ee rir A py VI, 224 
Custer, G. A., Report:on Black Hills, 
TSS Wi WIAA sao ass ee VII, 583 
Dakota Cavalry; 1862-6 3oe7 VII, 581 
Dakota’s First Soldiers ....... IX, 241 
Dakota in the Fifties, Augustus Meyers 
ie ir eRe Lt tee eeeeseeee cee, 130 
Dakota Militia History, Wright Tarbell 
Se Pere TROV I VI, 363 
Dakota, Military .Posts. .<..ee Vill oes 
“Dakota, The State.ot”.. ieee x, 315 


Dakota Territory, History, by W. M. 
Blackburn 


Sis ee © © © @ cle 'S 6 Bp ele 


Literature, South Dakota 


pe Ae AH rece? a are Villy 15 
DeLand, Charles E., Arickara History 
EC 2 ee ON te og ns & ae Ill, ‘271 
DeLand, Charles E., Biennial Address 
Et ce o's. y's octets VII, 41 
Basil Clement (Claymore).XI, 245 
Notes on Fort Pierre....... Reo 


History of Mandan Indians.IV, 275 
Verendrye Explorations ..VII, 99 


Deaths in Dakota, 1870, X, 440; 1880, 


. 23 SR eee XII, 108 
Dennis, Roger L., War Savings.X, 269 
Divine Right of Princes, D. R.. XII, 186 


Divorce in Dakota, D. R....... XII, 268 
Dollard, Maj. Robert, Memoir, by H. P. 
ere es Soa te ht aleiG Gaguterenn hoe 1 Pa a 
Donaldson, A. B., in Black Hills, 1874, 
2 a eee ee VII, 554 
Doud Diary, G. W. Doud,...... IX, 471 

’ ducation in S. D., History of, W. 
Mae. Ludeman,.. 62% es. 24 XII. 375 


End of a Generation, D. R.,. XII, 115 


Explorations in Dakota, 1844-5, 
kt 


Factors in. Historical Development, 
Do. Pie SLE ig Re ee amen V, 69 


HPeniens in Dakota, D. R.,....VI, 117 


First Soldiers of Dakota, 1862, 
_. one ae ES rere IX, 241 


Fort La Framboise and Shetak Cap- 
tives, Charles P. Barbier,..XI, 232 


REPEC ARUIOL, U). Etsy. vie sae ae Al, . 99 

Pot S1eCrre , JOUTDAIS,. - nae aes TX LOU 
Official Correspondence,..... oe 
Old Fort Pierre and Neighbors, 
POL ere ete oe cicittengces wee = I, 259 
Fort Tecumseh Journals, C. E. D., 
EP I Oe el PFS A eins ite 69 


Literature, South Dakota 


Freeman, Dr. J. W., Tribute to Dr. 


SLE ORG etre i eect ces oicioe Lee ae 
Fremont and Nicollet in Dakota, 
Rag 5 ae oe eee SN BRA 2 Ser 60 
French, Kathryn M., ‘Manuel Lisa,”’ 
MMi abere, deta hotest, Creston eset eves LVL Le 
Genealogical Material, ........ TX 11436 
Gering, John J., Swiss Germans, 
= 32 Re Raat OR ey RED. Soe een VI, 351 
Gold, Sidney R., Tribute by I. D. Ald- 
of, Dey <p et eng eee, ia ime OBS ois 
Green, Carroll G., Statehood His- 
TORY coerce: te Pe) eho eas a? Obes XII, 503 


Green, Joseph M., a memoir,...V, 109 
Groseillers and Radisson, by R. F. 


ESOT Be OF on eb Medea. ah bie oe I, 165 
Gunderson, Carl A., Reminiscence, 
sae Bew hes s ble Sits, «EDT. <i Ely 
Hackett, Charles E., Missouri River 
PEEPLES glee oC ane eS eee A VIII, 27 
‘ Hall, Bert L., Sketch of H. L. Jones, 
SR eRe Cy ea ae RO XT 39d. 
Pn beAOUnLY.( Do Re kos athe obs XII, 216 
Hare, William Hobart, Hugh L. Bur- 
LCS ES NRE bo) Oe are A Pane Xs hs 
Hauge, Lars J., Kensingston Stone, 
pegs, Cnet AK. Sy Shoe PR ie wae TV, 21489 
Henry, George H., Oakwood Breast- 
CA UY LEU AD go Ryn ds gele tse gre ue ane Cate Soe tod 


Herreid, Charles N., War Food Admin- 


1 A) a a ee ce Rene x 20 
Historical Development, Factors in 
Pees eee eR hs teres eis coe hes let VeeGo 


Historical Societies, D. R.,....XII, 120 
Holm, James, Sioux Aristocrats, 


i SBE a Sa aloe eg ae ee aie XII, 182 
Hubbard, Walter, tribute to John L. 
EVIE Ce Pee Sac selene ees 108 Pees) 
Initiative and Referendum, Burton E. 
PUILLAN VAN G.ritisn o's eso m he te XAT 3331 
Irvine, J. B., Brown’s Steam Wagon, 
1 ORR oie PPEA Eee KP Seb23TL 


491 


Literature, South Dakota 


Jacobsen, Ethel C., Mary C. Collins, 


Kelly, Fanny, Rescue of, D. R.,.IV, 109 
Kensingston Stone, Lars J. Hauge, 


Wares Kuehne hee. 5 SERRE OR Be LVje139 
Kerr, Robert F., Biennial Address, 
ERMA v4.0 FHA Se FERS Ce RET Se Ben yy &b9 
Kerr, Robert F., Groseilliers and Rad- 
SHON: AFPe Mee vib inde Sot ease I, 165 
Kittridge, Alfred B., Tribute by T. B. 
Roherts} . easiness bale sete! VI;°d1 
Leavenworth ‘Expedition, 1823, Offic- 
ial Correspondence,........... I, 181 


LeRaye, Charles, Journal of,..IV. 150 
LeSueur Traditions, D. R.,....IX, 336 
Letellier, Louis D., by Constant R. 


RATES). <5 ehh ee atch LVere1 oe 217 
Lewis and Clark in Dakota, D. R.., 
SERED hint Sal io! atatele Meiers eee IX, 514 


Medical Adventures of, D. R.,. XII, 53 


Lincoln County Immortals, D. R., 


Dieta onic nce se Ses a eRe XII, 208 
Liquor Legislation in Dakota, D. R., 
Sesh. cine, Tee te ras hy Ope XII, 281 
Lisa, Manuel, Sketch by Kathryn M. 
Rrench. 0 aca ee ane eRe LV, 218 
Literature of South Dakota, D. R., 
Soe ean RUT aver eae Le Haha Vk PG 2 
Lattion lowas D5 oR oA, ws ee IK ae 


Luce, J. C., First Law Suit in Pierre, 


Battle of Whitestone Hill,....V, 417 
Ludeman, Walter W., History of Edu- 


CALIOD. , t.spapiedibin bee «bake take XII, 375 
Lugg, Charles H., Tribute to G. J. 

Schellenger;. seach... eek Vile 27 
Lyman County, D: Roriccsss XII, 249 


Literature, South Dakota 


McDowell, Robert E., Tribute, by 


Ralph «Case;:¢ : sis: ieee IV, 100 
McGillicuddy, Dr. V. T., Black Hills 
N@& MOS, ints ca te sere 2 See ee VI, 273 
Mandan Indians, History, Charles E. 
DeLand; » .cvasee (eee IV, 276 
Marks, Constant R., sketches of 
PIONOGIS; 24. - ae IV, 215, 256, "268 
Mead, Dr. Leonard C., Memorial Ex- 
ercises,=:. 7s ..inhs are Shoeie oe LE 9 


Medicine Knoll Legend, D. R.,. XII, 179 
Mennonites in Dakota, Gertrude S. 
Young,.... «05025 oe xX, 470 
Military Posts in Dakota,....VIII, 77 
Missouri River History, Charles E. 


Hackett foreclose VHS 4e0% 
Mobridge Incidents, D. R.,....XII, 233 
Mystery Church, Fort Randall, J. B. 

Williamson, soi 2eie23% s ieee Rieter 
Nash, Newman C., Tribute by his 

daughter;sio2) seteaece) oe Il; « 67 
Nash, Nina M.; Tribute to her father, 

. Brave: ctpmaiebapte «. ott css Bie ee Til gehe. 
Newspaper Lists,.. ..ciies It, 1d XAT 
Newspapers, Pioneer reprinted, 

ye nee e accra tee eae oe XI, 411, 419 
Nicollet’s Account of Trip of 1838-9, 

Sale oie’s sels othe kong hs ee ee ae ee 
Nobles’ Trail, 1857,....°5 se eee VI, 183 
Norsemen in America, Lars J. Hauge, 

Ame ES Seed PO ae oe TV," i359 
O’Flaherty, Colman E., Memorial of, 

b idth oa wlth See oe Oe ee bp 7! 
Oakwood Breastworks, G. Henry, 

eee Poe ee X,; 1195 
O’Gorman, Bishop Thomas, Verendrye 

Prophecy,. (part, 1) --a4cesee Iissias 
Outbreak War, Official Correspond- 

CCC Nia. oe see | VIII, 100 
Parkman not in Dakota, D. R., 

MeN Ree Eee. Ve XII, 103 
Parmley, J. W., Tributes to Marcus 

Pi’ Beebe, ci dec fs oer few VII, 515 


492 


Literature, South Dakota 


Pattee, Maj. John, Reminiscences, 


ee st OA Ree ad dS Vii2te 
Pioneer’s Letter, Israel Trumbo, 
ieee ein Mae ie sie en os a eV Lys 20k 
Pioneer Migrations, D. R.,....XII, 141 
Pioneers of Sioux City, C. R. Marks, 
rr ek as aes See Pov aft a5 IV, 255 
Pioneers of Codington County, Will 
MME CHDDITES OT, 4 co oj 04s a (obeves « ac ars VII, 549 
Potter County, Early History, D. R., 
on OS XII, 258 
Powers, Wm. H., War Libraries, 
EE ny a ee a ee a Pe X, 248 
Public Libraries and History, D. R., 
A ee eee XII, 129 


Pull of Historic Places, D. R.,. XII, 138 
Putrid Fever of 1812, D. R.,...XII, 67 
Pyle, John L., Tribute, by Walter 


MUIRTEUER TC soaks, o cad cc gos aca oy a III, . 59 
Radisson and Groseilliers, notes by 
TROT Te 5 Sic idh sade ’n a 0 hw ais, ty jee hs 
Red Cloud, Education of, D. R., 
_ SSS rR a ee ee XII, 156 
Relics, Notable Historical, D. R., 
i LE ee a Wil 22 
Renville, Rev. John B., Interview, 
BRIERE EG. FUL nolo tis slele'e bie siete he V, 397 
Result of the War, Guy P. Squire, 
2 Rha SE a ee eee Roy aa >, as 3 
Riggs, Thomas L., Sketch of Dr. 
PHAR HIT ..c0es | SU, SeeETe. 1, 7°25 
Bunalo EHunt,. : rs ose. We uo, AE s90 


Sioux Memorials....II, 103 (part 1) 
‘Roberts, A. C., Day County Incidents, 


MMO cca tee Se eee Ine WE Le ee 
Roberts, Thomas B., Tribute to Alfred 
PRISILLTIO ZO, oe. ahead ts os Vie 51 


Robinson, Delorme W., Notes on 
ipbiackourn s. History... ..1,. ole .o0 


Appreciations of his life and work, 
eng ki CRI he AO oc aOR View so 


Literature, South Dakota 


Robinson, Doane (Note by the editor: 
In an editorial way my hand is in 
each of the twelve volumes. In 
this index I have indicated the more 
important contributions with my 
initials.) 


Robinson, William C., Pioneers of the 


WODST SO IOUR ays oss ek cis VII, 549 
Rosebud Opening,............. XI, 519 
Sac-a-jawe vs. Sa-kaka-wea, D. R. 

ong RSet OR ee eee er My FE 
Scandinavian Pioneers, G. Bie Ravn- 

GAd ons dacs AAR Paereet XII, 297 
Schellenger, George K., Tribute, by 

GE deg eet: 7% Aliso VII, 527 
Shanafelt, Thomas M., Memoir, 

en sae TE ee eee LETS A V, 104 
Sheldon, A. E., Ancient Fireplaces in 

GET SPER shy fen hones er ies Bio cree VI, 217 
Sioux Aristocrats, James Holm, 

Meee Ane it Oa leet Natg: 1 plas XII, 182 


Sioux Falls, Settlement of,....VI, 133 


Sioux Games, Dr. James R. Walker, 
Saree Sn ee Ie He ey IX, 486 


Sioux Indian Courts, D. R.,..... V, 402 
Sioux Indian History, D. R.,.II, part II 
Sioux Indian Treaties affecting Dak- 


Sioux Indian’s Views of Last War 
With dane land At oa vis whats V;, 397 


Sioux Memorials, Thomas L. Riggs, 
paaicet eee rete eee hn ae LE 103 (tart ©) 


Sioux Proper Names, E. H. Allison, 
Re ee eae VI.275; IX, 403 


Sioux Primitive Customs, T. N. Bab- 


Sioux Valley Pioneers, W. C. Robin- 
CATS 1 ea Re ge pF mE eT ey VII, 549 


Sioux View of War of 1812, John B. 
Henville, teases sos? .eeaxs V, 397 


Sioux War, Official Correspondence, 
SE. RPS Verdi ews cell cae 8 VIII, 100 


493 


“Literature, South Dakota 


Sitting Bull’s Birthplace, E. H. Alli- 


Sitting Bull’s Death,.IV, 183; IX, 475 
Sitting Bull, Sidelights on, D. R., 


| SC eee eh tee Scere Vv, 391 
Sitting Bull’s Surrender, E. H. Alli- 
SOD Sr. she ee es eae Vis"2Zat 
Slim Buttes, Battle of, Reports and 
Gorrespondence,..7./Srits VI sod 
Slim Buttes Battlefield located, W. M. 
GCAMD Soc trea dla cdkes IX, - 47: « 55 
South Dakota Annual Reviews of 
Progress; 1901)... etches ns iff? 31 


L902, L473) 90S Mi oS ee l90s oI, 
21; 1905, III, 385; 1906, IV, 61; 1907, 
IV, 47532 19080 Ve.463 ot 900 SVE Ost 
LOL0 EV Ile el olig Vi 2s oie vie 
4755, 1913, VI1 483; 1914, Vill. bb: 


LOUD or Vili eOD. LU LOset ha LO bo Lis 
ors a 8 Oa fo RE IRS Bh ae yf 
L920, hy ay LU ke Ne eee tases 


AIT, 5415 1923; XIT; $64: 
South Dakota Historical Outline, D. 


RUSTE Te FE BSG Lb, 375" (part 2) 
South Dakota, Outlook, John P. 

Williamson, sides Poe es III, 49 
South Dakota, Old Trails, D. R., 

if picligntice wet lie why eerie XII, 149 
South Dakota Soldiers, J. J. Mer- 

LENS tink... ape. eS XE wiks 
South Dakota and War of 1812, D. R., 

th flee: scl. Bee Aeetaneheks. «BL eeaee ele ee XII, 85 


Little Bend of the Missouri. 
Missouri River. 


See 


Little Buffalo Creek, is a south tri- 
butary to Bad River in western Jack- 
son County. 


Little Cherry was the Arickara 
chief who entertained the Verendrye 
Brothers at his fort near the present 
Fort Pierre, from March 19 to April 
AA S$ 


Hist., II, 120; VII, 66, 230-1, 233, 355-6. 





Little Paul 


Little Cheyenne River rises in the 
Missouri Coteau and runs down west- 
erly into the Missouri at Forest City. 
Big Head, the Yanktonais, lived on 
this stream and the American Fur 
Company maintained a trading post 
at its mouth for his accommodation. 


Little Crow. Sioux Chief, 1823(?)- 
1863. Taoyateduta, “His Scarlet Peo- 
ple,” the leader in the Minnesota mas-- 
sacre of 1862, was the fourth Little 
Crow known to history in his direct 
line. In 1857 he led a party into 
South Dakota to capture Inkpaduta, 
the renegade; but though he fought 
him at Lake Thompson and _ killed 
three of his warriors, was unable to 
get the leader. 


Little Eagle, a postoffice in south- 
east Corson county. Banking and 
shipping point at McLaughlin, 11 
miles north. 


Little lowa. See Iowa, Little. 


Little Missouri River, rising in 
northern Wyoming cuts across the 
southeast corner of Montana to enter 
South Dakota in Harding County; 
runs north near the west line of the 
State and down to the Missouri in 
North Dakota. It has a deep, broad 
and beautiful valley. 


Little Moreau River rises in Cor- 
son County and runs southeast into 
the Moreau River. 


Little No Heart, 1845-1914; Sioux 
chief, Sans Arce Band; chief justice. 
of tribal court at the Cheyenne River 
Agency. 


Little Norsk, or Old Pap’s Flaxen 
is a Brown County story of the home- 
stead period, by Hamlin Garland 
(gar) 


Little Paul. See Mazakutemani. 


494 


Little Vermillion River 


Little Vermillion River rises in 
southern Miner County and _ joins 
the Vermillion River at Montrose, 
McCook County. 


Little White River is a broad shal- 
low, ‘rapid stream rising in southern 
Todd County and flowing north to the 
Big White. There is a hydro-electric 
plant in this stream at White River. 


“Little Woman of the Spout.” A 
child’s story by Mary Agnes Byrne, 
a native of Volga. 


Litz, Fred, 1871- Emery; born 
in South Russia, March 17th; came 
to South Dakota in 1889 and to Em- 
ery in 1902; engaged in farming and 
mercantile business; held numerous 
city and _ school offices; member 
State Senate in 1925. 


Livestock. See Agriculture. 


Live Stock Sanitary Board. The 
health of live stock is promoted in 
South Dakota by the Live Stock Sani- 
tary Board, consisting of five mem- 
bers appointed by the governor, at 
least three of whom shall be gradu- 
ate veterinarians from approved col- 
leges. A superintendent, designated 
from the board by the governor, is 
its executive officer. No person may 
practice veterinary medicine and sur- 
gery without first obtaining a license 
from the Live Stock Sanitary Board, 


upon proper showing of qualifications. - 


The Board has broad powers to quar- 
antine against epizootics and may 
destroy affected animals. 





Under the Civil Administrative Code, 
duties of the Livestock Sanitary Board 
adopted by Chapter 115 Laws of 1925 the 
duties of the Livestock Sanitary Board 
are taken over by the Division of Animal 
Industry of the Department of Agricul- 
ture. See Efficiency Survey. 


Livingston, Dr. Henry Farrand, 1843- 
1913; born in Canada of American par- 


Lockhart, John L. 


ents; settled in South Dakota, 1865; 
government physician, Crow Creek 
agency, 1866-72 and agent there, 1872- 
78; Superintendent of Hospital of In- 
sane, Yankton, 1889. His wife was 
Ann Hoyt, daughter of the notable 
Rev. Melancthon Hoyt (q. v.). 


Lizard, see Amphibians and Rep- 
tiles. 
Lobbyist. Every person, under 


South Dakota law, who undertakes 
to influence the passage or defeat of 
legislation affecting pecuniarily any 
person, firm or _ corporation, is a 
lobbyist and must register as such 
with the secretary of state, showing 
what legislation he favors or opposes 
and in whose interest he appears. 
He may only appear before com- 
mittees of the legislature having in 
hand the bill or bills in which he is 
registered; he shall not have the 
privilege of the legislative floors and 
it is a public offense for him to 
solicit the support or opposition of 
any member of the legislature. He 
may deliver written briefs and argu- 
ments for or against a measure to the 
members generally. 





Code, 5092-5100. 
Lockhart, Andrew J., 1863- : 
Ciear™ sLake**sborn. in Columbia 


County, Wisconsin, March 28th; came 
to South Dakota in 1884; engaged 
in farming and real estate; mayor 
of Clear Lake; delegate to Repub- 
lican Convention in 1908; also inter- 
ested in several banks; State Senator 
in 1909 and 1911. 


Lockhart, John L., 1856- ; born 
at Pcrtage, Wisconsin, April 17. Came 
to Dakota 1882; commissioner school 
and public lands 1895-9; register U. S. 
Land Office at Pierre, 1905-9. 


495 


Locust 


Locust, a cultivated ornamental tree 
adapted to all regions. 


Locust, Rocky Mountain, is a vor- 
acious insect. See Grasshopper. 


Lode. See Gold Mining. 


a village in northern 
The banking and 
is Hettinger, N. -D., 


Lodgepoole, 
Perkins county. 
shipping point 
15 miles north. 


is a northern 
in Perkins 


Lodge Pole Creek 
branch of Grand River 


County. 
Loess. See Alluvium. 
Log. In boring artesian wells a 


book-record is kept of the various 
strata penetrated. This record is 
called the log of the well. 


Logging is extensively carried on 
in the Black Hills. The logs are 
handled to the tram ways by the 
highline method; that is, with block 
and tackle controlled by donkey en- 
gines. The utmost care is exercised 
in logging to preserve the young and 
immature trees to the end that the 
forest may be permanent and con- 
tinually produce a supply of timber. 
All of the work is done under the 
supervision of the federal or State 
forest service. 


Lombard Poplar. The Lombard 
poplar is grown, but is too short lived 
to be recommended. 


Lommen, Christian P., 1865- 3 
born Spring Grove, Minnesota, Jan. 
30; B. S., U. of Minnesota; graduate 
study U. of Berlin; Wood’s Hole; 
dean Col. of Medicine U. S. D. has 
been in service of University since 
1891. 


Lone Tree Lake is in northern 


Deuel County. 


‘Beadle county in 1903. 


Loomis 


Long Creek is a stream running 
nearly south for 25 miles along the 
line dividing Lincoln and Turner 
Counties and entering the Vermil- 
lion River 6 miles north of Center- 
ville. 


Long Lake, a postoffice in north- 
ern McPherson county. The banking 
and shipping point is Leola, 22 miles 
southeast. 


Long Lake is in western Codington 
County. 


Long Lake, in Spring Lake town- 
ship, Hanson County, is drained by 
Pierre Creek. 


Long Lake is in central McPherson - 
County. Here, in 1864, Maj. Joseph. 
R. Brown with a party of teamsters 
in government employ,  threaten- 
ed with attack by hostile Indians, 
threw up earthworks which may still 
be seen. 


Long Slough is a slough 15 miles in 
length and about one half mile in 
width running from the northeast to 
southwest in northeastern Brown 
County. 


Longstaff, John; 1863- ; born in 
the State of New York, May 22nd; 
came to South Dakota in 1883; editor 
and proprietor of the Huronite; mem- 
ber House of Representatives from 


- 


Lookout Peak is close to Spearfish 
City on the east; altitude 4485 feet. 
On the northwest slope of this moun- 
tain was found in 1887 the ‘Thoen 
Stone giving an account of the first 
discovery of gold in 1833-4. See 
Thoen Stone. 


Loomis, a village in northern Davi- 
son County. 


496 


Loomis, A. 


Loomis, A.; 1851- ; born in Jef- 
ferson County, lIowa, August 24th; 
came to South Dakota in 1883, locat- 
ing. at Columbia, Brown County; en- 
gaged in banking; secretary Board of 
Trustees of Redfield College for 22 
years; secretary of Congregational 
Jubilee Campaign in S. Dak; member 
State Senate in 1921 and 1923. 


Loomis, L. N.; 1856-19—; born in 
Minnesota; early merchant of Dell 
Rapids; banker and graindealer, Al- 
pena, Jerauld Co.; State senator, 1899- 
1903; Loomis villlage, Davison Co., 
bears his name. 


Loon. See Birds. 


Lord’s Lake is a small lake six 
miles southwest of Aberdeen. 


Loretta, a discontinued postoffice 
in southwest Bon Homme county. 


Loring, a station in southern Custer 
county. Postoffice is at Pringle, 4 
miles north. 


Lost Island is in the Missouri River 
six miles above Pierre. 


Lothrop, Irving T., 1857- ; Acad- 
emy; born at Palmyra, Wisconsin, 
January 25th; came to Dakota in 
1883; engaged in teaching and later 
in farming and stock raising; held 
numerous city and _ school offices; 
member State Senate in 1907. 


Loucks, W. H., 1844- ; born in 
Kenosha county, Wisconsin; came to 
Moody county in 1873 and engaged in 
farming; county commissioner from 
1877 to 1879; member House of Re- 
-presentatives in 1899, 1901 and 1903. 


Louisiana Purchase. All of South 
Dakota was included in the Louis- 
jana Purchase by the United States 
from France in 1803, except the por- 
tion that drains into Hudson’s Bay 


Lovre, Gilbert A. 


through the Red River of the north. 
This included Lake Traverse and 
that portion of Roberts and Marshall 
Counties that drains to the north- 
east. This included LaBelle and Veb- 
len townships and a portion of Vic- 
tor, Nordland and Dumace townships 
in Marshall County, and Norway, Min- 
nesota, Lien, Victor, White Rock, 
Harmon, Hand, Bryant, and portions 
of Grant, Enterprise and  Bossco 
townships in Roberts County. The 
north line of the Louisiana Purchase 
would run from Brown’s Valley al- 
most due northwest, to section one 
in Bossco; thence west to the reser- 
vation line; up the reservation line 
to the. center of the west line of La- 
Belle and thence northwest to the 
State line, 


Louis L. Stephens, 1875- ; Pierre; 
born in Glenwood, Iowa, March 2nd; 
came to Pierre in 1894; engaged in 
practice of law; states attorney for 
Hughes County 1905-7; mayor of 
Pierre; member State Senate in 1915. 
captain in World War, in France. 


Love Chain is a book of verse by 
Gustave Melby. 


Lovejoy, Daniel B., 1835- ; born 
in New York; built the first house 
in Watertown, 1878. 


Lovell, a post office in northeastern 
Meade county. Banking and _ship- 
ping point at Newell, 35 miles south- 
west. 


Lovre, Gilbert A., 1878- ; Tor- 
onto; born in Fillmore County, Min- 
nesota, October 24th; came to Da- 
kota in 1882; engaged in banking and 
farming; mayor of Toronto for three 
years, chairman board of education 
for five years; member House of Re- 
presentatives in 1923 and 1925. ~ 


497 


Lowell Run 


Lowell Run, rising near Mount Ver- 
non, runs east to James River through 
the city of Mitchell. 


post office in 
Shipping and 
15 miles 


Lower Brule, a 
eastern Lyman county. 
banking point at Reliance, 
south. 


Lower Brule Reservation. The res- 
ervation of the Lower Brule Sioux, 
chiefly in Lyman County (on the west- 
ern side of the Missouri) extends 
from the site of old Fort Lookout 
on the south to old Fort George on 
the north and includes the peninsula 
of Big Bend. The Agency is at Lower 
Brule at the foot of Big Bend. 


Lowry, a village in southern Wal- 
worth county. 


Lowry, Robert, 1816-1899; pioneer 
of Huron; member of council in ter- 
ritorial legislature, 1889. 


Loyalton, a village in southern Ed- 
munds county. 


Lucas, a village in eastern Gregory 
County. Shipping point at Burke, 11 
miles southeast. 


Lucerne, a postoffice in central 
Haakon County. Shipping point at 
Powell, 21 miles south. 


Lucky Strike, a station in northern 
Pennington county. Banking point 
and postoffice at Rapid City, 8 miles 
east. 


Ludeman, Walter W.;  1895- ; 
born Spencer, S. D., Dec. 13; A. B. 
Dakota Wesleyan; A. M. U. S. D. In- 
structor in Education U. S. D. Mas- 
ter’s Thesis “Studies in the History 
of Public Education in South Dakota,” 
HistarA li. 3th; 


Ludlow, a postoffice in northern 
Harding county. The Harding Coun- 


Ludlow’s Report 


ty Herald, established in 1908, is pub- 
lished. 


Ludlow, a station in central Beadle 
county. Banking point and postoffice 
at Huron, 5 miles southwest. 


Ludlow, George A., 1840- ; born 
in New York; served in Civil War; 
pioneer, Fort Pierre, 1892; Sioux Falls, 
1895; proprietor of the Central House. 





Hist. Minn. Co., 605. 


Ludlow, General William, 1843-1901; 
lieutenant of engineeers, U. S. Army, 
1864-67; rendered distinguished ser- 
vice in Georgia with Gen. Sherman’s 
army; captain, 1867-82, accompanying 
Gen. Custer’s.regiment to the Black 
Hills in 1874, ascending Harney’s 
Peak, July 31st. See article Ludlow’s 
Report. 





Major General, Vols., 1898; Brig. Gen- 
eral, U. S. Army, 1900. ‘‘New Interna- 
tional Cyclopedia.”’ 


Ludlow’s Cave is a cave in Cave 
Hills in the extreme northwest part 
of South Dakota, named for Captain 
William Ludlow, U. S. engineer offi- 
cer accompanying Gen. Custer in 1874. 
The cave is washed out of the sand- 
stone rock and is three hundred feet 
deep horizontally and 20 feet high at 
its entrance. 





Hist. VII, 554-5. 


Ludlow’s Report. The official re- 
port upon Gen. Custer’s expedition in- 
to the Black Hills in 1874, contains 
the reports of Captain William (q.v.) 
chief engineer of the expedition; N. 
H. Winchell, geologist. Lists of bo- 
tanical and natural history observed; 
descriptions of the fossils by R. P. 
Whitfield, and tables of observations 
of time and latitude. It has many 
maps and illustrations and an account 
of the first ascent of Harney Peak. It 


498 


Lugenbeel, Col. Pinkney, 


was published (1875) by the Engineer 
Department of the United States Army 
under the title: ‘‘“Report of a Recon- 
naisance of the Black Hills of Dak- 
ota made in the Summer of 1874.” 


Lugenbeel, Col. Pinkney, born Mary- 
land about 1820; died 1886; graduate 
of West Point, 1840; distinguished ser- 
vice in Mexican War; lieut.-colonel, 
ist U. S. Infantry, 1867; colonel, 5th 
Infantry, 1880; commandant at Fort 
Randall, 1874-80; a county in the 
southwestern part of the state, now 
Bennett Co., was named for him. 


Lugg, Charles H., 1862- ; born in 
Geneva, Minnesota, October 21st; ed- 
ucated at Valparaiso University; came 
to South Dakota in 1891; principal-of 
Olivet graded school; principal of 
Parkston school from 1893 to 1914; 
county superntendent of schools for 
Hutchinson county 1903 to 1906; 
elected State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction in 1914 and reelected in 
1916. 


Lumbard, E. B., 1875- bam <@beeley Nees 
born at Iowa City, Iowa, July 9th; 
came to South Dakota in 1883; en- 
gaged in banking; held various city 
offices; member House of Represent- 
atives in 1917 and 1921. 


Lumber. The annual production of 
lumber in S. D. is approximately for- 
ty million board feet. See Logging; 
Black Hills. 


Lunatic. See Insane. 


Lund, John H., 1859- ; Webster; 
born in log cabin in Illinois, March 
3lst; came to South Dakota in 1885; 
attorney at law; states attorney for 
four years and county judge for eight 
years; member House in 1913. 


Lunden, John A., 1874- ; born in 
Norway, March 26th; came to South 


Lyman County 


Dakota in 1878, locating in Brookings 
County; engaged in banking and farm- 
ing; held various township offices; 
clerk of courts from 1913 to 1918; 
member State Senate in 1921, 1923 
and 1925. 


Lundly, O. J., 1873- > oHerrick; 
born in Norway, February 17; came to 
South Dakota at an early age; engag- 
ed in the ministry and farming in 
Gregory County; State Senator in 
1925: 


Lundquist, John F., 1882- ; Mor- 
eau; born at Clermont, Pennsylvania, 
January 6th; came to South Dakota 
while very young; engaged in farm- 
ing; first township clerk of Moreau 
township; member House of Repre- 
sentatives in 1915. 


Lunette, Moonshaped. In art ap- 
plied to mural paintings fitted in 
moonshaped niches. There are 17 


lunettes in the State capitol. 


Lutheran Church. See Religion. 


Lyman County, created, 1873;  or- 
ganized, 1893; Jones County was cut 
off in 1916; named for Maj. W. P. Ly- 
man (q. v.); begins at point in main 
channel of the Missouri River, where 
southern boundry of Minnesota, if pro- 
jected, would intersect that stream; 
thence west along such line until it 
intersects 10th guide meridian; thence 
north along said guide meridian until 
it intersects the main channel of 
White River; thence west along the 
main channel of White River until it 
intersects the west line of the 5th 
Principal Meridian survey; thence 
north along said meridian until it in- 
tersects the north township line of 
township 108 north, range 79 west; 
thence east along said township line 
until it intersects the main channel of 


499 


Lynn 


the Missouri River; thence southeast- 
erly down the main channel of river 
to place of beginning, except that 
American Island is not included in 
Lyman County; Code, 147. County 
seat, Kennebec; Area, 1,051,520 acres. 
The county seat was at Oacoma from 
organization until 1922, when it was 
voted to Kennebec. 


Lynn, a discontinued postoffice in 
northern Day county, 


Lynn, W. H., 1885- ; Dallas; born 
at Arborville, Nebraska, December 
15th; came to South Dakota in 1909; 
engaged in ranching and breeding of 
pure bred live stock; county assessor 
from 1916 to 1920; member House in 
1921. 


Lyon, Gen. Nathaniel, 1818-1861; 
came into Dakota in 1855 a captain 
in 2nd regt. Infantry and was in com- 
mand of troops at Fort Pierre and Fort 
Lookout until 1857; he built Fort 
Lookout, 1856; was at Fort Randall, 


Lyle 


1857-8; at the cantonment at the 
mouth of the Big Sioux River, 1858-9. 





Hist., X, 170 n., 175-80. 

Lyon, Clarence E., 1884- ; born 
Creston, Iowa, Oct. 2. Ph. B., Grinnell, 
studied in U. of Chicago; prof. public 
speaking, U. S. D. 


Lyon, William Hoyt, 1858- ; born 
in Iowa, came to Vermillion when two 
years of age; pupil in the old school 
in the ravine; graduate, Monmouth 
College, I[ll.; lawyer at Sioux Falls 
from 1883; published first copyrighted 
book in Dakota (1885), “The People’s 
Problem,” advocating government 
ownership of railroads; member, State 
legislature, 1917, 1919, 1925. 





Hist. Minn. Co., 606. 


Lyons, central Minnehaha county. 


Lyonville, a postoffice in northeast 
Brule county. Banking and shipping 
point at Kimball, 10 miles south. 


Lyle, discontinued postoffice in 
northwest Perkins county. 


500 


‘McArthur, Col. John C. 


McArthur, Col. John C., 1869- : 
born in Minnesota, lived in Aberdeen 
until 1890; graduate West Point 1894; 
colonel infantry 1917; distinguished 
service medal in World War. 


McBride, John C., 1827- ; native 
of Missouri; member, first legislature, 
from Union County. 


McCain, L. P. M., 1867- ; born 
Clarion, Iowa; graduate Spearfish 
1892; studied at Yankton and Drake; 
member Spearfish faculty since 1903. 


McCain, W. E. C., ; Rapid City; 
born in East Brady, Pennsylvania; 
came to the Black Hills in 1883; ran- 
cher; member House of Representa- 
tives in 1905 and 1909. ; 


McCall, Jack, -1877; murdered 
Wild Bill Hickok, at Deadwood, Aug- 
ust 2, 1876; tried by “miner’s court” 
and acquitted, rearrested, tried and 
convicted at Yankton and hanged 
there on March 1, 1877. 


McCamley, a. discontinued  post- 
office in eastern Sully county, south- 
ern part of the state. 


McCaughey, R. H., 1860-1924; born 
in Dane county, Wisconsin, November 
4; came to Spink county in 1881; De- 
puty register of deeds of Spink county 
in 1889; county treasurer in 1890 and 
1892; cashier State Bank of Mellette 
from 1897; Teacher in Minnesota and 
Dakota territory; member of House of 
Representatives in 1895 and 1897; 
member of state senate in 1903 and 
-£1905. 


McClintock, W. M., 1861- tas 
mill; born in Clinton County, Iowa, 
February 9th; came to South Dakota 
in 1909; engaged in stock raising and 
‘lumber business; member State Sen- 
ate in 1915 and 1917. 


McCook Lake 


McClure a postoffice in northern Ly- 
man county. Shipping point at Viv- 
ian, 16 miles southwest. 


McClure, Pattison F., 1853- ; born 
in Indiana; came to Pierre in 1880; 
was territorial immigration commis- 
sioner, 1887-9; president, State His- 
torical Society, 1912-16; Democratic 
candidate for governor, 1889; a suc- 
cessful banker of Pierre since 1889. 





Robinson, II, 1500; Kingsbury, IV, 564. 

McCollum, J. M., 1864- ; Spring- 
field; born in Carrol County, lowa, 
September 22nd; came to South Da- 
kota in 1872; engaged in farming and 
stock feeding; member House of Re- 
presentatives in 1917. 


McCook, a station in southern Un- 
ion county. Postoffice at Jefferson, 
5 miles northwest. 


McCook, Gen. Edwin S., 1833-1873; 
born in Ohio, a member of the famous 
family of “Fighting McCooks,” six 
of whom won the stars of generals 
in the Civil War; he was appointed 
Secretary of Dakota in 1872 and 
had been in Yankton but a few 
months when he was shot and killed 
by Peter P. Wintermute, a banker of 
Yankton, as the result of a political 
quarrel (Sept. 11). 


McCook County, created, 1873; or- 
ganized, 1878; named for Gen. Edward 
S. McCook (q. v.); consists of 101, 102, 
103 and 104 north, of ranges 53, 54, 
55 and 56 west of 5th P. M.; settled, 
1871, by H. C. Miller at Miller’s Gulch 
on Vermillion River. County seat, 
Salem. Population, see Census. Area, 
366,720 acres. 





Code, p. 148. 
McCook Lake is a bayou of the 
Missouri River in Big Sioux town- 


ship, Union County. 


501 


McCoy, James H. 


McCoy, James H., 1855- Ori 
at Oakley, Illnois, July 14; graduate 
Law School of Illinois Wesleyan Uni- 
versity in 1880; settled in Britton in 
practice and in 1900 removed to Aber- 
deen; judge of Fifth Circuit 1901; 
judge of the supreme court 1909-1921, 
resides at Huron. 


McCoy’s South Dakota Digest. Di- 
gests all reports of cases decided by 
the South Dakota supreme court from 
the 16th to the 21st, S. D., inclusive, 
by James H. McCoy, since judge of the 
Supreme Court. Two supplements 
bring the digest down to the_ cases 


reported in 123, Northwestern Re- 
porter. 
McCullen, J. T., 1868- ; Miller; 


born at Grafton, Canada, May 15th; 
came to Dakota in 1884 engaged in 
the real estate business; member 
State Senate in 1907 and 1909. 


McDaniel, James, an employe of 
General William H. Ashley, killed by 
the Arickara at the towns above 
Mobridge, June 2, 1823. 


McDonald, Archibald A., 1876- : 
born at Hartly, Iowa, Feb. 11; A.B. 
Oberlin, A.B. Teachers College, Col- 
umbia; Supt, Sioux Falls City schools 
since 1907; president S. D. E. A. 


McDonald, Charles S., 1879- ; 
born at Cromwell, Iowa, September 
17th; engaged in real estate and in- 
surance; came to South Dakota in 
1904 locating at Sioux Falls; member 
House of Representatives in 1923 and 
Speaker of the House in 4925. 


McDonald, W. M., 1874- ; Mitch- 
ell; born November 4th; came to 
South Dakota in 1883 engaged in 
banking; mayor of Mt. Vernon six 
times; county auditor of Spink County 
1905 and 1906; member House of 
Representatives in 1919. 


McGrath, Henry 


McDonnell, Wm., 1873- ; Greg- 
ory; born in Clinton County, Iowa, 
December 10th; taught school before 
taking up the study of law; prac- 
ticed law at Bonesteel in 1904; mem- 
ber House of Representatives in 1909. 


McDougall, J. E., 1860- ; born on 
Prince Edward Island, February 24th; 
came to Britton in 1886; member 
House of Representatives in 1901 and 
State Senator in 1903 and Lieutenant 
Governor in 1905; major of the First 
Battalion, Second Regiment, S. D. N. 
G. 


McDowell, Robert Eugene, 1866-1907; 
lawyer; citizen of Yankton; private 
secretary to Senator Gamble. 


McFarland, J. G., 1880- ; Water- 
town; born in Dubuque, lIowa, Oc- 
tober 26th; came to South Dakota in 
1904; engaged in practice of law; 
city attorney of Watertown 1912-1914; 
member House of Representatives in 
1913, 1915 and 1917. Grand exalted 
ruler of the Elks Lodge, 1924. 


McFarlin, J. N., 1857- +) Platte; 
born in Mahaska County, Iowa, May 
18th; came to Dakota in 1882; en- 
gaged in farming, stock raising and 
feeding; held various township offi- 
ces; member House of Representa- 
tives in 1919. 


McGee, station in northern Pen- 
nington county, postoffice at Rapid 
City, 11 miles east. 


McGee, Levi, 1858- :  potn’ =n 
Davis county, Illinois, March 12th; 
educated in Southern Iowa Normal. 
School; located at Rapid City in 
1884; State Senator in 1895; Circuit 
Judge 1898-1918. 

McGrath, Henry, 1882- 7 > Ose 
coma; ‘born in Liverpool, England, 


October 31st; came to South Dakota 


502 j 


McGrew, David R. 


in 1902; engaged in ranching and live 
stock raising; register of deeds of 
Lyman County; member House of 
Representatives in 1915 and 1917. 


McGrew, David R., 1880- ; born 
Anneta, Ky., Aug. 1; A.M. North- 
western. Professor of Speech, Huron 
College. 


McIntire, Rev. James Johnson, 1827- 
1902; born in New York; veteran of 
the Civil War; pioneer Baptist min- 
ister in Dakota Ter.; superintendent 
of public instruction, 1875-1877. 


McIntosh, a city in northern Corson 
county of which it is the County 
seat. The Globe Chief, established in 
1910, is its newspaper. 


McIntyre, Alexander, 1837-1907; born 
in New York; pioneer of Codington 
County; legislator, 1889-92; regent 
of education, 1892-4; veteran of the 
Civil War. 


Mcintyre, William, 1842-1895; veter- 
an of Civil War; brother of Alexan- 
der McIntyre (q. v.) settled at Water- 
town, 1878 and was one of the most 
progressive and constructive citizens 
of the Territory; built the Great 
Northern Railway from Benson, Min- 
nesota, to Huron. 


McKain, a station in southeastern 
Brookings county. Postoffice at Elk- 
ton, 5 miles southeast. 


McKay, Walter, 1859-1913; born in 
Scotland; State mine inspector; post- 
master of Lead. 


McKay, William T., -1884; an 
early settler of Charles Mix County, 
and leader of a party of vigilantes 
in 1871 that hung Burckman and 
Hartart, accused of horse stealing. 
He was arrested and confined in the 
Yankton jail for a long time. In 
the meantime his neighbors had elect- 


McKinney, Charles E. 


ed him to the legislature (1870). He 
was permitted to sit as a member 
under the surveilance of an officer. 
Finally the case was dismissed. He 
removed to Bismarck and accompan- 
ied Gen. Custer to the Black Hills 
in 1874 as an expert gold miner. He 
kept a daily journal of the trip. He 
is credited with being the discover- 
er of gold and his journal bears him 
out and exactly checks with Custer’s 
report. The claim is disputed by 
friends of Horatio N. Ross. 





Robinson, 260, 263. 


McKenney, James D., 1860- ; 
Bradley; born at Aylmer, Ontario, 
Canada, June 27th; came to South 
Dakota in 1886; engaged in real éstate 
business; member State Senate in 
1911. 


McKenzie, Kenneth, 1801-1861; chief 
factor of the Upper Missouri Outfit 
of the American Fur Company; in 
1822, Wm. Laidlaw and he built Fort 
Tecumseh (where Ft. Pierre now is) 
for the Columbia Fur Co., of which 
he was afterwards president; until 
1829 his headquarters were at Fort 
Tecumseh. In the latter year he re- 
moved to Fort Union. He lived with 
the splendor of a prince and exer- 
cised the authority of an absolute 
monarch over a region empire-wide, 
He had great success in managing 
his business and in 1830 induced the 
American Fur Co., to build a steam- 
boat afterwards used in its business 
on the upper Missouri River. 





Hist. I, 342; Chittenden, 323-32, 337-9, 
341-3, 356-62; Robinson, 116-19, 132-3. 


McKinley, William. See Presiden- 
tial Visits. 
McKinney, Charles E., 1858- - 


born in Pennsylvania; banker, Sioux 


503 


McKiinney, J. D. 


1880; railroad commissioner, 





Falls, 
1891-3. 

Elist4 Wiinnae: Co: mod. Robinson, II, 
1821. 

McKinney, J. D., 1860- ; Sioux 


Falls; born at Barry, Illinois, August 
6th; learned barbering and went into 
the raliroad service; served three 
years as chief engineer of the munic- 
ipal water plant at Missouri Valley, 
Ia.; came to Sioux Falls in 1901 and 
started a barber shop; member House 
of Representatives in 1907. 


McKinney, Thomas Emery, 1864- 

; born Hebron, W. V., April 26; 

educated Marietta College, John Hop- 

kins and U. of Chicago. Prof. Math- 
ematics U. S. D. 1906- 


McKinnon, Thomas, 1860- ; born 
in Glasgow, Scotland; builder, Sioux 
Falls, 1878; member, legislature of 
1895 and Senator, 1915; mayor of 
Sioux Falls, 1924. 





Hist. Minn. Co., 612; Kingsbury, IV, 296. 

McKusick, Marshall, 1879- ; born 
Calais, Maine, Dec. 24; LL.B. Boston 
Union Law School; Dean §S. D. Law 
School. 


McLaughlin, a city in northeastern 
Corson county. The Messenger, es- 
tablished 1915, is its newspaper. 


McLean, Donald, 1867- ; Web- 
ster; born in Morrisburg, Ontario, 
Canada, February 19th; came to Da- 
kota in 1888; engaged in stock raising 
and farming; member State Senate 
in. 1913, 1915j;pand=1017; 


McLouth, Lewis, 18 -1909; educa- 
tor; president, Dakota College of 
Agriculture at Brookings, 1886-1894. 


McMaster, William H., 1877- : 
born in Ticonic, Iowa; graduated from 
Beloit College 1899, in 1901 settled 


McQuillan, L. E. 


in banking at Gayville; member of 
legislature 1911, state senator 1913 
and 1915; lieutenant governor 1915- 
1919; governor 1921-1925; U. S. Sen- 
ator, 1925- His home is now in 
Yankton. As governor his chief 
distinction rests upon the success- 
ful fight he made for reduced prices 
for gasoline. 


McMurty, John W., 1859; born Lar- 
ne, Ireland, Aug. 26; A.B. Olivet, A.M. 
U. of Michigan; LL.D. Yankton 1912, 
LL-D. S..'D. U.: 19222" Protessor sun 
Greek and later of Philosophy, Yank- 
ton College 1887; dean of faculty. 
Author “History of Yankton College.” 


McNeely, a postoffice in southern 
Tripp county. Banking and shipping 
point at Colome, 7 miles northeast. 


McNenny, James, 1874- ; borh 
in Chicago, December 6; educated — 
Highland Park College; lawyer, states 
attorney Meade county 1902-1911; 
judge Eighth Circuit since 1914; 
served as judge advocate Fourth 
South Dakota Infantry, on Mexican 
border, 1916. Present home in Spear- 
fish. ? 


McPherson County. Created, 1873; 
organized, 1883; named for Gen. 
James B. McPherson; consists of 
townships 125, 126, 127 and 128 north, 
of ranges 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72 and 
73 west 5th P. M.; settled in 1881; 





county seat, Leola; Area, 740,480 
acres. 

Code, p. 147. 

McPherson, D. A., 1841- ; Dead- 
wood; born at Lancaster, Canada; 


came to South Dakota in 1887; en- 
gaged in banking business; held num- 


erous city and school offices; State 
Senator in 1909 and 1911. 
McQuillan, L. E., 1861- ; born 


in Monroe, Green county, Wis., June 


504 


McVeigh, B. W. 


3; came to Miner county in 1883 and 
engaged in farming; afterwards 
moved to Carthage and engaged in 
livery business; president, board of 
trustees of Carthage; member State 
Senate in 1905. 


McVeigh, B. W., 1892- ; Britton; 
born January 25th in Marshall county; 
engaged in farming; township super- 
visor; member House of Represent- 
atives in 1925. 


Mace, Frank, 1855-1921; Bonesteel; 
born at Osceola Mills, Wisconsin, 
March 27th; came to Dakota in 1880; 
engaged in the hotel business; held 
various township offices; member 
House of Representatives in 1917 and 
1919. 


Madison, located at the crossing of 
the Southern Minnesota and Sioux 
Falls to Bristol divisions of the Mil- 
waukee railroad, is the county seat of 
Lake County. Here is the Eastern 
State Normal School. It is surround- 
ed by a chain of beautiful lakes which 
are much resorted to for summering 
and fishing. Two daily newspapers, 
“The Leader” and “The Sentinel,” are 
here. There are extensive produce es- 
tablishments. 


Madison Lake is the largest lake in 
the Madison chain, 5 miles long and 
a mile wide. The Chautauqua is lo- 
cated upon it and it is an important 
summer resort. 


Madison, Martin, 1854- ; born 
near Oshkosh, Wisconsin; engaged in 
farming and photography before com- 
ing to South Dakota; moved to South 
Dakota in 1889 and engaged in farm- 
ing, stock buying and grain dealing; 
member House of Representatives 
from Kingsbury county in 1903 and 
1905. 


Magazine. See Dakota Monthly. 


Mahoney Creek 


Magdalene, a postoffice in southern 
Perkins county. Shipping point at 
Hettinger, N. D., 65 miles north. 

Magistrates. See Judges, Courts. 


Magner, Samuel A., 1844- ; born 
in Illinois; veteran of the Civil War; 


merchant; settled in Pierre, 1885; re- 


moved to Sioux Falls, 1886, and de- 
voted himself to the management of 
public schools, serving on _ school 
board. 





Hist. Minn. Co., 606. 

Magnesium. The oxide of magnes- 
ium is found in a small ratio in the 
gold ores of the Black Hills. 


Magness, Ben F., 1879- ; St. Law- 
rence; born at Danville, Illinois, De- 
cember 29; engaged in farming, stock 
raising and auctioneering; member 
House of Representatives in 1915 and 
Ne A 

Magnet, a discontinued postoffice in 
eastern Tripp county. 


Magpie. See Birds. 


Magpie, a station in northwest Pen- 
nington county. Postoffice at Pactola, 
3 miles east. 


Maher, J. W., 1886- ; Union Coun- 
ty; born in Stephenson County, IIl1., 
June 10th; came to South Dakota in 
1873; engaged in the practice of veter- 
inary surgery; member House of Rep- 
resentatives in 1913. 


Mahl, C. J., 1867, ; born in Ger- 
many, September 6th; came to the U. 
S. in 1869 and to South Dakota in 
1878, settling in Minnehaha county 
and engaging in. farming; member 
House of Representatives from Minne- 
haha county in 19038. 


Mahoney Creek is an affluent of the 
Big Sioux River in northeastern Cod- 
ington County. 


505 


Mahto 


Mahto, a postoffice in eastern Cor- 
son county. 


Mainville, a discontinued postoffice 
in western Harding county. Postof- 
fice at Buffalo, 10 miles southeast. 


Maitland, a _ postoffice in central 
Lawrence county. 

Maize. See corn. 

Makojanjan. Junior annual of the 


Wessington Springs Junior College. 


Malaria. This region is especially 
free from malaria and malaria fatal- 
ities are very rare. 


Malicious Mischief. In South Dakota 
law every person who maliciously in- 
jures, defaces or destroys any real or 
personal property, not his own, is guil- 
ty of malicious mischief and liable to 
fine and imprisonment. 





Code, 4320-51. 


Mallery, John E., 1858- ; Pierrre; 
born at Waukau, Wisconsin, December 
10th; came to Dakota in 1882; engag- 
ed in banking; register of deeds ir 
Miner County in 1887 and 1888; mayor 
of Pierre; member House of Repre- 
sentatives in 1919. 


Mallow. Six species, High, Cheese’s 
running, Whorled, Red, Indian, and 
Flower of an hour, are common flow- 
ers in the State. 


Malm, S30 they teas ee 8 ; Peever; born 
in Sweden; came to Dakota in 1892; 
engaged in general farming; held num- 
erous township offices member House 
of Representatives in 1915. 


Malmberg, Constantin F., 1884- : 
born DeKalb, I1l., Aug. 13; A. B., Beth- 
any, Ph. D., Iowa U.; studied in Co- 
lumbia and Yale; head dept. Psychol- 
ogy Northern Normal. 


Manganese 


Christopher, 1833- : 
settled in Union 
first legisla- 


Maloney, 
born in Ireland; 
County, 1858; member, 
ture, 1862. 


Hist pesto 
Maltby, a postoffice in 
Perkins county. 


southern 


Mammalia Fauna of Dakota and 
Nebraska, by Dr. Joseph Leidy, (1869). 
This great folio, illustrated volume, 
gives Dr. Leidy’s classification and 
analysis of the fossil remains of mam- 
mals in the Badlands, collected by Dr. 
F. V. Hayden in 1853. 





ist. Ni eb ee the 


Mammals. See Fauna. 


Man Afraid of His Horses. An im- 
portant chief of the Oglala, contem- 
pory of Red Cloud. In August 1881 
when Dr. McGillycuddy, the agent 
broke Red Cloud’s chieftainship he at 
once made Man Afraid government 
chief for one division of the Oglala. 
The name is not a proper transla- 
tion of the Oglala appellation Ta 
Sunka Kopipapi, which literally means 
“The Man of whose Horse we are 
afraid.” 


Hist. /Vipn2iie 


Manary, Claude, 1892- > born in 
Sioux Falls, S. Dak., June 28th; en- 
gaged in railroad work; served in 
World War; member House of Rep- 
resentatives in 1923 and 1925. 


Manchester, a village in western 
Kingsbury county. Population, see 
Census. 


Manderson, a postoffice in eastern 
Shannon county. Shipping point at 
Gordon, Nebraska, 20 miles south. 


Manganese is generally distributed 
through the southern Black Hills. 


506 


Manilla 


The largest deposit is near Argyle; 
but it is found generally in Penning- 
ton and Custer Counties. No attempt 
has: been made to mine it. 


Manilla, a postoffice in northern 
Haakon county. Banking and _ ship- 
ping point at Midland, 32 miles south- 
east. 

Mansbridge, a_ discontinued post- 
office in Charles Mix county. 


Mansfield, 
Spink county. 


a village in northern 


Maple River rises in North Dakota 
and flows almost directly south 
through Frederick, Brown Co., to the 
Elm River. 


Marble. On the mountain four 
miles southeast of Custer a ledge of 
pure white marble, with sections 
beautifully specked with light and 
dark green, has been uncovered for a 
distance of a mile and a half, and it 
appears to be much longer. The 
marble is from thirty to forty feet in 
thickness, with cleavage belts at in- 
tervals of from one to three feet. 


March, D. W., - ; Pierre; 
born at New Franklin, Ohio; came to 
Dakota in 1889; engaged in the prac- 
tice of law; member House of Rep- 
resentatives in 1915. 


March L. W., 1895- ; born at Hot 
Springs, S. Dak. December 19th; reg- 
istered pharmacist; engaged in whole- 
sale and retail grocery and bakery 
business; served in World War; 
president Chamber of Commerce of 
Hot Springs; secretary Ass’n of Black 
Hills Commercial Clubs, member 
State Senate in 1925. 


Marietta, a station in northwestern 
Fall River county. Banking point 
and postoffice at Edgemont, 8 miles 
southeast. 


Marketings 


Marindahl, a discontinued postoffice 
in northern Yankton county. Bank- 
ing and shipping point at Mission Hill, 
7 miles south. 


Marion, a city in northern Turner 
county. The Record, established in 
1900, is the newspaper. 


Marion Junction, same as Marion. 


Marion’s Island, in front of Pierre 
above the mouth of Bad. River, is now 
incorporated with the Fort Pierre 
shore. It is the “Good Humored 
Island” of Lewis and Clark. The 
railroad bridge and the State Ve- 
hicular bridge cross it. 


The department of mar- 
keting was created in 1917 to pro- 
mote markets for agricultural pro- 
ducts and was made a part of the 
Department of Agriculture in 1921. 


Marketing. 


Marketings. The value of products” 
of South Dakota marketed beyond the 
State lines since 1906 have been an- 
nually as follows: 


AAV ke owup-g Sict beni eea ao Ring & $ 72,919,856.85 
MOG Telarc cme ai te.chc se eieoien se: ehke 5 72,536,999.09 
NO vy oo wre Wie EA as ee ete ace ah 98,083,000.00 
TRUE es eigen b.G Rack oO een tO ota 123,706,000.00 
LDS roms ae akg See tut ys tage 118,402,214.00 
BO ate Sor ater cavtietie bet ic, tihat ee Saieaein tty 124,167,000.00 
LOU Z seer were yoo, site tunayels bass ckevoye) ope 80,385,000.00 
DO reeteictcte, iv eattone ats teger s ofoke ous 129,934,000.00 
RDS Sade Pee has citi ott etad s+. 141,286,000.00 
TA ciao cael Ge ater a ib ata s saeidgacels 118,016,000.00 
LOO mae astelaaterey ate eens a ets Ste 183,494,000.00 
TGR * OO ioe 8 o cre tan Cae 185,635,000.00 
SO ae ois aN eiiihe ot agate’ « allerad «% 270,536,000.00 
fs + De ae Pia ie ol ph ty eee 376,720,000.00 
OZ Oerreesin On ee er cas Gist ees cp 324,667,000.00 
LO aged nore eh wterel cre suc eaeeh comer e saat « 172,069,000.00 
LOG Gis bres ates eed eeomefictuwes Wicks ove 5k s 142,275,349.00 
Ded tap ae ae Gd wleepte ss eer Oita 175,893,929.30 
DOES cre «Ad ithe « sat! die Baste 5 190,885,302.52 


The marketing reported for each 
calendar year is for the crop of the 
previous year, the reports of the 
carrying railroads closing upon June 
30th. See Productions; Prices. 
For shipments to markets outside 
of South Dakota see “Annual Review 
Ob. tne .-rugress Ol -5,. U.- 10 the 


507 


Marks, Constant R. 


“Historical Collections.’’ See Agri- 


culture, 13, (for 1924). 


Marks, Constant R., 1841- ; law- 
yer; veteran, Civil War; resident of 
Sioux City; enthusiastic historian; 
author of sketches of early Sioux City 
and South Dakota traders; editor, 
Autobiography of Louis D. Letellier. 
(q..Ve). 





PATS Cased eerie 
Marlow, a discontinued post office in 
northern Marshall county. 


Marmot. See Prairie Dog. 


Marne Creek rises in western Yank- 
ton County and flowing east enters 
the Missouri in the city of Yankton. 
It was formery. called Rhine Creek, 
but the name was changed in 1917. 


Marquis, George H., 1852- ; born 
in Portland, Maine,- January; educat- 
ed at Bowdoin and the Boston Uni- 
versity; located at Clear Lake, S. D. 
in 1885; Author of “Fairview’s Mys- 
tery,” a S. Dak. romance; elected 
circuit judge. of the Third Circuit 
in 1904. 


Marriage. In South Dakota “mar- 
riage is a personal relation arising 
out of a civil contract to which the 
consent of parties capable of making 
it is necessary. Consent alone will 
not constitute a marriage; it must 
be followed by solemnization or by a 
mutual assumption of marriage rights, 
duties or obligations.” No marriage 
may be solemnized unless the parties 
first obtain a license from the clerk 
of the courts of the county wherein 
the marriage is to take place; minors 
can be licensed only upon the con- 
sent of the parents or guardians; 
Caucasians cannot be licensed to 
marry Africans, Coreans, Malayans 
or Mongolians. Consanguineous mar- 


Martha’s Island 


riages are forbidden. The man must 
be 18 years of age or older and the 
woman at least 15 years of age, or 
else have the written consent of par- 
ents or guardians. Marriages may 
be dissolved for adultery, extreme 
cruelty, wilful desertion, wilful neg- 
lect, habitual intemperance, or con- 
viction of felony. See Husband and 


Wife. 
Code, 102-130. 
Marshall County. Created, 1885; 


organized, 1885; named for Gov. Wil- 
liam W. Marshall, of Minnesota; 
bounded on the north by North Da- 
kota, on the south by Day County, 
on the east by line dividing ranges 
52 and 53 and on the west by the line 
dividing ranges 59 and 60 west 5th 
P. M.; Code, p. 148. Settled in 1882; 
county seat, Britton; Area, 568,960 
acres. 


Marshall, Thomas F., 18 -19 A 
Congressman from North Dakota, pi- 
oneer land surveyor and resident of 
Yankton. 


Marston, a postoffice in southern 
Sully county. Banking and shipping 
point at Blunt, 9 miles southeast. 


Martel, a postoffice 18 miles east 
of Eureka, the banking and shipping 
point, in central McPherson county. 


Martens, Glen W., 1873- ow VOL TE 
at Big Stone City, S. Dak.; attorney 
at law; county judge and state’s at- 
torney for Hughes County; member 
of State Senate in 19238. 


Martha’s Island, in the Missouri 
River, was named by Captain Joseph 
LaBarge for his wife, the first white 
woman to come into South Dakota. 
The island lies slightly southwest of 
Geddes. 


508 


Martin 


Martin, a village and county- seat 
in western Bennett county. The 
Bennett County Booster, established 
in 1911, and the Messenger, in 1912, 
are the newspapers. 


Martin, Andrew, 1876- ; Huron; 
born in Norway, December 1st; came 
to Huron in 1907; machinist, C. and 
N. W. Ry.; Spanish-American war 
veteran; member House of Repre- 
sentatives in 1925. 


Martin, Andrew, 1846- ; born in 
Sweden; came to the U. S. in 1868 
and to Dakota in 1869; engaged in 
carpenter work and later in 1877 he 
engaged in farming; interested in 
Farmers’ Mutual insurance associa- 
tion; member House of Represent- 
atives from Union county in 1903 
and 1905. 


Martin, Eben W., 1855- ; born 
at Maquoketa, Iowa, April 12th; edu- 
cated at Cornell College and Univer- 
sity of Michigan; settled in Deadwood 
in 1880; member Territorial Legis- 
lature in 1884-5; elected to Congress 
in 1900 and served until 1906; re- 
elected in 1908, 1910 and 1912. 


Martin, F. W., 1855- ; Hartford; 
born in Juneau county, Wisconsin, 
October 12th; resided in Minnehaha 


county since 1879 and engaged in 
farming; held numerous’ township 


offices; member State House of Rep- 


resentatives in 1909. 


Martin, Rev. Charles D., 1817-1891; 
Presbyterian Missionary; he was 
among the first to hold religious ser- 
vices among the settlers of Dakota 
Ter.; organized church and erected 
building at Vermillion, 1860. 


Martin, Samuel, H., 1852- ; 
Whitewood; born in Keokuk, Iowa, 
May: 3rd; came to Dakota in 1877; 


Masters, Gov. Henry 


engaged in farming; member House 
of Representatives in 1901, 1913, 1915 
and 1917. 


Martin, S. C., 1848- ; Wessing- 
ton; born in Racine, Wisconsin, Sep- 
tember list; came to Wessington in 
1882 and engaged in the business of 
general merchant; held various county 
and township offices; member House 
of Representatives in 1907. 


Marty, Rt. Rev. Martin, 1834-1896; 
Roman Catholic Bishop of Sioux 
Falls; born in Switzerland; mission- 
ary in Dakota from 1870; consecrated 
bishop, February, 1880. 





Robinson, 595. 


Marvick, Andrew, 1871- SE porn 
in Grundy County, Illinois, June 28; 
given business education; located at 
Sisseton 1902; member state senate 
from 1913 to 1919; member State 
Highway commission 1919-1925. 


Marvin, a town in northwestern 
Grant county. The Monitor, estab- 
lished in 1911, is the newspaper. 


“Mary and I: or Forty Years with 
the Sioux,” by Stephen R. Riggs, D.D. 
(1880). Tells of missionary work 
among the Sioux in Minnesota and 
Dakota Ter., including Yankton and 
Sisseton Agencies and Fort Sully. 


Mason, a post office 35 miles north of 
Newell, the banking and_ shipping 
point, in northern Butte county. 


Masters, Gov. Henry, 17- -1859; 
was chosen governor of the provis- 
ional. territorial government’ estab- 
lished at Sioux Falls in 1858, and had 
been nominated for re-election a few 
days prior to his death, September 
5, 1859. He was the magistrate of the 
settlement, in an extra-legal way ad- 


509 


Mastodon 


justing the affairs of the community. 
He was a native of Bath, Maine. 


Mastodon. The Mastodon was one 
of the primeval inhabitants of South 
Dakota. Fossil remains are very com- 
mon in the lance formation west of the 
Missouri River. They are also found 
in the vicinity of Sioux Falls. 


Matheny, Read, 1850-  RLUT iON; 
born in Kanawha county, West Vir- 
ginia, November 9th; came to South 
Dakota in 1882; engaged in farming; 
county superintendent of Spink County 
schools from 1887 to 1892; member 
House of Representatives in 1911. 


Mather, E. J., 1858- ; Groton; 
born at Markesan, Wisconsin; early 
settler of Brown County; farmer and 


successful business man; member 
State Senate in 1913. 

Mather, Edward K., 1884- ; born 
Springdale, Iowa, Feb. 18; B.S. C.E. 


Cornell; Consulting Engineer, Mitch- 
ell; member state board of engineer- 
ing and architectural examiners, 1925. 


Mathews, a discontinued postoffice 
8 miles south of DeSmet, the postoffice 
and shipping point in southern Kings- 
bury county. 


Mathews, George A., 1852- *  Na- 
tive of New York; lawyer; settled 
in Brookings, 1879; member, capital 
commission that located territorial 
capital at Bismarck; president, ter- 
ritorial coucil of 1887; elected last 
delegate to Congress from the Ter- 
ritory, but the State was admitted 
before he qualified. 


Mathews, Hubert B., 1868- ; born 
Kagle Corners, Wisconsin Apr. 19; A.B. 
and M.S. S. D. State College; studied 
at Michigan U., Wisconsin U. and 
Nebraska U.; Professor of physics 
S. D. State since 1896 has been vice 


Maximilian, Prince of Weld 


president, vice dean and dean of en- 
gineering. 


Mathieson, Hans, 1851- ; Water- 
town; born in Alten, Norway, August 
20th; came to Dakota in 1883; en- 
gaged in farming and stock raising; 
held different county and township 
offices; member House in 1915, 1917, 
1919, 1921. 


Matteson, Allen, 1854- ; Arling- 
ton; born at Freeport, Illinois, March 
14th; located in Brookings county in 
1879; held various township offices; 
successfully engaged in farming; mem- 
ber House of Representatives in 1907. 


Matthews, John, an employe of Gen. 
William H. Ashley, killed by the Aric- 
kara, June 2, 1823. 


Mattoon. A village and postoffice 
in southeastern Turner County, aban- 
doned when the railroad was built 
through Centerville. 


Maurice, a station in northern Law- 
rence county. 


Maximilian, Prince of Weid, 1782- 
1867. Visited the upper Missouri 
River in 1833, passing through South 
Dakota and making notes upon the 
region. His works pertaining to 
his American trip are most easily 
available in three volumes and a large 
atlas, edited by Reuben Gold Thwai- 
tes, (Volumes XXII-XXV, “Early Wes- 
tern Travels.’”) He made extensive 
collections of botanical, natural hist- 
ory and Indian material, which he left 
at Fort Pierre to be forwarded. This 
very valuable collection made by a 
most discriminating scientist, was 
shipped from Fort Pierre upon the 
“Assiniboine,” but the steamboat was 
burned (1834) and the valuable col- 
lection lost. He was accompanied 
by Charles Bodmer, an artist of ex- 


510 


Maxwell, John 


ceptional skill, who illustrated his 
works with many sketches of the 
upper Missouri region. 


Maxwell, John, 1871- ; Ortley; 
born in Putnam County, West Virgin- 
ia; came to Dakota in 1883; in 1892 
homesteaded on the Sisseton and 
Wahpeton Reservation in Grant 
County; held various township and 
county offices; member House of Rep- 
resentatives in 1923. 


May, Ernest, 1847- ; Lead; born 
in Germany; came to Dakota in 1876; 
engaged in grocery business and min- 
ing; member of the House in 1903; 
member State Senate in 1905, 1907, 
B90021911, 1913, and 1915. 


May, Paul. See Mazakutemani. 


“Mayflower of Dakota, The’. See 
New York Colony. 


Mayo, a station 7 miles south of 
Custer, the banking point and post- 
office in central Custer county. 


Mayo, John B., 1877- ; Lead; 
born at Greenville, Illinois, October 
17th; came to South Dakota in 1900; 
is city fireman; member House of 
Representatives in 1921, 1923 and 1925. 


Maytum, W. J., 1864- ; born at 
Pen Yan, N. Y., December 11; phys- 
ician and surgeon; State Senator in 
1911; secretary and treasurer of the 
South Dakota Medical Society for 
five terms; elected to the Senate in 
1922. 


Mazakutemani, Paul, (Little Paul), 
1806-1887; born at Lac qui Parle, 
Minnesota; a Sioux Indian, convert 
of the missionaries, who rendered 
very important service in protecting 
the whites from the hostiles in 1862. 


He was an orator of note. His un- 


Medal of Honor, Congressional 


marked grave is at Long Hollow, six 
miles northwest of Sisseton. 





Hist., X, 366; Dakotan, III, 204; V, 323. 


Mazeppa, a discontinued postoffice 
in central Grant county. 


Meade. See Fort Meade. 


Meade County was cut off from Law- 
rence Co., 1889; organized, 1889; nam- 
ed for General George G. Meade; 
bounded on the west by Lawrence 
County, on the south by a line ten 
miles north of-the 44th parallel of lati- 
tude to the main channel of the Chey- 
enne river, thence down the main 
channel of said river to its intersec- 
tion with the 102nd meridian; thence 
north on said meridian to its inter- 
section with the third standard paral- 
lel north; thence west along the said 
standard parallel to the range line 
between ranges 9 and 10 east B. H. 
M.; thence south on said range line 
to the intersection with the line divid- 
ing townships 7 and 8 northeast of the 
B. H. M.; thence west along said town- 
ship line to the northeast corner of 
Lawrence County. (For legal descrip- 
tion of Lawrence County boundaries 
see Sec. 3, Chapter 179, Laws of 1887) 
Code, p. 148. Sturgis is the county 
seat. Fort Meade adjoins Sturgis. 
Area 2,234,240 acres. 


Meadow, a village in eastern Per- 
kins county. The Grand Valley Her- 
ald, established in 1907, is only news- 
papre. 


Meadow Creek flows out of eastern 


Perkins County into Black Horse 
Creek. 
Meckling, a village in southwest 


Clay county. 


Medal of Honor, Congressional. See 


under War, Decorations. 


511 


Medals 


Medals. 
tom, the United States from the be- 
ginning presented medals to chiefs of 
the Indian tribes who signed treaties 
or gave allegiance to the government. 
It was deemed a high distinction by 
any Indian to possess a medal from 
the Great Father. Lewis and Clark 
were supplied with a number of silver 
medals bearing the effigy of Jefferson 
to be used upon very solemn occasions, 
and a quantity of smaller white medal 
ones, “struck in the Presidency of G. 
Washing, Esq.” to be distributed 
among chiefs of lesser distinction. 
The Jefferson silver medal presented 
by the explorers to the Yanktons, to- 
gether with one of the Washington 
medals given that tribe, were secured 
many years ago by William J. Turn- 
er, of Springfield, who has commit- 
ted them to the care of the State Mu- 
seum. Mr. Turner also secured the 
Madison medal given to the Yanktons 
at the treaty council at the mouth of 
the Missouri in 1815 in closing up the 
War of 1812. (O. D. Wheeler’s “Trail 
of Lewis and Clark,” I, 139; II, 123-4.) 
In 1832 the American Fur Company 
struck medals of white metal bearing 
the effigies of Pierre Chouteau and of 
John Jacob Astor. These they gave 
out to witness agreements made by 
the Company with various’ Indian 
tribes. When only a very few had 
been so distributed the government 
interfered and put a stop to the prac- 
tice, which was deemed a purely gov- 
ernment function. It is said that but 
three of each of these were issued. 
One of the Chouteau medals was found 
on the prairie by William Whited, a 
school boy who sold it to the State 
Museum, where it may still be seen. 
Each president, perhaps,. has issued 
medals which may be found in the 


Following the British cus-_ 


Medicine 


possession of South Dakota Indians 
who treasure them carefully. 





Chittenden, 342. Lewis and Clark, II, 
363. 


Medary Creek runs down from the 
east coteau to the Big Sioux River in 
Southeastern Brookings County. 


Medbery, F. W., 1867- ; Dead- 
wood; born at Reedsburg, Wisconsin, 
November. 6th; came to Dakota in 
1884; engaged in the hotel business; 
member House of Representatives in 
1923; captain in Philippine war and 
historian of regiment. 


Medical Association, State. An as- 
sociation of the regular physicians of 
the state for social and professional 
purposes. The association was creat- 
ed in 1881 and has held- annual con- 
ventions since. Much of the improved 
laws for the protection of public health 
have had their genesis in this associa- 


tion. It has ever held members of the 
profession to the highest’ ethical 
standards. 


Medical Examiners. No person may 
practice medicine or surgery in this 
state without first being licensed by 
the state board of health. Health, 
Board of. 


Medicine. The Indians of South 
Dakota understood the medicinal vir- 
ues of many plants and the value of 
baths and sweating for the cure of 
the ills of the body; they used these 
means of cure with fair skill and 
judgment. Lewis and Clark were 
equipped with a chest of well selected 
medicines, which they administered 
as occasion required for no regular 
practicioner accompanied them. Dr. 
John Gale, a physician of training, 
accompanied the Leavenworth expe- 
dition of 1823. Dr. A. C. Philips, was 


512 


Medicine Butte 


the first physican to establish himself 
in practice in this region. He settled 
at Sioux Falls in 1857. The regulation 
of medical practice was merely nomin- 
al until the establishment of the board 
of Medical Examiners in 1903. A phy- 
sican must be 21 years of age, of good 
moral character, must pass a rigid ex- 
amination in anatomy and medicine 
and present a diploma from a reput- 
able medical college showing the com- 
pletion of a four years course. There 
are 558 licensed physicians in the 
State. (March 12, 1925), 167 chiro- 
practic practitioners and 48 osteopath- 
ic practitioners; total 773 physicians 
and practitioners. 





atobimson, ., 475. Elist. XII, 53: 
nial reports, State Board of Health. 


Bien- 


Medicine Butte is a prominent land- 
mark in eastern Lyman County. See 
also Medicine-Knoll, often called Med- 
icine Butte. 


Medicine Creek is a north tributary 
to Bad River in ’*central Haakon Co. 
See Medicine Knoll Creek. 


Medicine Creek rises in Jones Coun- 
ty and runs east through Lyman Co., 
emptying into the Missouri just above 
Big Bend. The Red Cloud Indian 
Agency was located at the mouth of 
this creek, 1878; also Fort Bouis and 
Fort Defiance, 1841. See Medicine 
Knoll Creek. 


Medicine Creek Butte or Hill. See 


Medicine Knoll Creek. 


Medicine Knoll (often called Medi- 
cine Butte) is a high butte near Blunt, 
always a landmark on the route from 
the Minnesota River to the Missouri. 
Fremont celebrated July 4th, 1839, by 
shooting rockets from this butte. On 
it is a Sioux memorial in the form of 
a serpent to commemorate the valor 


Meland, John 


of a young man who once was keeping 
his fast upon it, when he observed 
Ree enemies approaching. He was 
engaged in prayor and continuing it 
in a high voice he attracted the atten- 
tion of his relatives camped on the 
creek below, who came to his rescue. 
The Pierre Kiwanis Club has placed 
a bronze marker to commemorate the 
visit of Fremont. 





St) Xoo 47116 vnote: 


Medicine Knoll Creek. Two bran- 
ches of this stream rise in Hyde Coun- 
ty and unite near Blunt; they enter 
the Missouri near Rousseau. This 
stream was the north line of the reg- 
ion claimed by the Yanktons and the 
area south of it was relinquished by 
the treaty of 1858. Lewis and Clark 
named it for one of their men, Reu- 
ben Creek. 





ELIS ts eek OenOce, 


Medin, John T., 1875- >: .pormat 
St. Ansgar, Iowa, Feb. 20th; educated 
at St. Ansgar Seminary, Nora Springs 
Seminary, and the University of Iowa; 
came to South Dakota in 1894, locat- 
ing at Dell Rapids; moved to Sioux 
Falls in 1904; county judge of Minne- 
haha county 1908-19; author of Juven- 
ile Court Law; Judge of Second Cir- 
cuit in 1918. 


Meers, a postoffice 16 miles north- 
west of Wendte, the shipping point 
in northwest Stanley county and 
the western part of the State. 


Meland, John, 1875- ; Sisseton; 
born in: Badger, Iowa July 3rd; came 
to South Dakota in 1906; engaged in 
farming and stock raising; held var- 
ious county and township offices; 
member House of Representatives in 
1919 and 1921. 


613 


Meldin 


Meldin, a station in southern Cus- 
ter county. 


Melham, a_ postoffice 
Clark county. 


in southern 


Mellette, a city in northern Spink 
county. Populations See Census. 
The Tribune, established in 1881, is 
the newspaper. 


Mellette, Arthur Calvin, 1842-1896; 
tenth and last governor of Dakota 
Territory and first governor of South 
Dakota. Born in Indiana, graduate of 
Indiana University. Served in the Civ- 
il War; having enlisted under Col. 
James H. Brady, he secured his dis- 
charge that he might serve as a sub- 
stitute for his elder brother, who had 
been drafted. After the war he stud- 
ied law and entered into a partnership 
with Colonel Brady and was chosen 
prosecuting attorney for the Delaware 
circuit. He engaged in the newspaper 
business and published the ‘‘Muncie 
Times,’ which he raised to a position 
of much influence. He was elected 
to the legislature and devoted him- 
self to the reform of the school laws 
and raised Indiana from a low plane 
to among the highest in public school 
systems. He married Margaret Wiley, 
daughter of President Theopholis Wi- 
ley, of Indiana University; in 1879, her 
health failing, they came to Dakota 
in hope of improvement; soon after 
his Indiana friends secured for him 
appointment as register of the Spring- 
field U. S. Land Office; the next year 
it was moved to Watertown, where he 
thereafter made his home, except 
while perfecting a homestead at For- 
est City. He was a member of the 
constitutional convention of 1883 and 
was elected governor of “the State of 
Dakota” under the constitution of 
1885. He was a close friend of Ben- 


Mellette Tree 


jamin Harrison and enlisted his hear- 
ty support in the U. S. Senate for the 
admission and division of Dakota. He 
was among the original “Harrison for 
president” men and was appointed 
governor of Dakota Territory among 
the first acts of the Harrison admin- 
istration; the same year he was chos- 
en first governor of the new State. 
His administration fell in the trying 
times of the re-action from the Dakota 
boom, and in a period of prolonged 
drought that caused much distress 
among the homesteaders. He raised 
a large supply of food, seed grain and 
fuel for the needy and administered 
these gifts wholly at his own expense. 
He became a bondsman for W. W. 
Taylor, the defaulting State treasur- 
er and turned his considerable estate 
over to South Dakota promptly. He 
was “one of our most learned and hon- 
orable executives.” 


Mellette County, created in 1909; 
organized, 1910; named for Gov. Ar- 
thur C. Mellette (q.v.); bounded on 
the east by Third Guide Meridian, on 
the west by the west boundary line of 
the former Rosebud Indian Reserva- 
tion; on the south by the south line 
of township 40 north; on the north 
by the middle of the main channel of 
White River. Code, p. 149. White 
River is the county seat. Area, 833,920 
acres. 


Mellette County Agreement. 
Indian Treaties, 12. 


See 


Mellette Tree is an ash tree plant- 
ed in front of the old capitol by Gov. 
Arthur C. Mellette upon Arbor Day 
(May 1) 1890, the first day so obser- 
ved after statehood. During the con- 
struction of the new capitol the tree 
was removed to a location near the 
capitol power house, and the Pierre 


514 


Memoirs of a Cow Pony 


Women’s Club caused a properly in- 
scribed Bronze Tablet to be placed 
upon a boulder at the foot of it. 


Memoirs of a Cow Pony (1906) by 
John H. Burns (q.v.). 


Menace. A menace, in South Da- 
kota law, is a threat of duress, or un- 
lawful injury to person or property, or 
of injury to character. Obligations ob- 
tained through menace may be voided 
by the promisor. 





Code, 814, 904. 


Mendel, D. J. 1868- ; Freeman; 
born in Neuhtterthal, South Russia, 
November 4th; came to South Dakota 
in 1875; engaged in farming; member 
House of Representatives in 1909 and 
1511. 


Menno, a city in southeast Hutchin- 
son county. The Hutchinson Herald, 
established in 1882, is the newspaper. 


Mennonites are the followers of 
Menno Simons, of Freisland (1492- 
1559) a Christian sect. A large 
number of these people, chiefly Swiss- 
German, settled in South Dakota, 
coming from Russia in 1873. In 1915, 
4,755 persons in South Dakota profess- 
ed affiliation with that faith. 





Hist., X, 470. 


“Mental Man, The.” <An outline of 
the Fundamentals in Psychology, by 
Gustave G. Wenslaff, LL.D. (q. v.) 
former president of Springfield Nor- 
mad School. The work is accompa- 
nied by a Teachers’ Handbook of 
Psychological Principles. 


Mentor, a _ discontinued postoffice 
in northern Hughes county. 


Meredith, Rev. Evan Bradley, 1853- 
; born in Wisconsin; graduate, 
University of Chicago; Baptist min- 


Methodist Directory 


ister; president, Sioux Falls Col- 
lege, 1885-94; Sioux, Falls, 1882-95. 
Meridians. See Surveys. 


Merritt, a discontinued postoffice in 
southern Lawrence county. 


Merry, Geo. S., 1863- ; Dell Rap- 
ids; born in Wisconsin, June 7th; 
came to South Dakota in 1873; en- 
gaged in farming; held. various town- 
ship and _ school offices; member 
House of Representatives in 1921. 


Merry, Geo. W., 1839- ; Milbank; 
born in Quebec, Canada, near Mon- 
treal, December 14th; came to Da- 
kota in 1867 and engaged in farming; 
was interested in shipping horses and 
later changed to the cattle business; 
member State Senate in 1907. 

Mertens, John J., 1869- ; born 
at Two Rivers, Wisconsin, July 6th; 
came to South Dakota in 1888, locat- 
ing at Seneca; physician and _  sur- 


geon; member of House in 1909 and 
1911; served two years in World 
War; member State Senate in 1921 
and 1923. 
Messiah War. See under War, 8. 
Messing, Dwight, 1891- poeee ee 
‘mour; born at Onawa, Iowa, August 


17th; came to South Dakota in 1901; 
engaged in farming; township assess- 
or; served in World War; member 
House of Representatives in 1921. 


Metallurgy. See School of Mines. 


Meteorite. See Fort Pierre Meteor. 


Meteorology. See Climate. 


Methodist Directory. A diréctory of 
the members of the Methodist Episco- 
pal Church in 1888, compiled and pub- 
lished by Rev. John G. Palmer. It 
contains the names of 8,225 persons, 
of whom about two-thirds were in 
South Dakota. 


515 


Methodist Episcopal Church 


Methodist Episcopal Church. See 
Religion. 

Mettler, John H., 1858- ; Menno; 
born at Kassel, Russia, October 9th; 
came to South Dakota in 1874; engag- 
ed in the banking business; formerly 
a farmer and later an implement deal- 
er; held various county offices; mem- 
ber State Senate in 1911. 

Mexican Border, Military Demon- 
stration. See under War, 11. 

Mexican Creek is a branch of Ash 
Creek in western Haakon Co. 

Meyer, Wilhelm Hugo, 1876- ; 
born in Chicago; resided in Kingsbury 
county; writer of verses. 

Michaels, J. H., 1843- ; Water- 
town; born at Mecklenburg, Germany, 
March 29th; came to South Dakota 
in 1881 and engaged in farming; coun- 
ty commissioner two terms; member 
House of Representatives in 1895, 1897 
and 1905. 


Military Academy 


Michael, L. F., 1866- ; Gettys- 
burg; born near Bath, Northampton 
county, Pennsylvania, September 25th; 
came to Kansas in 1889 and to Okia- 
homa in 1891; practicing physician; 
physician in the U. S. Indian Service, 
Cheyenne, S. Dak., Fort Belknap, 
Mont., Dulce, New Mexico; drug busi- 
ness at Gettysburg; and dealer in farm 
lands; member House of Representa- 
tives in 1907. 


Middle Creek Stock: Yards, on the 
C&NW Railway two miles northwest 
of Belle Fourche in southern Butte 
county. 


Midland, a town in southeast Haak- 
on county. Named because it was 
supposed to be about halfway between 
the Missouri and the south fork of 
the Cheyenne River. Population. See 
Census. “The Mail,’ established in 
1908, is the newspaper. 


Military Academy. ‘The following South Dakotans have graduated from the 
United States Military Academy at West Point, N. Y.: 


Name 

ATLENUT, o TOD EMC iets > ale istes + steaite at Este Webster. 
Barker GVW. yNe = lag is tiene leustererste Brennan. 
Bonesteel, Claries SH, owes « Springfield. 
Booth Hdwards Hearoniye. «cute Spearfish. 
Bradley, Joseph Sladen ...... Camp Crook. 
Chorpenning: Claude Hu). .a. ae «sates Trent. 
Conrad} Casper lol Sree ine Ft. Randall. 
Cowles, Warren Hayden ....... Vermillion 
Danielson, .Clarencesels,, queseteestsreetie rs Lead 
Edmunds, Erank?Haarttd.. oc Yankton 
TOCAPRODSLU Elo eitieuste eteteieteiare ote Ft. Meade 
Elward, INyewcirw nae segs cihs one renete Ashton 
MalesteClarkwkents sweeties Ft. Meade 
Gerhard, Kreds Williamrensr.vtc. were. Redfield. 
Guyer, Robert. George. ......... Brookings 
Jansen. James: Wik x) sistele..- uke hee Huron. 
Harmes,- Henry: William.) 320. oe Mitchell 
Hart, 2Williamril ieee. . eile eae Bath 
Maurson, es Himit Pevere eet ete ics Howard 
Lewis, van Was ia taasket okie. ste Worthing 
Llovd- Willis eV aire tis cece teense Yankton. 
Lohmann? Leroy Elenry see. ee Ft. Meade 
Lyon? Robent dMorean oi @ « cisis hauswoucdee Huron. 
MeArthur, JO0nN CF tees oie Aberdeen 
MeGeemFrank D. ahs ©. . wae cee Claremont 
Moody, Lalcian: Barkley. ise. misteteeies Huron. 


Reany, Jo. Hunt 
Reid, Alexander Davis 


Reid; -Gerald: JAY sa. a heise ert Nisland. 
Reierson, John Hlmer*...<.2 «ceaee- Mitchell. 
Schull, Herman Walters o- cies. Watertown. 


Residence Entered Grad. 


«OPE PR... Clear Lake. 
ae en Oe Sioux Falls. 


Present position 


.1903 19OCTIAGE cs Major Coast Artillery 
-1918 L92Z0.4% - 0s 2d. Lt., Coast Artillery 
ry bel (7 LSTO ree eine Major, 23d Infantry 
. 1920 1924 Ft ts 2d Lt., Air Service 
AAR EEL TO Re ous pretence rors eaente 2d Lt:, Infantry 
.1916 L9VS sa 1st Lieut., Engineers 
.1890 SOD owen ts Col., Insptr. Gen. Dept. 
re or: TOS Uris oe ee Captain, 8th Cavalry 
.1908 LO lve ate ade ieee Major, A. G. Dept. 
. 1866 UST ete Major, ist Inf. d., 1900 
1915 LOLS 2 eas a Sitter ee 1st Lt., Engineers 
. «1920 VOZS Saale. SES cree. 2d Lt., Infantry 
aps LOL ae oo ae Captain, Infantry 
.1915 VOUS I ate eae Ist’ Lt.) Coast Arc 
elk: 942 19 16s ieee <-Sa Captain, Engineers 
. 1894 SOD os eiego neater Major, Infantry 
. -1908 TOTOR wees ciate Major, Air Service 
.1884 1888....Maj. Gen., Q. M. General 
.1899 1903..Lt. Colonel, killed in action 
. 19038 1L907<) eis ae Major, Infantry 
.1919 LOZ 4 eee e auth eae 2d Lieut., Infantry 
1913 LOL ieee, ote Captain, Coast Artillery 
. 1899 LD.0S hare pica leone Major, Infantry 
=e O00 1894 sieercacte eh Lt. Colonel, Infantry 
1911 TDL ess eae Maj., Cav., Retired 
.1900 1904 cous eeaeeem Major, Ordnance 
1911 1915 3S. Major, killed in action 
1919 ARYA pes Cane 2d Lieut., Air Service 
.1920 1924....2d Lieut., Field Artillery 
-1918 1920....2d Lieut., Coast Artillery 
.1895 SOD cers secrete ak Colonel, Ordnance 


516 


. 


Military Establishment 


Miller, John 


Selbie, -WilliameBliot.. ie. oe. .s.s Deadwood. .1903 UO a Major, Infantry 
Sockett, George Wilbur ....... Sioux Falls. .1913 1917..Capt., Inf. Killed in action 
Stephens, Richard Warburton ...... Pierre. .1920 OAL Ip le eS ga ir 2d Lieut., Infantry 
miuseis, Samuel Davis’. icdiie. : Ft. Meade. .1880 1a BAS Re ES Major General 
marie. CNarles EParlonm wos sas esses 3 Pierre. .1918 TO Zier. et ses cys 2d Lieut., Field Art. 
wrew, Frank Glover (ooo. 2. 007). Sioux Falls. .1920 Be ae ete ecard ae 2d Lieut., Cavalry 
Midalssmurene, Luther % . «<0 6s! Aberdeen. .1916 DOLS 5 se obey 1st Lieut., Air Service 
Voedisch, Morris Kelley ........ Aberdeen. .1919 tN ps a. eee 2d Lieut., Air Service 
Woodward, Clare Wallace ..... Watertown. .1914 ge, § 2 ks eae 1st Lieut., Infantry 
CADETS 
The following are pursuing their studies at the Military. Academy: 
Class 
Brown, Frederick Joseph ......... Britton. .1925 
Wiekson.  oamMuel “Adrian Veh. tee: Dalzell. .1925 
Formey,.trank Hartman ........¢%. Oelrichs. .1928 
Ae eT ATE Coll) cc sisicie te + ca + Mitchell. .1925 
Heidner, Alvin Andrew ......%:.. Milbank. .1926 
HODGSON. Paul, Harold ...... sd. Sioux Falls. .1928 
McArthur, John Campbell, Jr.....Aberdeen. .1927 
MEA Thur, hilip/ Howard .iile...k - Aberdeen. .1928 
Mowry Walter Bernard. ...<...0. Lemmon. .1928 
Woods, Lebbeus Bigelow ........ Wamblee. .1925 
Military Establishment. See Mili- for four years; member House of Rep- 


tia. 
Milk. See Agriculture; Dairying. 
Milk Production. For notable 
zords see Cows, Distinguished. 


Millard, a postoffice 
Faulk county. 


re- 
in northern. 


Millboro, a village in southern Tripp 
county. Shipping and banking point 
at Colome, 25 miles north. 


Miller, a city and county seat in cen- 
tral Hand County. Was named by and 
for Henry Miller, the first settler in 
this place, and founder of the town. The 
Gazette, established in 1884, and the 
Press, in 1882, and the Sun, are the 
newspapers. 


Miller, Alexander, 1846-1922; Devoe; 
born in Holmes County, Ohio; came to 
Spink county in 1882 and took up a 
homestead in Faulk county in 1883; 
engaged in farming and stockraising, 
horses principally; member House of 
Representatives in 1895, 1899, 1907 and 
1909. 


Miller, Arthur, 1861- ; Mitchell; 
born in Illinois, February 8th; came 
to South Dakota in 1908; engaged in 
farming; alderman of city of Mitchell. 


resentatives in 1917 and 1919. 


Miller, Charies Joseph,.. 1838- : 
born in Baden, Germany, Dec. 22; 
farmer; located at Madison, 1877; 
member territorial legislature, 1889. 


Miller, E. C., 1846- ; Brookings; 
born in West Virginia, November 
27th; came to South Dakota in 1899; 
engaged in the practice of medicine 
and surgery; State Senator in 1911, 
1913 and. 1915. 


Miller, Ezra W., 1835-19- ; pio- 
neer of Elkpoint; Receiver, Huron 
U. S. Land Office, 1885-9; U. S. Attor- 
ney, 1893-7. 


Miller, Isaiah, 1889- ;-born Camp- 
belisville, Ky., March 5; A. B., U. of 
Indiana; A. M., same; prof. mathemat- 
ics State College since 1920. 


Miller, James Edgar, - > LL 
ron; born at Whitewater, Wisconsin; 
came to South Dakota in 1881; engag- 
ed in baking business; on Huron city 
council for six years; member State 
Senate in 1919. 


Miller, John, was an employee of 
Gen. Ashley, killed by the Arickara, 
June 2, 1823. 


d17 


Miller, Lauritz 


Miller, Lauritz, 1877- ; born on a 
farm in Yankton County, July 22nd; 
attorney at law; was city attorney at 
Mitchell for eight years; state’s attor- 
ney of Davidson County four years; 
attorney for S. Dak. Banking Depart- 
ment two years; member State Sen- 
ate in 1923 and 1925. 


Millet is an important farm crop 
produced for forage. The census does 
not report the crop separately. 


Millett, C. L., 1865-1922; Pierre; 
born at Belfast, New York, December 
9th; came to South Dakota in 1877; 
engaged in banking business; held 
various town and school offices; in- 
terested in farming and stock busi- 
ness; member House of Representa- 
tives in 1911. 


Milliken, Roy R., 1894- se bornrat 
Yankton, S. Dak., September 11th; 
publisher of Utica Times and manager 
of hardware store; held different 
township offices; member House of 
Representatives in 1923 and 1925. 


Milliman, F. J., 1884- ; Morris- 
town; born at Canton, S. Dak., Sep- 
tember 30th; editor and manager of 
The Morristown World in Corson Coun- 
ty; member State Senate in 1917. 


Milltown, a postoffice in northern 
Hutchinson county. 
Milne, J. C., . ; Sturgis; born 


at Langton, Ontario, Canada; came to 
South Dakota in 1883; engaged in farm- 
ing; admitted to the bar in 1896; State 
Senator in 1919. 


Milwaukee Lake. A large lake two 
miles north of Wentworth, Lake Coun- 
ty. The Great Northern Railway runs 
through it. 


Mina, a village in eastern Edmunds 
county. 


Minerals 


Miner, Captain Nelson, 1824-1880; 
born in Ohio; came to Vermillion, 
1860; Captain, Co. A. First Dakota 


Cavalry and commander of the battal- 
ion. Register, U. S. Land Office, Ver- 
million and member, ninth to thir- 
teenth territorial legislatures. 





Hist., IX, 240-308; X, 418. 


Miner County, created, 1873, organ- 
ized, 1880; named for Captain Nel- 
son Miner and Ephriam Miner, both 
of whom were members of the session 
of the legislature which created the 
county; consists of townships 105, 106, 
107 and 108 north, of ranges 55, 56, 
57 and 58 west 5th P. M. County seat, 
Howard. First settled in 1879 by John 
O’Dell at Howard. Population, see 
Census. Area, 363,520 acres. 





Code, p. 149. 

Miner, Ephriam, 1836-1912; native 
of Connecticut; pioneer of Yankton; 
miller; member of legislature of 1873. 


Miner, William, 1840-1917; native of 
New York; pioneer merchant of Yank- 
ton, 1862; postmaster Yankton, 1863-5; 
member of Bramble & Miner, first 
general wholesale house in Dakota; 
did big business with Black Hills, 
1876-84. 





Hist., X, 411 (Bramble); ‘‘Biographical 
Record,’’ 1897, 263. 

Miner, Wm. V., 1873- ; Hermosa; 
born at Yankton, S. Dak., October 11; 
engaged in farming and stock raising; 
member House of Representatives in 
1919; 


Minerals. The Annexed is a list 
of the materials and mineral substan- 
ces of the State taken from Bulletin 
No. 10, South Dakota School of Mines, 
by Prof. Victor Ziegler. The number 


following each name refers to the 


518 


Minerals 


page of Bulletin 10 where such min- 
eral is discribed: 


Page 
Acmite, see Aegerite. 
FAUEUEIOIULOUD ote chee ee oe shale atom. 153 
Adularia, see Orthoclase. 
LOC CTET CHM ae TTS ee eae ete ta a 150 
Agate, see Quartz. 
Alabaster, see Gypsum. 
ESTUDBISIES | LOCA S Se aSRiED Hi RA ne are ere a a ae 145 
Almandite, see Garnet. 
RN A Ee Wet cr os coer Yoho lat.0e ch ctor ches a chats fete) Shona. ote 61 
Alum, see Kalinite. 
PRET CAE eR BUC UC ey, fo Voters toilerrs Youseitosteyrs''s.<%stoe, cise as 216 
Amazonite, see Microcline. : 
Amazonstone, see Microcline. 
PARELENL WE OU LECH. eed obs ef ch ct cf chalice! ol ois’ of! Son eta s 201 
Amethyst, see Quartz. 
RA TIOOTUUSOLE Mas aris, wha ist sete eae ikaw eerste 153 
PRC ELTA WE Se) Fo ore) aie chel ouclale ec cleate 173 
PENG eTITIST Ce pees ost. rera ie else er ele abla vies 163 
PORES TTY AN 0 Nn een a 146 
Andradite, see Garnet. 
JNM OVER CRED AR AE P5508 eee AU a ee A ae 7A 
OTT CL TUS We Nod ce othe Le, Veltais Soteire Nellehs “ar'e fetecehe cas 212 
FMSU LC CUERER” A, Me a eo ee a 131 
PAMETCAT ITO CLES Clu a che ene te es, Sat. etakon reece «4 < 145 
JGUaySs: "Daa oe i oarere ae Beer 195 
Aquamarine, see Beryl. 
PARICU EAU TIG C OMNI Ves rg) oot aie werte no fassbe tetdtorei creas 133 
PASE POM GUE Gar raystecc stl atv ie Behe tS ele: oxtatelt oe rete 61 
Arsenical Pyrites, see Arseno-pyrite. 
PANE PIO ALCON. | A oi ccc ten ey ke Aieite-a ab ORS 92 
JT Seria enenhiey eh 8 Ce ers ee ete 69 
PAE SOILOS EDEN ICE debe wehe widicnictoe eiesnetes & 204 
Asbestus, see Actinolite. 
SSI NOE LA alle salle a ign aie heen tl Lee ares 225 
eA atA AEA PUAN AES c4< cs Etech catch at oy haflehid wi uae ete 84 
JUNG) oR SNS a ao eee 149 
PSUS ES ITUNES! (eae MAM a Sue arte ee 206 
REMAP TUG UMMM sci lcis Soc, Hroel ap 2.4) <p eNor, «; rah gare 140 
ESEUELCMECr eee ercre toe chatcte @ chehaushe crericts sii 'ehs 209 
Barytes, see Barite. 
LEXETAIBON GUNNS ” 9 SERGE 1 beet ci NOP meee ies Skane 184 
TEYCTPUS Lo Soci ey Sa ON ely ee Ces 156 
eSPRPON ESTATE Mud ta cia cxereicl ciesa,)s.6 Tavwtie- apemanate 207 
ERs NU MERE crirs elec. thsit.eve, Giahote ences siecs.e 178 
MAUS tL CMRP RE, Clete tesco. sl ss-5. 8) «ws é,0.p0) 93 
TE ISNERTSM AGL ou ey Ae PR Ee PAO AA Stet ol rene ce 46 
TPE C TALE LO@UE «eh chetn aceicrl + ere o te soe st ecdn 58 
TST SHGRR CIN SR 8 hus ae i ge aa Trt Rea nea 140 
Black Jack, see Sphalerite. 
Blende, see Sphalerite. 
Blue Vitriol, see Chalcanthite. 
Bog Manganese, see Wad. 
OUR CN, sg Patched cette coded aire, asic chataes Bh RES 65 
MOET TCO Ne eo 6g vce acre ccw.s Ucad Praleiedd 15 
‘CS IGORTEN IT Wee PRR GS ae PSE ae) nae eats Cee 205 
SPE PTTR TET Cum recat eps rites Ben 3.5 ulenwushes rer a ges ame o. 164 
SEMA WeIOMLCMmtaye . heat cc sc sale uc sievele gene « @ out 70 
Sie AS LRM CR RCE STR. eceye diay eas sta es ferate, osiwars 123 
(OPO SISIU Gon ell act 7) ania is 7 aoa, aire oles Cee | 101 
MR rsS GUC MEN ea cr aiet darian sce sn oat ececee a aoe 210 
USS HG YS ag Sn ne tl a 82 
PEER SELOT pave oiete neta eee ake Saeko webed ele uae ane Si 
IBC EATELLC CHA. secretin tears a cas ileoe era cane eee as 93 
CCSMiwo hb He aid gw Oey fee, bee aan OR ee 215 
Chalcedony, see Quartz. 
AEA Let ehed tiara stares, cia ate! ove loves sas senc: Bo 61 
SETAC TIVE LUC Hb te ch ate o lerievetet sl sMecatitene ¢-ubena. 6 65 
Chalk, see Calcite. 
Chlor-apatite, see Apatite. 
CUMS @ AOS OS a enn rhe. Fema rs 179 
RCV OCOLIEM Res tel, be ake weve ober ahaa 186 
CUT DOATeeee che crcl ois de) atel ecaens sks aifarcehe, cites 63 


Minerals 


Page 
Gola WO CUNL Cit creg af he eus x oo: one eteereta nate scl 93 
Cleavelandite, see Albite. 
Clinochlore, see Chlorite. 
(GOlMmMDI CS meee het etecks Citer ad eR eee CY oie ctone 187 
POV OULSHE toutes, co: spate ah Cae anata oh w tines 217 
SCOPDER eer aks che co, bic eee el sah phere ere 53 
Cone in Cone, see Calcite. 
Copperas, see Melanterite. 
Copper glance, see Chalcocite. 
Copper Pyrites, see Chalcopyrite. 
GOING Iie as « soc ee re ane nae a edcise Grete 95 
@Movielli teu. Bene Hise ed! Pew «idee eee, vs 63 
CumMInGtGMLt tyke <decads a ee Paetale Ohl 6 ake 154 
GHUPTLES eee aoa oe ee aiee es soe eret abo tary she 94 
GIIPLOGASSICErICONy oo tle ds ae ts eretoems 121 
CuproscheeltEw = satiate © sla «seh ele sic 223 
Cymatolite, see Spodumene. 
Dark Duby Silver, see Pyrargyrite. 
Diadochite Gaye a de do OGL c Rot 207 
POI ODSIGOIE tee ae ok or ae Ws & chat avon oh chive eee eee 148 
Dog-tooth Spar, see Calcite. 
DOlOMItCC Me s5.8s el SRS oP 130 
Dolomitie Limestone, see Calcite. 
Durrani Ce ee eee. Oe Cn eee 203 
Elaeolite, see Nephelite. 
TNITDOMLCOM secre sic ee te Meas «tL coon 83 
EVOLGOLGL ya dad Sa) oh ator ah rs a ot oho’ oreo 163 
Feather Ore, see Jamesonite. 
Beldspare Grou po itaciia cei ats, hehe erates 142 
Fetid Caleite,.see Calcite. 
Flint, see Quartz. 
Flos-ferri, see Aragonite. 
HIMOGERIitG wae . hehe ee a ae eat ane fee 84 
Fluor-apatite, see Apatite. 
We LUOLI Gey Vas Ais Cae rt SA a vee be 83 


Fluor Spar, see Fluorite. 


Fontainebleau Limestone, see Calcite. 


French Chalk, see Talc. 
Galena, see Galenite. 
Galenite 
Carn Gti aor Car eit ete aie oho eee oman 
Geocronite 
Glauconite 
Gold 
Golden Calcite, see Calcite. 
Goslarite 
Graphite 
Gray Copper, see Chalconite. 

Greasy Quartz, see Quartz. 
Greenock ltGae oy ke settee det dleuers ot ae 
Green Vitriol, see Melanterite. 
GriphitGascs 2 aS aces She aati sa } eee 
Grossularite, see Garnet. 

Gypsum 
EVA Ss takes eee Auer eis oo uley atone Beh otter ceo hoes 
Halotrichite 
Hauynite 
Hematite 
EFESSILE Pic Os a eee ee ts cae ie woe 
‘ELOrn blend Gite oc .e oo coe ote oc eae ene 
Horn Silver, see Cerargyrite. 

Ely drOCAT DONS Satis &. ths sede Lae Sees 
Iceland Spar, see Calcite. 

TITMISNICE Pe ee ate esd ee crete snakt ter vaete 
Indicolite, see Tourmaline. 

Tron; SNGLEOTIGY. sioccte.o cue a ote sha beers terereneds 
Iron Pyrites, see Pyrite. 

Jamesonite 
GALOSITCGs Re teetcte simi tate a a oe os cia e denen aaa ees 
Jasper, see Quartz. 

Kalinite 
Kaolinite 
Kehoeite 
NETIC OLL EC ee he cet he cca alvin ea kere ete ae ues 
Leptochlorite, see Chlorite. 


Gs w 6's 4) 6) & Op 6 ©. ©: 0) 6 8.0) © 0 6 6S 0 ste « 


4 a ¢ 6) 6) dhe ap Ul we) 8 6 6 6 & ss Sinus, © .e 


ao) Oy 8 Oe CEN LS ble 608 606 8 sale 6 ae 


Ole 6.6: a Bg 6.6.0 i.e OLS Ce 8 SOS. 6 a 8 Oe ee ee Ce, 


Oo See 6 Dare BNO 6. Oe, we? 6) 6re 6) MSL Es (4 a8 


oe 4) 6) 0) 6 Oe Heats aie ee @ Ge 6 6 Sf 6 6 a Fe 


7 ie @.1@ 6 wre" eel «Ure ere eo ee) # we © 8 © 


wm 6) OG 06, 18) 6 6) Sas? 8) 6:16 6.8) 8° Breve) Cero 6 


ane 6 ei Meade te ieee Se 6 O¥ et Oem Sw ee 6 6 le 


#6: Ae Se S'ie\ #0 eS erie (eo effe ee) ape leis, 


a a ' 448 6 © ew @ @ 6) 61a a) © @ 6 6 6 6 C1 ise share 


me, 0) e108) 161-6) 8 #8, Oe 8 a 6 OG. V-S1 6 6. aene 


a Fe es Ca we Plies ee. ie 0. Vise tae ote p reyes) 6 


19 


Minerals 
Page 

TEGUICITOT oo wesc. Ce agate ite eshte ae sche ae ror 147 
TEGUCODYITIG6. |S erers ct een cree ee 69 
Liebenerite, see Muscovite. 
NP Sag ok = een Geer thy id Rai IES IO 1S 226 
Limestone, see Calcite. 
TalInonite 2s. ie ote Meee hate ae 118 
Lithia Mica, see Lepidolite. 
ithiophyllite =. etre eee oe ee ee 194 
Lithographic Stone, see,Calcite. 
Lioélliingite — (RT Peter ses a ate a ee 69 
Magnesia Mica, see Phlogopite. 
IVA NESITC © <.c.cicutal oto ote ceicebetiehote ctor aoe 130 
Magnetic Iron, see Magnetite. 
Magnetic Pyrites, see Pyrrhotite. 
IWTAESNOEIEG? 1Gersrsccrs tes whore te tetotetaint aetets mn ene 100 
MM AITACHICEy ©. oc) octet eke orctehoa ete eeu ce meneronere 139 
Malacolite, see Diopside. 
Manganotantalites2uiseer. . can. cteretee le 187 
Manevanitey tar eye. fons hte eueeee 118 
Marble, see Calcite. 
Marcasite Piece Gee oie i Aen each eee 68 
Matlockite® 22 faceted cee eeenchanicre opine 84 
Melaconite, see Tenorite. 
Melanterite wit). at eee eee ee are 214 
Menaccanite, see Ilmenite. 
Menezhinite ok. PAs A sateacees ose ic erereee 75 
Meteoric Iron, see Iron. 
NET OGIING dice wic.erearh contac keene ee 145 
Milky Quartz, see Quartz. 
Mispickel, see Arsenopyrite. 
Moly bdenite sok. (atiniies ane se een ors 60 
Moly bdite: 9.22.5. osc. we hee ae ciao 93 
MONaZItTE! G2h, 555 Sits de cee ee 192 
Moonstone, see Feldspar. 
Moss agate, see Quartz. 
INMEUSCOVILG Yi Son ere Speen Gisikee oka 174 
Nail-head Spar, see Calcite. 
Natrolit eye as os. stebiVecdavet oh pies Breen 172 
Nepheli te sis cs sis ea ee I odes 147 
IN TC COLES: mia tease onsets ch tener eee te cae caede 64 
IN OSG1IEG Beet. tees shoes, sZt tote co aa he ote neie ae 147 
OHEGCLASET ier cre cee ihe Reis eee ee 146 
GCTVENTEO Sr cree crcbets Se okie ais mele mee 202 
Onyx, Mexican, see Calcite. 
Oolite, see Quartz, see Calcite. 
(Och ee ee SOiny = mes roe settle oa A 92 
Ophicalcite, see Calicte. 
Orthnoclase® (ite cis coe coos eee teat eb 142 
Orthochlorite, see Chlorite. 
Octreliter wo lca Coe ee 179 
ZS PALITO Mieco ies ae aoe eis tnks kalo temedoeie hei 141 
Petrified Wood, see Quartz. 
Betroleminis ee ac. o> cai siesesa parece ct oe Peon 225 
IP6EZITO” Go ack. o eee Siete ee a chcuay. cre dliets cicie 70 
IPHIOZODICCS S siccere succcre sin doe iets eee APA 
PIGKECLINGItOic. kee cs. s c.5 sae oie ee eee ake 216 
PiedMOntite - 7 oo sce: ee lowes ce 164 
Pinite, see Muscovite. 
Pitchblende, see Uraninite. 
Pla PGioClaseSy fo iccckeuccchoite eter coke) sbcacest seco he 145 
Plattinerite sis .p ee ee ee ee 116 
Plumbago, see Graphite. 
Potash Feldspar, see Orthoclase. 
Potash Mica, see Muscovite. 
Prochlorite, see Chlorite. 
Purpurite 73s ose Dae at ede ee 192 
PYTATLYTICS © 2 sid di 2 oS ukietes otaae este weet ls 80 
PYTItO sR itaw loin PRONE Gate ete teh ahs 66 
PYLrolusite: sidihck 5d Ree esis Nike n CPO ets er 
PYTOMOLDHIte® rere ciethaateiet atcholahel chs tetets 196 
PYPrOxXGNeG> < sass whee cs Stee Cre eee tae 148 
PYVTPHOtIEGS® bo. ost tate chat etetel etetisteteeloremereee 64 
Quattzion dsc oe eew Oe dd she aid 0 © oe erate enews 85 
Red Ocher, see Mematite. - 
RRC Ce lace: eiakewatiel che ai ai etict whet ol attain: oe tareuane 226 


Minerals 


Page 
Ripidolite, see Chlorite. 
Rock Gypsum, see Gypsum. 
Rock Salt, see Halite. 
Rose Quartz, see Quartz. 
Rubellite, see Tourmaline. 
Ruby Silver, see Proustite. 
Rutile (4.0.00 3 35. a cuaelenteese ee 
Saccharoidal Limestone, see Calcite. 
Sagenitic Quartz, see Quartz. 
Salt, see Halite. 
Sand Crystal, see Calcite. 
Sanidine, see Orthoclase. 


SAPONItS — 2 cise. o seo cae eek ise 184 

Sapphire, see Corundum. 

Sapphirine “5.3. ..% «sso. -eule nee 172 

Satin Spar, see Gypsum. 

Satin Spar, see Calcite. 

Se@heelite : . < s.c et suc cls ws a ssh eee ee 222 

SGOrOdiIteS: (so... so, ue, jouse Ra eae ee ee 203 

Selenite, see Gypsum. 

Semseyite. a:)4..:5 bose Oe eee aD 

Sericite, see Muscovite. 

Serpentine “.)..U.. 22.655 oe ae eee 181 

Siderite. « .< es. cobs eee eee ee 132 

Silicified Wood, see Quartz. 

Silver: .....05 226% ¢ elle a eee eee 52 

Smithsonite |i. 2. .is sis ce Ga 133 

Smoky Quartz, see Quartz. 

Soapstone, see Tale. 

Soda Feldspar, see Albite. 

Sodalites.A. 22. .05.5 one Se eee 147 

Spathic Iron, see Siderite. 

Specular Iron, see Hematite. 

Spessartite, see Garnet. 

SpHAlErite: 1. sac. ie cue socks selene +, ae 62 

Sphene, see Titanite. 

Spinel. .. sws$ .e et DS een .- 99 

SPOGCUIMENE® «6 vere 1 sce re eterno 16 fo <9 150 

Stalactites, see Calcites. 

Stalagmites, see Calcites. 

Stannite AE ea ne 81 

Staurolite -s.24545%5.%h 25. eben eee A711 

Steatite, see Talc. 

Stibnitei nc ok se heal ee eee on tbs 

Stream Tin, see Cassiterite. 

Struverité 02... ARES ee ae eee 115 

Sulphur ¢ Ak. sos sve ote ches oatale tate eee 46 

Sulphurous Tetradymite, see Tetra- 
dymite. 

Sunstone, see Labradorite. 

SYVIVEMNTCC ee ee noite ease eae 70 

"TALC" Sites ace elece ob eceue eet) Se 182 

Tantalite &.. co ¥en eee Packie 187 

Tapiolite. 2%... ee ee : 114 

Tellurite .. OUST, See 93 

Tenorité— on... cee Oe ee 94 

Tetradymite 24444 044.223. eee 59 

Tetrahedrite. - .-..0722.% Sinn. eee 80 

Tin Pyrites, see Stannite. 

Tinstone, see Cassiterite. 

ive) oy: en Rem A sere | 162 

"EVEATIICE A cere one lelcce eeele ue Oe Cnn eee 186 

TOrbernite '\.'. 0% vere tate eneheneus one ee 205 

Tourmaline’ 722k ae ate ait one ee 165 

Tremolite. oss. See ink. se eee als: 

TTriphy lites ow. ec ence ee ee 192 

Triplite * ysis ts ioe. Seeks. ei ee 198 

Uraninite ee re so enced ae ee 207 

Uranocircite so. ¢Ven 228 eee 207 

Vanadiniters io. aetits oe oc et eeaeae eee 197 

ViVianiiterr to eens arc ee, oe Al 203 

"Wad be netete ale ERED. ce ta ence ee ee Sell, 

Willemite oo. os ee tect fee 162 

Woltramite’ 4)... is ahets ctelacetn eee 218 

Wrulfenite: sccsda ds 2s hee hoe ee coe ak 


520 


Mineralogy 


Page 
Yellow Ocher, see Limonite. 
CHIC S Se er re Chee ee eee ee ees Li2 
Zine Blende, see Sphalerite. 
LA NC eSrT Sy Sapte nk rly Ot a aa 94 
PERC LIGELAC © soe ereP ae irota Dicks hd sldicleete 162 
OES Gee Acer ncaa oP ces nace ot oop ota 610, Bocas 163 


Mineralogy. See School of Mines. 


Mining. See Gold Mining, Lignite, 
State Coal Mine. 


Mining Claims. A mining claim in 
South Dakota may not be more than 
1,500 feet long and 600 feet wide; it 
shall be located as near aS maybe so 
that the axis of the lode shall be the 
middle line of the claim longitudinally. 
The claim, carefully described, must 
be speedily recorded with the register 
of deeds of the county where it is lo- 
cated. 


Mines, Inspector of. This office was 
created by Chapter 112, 1890 and pro- 
vides for an inspector of mines, whose 
duty it is to carefully inspect mines 
and to condemn such as are not pro- 
vided with safety appliances and are 
not conducted in a manner to protect 
the workmen from injury. He is requir- 
ed to report upon each mining acci- 
dent and to collect mining statistics. 
Otto Ellerman of Lead is the present 
Mine Inspector. 


Code, 8705-8718. 


Mink is a fur bearing animal, for- 
merly abundant. 


Minneconjou Creek is in northern 
Stanley Co., running north into the 
Cheyenne River. 


Minnehaha County, created and or- 
ganized, 1862; given the Sioux Indian 
name for Falling Water; consists of 
townships 101, 102, 103 and 104 north, 
of ranges 48, 49, 50, 51 and 52 west 5th 
P. M. and all of townships 101,102, 103 
and 104 of range 47 west 5th P. M., 
that lie within South Dakota. Settled 


Minnesota River - 


in 1857; but the settlement was de- 
stroyed by Indians in 1862; resettled 
in 1865. County seat, Sioux Falls; 
population, see Census; area, 521,600 
acres. 


“Minnehaha County in the World 
War,” is a richly illustrated book con- 
taining a roster of the Minnehaha 
County men who served in the World 
War. 


“Minnehaha County, History of.” 
The most substantial county history 
yet produced; a volume of 1100 pages, 
by Dana R. Bailey, 1899. A very com- 
prehensive history of the county and 
of Sioux Falls. 


Minnekahta, a postoffice in north- 
west Fall River county, on Burlington 
Railway. 


Minnelusa, a station 10 miles west 
of Rapid City, the banking and post- 
office in northern Pennington county. 


Minnescheche Creek (“Bad Water’’) 
flows out of the Bad Lands into White 
River in northwestern Washington 
County. 


Minnesota Brigade of Gen. Sully’s 
Army in 1864 was two regiments of 
mounted Minnesota troops, command- 
ed by Col. Minor F. Thomas, that came 
across the northern part of S. Dakota 
from Bigstone Lake to Fort Wads- 
worth (Sisseton), thence westerly, 
crossing the James River near Taco- 
ma: Park and joining Sully at Swan 
Lake June 30 


Minnesota Massacre. See War, 5. 


Minesota River rises in the east co- 
teau in Roberts County and flowing 
southeast passes through Big Stone 
Lake. It drains all of the region em- 
braced in Roberts, Grant, Marshall, 
Day, Codington and Deuel counties ly- 


521 


Minnesota Territory 


ing east of the summit of the Coteau 
of the Prairies, approximately 2000 
square miles. Big Stone Lake is its 
chief feature in the Dakota region. 
It retains its Sioux name, but in its 
early white history was known as St. 
Peters River. 


Minnesota Territory. When the 
State of Minnesota was admitted to 
the Union in 1858, the portion of the 
territory lying west of the State of 
Minnesota attempted to get recogni- 
tion as an independent territory; but 
Congress held that it continued to be 
the Territory of Minnesota and ‘that 
the officers of the territory continued 
de jure officials of that region. In 
fact they did not function and the re- 
gion was essentially without govern- 
ment until the creation of Dakota Ter- 
ritory, 1861. 


Minors. In law, a male under 
twenty-one and a female under 18 
years of age are minors. In determin- 
ing minority account is taken from 
the first minute of the day of birth 
to the first minute of the anniversary 
of that day. A minor cannot make a 
contract relating to real estate or 
any interest therein, nor relating to 
personal property that is not in his 
immediate control. He may make any 
other contract in the same manner as 
an adult, subject to his right to dis- 
affirm any contract made by him be- 
fore he was eighteen years of age at 
any time within one year after reach- 
ing his majority. He cannot disaf- 
firm any contract made for necessar- 
ies or one made under the authority 
of a statute. A minor is civilly liable 
for any wrong done by him. 





Code, 76-91. 
Mirage. This phenomonon is _ of 
common occurrence in South Dakota, 


Miranda 


most frequently being in the form of a 
looming, but occasionally a genuine re- 
flection of inverted objects which are 
naturally quite beyond the line of vi- 
sion. It is due to excessive bending 
of light rays traversing adjacent stra- 
ta of air of wide differentiation of 
density; arises only near the surface 
of the earth and never occurs unless 
there is first a hot shining sun. The 
common looming of an apparent water 
surface in the distance is of the na- 
ture of a mirage, but is not a true 
mirage. 


“To thirsty lands, where once in 
rythm rolled 

Foam-crested waves to fret the 
rock-girt coast, 

There comes to frolic in the sea- 
path old 

The perished water’s 
tial ghost.” 


insubstan- 


Father DeSmet thus describes the 
mirage of the prairie as he observed 
it in his trip to the Sioux in 1848:: 

“The appearance of fantastical riv- 
ers and lakes in the verge of the hor- 
izon seems to invite the weary trav- 
eler to advance and refresh his wast- 
ed strength on their banks. Fatigue 
and thirst picture in the distance ver- 
dure, shade and coolness awaiting 
him. The illusion increases the de- 
sire of quenching your burning thirst. 
You hasten onward to reach the goal. 
Hour succeeds hour; the deceitful mi- 
rage heightens in brilliancy and the 
panting, exhausted traveler presses on 
without a suspicion that the phantom 
flies before him.” 

Miranda, a _ village in southeast 
Faulk county. Founded by the Wes- 
tern Town Lot Co. in 1886. Named 
for the given name of the mother of 
the president of the C&NW Ry. Co. 


522 


Miser, Walter G. 


Miser, Walter G., 1882- ; born at 
Annapolis, Ohio, March 22; educated 
at Adelbert College and Baldwin Wal- 
lace University; came to South Da- 
kota in 1910, locating at Rapid City; 
county judge of Pennington county 
1917-1919; practiced law in Rapid City 
since 1910; instructor in U. S. Train- 
ing detachment in the State School 
of Mines; elected Judge of the Sev- 
enth Circuit in 1918. 


Mission, a village in southern Todd 
county. ‘ 


Mission Hill, a town in southeast 
Yankton county. Named from a near- 
by hill on which in the early days was 
maintained a small mission house and 
church. Population, see census. 


Missions. Missions to the Sioux 
Indians of South Dakota have been 
maintained by the Roman Catholics, 
Congregationalists, Episcopalians and 
Presbyterians. The notable Mission- 
aries have been John P. Williamson, 


Presbyterian; Stephen R. Riggs and 
his sons, Alfred L. and Thomas 
L. Riggs, Congregationalists; Peter 


John DeSmet, and Martin Marty, Cat- 
holic; William Hobert Hare and Ed- 
ward Ashley, Episcopalians. Other 
consecrated men from each of these 
denominations have put their lives in- 
to the evangelization of a savage na- 
tion. 





“Williamson; a Brother to the Sioux’; 
Rovmson. O36, 5940) 55a... 00), 2069, DiG=T, 
581-7, 593-5; Kingsbury, III, 944-5, 947, 
950-1, 957-60, 968-70; Hist., II, 161, 173-6, 
Db lee Ato =o 


Missouri River. The Missouri 
River from its source in the Rocky 
Mountains to its junction with the 
Mississippi is 2963 miles long; and 
from its source to the Gulf of Mexico, 
4221 miles. Of this, 547 miles bounds 
or traverses South Dakota from the 


Missouri River 


mouth of the Sioux River to the south- 
ern line of North Dakota. 


Historically Radison and Grosilliers, 
before 1660 seem to have known of the 
stream and learned of some of its 
features, mentioning a tribe of Ind- 
ians living upon it who grew vege- 
tables, evidently referring to the 
Arickara, and also giving a vague re- 
ference to the “little devils” of Spirit 
Mound. For the South Dakota sec- 
tion it first appears upon De L’ Isle’s 
map of 1701 and is called “Le Mis- 
souri ou R. de Pekitanoni.”’ Ou this map 
the Omaha are located from Sioux 
Falls to the Missouri; the Iowa about 
the mouth of the James river and the 
Arickara further up the Missouri. The 
Sioux called the river Minisoe, pro- 
nounced “Minne-sho-she,”’ which is to 
be distinguished from Minne-sota, the 
first meaning “roily water’ and the 
latter “clear water.” The first actual 
account we have of the upper Mis- 
souri is in the journal of the elder 
Pierre Verendrye 1738 and the mere 
mention of it in South Dakota by Che- 
valier Verendrye in 1743. The early 
visitors thereafter were Jean Batiste 
Trudeau, 1794. James McKay, 1795, 
John Evans, 1795-6; Perrin du Lac, 
1801, Charles Le Raye, 1802, Lewis 
and Clark, 1804. Thereafter the ac- 
counts of travels through the region 
are almost constant. See sketches un- 
der the names of each of the foregoing 
explorers. 


The section through North and South 
Dakota is the youngest valley of any 
of the' large streams \jof the world, dat- 
ing from the great glacier which pushed 
the stream out of the James River val- 
ley and caused it-to carve out a new 
course. The new valley has not yet 
found itself, and the constructive pro- 
cess is still going forward. Through 


523 


Missouri River 


South Dakota the stream has an aver- 
age fall of .82 of a foot to the mile; 
however this varies, the fall of cen- 
tral portion of the State being steeper 
than either the upper or lower 
stretches; this variation ranges from 
.76 to .92 of a foot per mile. 

Being chiefly dependent upon the 
run-off of the rainfall for its water, 
the volume of water carried is variable 
in relation to the precipitation in any 
year ;and within a single year it has 
been known to vary 20 feet on the 
gage. The greater variation in its re- 
corded history being 4 feet below 
standard low water, to 21 feet above. 
The volume of water carried is from 
approximately 5,000 cubic feet per se- 
cond at the lowest water known, to 
500,000 at the highest, in 1881. 

The depth to bedrock is likewise 
variable, ranging from 25 feet to more 
than 100 feet, but ordinarily, about 
40 feet. A theory has been advanced 
that bedrock is still scouring, but it 
does not appear to be well supported 
and the best engineers believe that 
generally the mud that is superim- 
posed upon bedrock is little disturbed. 

The depth of water in the stream 
varies with the gage reading, but at 
low water it is very shallow: at low- 
est water being no more than two 
feet deep across some of the sand- 
bars, so that navigation even with 
small flat-bottomed boats is difficult 
At the grand crossings, where the 
main channel crosses from one side of 
the river bed to the other, the water 
spreads out very thinly and in low wa- 
ter is extremely shallow. 

The banks of the stream hold 14 
feet of rise above standard low water; 
above that point the stream is said to 
be at flood and is likely to do much 
damage to adjacent property; it rare- 
ly reaches this flood stage. 


ol 


‘in 1788. 


Missouri River 


As the flood plain is alluvial it is 
likely to wash at any time. This is 


espically true below the mouth of the 


Niobrara River where rich farm lands 
are constantly menaced by the chang- 
ing course of the river. As early as 
1700 the location of the Missouri Ri- 
ver was accurately shown upon maps 
of the South Dakota region; but we 
have no record of its having been 
seen by white men until it was visit- 
ed by the Verendrye Brothers (q.v.) 
Before 1800 it was well 
known in this section and many trad- 
ers visited it annually. All navigation 
upon it was by small boats propelled 
by rowing, sails, or cordelling. It was 
a slow and laborious process, requir- 
ing an entire season to reach the head- 
waters with goods for trade. In 1831, 
Pierre Chouteau, Jr., the enterprising 
manager of the Astor interests in the 
West, had constructed a flat-bottomed 
steamboat, (the ‘Yellowstone’”’), draw- 
ing 5% feet of water, which he navi- 
gated to Fort Pierre. This revolu- 
tionized the commerce of the Missouri 
River. Steamboat navigation thus be- 
gun developed until the commerce of 
a continent was carried up and down 
the Missouri, reaching its greatest 
volume in 1880; that year the rail- 
roads reached Pierre and Chamberlain, 
and in the spring of 1881 sixteen 
steamboats on the ways at Yankton 
were broken up in the great flood and 
ice gorge. That was the practical end 
of steamboating on this river. 


Big Bend. 

This notable bend has been much 
remarked from the earliest explorers 
of the region; Lewis and Clark passed 
around it, September 20, 1804 and de- 
scribe it then practically as we know 
it today; that is, one hundred twenty 
years have in no appreciable way 


24 


Missouri River 


changed the contour or reduced the 
width of the gorge. Its peninsula is 


a portion of the Lower Brule Indian > 


reservation. It extends from mile 286, 
above the mouth of the Sioux River, 
to mile 310, a distance of 24 miles 
around the bend; the water level on 
the South side of the gorge is 1421 
feet and upon the northside, opposite 
it is 1441 making the net fall through 
the gorge 20 feet. There has long 
been a hope, encouraged by the en- 
gineers of the army, that great power 
could be developed at this point. 
Across the gorge, from river to river, 
it is 1% miles. The height of land in 
the gorge is 298 feet above the water 
level on the south side. The State 
hydro-electric commission caused a 
complete analysis of the power po- 
tentialities of the site to be made by 
Mead & Seastone, and reported in a 
separate paper from that in which the 
general reconnoisance of the river is 
reported. They found that a 30 foot 
head would cost no less than $28,500, 
000 a prohibitive figure for the 
amount of power developed, 87,000,000 
killowat hours annually. The report 
has not been published, but may be 
seen in the office of the commission. 


Little Bend. 


The Little Bend of the Missouri Ri- 
ver lies between mile 406 and mile 
424 above the mouth of the Big Sioux. 
According to the Missouri River Com- 
mission survey the water elevation at 
the north end is 1540.1 feet at the 
south end 1527.6, making a net fall of 
12.5 feet. Other surveys made at va- 
rious stages of water have increased 
this by two or more feet. The height 
of land in the gorge is 271 feet above 
low water. Mead and Seastone in 
1919 examined the site and made 
cross sections and borings, but report- 


Missouri River 


ed the proposition impracticable un- 
der present conditions. They did not 
report the approximate cost of a de- 
velopment for power. The peninsula 
lies within Sully County and contains 
several thousand acres of arable land 
of great fertility. There is about 
2,000 acres of excellent timber. The 
point was a favorite winter camp for 
the Sioux and the American Fur com- 
pany maintained a wintering post 
there in the fur trading period. 


Floods. 


The banks of the Missouri River 
generally hold fourteen feet of rise 
above standard low water. When the 
rise exceeds this amount the river is 
said to be at flood stage. This has 
rarely occurred. The two notable ex- 
ceptions were in the years 1881 and 
1897, when following winters of tre- 
mendous and unusual snow-fall the 
river went out of its banks through- 
out much of its course. The floods 
of 1881 are especially notable, and in 
the vicinity of the mouth of the James 
River were greatly augmented by a 
vast gorge of ice, which raised the wa- 
ter to a point where all of the lower 
portion of the city of Yankton was 
flooded and the region from Yankton 
to Vermillion became a raging sea, 
entailing much suffering and great 
loss. The city of Vermillion, then 
largely upon the bottom, near where 
the depot now is, was quite destroy- 
ed. At Yankton 17. steamboats win- 
tering upon the ways. were wrecked, 
some of them being carried far inland 
and stranded there. The Sioux River, 
also at flood, wrought great damage 
and loss at Sioux Falls. See also Dis- 
asters. Fort Pierre Flood. 

The story of the disaster at Yank- 
ton is thus graphically discribed in the 
Dakota Herald of April 2, 1881: 


525 


Missouri River 


For years people have listened to 
tales of high water in the Misouri Ri- 
ver, told by Indians and “oldest in- 
habitants;”’ listened generally with in- 
credulity, and sometimes with open 
mockery. Since 1862, the spring 
breakup has never been attended with 
any great disaster save in isolated cas- 
es, and it is not to be wondered at that 
the settlers on the bottoms had been 
lulled into a false sense of security, 
and regarded the stories handed down 
in regard to the great inundations of 
past years as the mere vaporings of 
chronic exaggerations. But it has 
been a terrible awakening; the worst 
stories of the past have been far sur- 
passed by the horrors of the actual 
present. For ten days the Missouri 
River Valley for hundreds of miles 
has been covered with a seething tor- 
rent of water and ice. Whole towns 
have been absolutely obliterated, many 
lives have~-been lost, property incal- 
culable has been swept away, and hun- 
dreds of people, but yesterday in com- 
parative affluence, are today little else 
but beggars. It is utterly useless to 
attempt to describe it as it is, but fol- 
lowing will be found a clear, concise 
and careful statement of the facts so 
far as the Herald has been able to col- 
lect them. News is as yet painfully 
wanting, but we trust that the horror 
of the full revelation will not be any 
considerably greater than that which 
now weighs down our people. 

The river at this point, long watched 
with fear and trembling, at four 
o’clock, Sunday afternoon, with scarce- 
ly a preliminary sign, burst its icy cov- 
ering and in a few moments the whole 
channel was one solid mass of heav- 
ing, groaning, grinding cakes of ice, 
tossed and tumbled into every con- 


Missouri River 


ceivable shape by the resistless cur- 
rent. 


As the ice broke up the river rose 
with almost incredible rapidity, and in 
a few moments was nearly bank-full. 
The steamer Western, lying just be- 
low the ways, was the first victim of 
the ice. An immense cake was hurl- 
ed against her side, near the stern, 
making a hole nearly twenty feet long, 
through which the water rushed with 
terrible swiftness, and in spite of the 
efforts of a large corps of pumpmen, 
she soon filled and sank. The water 
began to subside about five o’clock 
and the people breathed easier, think- 
ing that the worst was over. How- 
ever, the upward movement soon com- 
menced again, and continued all day 
Monday, the whole bed of the river 
being constantly filled with moving 
ice. Monday afternoon word was re- 
ceived that the whole Jim River Bot- 
tom below the city was everflowed 
from bluff to bluff, something never 
before known. This report was quick- 
ly succeeded by another to the effect 
that many families living in that sec- 
tion were completely cut off from es- 
cape and in need of assistance. Tues- 
day morning several boats were sent 
out from the city, which succeeded in 
rescuing several families. Others 
were left and an account of their fate 
will be found below. 


Many of our citizens, on Tuesday, 
took occasion to visit the bluffs of Ma- 
jor Hanson’s place, and the view there 
presented was truly grand, not to say 
terrible. As far as the eye could 
reach was an unbroken volume of wa- 
ter, moving steadily along, bearing on 
its bosom huge cakes of ice, and dot- 
ted here and there by half-submerged 
farmhouses, whose inmates had fled 
to the hills for safety. Where the 


526 


Missouri River 


mighty current swept across the rail- 
road track the rails were twisted and 
dragged long distances by the ice, 
while telegraph poles, fence posts and 
small trees were snapped in two like 
tallow candles. Cattle and horses 
were floundering and struggling in the 
flood, every cake of ice was freighted 
with a passenger list of small animals, 
while here and there a small skiff, 
manned with rescuers from Yankton, 
paddled about from house to house 
seeking after straggling persons who 
had been caught by the water. It was 
a spectacle long to be remembered, 
and one that a man might well pray 
to never behold again. 


Tuesday evening at five o’clock the 
ice which had been sweeping by the 
city all day, suddenly formed a gorge 
a few miles below the city, which 
held firm all night, meanwhile extend- 
ing itself far up the river toward 
Springfield. A deathly stillness hung 
over the bosom of the river as if in 
omen of the awful burst of seeming 
rage that was to follow. Men watch- 
ed with anxious eyes, fearing the 
worst. Suddenly, Wednesday morning 
at 11:30 o‘clock a shudder ran through 
the vast body of the gorge, where 
great hillocks of ice were piled in sol- 
id layers rods high. The water gave 
a mighty roar like some blood-thirsty 
giant awaking from troubled sleep 
and with a sudden jerk the whole tre- 
mendous mass began to rear, and 
crash, and tumble, as if it knew of its 
awful power for destruction and was 
giving way to pranks of diabolical 
glee. As the millions upon millions 
of tons of icy matter moved off down 
the river, the water began to creep 
up the banks. 

UP, up it came, faster and faster, 
until it could fairly be seen to crawl 


Missouri River 


up the ascent. Hugh cakes of ice 
went hurtling against the sides of the 
steamers along the ways, crushing 
great holes in their hulls, snapping im- 
mense hawsers and precipitating the 
Black Hills, Helena and Butte into one 
common jumble. Still it rose, poured 
over the railroad track, hurling the lit- 
tle ferry boat, Livingston, clear across 
it, and even carrying the gigantic Nel- 
lie Peck and Peninah far up on the 
bank. It now appeared to rest a mo- 
ment, and then with a resistles force 
and a mighty swell, on it came again. 
From the bottling works, down along 
the river front to where the water had 
come out the day before, the torrent 
poured into the lower part of the city, 
actually seeming to have a fall of from 
six inches to a foot directly out of the 
river. Then ensued a scene that our 
pencil is inadequate to describe. Peo- 
ple ran hither and thither in wild ex- 
citement. Household goods were has- 
tily thrown into wagons and removed 
to places of safety. Shouting, swear- 
ing men, weeping women and children, 
pawing, frightened horses, all combin- 
ed with the roaring rushing waves to 
form a picture to delight the heart of 
the monarch of Pandemonium. As the 
waters rose higher and higher skiffs, 
yawls and other small craft, began to 
shoot through the streets in lieu of 
vehicles. Furniture, clothing and ba- 
bies were handed out of windows and 
ferried to high ground. Out-houses 
and movable truck danced around on 
the surface. Hogs and _ chickens 
squealed and squawked and swam to 
places of safety. The first to move to 
what. they considered safe ground 
were chased by the exulting waves 
and forced to again “move on.” All 
through the lower part of the city— 
everywhere in fact below the bench— 


527 


Missouri River 


roared an angry, surging torrent of 
yellow water from one to six feet in 
depth, literally covered with the de- 
bris incident to a great flood, all 
banging, smashing and rolling about 
in one common medley. Looking south 
and east it was a solid river twenty 
miles wide and rolling a _ very 
besom of destruction, cutting a swath 
of havoc and ruin which cannot be 
computed. Down the channel of the 
river swept hay-stacks, watertanks, 
live animals and the fragments of 
fences, houses, etc., which had been 
swept from God knows where up the 
river. Far over on the Nebraska bot- 
toms could be seen clusters of cattle 
on every knoll and as the water rose 
inch by inch, and the ice swept over 
and crushed them between its pond- 
erous fragments, the struggles of the 
poor animals could be plainly seen. 
Great trees struck by the jagged 
chunks, whipped and shook as though 
jarred by a heavy wind, and finally 
would be cut clean off and tumbled 
into the seething hell of waters which 
roared about them. Here and there 
appeared the roof of a house, and alas! 
in too many instances, that roof held 
human beings, clinging to it in a des- 
perate effort to save themselves from 
a watery grave. Women, and strong 
men, too, turned away from the awful 
sight, and refused to look upon it. No 
man ever wants to see the like again. 


The damage done to steamboats on 
all the lines with headquarters’ at 
Yankton is almost incalculable. 
Every boat at or in the vicinity of 
Yankton is damaged terribly. The 
Western is entirely gone—torn. into 
kindling wood. The Butte is broken 
square in two in the middle and is con- 
sidered a total loss. The Helena is 
twisted like an auger, and jammed full 


Missouri River 


of holes. It is doubtful whether she 
can be made serviceable again this 
season. The Black Hills, of the three 
boats on the ways, is the least dama- 
ged, but even she is badly racked and 
crushed. The Peninah and_ Nellie 
Peck were driven high and dry on the 
bank, where they now lie in a badly 
shattered condition. The Yankton fer- 
ry-boat, Livingstone was driven clear 
across the railroad track, where she 
now lies. It will require an enor- 
mous expenditure to get all of these 
boats repaired and into the channel 
again. Old steamboatmen say that in 
all their experience on the river, they 
have never known so disastrous a ser- 
ies of losses. 

It is a weird and picturesque scene 
that was presented on the river front 
Thursday morning, and one might 
imagine he was gazing at one of the 
imaginary pictures drawn by Jules 
Verne in his “Field of Ice.” The cold 
wind had frozen the gigantic piles of 
ice which had gorged on the shore the 
day previous, solid, and a thousand 
fantastic shapes and pinnacles were 
presented. The great boats were 
sheathed in an icy armour, and the 
strange manner in which they were 
strewn about, added to the novelty of 
the sight. 


3. Hydro-Electric Commission 

An amendment to the Constitution 
authorizing the State to engage in 
the development and distribution of 
electric power and to construct, own 
and operate hydro-electric plants was 
submitted by the legislature of 1917 
(S. L. 1947, 164; 1818, 33) was approv- 
ed by the voters at the election of 
1918 by 41,658 for, to 24,429 against. 
Pursuant to this amendment the leg- 
islature of 1919 created a hydro-elec- 
tric commission, (S. L. 1919, 225) con- 


528 . 


Missouri River 


sisting of the governor, secretary of 
3tate, chairman of the railroad com- 
-mission, State engineer and super- 
-intendent of the department of his- 
tory, all ex-officio, charged with the 
2amployment of engineers of high char- 
acter, experience and attainments to 
make an engineering reconnaissance 
of the Missouri River within the 
State, to determine the sites for prac- 
ticable development of power, if any, 
and to report upon the feasibility of 
such development. The commission 
employed Daniel W. Mead and Charles 
V. Seastone, of Madison, Wisconsin, 
engineers of high standing in the pro- 
fession, to make survey and report. 
This survey was made in the year 
1919 and its results were reported to 
the commission under date of April 
10, 1920. The engineers reported it 
practicable to develop power in the 
Missouri at sites popularly known as 
Ashley Island, Badhair, Medicine 
Butte, Reynolds Creek, Chamberlain 
and Mulehead. The three most feas- 
ible were at Ashley Island near Mo- 
bridge, Medicine Butte, near Pierre, 
and Mulehead in the southern section 
of the State (near Wheeler), the Mo- 
bridge and Mulehead sites being re- 
spectively first and second in order. 
The cost of development of each to 
a thirty foot head was estimated re- 
spectively (on the basis of costs as 
of January 1, 1920) at $9,103,000; 
$12,261,000 and (for Medicine Butte) 
$13,385,000. Under authority of the 
statute creating the commission this 
report was submitted to The Fargo 
Engineering Company of Jackson, 
Michigan (a firm which has had very 
extensive experience as construction 
engineers of hydro-electric plants) for 
checking and verification. The Fargo 
' check was submitted December 18, 


Missouri River 


1920, and was a complete approval of 
the original report in all substantial 
particulars. The Mead and Seastone 
report embraces 117 folio pages and 
the Fargo check was of approximately 
the Fargo check was approximately 
made a separate analysis and report 
upon the Big Bend project. The cost 
of the Mead & Seastone report and 
all incidental expenses of thé com- 
mission amounted to $29,142.83. The 
Fargo Check cost $6,786.84 and 
$14,070.33 of the appropriation revert- 
ed to the treasury un-expended. 


In the legislature of 1921 a spirited 
contest arose between the promoters 
of the Mobridge and Mulehead sites, 
each seeking the first development; 
the legislature declined to advance 
either; whereupon the promoters of 
the Mobridge site initiated an act 
which was submitted to the voters at 
the election of 1922 and defeated by 
a vote of 55,563 for, to 106,409 oppos- 
ed. : 

The hydro-electric commission, 
though still in existence, has not func- 
tioned since the submission of the 
Fargo check. ; 


The plan of development proposed 
by the engineers is known as a sand- 
founded dam. Several important 
dams of this type have been con- 
structed and successfully maintained, 
notable among which is the Prairie du 
Sac dam in the Wisconsin River, built 
in 1913 upon a bed of sand hundreds 
of feet deep. Briefly the system is 
to drive across the river a curtain 
of sheet-steel piling down into bed- 
rock, where that is possible; but if 
that cannot be done, deep enough so 
water will percolate through the sand 
so slowly as not to cause it to cut 
out; about fifty feet deep in depth is 
deemed enough to prevent erosion. A 


529 


Missouri River 


second and perhaps a third curtain 
of this character is placed across the 
stream below the first and at a dis- 
tance of from 100 to 200 feet accord- 
ing to the height of the dam to be 
erected. The area between these cur- 
tains which come up to low water 
level is filled with sand, and upon 
this foundation a hollow, reinforced 
concrete dam is built. The power 
house upon a similar foundation is 
placed directly in the stream. After 
11 years of use, during which three 
floods of great volume have passed 
over it, the Prairie du Sac dam shows 
not the least indication of settlement 
or of mis-alignment. 

“T love the South Dakota streams, 

The singing Rapid, Belle. Cheyenne, 

I see where silvery Moreau gleams, 

The placid Jim; and ever when 

I watch the dash of Big Sioux Falls, 
I’m filled with joy and cheer the race, 
But when the great Missouri calls, 

I turn obedient to my place. 

There’s something in its voice that grips, 
My very soul, the master flood, 

That flings defiance from its lips, 

And stirs and fires my fighting blood. 

I bravely vow that I will yet, 

By some device entangle it, 

And on its throat a harness get 

And pull it down and strangle it. 

Break it subdue it to my will, 

Guide it by bit and bridle, 

Serving mankind, nor let it still, 

A vagrant be and idle. 

I feel its mighty pulses throb, 

With power that’s still to measure, 
And swear that it shall be my job, 

Its energies to ‘treasure. 

Its nervous force shall cheer the lives 
Of millions hence forever, 


And swell the power of him who strives, 
And fructify endeavor.’’ 


4. Bridges 


In 1919, at a meeting of the Hydro- 
Electric Commission, Governor Peter 
Norbeck suggested that the State 
should levy a very small annual tax 
from which to accumulate a fund ulti- 
mately to build a series of bridges 
across the Missouri River to consoli- 
date the State more completely. At 
the time of the special session of the 
legislature in 1920 he suggested the 


Missouri River 


matter to the budget board, but it was 
not deemed an emergency matter and 
was not pushed. When the Budget - 
Board met that autumn prior to the 
regular session of 1921, Governor Nor- 
beck, who was not a member of that 
Board, presented the subject to the 
Board; it was unanimously adopted 
and the following report made to the 
legislature: 


“The budget board has believed that 
the best interests of the State would 
be conserved through a closer con- 
nection between the territory west of 
the Missouri River and that east of 
it. We therefore recommend else- 
where in this report an annual levy 
for the purpose of constructing 
bridges across the Missouri River, it 
being the intention of the board that 
if this be provided it stand until such 
time as three bridges have been com- 
pleted. * * * We believe that the 
law should make this levy extend 
over twelve years.” * * * The re- 
port proper contained this item: 
“Bridge Levy. It was moved and sec- 
onded that the budget board recom- 
mend to the legislature that a levy 
of one-tenth of one mill be establish- 
ed annually for the purpose of build- 
ing bridges across the Missouri River 
between counties in the State; which 
motion prevailed.” Pursuant to this 
recommendation the commitee upon 
appropriations introduced H. B. 327, 
which came up for final passage Feb- 
ruary 18 and was lost 22 to 63. Speak- 
er Frescoln and Mr. Buffington then 
became active in the matter and upon 
the next day Mr. Buffington’s motion 
to reconsider the vote prevailed. The 
bill was made a special order on 
February 27 and Mr. Buffington made 
a notable appeal for its support. It 
passed 66 to 25. 


530 


Missouri River 


In the senate the bill passed in 
regular order with but one dissenting 
vote and it became Chapter 128 of the 
Laws of 1921. When the session of 
1923 assembled two levies had been 
made under this act, producing more 
than four hundred thousand dollars. 
Promoters from the Rosebud, Cham- 
berlain, Pierre, Forest City and Mo- 
bridge appeared before the session, 
each delegation seeking to have the 
money appropriated for a bridge at 
its point. It was apparent that a 
deadlock would ensue if a compro- 
mise were not soon reached. Dr. J. 
E. Kirkham, State bridge engineer at 
this time, presented some tentative 
estimates, indicating that all five 
bridges could be provided within a 
few years from the one-tenth mill 
levy, supplemented by available fed- 
eral money. A five bridge programme 
was then agreed upon by the promot- 
ers, and the legislature was asked to 
appropriate all money then or later 
to come in to the State bridge fund, 
for the construction of bridges across 
the Missouri River; the order of con- 
struction to be thereafter determined. 
Pursuant to the plan the legislature 
passed Chapter 36, Laws of 1923, ap- 
propriating the bridge funds. After 
much agitation it was agreed that a 
caucus of the senators and represent- 
atives should be held to determine the 
order of construction. This caucus 
was held in the House of Representa- 
tives, February 15th, all members of 
both houses being present and after 
prolonged discussion it was agreed 
that each member should place upon 
his ballot the names of the five loca- 
cations in the order of his choice; his 
first choice to have the value of 5, the 
second 4, the third 3, fourth 2 and 
fifth 1. That but one ballot be taken. 


D 


9 
3) 


Missouri River 


Proceeding under this plan Rosebud 
had 480 points; Pierre, 425; Chamber- 
lain, 411; Mobridge, 408 and Forest 
City, 406. This order was therefore 
adopted by the legislature. 

The act not being an emergency 
measure, however, was subject to a 
referendum, and there being much dis- 
satisfaction among the candidates 
drawing the later places, it seemed 
important that such action be taken 
as would satisfy all interests and pre- 
vent the delay subject to a referen- 
dum. To this end the director of the 
legislative reference division suggest- 
ed that provision be made by which 
any candidate could advance the con- 
struction of its bridge by depositing 
in the State treasury the funds neces- 
sary for the construction thereof to 
be repaid in due course from the State 
levy. Counties and municipalities 
were authorized to issue their bonds 
or warrants to provide the funds for 
thus advancing the respective bridge 
projects; to that end he drew an 
amendment which was revised in the 
attorney general’s office and adopted 
as section 11 of the bridge act, being 
chapter 204 of the Laws of 1923, under 
which the programme is going for- 
ward and the bridges are being built 
under the direction of the State high- 
way commission. 


Analysis of the Vote at the Bridge 
Caucus 

There were 141 members of the 
joint legislative caucus. It was agreed 
that each member should cast a secret 
ballot with the names of the five can- 
didates written upon it in the order of 
his choice. These choices were weight- 
ed, the first choice having a value of 
5, the second of 4, and in that pro- 
gression until the fifth choice was 
worth but one. 


1 


Missouri River 


The table shows the weighted value 
of each location: 


Missouri River 


of the ballots cast by the supporters 


Rosebud Pierre Chamberlain Mobridge Forest City 
ROSCOUG IM os ams Peeitiase sak 165 75 fal 101 80 
PISYLS fat cipseve secre aces eee 54 110 64 42 60 
Chamberlain a5 te eee oe 106 125 205 88 89 
Mobrid fe si..ceicuscie ea ete eee 101 52 30 130 77 
Forest City..00..< mates ata 54 61 41 44 100 
TOMAS Bele, bate sie boets 480 425 411 408 406 
The distribution shown by the ballots which gave first choice to the several candi- 
dates: 
Rosebud Ballots 33 
Distributed as follows: 
2d 3d 4th 5th 
PLEO. WE Peo KON aden tier eia oi elehenestenenete 3 8 16 {4 
CORAM PEGI ATT ey iene ce ehcce ote ea macs eastern ed ee 8 4 6 15 
WEG DPIC Se Gentes e he eels teaches eos cere te ee a eee tee 20 3 3 6 
MorestyClty 2h. 35s Wee B.. oh inte. cee. taee 2 ale 8 5 
Pierre Ballots 22 
FROSCDUG) Sate tcsereciere ate aieihess ete bate oie te Oe eens 4 6 8 4 
GCHamberlain etian bel ancktis iets eee ete 10 4 4 4 
Mobrid 2ert’. Sarit .. oes... See Cs one ee 1 D 7 9 
OL ESUCCIEY Aa «cutee tous ec aiets 6 cece Bes tee ere eee 4 7 3 5 
Chamberlain Ballots 41 ai 
FROSCUUG | vec vlevete cere egetote roig ates ieee one eh atete 15 9> 2 1d 
PICriUe Seis. ek Ge bette Wee eet aie eke eRe 20 9 9 2 
HYG) 03 ap K6 F220 beh eee hee race Ca erer er eaeNM SEnCKA 3 SRI 16 a. 
BOrest 2 City> Fe tr ect teats cost oie ea caekate 3 a2 14 13 
Mobridge Ballots 26 
ROSS DU VATA ote She rs, cee ee ts. ores 24 1 1 
Perna ys ue ice cae ee Ce eo eee 2 22 2 
Chambperlaly eos vee Cece eaters a 2 23 
Horest (City eee Gilda seek ere ee ee 2 22 1 1 
Forest City Ballots 20 
Rosebud 5%. Sin 6 eno vs ok sear ee ee oe 7 5 3 B.'s 
PIerre Me oe es Mee RE DE Eee 9 6 2 3 
Chamberlaini Huge sete Uae eae 3 2 8 {¢ 
MPOOTINRES US See yu ey oo ee Es bo ae ee 1 7 7 5 
The Missouri River in South Dakota small bond issue absorbed in that 
was not bridged until 1907, in which community, they accumulated 


year the Chicago and Northwestern 
Railway completed a massive bridge 
at Pierre, having a draw-span for the 
passage of navigation; in the same 
year the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 
Paul Ry. erected a high bridge at Mo- 
bridge for its Pacific Coast line. Nav- 
igation passes under this bridge. The 
latter road built a pontoon bridge at 
Chamberlain to carry its Black Hills 
extension, but has since converted 
this into a steel structure with a draw- 
span. 

In 1919 the citizens of Yankton 
launched an enterprise to bridge the 
Missouri River at that point. Through 
the sale of stock, supplemented by a 


$1,250,000, which they invested in a 
massive combination vehicular and 
railroad bridge, which was completed 
and dedicated in October, 1924. Con- 
sidering all the circumstances, it is 
the most important community enter- 
prise accomplished in the State and 
one rarely equalled by so small a pop- 
ulation. 

Pursuant to the legislation provid- 
ing the bridge fund in 1921 and the 
appropriation of it in 19238, the five 
bridges provided at that time have 
been undertaken upon novel plans 
developed by Dr. John E. Kirkham, 
State bridge engineer, and approved 
by the War Department and the Bu- 


532 


Missouri River 


reau of Public Roads. The Rosebud 
bridge, intended to be used as a com- 
bination structure, but in the first in- 
stance equipped only for vehicular 
traffic was completed in May, 1925. 
The vehicular bridge at Mobridge ad- 
vanced out of its order by the enter- 
prise of the citizens in depositing the 
money in the bridge fund, was com- 
pleted and dedicated in November, 
1924. The Chamberlain bridge, also 
advanced out of its order by local en- 
terprise, was completed in June, 1925; 
the Pierre and Forest City bridges are 
under construction upon contracts for 
their completion in the Spring of 1926. 


The Rosebud and Pierre bridges are 
built entirely from the proceeds of 
the one-tenth mill State bridge-tax; 
but at Chamberlain, Mobridge and For- 
est City the Federal Bureau of Public 
Roads contributes to the extent of 42 
per cent of the cost. 


The contract price for the several 
bridges is as follows: 


COAL DOR UAIIN a8 oo te Gelct's «0 «0 we, ts $ 346,234.71 
PROGESTMGL Uvguc ost «che fefefei cio eve ees 329,113.05 
VEGI CTN olds aii leicis we «eh ne 281,956.03 
ESC Giclee ee ee te re 432,006.54 
ERC S OIL Mee ae as eon er etoherern. o oe: sas 370,000.70 


Ona CONT ACES vas oes lea * 
If to this total be added 10 per cent 
to cover such changes as are ordered 
by the State Highway Commission 
and the Bureau of Public Roads, and 
the cost of supervision during con- 
struction, the total cost of the State 
Missouri River Bridge Programme 
will be $1,935,902.13. 


The method ‘devised and used by 
Dr. Kirkham for these bridges is thus 
briefly described: 


Chiefly, he uses the open caisson 
method. Each pier rests upon two 
legs, 11 feet in diameter, sunk into 
bedrock and strongly reinforced with 
steel, which also by an ingenious pro- 


$1,759,911.03 


oa] 


Missouri River 


cess ties the leg into the bedrock. En- 
tering the river, a cofferdam 16 feet 
in circumference, of sheet steel piling, 
is driven down to bedrock. Inside 
this cofferdam is sunk a tube of boiler 


steel 11 feet in diameter and the mud 


is pumped out of it with centrifugal 
pumps. When bedrock is reached it 
is excavated to a depth of eight feet, 
the bottom of the excavation being 
two feet wider than at the lower end 
of the tube. Trenches are then cut 
in the bottom of the excavation about 
6 feet deeper. In these trenches steel 
I beams are placed on end, projecting 
far up into the tube and are firmly 
cemented into the trench; the excava- 
tion and tube are then filled with con- 
crete, the I beam reinforcement being 
carried up through it. Another leg 
constructed in the same way is placed 
26 feet down stream from the first and 
just below low water the pier proper 
is begun and built up upon these two 
legs, being tied to them by the pro- 
jecting I beam reinforcement. The 
up-stream end of the pier is provided 
with an ice-cutter. These are all 
high bridges, 52 feet above low water, 
permitting the passage of shipping 
without draw-spans. Dr. Kirkham has 
convinced the engineers of the War - 
Department that piers so founded will 
withstand greater ice and wind im- 
pact than could any gravity pier of 
practicable weight. Obviously these 
bridges, spanning the gulf that has 
heretofore divided the State, are of 
incalcuable value and convenience. 


The Boast of the Missouri 


Relentless the ice-floe that sired me; per- 
verse was my mother and wild, 
Transmitting the tempers they gendered, 
to me, their intractable child 
I am seed of their sodomic marriage; a 
continent fattens my greed, 
I have ploughed me a titanic wallow, 
where my litter may grovel and breed. 
roar in implacable anger, if any come 
unto my bed; 


I 


> 
Vv 


Missouri River 


I buffet and strangle and rend them; my 
wallow is strewn with their dead. 
Who would pass must ignore my defi- 

ance,—my potent dominion deride,— 
The east—and the west-land forever, I 
flout with a sneer and divide. 


South Dakota’s Prayer 


My house is divided, it cannot stand; 

A gulf has eroded the heart of my land. 

With torrent and quicksand the way is 

impeded, 

hills and the 

impleaded, 

The Sioux and the Belle to the other un- 
known, 

And Harney 
alone. 

My Palisades and my Pahasaps, 

Hold nothing in common from caverns 
to tops. 

My laws for the weal of my 
ranges, 

Oppressively bear on my eastern granges, 

And all I would do for my common land 

Availeth me not till the gulf is spanned. 

O*Tsons’ of “my “soil, are “their” none’ to 
essay ? 

I tender the cost: who findeth the way? 


The plains in naught are 


and Traverse foregather 


western 


The Engineer 
I am the breed of men who dare, 
The need’s appeal, or brute’s defy, 
Alike provoke my soul to swear, 
I'll do the thing, or striving die. 


I hear Missouri’s lying boast, 

I hear the mother call of need,— 
I’ll make the brag my willing host, 
Or fall unworthy of my breed. 


Tl) rout the slimy nondescript, 

TVll baffle him by skill or stealth; 
With tethers from his carcass ript, 
I'll bind my state a commonwealth. 


T’ll sound his wallow to the deeps, 

I'll plant my air-locked caissons there, 
I'll feed him concrete as he sleeps, 
With steel I’ll clamp him to his lair. 


T’ll lift the massive pier on high, 

I'll forge the spans in lotted place, 
Vll fling the top-chords to the sky, 
A monument of strength and grace. 


A high road to the morning east, 
A pathway to the setting sun, 
A shackle for the braggart beast, 
A pledge, Dakota shall be one, 


The Song of the Bridge 


Chord and transverse, strut and post; 
I am the bridge that Kirkham built. 
Brawling river, forget thy boast,— 
The winds in my rigging croon and lilt. 
The world a-wheel, my portals. fill; 

I thrill with joy in service mine; 

My prophet soul assures until 

A thousand years I keep the line. 

In gratitude and reverence bow,— 
Sealing the pledge till earth is done, 
IT am the bond and marriage vow,— 
The east and west are one. 


or 


Missouri River 


4. Spring Break-up 

The dates following, of the spring 
break up of the Missouri River at 
Pierre, prior to 1891 are taken from 
records of the American Fur Com- 
pany, old diaries and newspaper files; 
since 1891 the record is official, made 
by the U. S. weather bureau. These 
dates will approximate the _ spring 
break-up throughout the State: 


1846—April 20 1886—March 16 
1887—March 12 
1888—March 30 
1889—March 18 
1890—March 20 
1891—March 31 
1892—March 5 
1893—March 12 
1894—March 4 
1895—March 30 
1896—March 25 
1897—March 27 
1898—March 30 
1899—April 10 

1900—March 21 
1901—March 13 
1902—March 13 
19083—March 30 
1904—March 21 
1905—March 4 
1906—March 28 
1907—March 7 
1908—March 14 
1909—March 6 
1910—March 11 
1911—March 14 
1912—March 28 
19183—March 30 
1914—March 15 
1915—April 5 

1916—March 4 
1917—March 30 
1918—March 20 
1919—March 25 
1920—March 22 
1921—Feb. 26 

1922—March 17 
1923—March 6 
1924—-March 4 


1847—April 10 
1848—April 9 
1849—Apriil 1 
1850—April 3 
1851—March 24 
1852—March 22 
18583—March 29 
1854—March 29 
1855—March 30 
1856—April 6 
1857—March 26 
1858—April 12 
1859—April 18 
1860—March 24 
1861—April 5 
1862—March 27 
18683—March 23 
1864—April 15 
1865—April 13 
1866—April 7 
1867—April 4 
1868—March 25 
1869—March 29 
1870—April 8 
1871—April 2 
1872—March 14 
18783—March 11 
1874—April 14 
1875—March 25 
1876—March 30 
1877—March 16 
1878—March 23 
1879—March 31 
1880—April 7 
1881—March 27 
1882—March 4 
1883—March 17 
1884—March 28 

















1885—March 18 1925—March 16 ~ 
The variation in these dates prior 
to settlement suggests their unreliabil- 
ity. It will be observed that since 
1875 the breakup has occurred but 
twice in April, while in 28 years prior 
to that date it occurred 16 times in 
April, in one year going until April 
20. If these early dates be correct, 
a marked change in climate may be 
predicated. The average break-up, 
including all dates as above, is March 


34 


Missouri River 


24; for the dates prior to 1875 the 
average falls on March 31; for the 
entire period from 1875 to 1924, being 
50 Springs, the average break-up has 
fallen upon March 19. See Climate. 


6. Annual Closed Period 


The following table gives the dates 
of closing by ice in each year, the 
date of opening the following spring, 
and the days closed in each year since 
1901, for the Missouri River at Pierre 
(except the years 1910 and 1912, in 
which the official record kept by the 
weather bureau is incomplete). 


1901, Dec. 14-March 12, 88 days 
1902, Dec. 4-March 30, 116 days 
1903, Nov. 18-March 21, 123 days 
1904, Dec. 12-March 14, 82 days 
1905, Nov. 30-March 28, 118 days 
1906, Dec. 28-March 7, 69 days 
1907, Dec. 22-March 14, 82 days 
1908, Dec. 3-March 6, 95 days 
1909, Dec. 8-March 11, 93 days 
1910, Record Incomplete 

1911, Nov. 13-March 28, 135 days 
1912, Record Incomplete 

1913, Dec. 29-March 15, 76 days 
1914, Dec. 15-April Oe ee aS 
1915, Dec. 13-March 4, 81 days 
1916, Dec. 19-March 30, 101 days 
1917, Dec. 10-March 20, 100 days 
1918, Dec. 26-March 25, 89 days 
1919, Nov. 10-March 22, 132 days 
1920, Dec. 22-Feb. 26, 66 days 
1921, Nov. 21-March 17, 116 days 
1922, Dec. 4-March 6, 102 days 
1923, Dec. 30-March 4, 64 days 


For the 21 years in which the double 
record is complete the average closed 
season has been 97 days and the aver- 
age date, Dec. 12; which is a fair 
measure of the actual winter weather. 
See Climate; Spring 
Break-up. 





Missouri River 


7. Table of Distances 


From the mouth of the river, and 
from the mouth of Big Sioux River, 
and of the altitude of standard low 
water at various points: 


Mitchell 
Miles 

Miles TRON ALE 

from Big Low 

mouth SiouxWater 

BIS SiOtlee EL Vern. <.tk: SOs 0 1085 
FL ROIn Pa as tae. iene 837 27 ae tis 
WiGRIIVE LL OTiseereks tateie ay ceo re. 854 44 gia Are 
ELIE COTO Ate eet aaa s so 897 87 1164 
Sprineiticoldsmres. =< sae 928 118 1194 
MGrt pang alle econo as 978 168 1237 
Wihleeler Seliie eo hie 995 185 1255 
Mulehead@ vee ae: sos. 10038 193 1263 
SVVIEIT CORALS INGO Teak sy oy tcc oom 1054 244 £315 
Cham periain ee. 2 weds ck 1067 257 1325 
Hori JLhonmpson:.it ene 1087 277 1342 
Medicine Creek....... LE25 315 1374 
GhapellemCcreek ) 2.2. 1148 338 1398 
PLETTeR. 0 ee Fo gretak. dels. segs 363 1416 
CV ATVOMMEN Peete saat erclc ce ys 1186 376 1429. 
Cheyenne River ...... 1222 412 1462 
IMOPeSte OLEYs p.jce ea) 1266 456 1498 
Moreawd Rivers hile... 1293 483 1518 
GYranuseRiver Seiet. . iB als, 505 1534 
ASIC Vimo) Si aC ae) tear os oan sae 1538 
North line, South Dak.1357 547 1563 
wUTuaenU swe OUnnaAl es sit bist, | Vili eas 


403; The Journals of Lewis and Clark; 
Chittenden’s ‘‘History of the American 
Fur Trade in the Far West;’ Chitten- 
den’s “History of Early Steamboat Navi- 
gation on the Missouri River;’ Steam- 
boat Wrecks in South Dakota, in Hist. 
IX, 3938. ‘‘Report upon the Feasibility of 
the Development of Hydro-Electric Pow- 
er from the Missouri River of South Da- 
Kota.’’ Missouri River Commission’s 
Map of the Missouri River, sheets 
XX VITA to XLVI. U. S. Chief of Engi- 
neers’ Map of the Missouri River, sheets 
126 tor 197: 

‘““Mis-trials of Jesus,’ by Charles De- 
Land (1914) is a critical analysis of 
the conduct of the Jewish officials in 
the trial and condemnation of Jesus, 
indicating that the proceedings con- 
travened both the Jewish and Roman 


law. 


Mitchell. The town was founded in 
1879; named for Alexander Mitchell, 
president of the Chicago, Milwaukee 
& St. Paul railway. Has Milwaukee 
and Northwestern railways; its Corn 
Palace building, in which an annual 
exposition is held, gives the city a 
unique pre-eminence. Seat of Dakota 
Wesleyan University and the Metho- 
dist State Hospital. There is a Cath- 
olic academy and _ hospital here. 
County seat. 


535 


Mitchell, Arthur S. 


Mitchell, Arthur’ S., 1892- : 
Brookings; born at Volga, South Da- 
kota, June 12th; engaged in insur- 
ance business; served in World War; 
member House of Representatives in 
1923 and 1925. | 


Mitchell, Col. David D., 1806-1861; a 
native of Virginia; sub-agent to the 
Sioux of the Missouri, 1830. A post 
located at the mouth of the Niobrara 
River was named. for him, 1833-7. | 





Hist., 1, 353, 377. 


Mitchell Creek, rising in central 
Haakon Co., falls into Bad River at 
Midland. 


Mobridge, located in western Wal- 
worth County, is division headquart- 
ers for the Missouri River division of 
the Pacific extension of the Milwaukee 
Railway. It is named from the tele- 
grapher’s contraction of the location 
at the east end of the Missouri River 
Bridge. The railroad bridge, carrying 
the heavy coast traffic, rests upon 
piers sunk 90 feet into. the river bed. 
A free wagon bridge across the river 
was completed by the State in 1924. 
“The Mobridge Tribune” is published 
weekly. Population, see census. 


Moccasin, The. Name applied to the 
region enclosed above Big Bend of the 
Missouri in Hughes County. It is a 
fertile agricultural section. 


Moccasin Creek rises near Elm Riv- 
er, north of Aberdeen and flows south 
through Aberdeen and Warner; then, 
turning sharply northeast, it enters 
the James River. 


“Moccasin Ranch.” <A novel, with 
Brown County. setting, by Hamlin 
Garland (q. V.). 


“Modern Education 
the Orient.” 


in Europe and 
An exhaustive exhibit of 


Monkhouse Gulch 


education abroad, by David E. Cloyd, 
superintendent of the Huron City 
Schools. 


Moe, a discontinued post office in 
Lincoln county. 


Moe, Ole, 1874- ; Summit; born 
in Gudbrandsalen, Norway, January 
24th; came to South Dakota in 1895; 
engaged in farming for number of 
years; later engaged in hardware bus- 
iness; member House of Representa- 
tives in 1915 and 1917. 


Moenville, a post office in north- 
eastern Haakon county. 


Molan, a discontinued post office in 
southeastern Hutchinson county. 


Mohler, a discontinued post office 
in northern Custer county. 


Mohn, Carl J., 1876- ; Britton; 
born in Norway, January 29th; came 
to South Dakota in 1889; taught 
school, afterwards engaged in lumber . 
business, later engaged in real estate, 
abstracts and insurance; member 
State Senate in 1917 and 1919. 


Mole. A destructive rodent, com- 


mon in the State. 


Moll, station in southern Lawrence 
county. 


Mollusks. 


Mondry, Frank J., 1882- ; Gren- 
ville; born at Pine Creek, Wisconsin, 
March 8th; came to South Dakota in 
1900; engaged in farming; held var- 
ious township offices; member House 
of Representatives in 1921, 1923 and 
1926; 


See Fauna. 


Monkhouse Gulch. A gulch or deep — 
draw entering the Missouri River 
from the east, two miles above Pierre; 
so named for James Monkhouse, of 
Pierre, who homesteaded there. 


536 


Monroe 


Monroe, a town in northern Turner 
county. Population, see census. “The 
Citizen,” established in 1915, is the 
newspaper. 


Montgomery, Henry, 1858- ; born 
in Columbia county, Wisconsin, June 
16th; came to Dakota in 1884 and 
engaged in farming; held numerous 
local and county offices; member 
House of Representatives from Han- 
son county in 1903 and 1905. 


Montgomery, W. L., 1872- ; born 
in Rock Island county, Illinois; arriv- 
ed in Chamberlain in 1895 and engag- 
ed in real estate, live stock and bank- 
ing business; State Senator from 
Brule county in 1903. 


Monthly Magazine. See Dakotan 


Monthly. 


Montrose, a city in eastern McCook 
county. Population, see census. “The 
Herald,” established in 1886, is the 
newspaper. 


Monuments and Markers. The fol- 
lowing are some of the important 
monuments in South Dakota: 


Aberdeen, monument to Father Rob- 
ert Haire, on grounds of Northern 
Normal School. 

Aberdeen, bronze tablet in Melgaard 
Park in memory of Andrew Melgaard, 
who donated the park. 

Bon Homme, granite monument to 
mark first school house in Dakota or 
northwest. 

Clark, marble shaft to veterans of 
World War. 


Custer, monument to Horatio N. 
Ross, discoverer of gold in Black 
Hills. 


Deadwood, bronze tablet in Court 
House to Lawrence County veterans 
of World War. 


Monuments and Markers 


Deadwood, monument to Rev. W. H. 
Smith, pioneer missionary, killed by 
Indians in 1876. 

Deadwood, monumental statue to 
William Hickok (Wild Bill). 

- Deadwood, massive masonry on 
Mount Roosevelt, to memory of Theo- 
dore Roosevelt. 

Fort Pierre, boulder to mark site of 
Old Fort Pierre. 

Greenwood, statue to Chief Struck 
by the Ree. 

Grand River Forks, tablet to mem- 
ory of Hugh Glass. 

Madison, boulder with bronze tab- 
let, on Eastern Normal grounds, giv- 
ing soldiers in World War from that 
school. 

Mitchell, boulder and bronze mark- 
er at Catholic Church with names of 
members in World War. 

Lead, heroic statue of Thomas J. 
Grier, (q. v.) at Miners Union. 

Milbank, monument to Grand Army 
of the Republic. 

Mobridge, granite marker to rescue 
of Lake Shetak Captives. 

Pierre, massive monument to Sol- 
diers of Grand Army of the Republic. 

Pierre, granite monument to mark 
location of first Fort Sully (1863). 

Pierre, monument to mark center 
of South Dakota and approximate 
center of North America. . 

Pierre, bronze tablet by D. A. R. on 
Snake Butte, reciting legend. 

Pierre, bronze tablet in commemo- 
ration of celebration by John C. Fre- 
mont of July 4, 1839, upon Medicine 
Knoll. 

Hot Springs, statue of General John 
A. Logan. 

Pierre, (in Capitol) marble statue 
to General W. H. H. Beadle. 

Bronze tablet to Mother Sherrard. 


537 


Moodie, A. A. 


Marble bust of Senator A. B. Kitt- 
redge. 

Bronze marker to tree planted by 
Governor Mellette. 

Sioux Falls, bronze tablet to mark 
Germania Hall, where the three Con- 
stitutional Conventions were held. 

Sioux Falls, monument to Charles 
A. Howard. 

Springfield, bronze tablet in Normal 
School to commemorate first school 
house in Dakota at Bon Homme. 

Slim Buttes, monument to mark bat- 
tlefield of September 9, 1876. 

Sturgis, bronze tablet to veterans 
of World War. 

Vermillion, granite monument to 
mark location of first permanent 
school house. 

Vermillion, bronze tablet on sum- 
mit of Spirit Mound. 

Watertown, monument 
Army of the Republic. 

Wounded Knee, marble monument 
erected by Indians to commemorate 
their dead. 

Yankton, monument to George A. 
Hand, erected by Masonic Grand 
Lodge, 1892. 

Yankton, bronze tablet to mark lo- 
cation of stockade of 1862, in which 
settlers of Dakota Territory took ref- 
uge. 

Winner, statue of Soldier to the 
Tripp County men in World War. 

Wind Cave, statue of Will Wells, 
the discoverer, by himself. 


Moodie, A. A., 1860- GT Daa 
Durham, Ontario, Canada, December 
9th; came to South Dakota in 1883; 
engaged in real estate business at 
Lead; member of House of Repre- 
sentatives in 1903 and 1909; Law- 
rence County Commissioner for six 
years; member State Senate in 1913, 
1923 and 1925. 


to Grand 


Moreau 


Moodie, Mabel - ; Elk Point; 
born at Charlotte, Mecklinghing, N. 
C., came to Elk Point in 1916; house- 
wife; graduate nurse; member House 
of Representatives in 1925. 


Moody County was created in 1873; 
organized, 1873; named for Gideon C. 
Moody (q. v.); consists of townships 
105, 106, 107 and 108 North of ranges 
48, 49 and 50, west 5th P. M. together 
with all that part of towns 105, 106, 
107 and 108, of range 47 west 5th P. 
M., which lies within South Dakota. 
County seat, Flandreau; settled in 
1857; abandoned, 1858 (Indian hostil- 


ities); settled again, 1869. Area, 
337,280 acres. See Flandreau. 

Code, p. 149. 

Moody, James C., 1863- ; born 


at Renssealaer, Jasper County, Indi- 
iana; came to Yankton in 1864; moved 
to the Black Hills and bought “Pio- 
neer-Times;” lawyer; member State 
Senate in 1903. 


Moon, a post office 14 miles north- 
east of Newcastle, Wyo., the shipping 
and banking point, in northwest Pen- 
nington County, western part of the 
State. 


Moore, A. M., 1858- ; Faulkton; 
born near Viroqua, Wisconsin, June 
28th; engaged in banking; came to 
Dakota in 1881; treasurer of Spink 
County two terms; mayor of Faulk- 
ton in 1904; member State Senate in 
1917 and 1919. 


Moore, Mrs. Frederick Ferdinand. 
See Gates, Eleanor. 


Moreau, a post office 17 miles north- 
west of Faith, the banking and ship- 
ping point in southern Perkins Coun- 
ty. 


538 


Moreau Junction 


Moreau Junction, a station in east- 
ern Corson County. 


Moreau River is a stream rising in the 
western part of the State in the vi- 
cinity of Slim Buttes and running 
eastward it enters the Missouri op- 
posite LeBeau. It was named for a 
French trader who was stabbed and 
killed by his Cheyenne squaw in his 
cabin located at the mouth of the Mo- 
reau. The Indians called it Owl River. 
lt-isca clear, rapid stream, two hun- 
dred miles in length but carrying too 
little water to be of great importance. 
Its valley is about one mile wide, 
beautiful, sparsely wooded, and fertile, 
between high bluffs. 


Morefield, a station in central Min- 
nehaha county. 


Morgan, B. F., 1858- : 
Wisconsin, August. 12th; came _ to 
South Dakota in March, 1905; held 
various town offices; engaged in farm- 
ing; State Senator in 1911 and 1913. 


Morgan Edwin 1845- ;  Acad- 
emy; born in Wyoming county N. Y.; 
Civil War veteran; came to South 
Dakota and settled in Charles Mix 
county in 1883; engaged in farming 
and stock raising; member First ses- 
ion of the legislature, reelected in 
1904. 


born in 


Morgan, Frank, 1869- ‘ae Masths 
born at Cascade, Iowa, February 9th; 
came to South Dakota in 1883; engag- 
ed in stock raising; register of deeds 
for four years; agency farmer at Brule 
two years; member House of Repre- 
sentatives in 1913. 


Moriarty, Maurice, 1859- DOL 
at Clinton, Iowa, May 13; B. Ph. Uni- 
versity of Iowa, 1881, lawyer; settled 
at Redfield 1882; Clerk of Courts, 
Spink county; county judge; judge 


— 


Mormons in South Dakota 


Ninth Judicial Circuit, 1923; commis- 


sioner Supreme Court, 1925. 


Moritz, a village in east Deuel Coun- 
ty. Named for Andrew Moritz a near- 
by first settler. The banking point is 
at Gary, 7 miles southeast. 


Mormons in South Dakota. In 1844, 
following the death of their prophet 
Joseph Smith at the hands of a mob 
in Carthage, Illinois, a party of nine- 
ty persons, with their effects loaded 
in thirty wagons and with a drove of 
cattle, started west to find a home. 
They wintered on the head waters of 
the Iowa River and in the Spring of 
1845 reached the James River in south- 
ern South Dakota; the stream being 
at flood, they were unable to cross. 
Their leader was Isaac Riddle, after- 
ward a prominent leader in Utah. At 
the James River they met four or five 
fur traders who invited them to return 
to Fort Vermillion, which they did. 
Finding the region abounding in game 
and the soil apparently fertile, they re- 
solved to settle in the vicinity and 
built houses, opened a farm and grew 
such vegetables and sod crops as they 
could. They sent messengers back 
to Nauvoo to invite others to follow 
them; when these messengers return- 
ed they brought information that the 
leaders had entered into a covenant 
with the government of Mexico, where- 
by they were to establish themselves 
at Salt Lake and found a nation there 
where they could live undisturbed. 
Consequently the Vermillion § enter- 
prise was at once abandoned and the 
party journeyed for Salt Lake. That 
year they got only as far as the mouth 
of the Niobrara River, where they 
built a temporary post and passed the 
winter. In the party were some of 
the most noted men of the Mormon 


Morphadite Creek 


Church, one of whom, Newel Knight, 
died and was buried at Niobrara. The 
next year they went on to Salt Lake. 
Dakotan, IV, 397. 


Morphadite Creek is a Southern af- 
fluent of the Cheyenne River in north- 
eastern Haakon County. 


Morris, C. J., 1871-1924;Sioux Falls; 
born at the Black Jack Mine, near Ga- 
lena, Illinois, January 10th; engaged in 
the practice of law; member House of 
Representatives in 1909 and 1911; 
speaker in 1911. 


Morris, Frank A., 1855- 
Illinois; settled at Scotland, 1882; 
farmer; member territorial legisla- 
tures of 1887 and 1889. U.S. Surveyor, 
1897-1901; removed to Idaho. 


; born in 


Morris;: Ja Es - ; Plankin- 
ton; born in Arg6d, Illinois; came to 
South Dakota in 1890; engaged in 
banking business at Plankinton; State 
Senator in 1915. 


Morrison, a discontinued postoffice 
in south Charles Mix county. 


Morrison, E. A., - ; Elbon; 
born in Jowa; came to South Dakota 
in 1872; engaged in the business of 


grain buying and milling; member 
city council for six years and mayor 
for four years; member State Senate 
in 1913. 


Morrison, J. D., 1888- ; Elbon; 
born at De Smet, S. Dak., June 2nd; 
engaged in general farming, raising of 
pure bred seeds, and livestock; U. S. 
Dept. of Agriculture; Sec’y and Treas. 
of Farmers Cooperative Co. at Philip; 
member State Senate in 1921. 


Morris Run is a small stream ris- 
ing in Miner County and_ running 
southeast into Davison Co., it falls in- 


9) 


Mosquito 


to the James river in the southern 
part of Perry township. 


Morrissey, John, 1869- ; Alces- 
ter; born in Sioux City, Iowa, June 
6th; came to South Dakota in 1873; 
engaged in mercantile business; mem- 
ber State Senate in 1911 and 1913. 

Morristown, a town in northwest 
Corson County. The “World” estab- 
lished in 1909 is the only newspaper. 
Population, see census. 


Morris, W. A., 1865- ; Redfield; 
born in Carroll county, Illinois, Decem- 
ber 13th: came to South Dakota in 
1888; attorney at law; state’s attor- 
ney. for Spink County four years; may- 
or of city of Redfield; member House 
of Representatives in 1911 and 19138; 
adjutant general of the State in 1913- 
1919, 


Morrow, S. J.,°1843-  _; born in 
Ohio; veteran, Civil War; photog- 
rapher of Yankton from 1870; traveled 
all over Northwest and at great per- 
sonal hazard secured photographs of 
unique scenes, including battles with 
Indians. 


Mortimer, S. C. 1879- ; Belle 
Fourche; born in Lead City, Da- 
kota, October 16th; engaged in stock 
raising until 1901 and then moved to 
Belle Fourche and became president 
of the Mortimer-Cook Hardware Com- 
pany; member State Senate in 1905. 


Mosher, Harry E., 1878- ; Dupree; 
born at Bloomingdale, Michigan, June 
22nd; came to South Dakota in 1898; 
engaged in hardware, automobile and 
implement business, also farming; 
member House of Representatives in 
1919 and 1921. 3 


Mosquito. This annoying pest was 
formerly most abundant. All the ex- 


40 


Moss Agate Creek 


plorers complain seriously of the vex- 
ation suffered from them. Captain 
Clark, in his Journal of 1804, daily 
entered complaint of the real suffering 
engendered by them. The early set- 
tlers on the Missouri bottoms hailed 
the severe climate of winter with joy 
because of the relief from the mos- 
quitoes. With the draining of sloughs 
and the cultivation of the soil they dis- 
appeared to a great extent; yet 
enough remain to make portions of 
the summer quite vexatious. 

The mosquitoes of the prairie are of 
the culex pipiens and are not hosts 
for malaria. Not until the end of the 
19th century was any scientific study 
of the mosquito made, but it is assert- 
ed dogmatically by scientists that they 
breed only in standing water and that 
they travel but a very short distance 
from the place of nativity; conclu- 
sions scarcely tenable upon the dry 
prairies where they abound at the dis- 
tance of several miles from any stand- 
ing water whatever. It seems prob- 
able that they do breed in the wet 
grass and that they travel far is easily 
determined by travelers who have 
watched an individual hovering over 
him for several miles. 


Moss Agate Creek is in western 
Fall River County. 


Mossman, a station in South Dewey 
County. 


Mothers’ Pension. Mothers of child- 
ren left without support are paid re- 
gular pensions under Laws, 1917, chap- 
ter 300, which provides that a mother 
with one child shall receive not to ex- 
ceed $15 per month and $7 for each 
additional child. In 1923, $252,055 was 
paid for mothers’ pensions. 

Mound City, a village and County 
Seat in Central Campbell ~ County. 


‘Mud Creek 


The “Monitor” established in 1918 is 
the newspaper. Population, see Cen- 
sus. 


Mountain Lion; See Cat 


Mountain Pass was a townsite of 
the Dakota Land Company, of St. Paul, 
in 1857. It was in the pass through 
the Coteau not far from Elkton, Brook- 
ings Co. 

Mount Marty is the river bluff in 
the western part of the city of Yank- 
ton upon which stand the Catholic hos- 
pital and convent; named for the 
Right Reverend Marty (q.v.), Bishop 
of Yankton, who-resided upon this 
eminence. 

Mount Vernon, a city in west Davi- 
son County. Population, see Census. 
The “News” established in 1893 is its 
newspaper. 

Mouse. The mouse is a native to 
this region and has from the first 
explorations been distructive to mer- 
chandise. In 1812 Manuel |. Lisa 
brought domestic cats to Fort Manuel 
to protect the furs from the ravages 
of mice. Luttig says in his journal] 
for July 31: “This morning we left 
our old she-cat at the camp. Mr. Man- 
uel sent a man for her and he returned 
this evening with the cat, to our great 
satisfaction. This remark may seem 
ridiculous, but an animal of this kind 
is more valuable in this country than 
a fine horse. Mice are in great abun- 
dance and the company has lost, for 
want of cats, several thousand dollars 
in merchandise.” There are several 
varieties of mice. 


Mud Butte, a postoffice 50 miles 
northeast of Newell the shipping point 
in north Mead County. 


Mud Creek rises in western Day 
County and runs southwest falling in- 


541 


Muehlbeier, Jacob 


to the James River in northern Spink 
County. 


Muehlbeier, Jacob, 1857- ; Mar- 
tel; born at Worms, South Russia, 
August 6th; came to Dakota in 1873; 
engaged in farming and stock raising; 
sheriff of McPherson County for four 
years; postmaster at Martel four 
years and member of school board; 
member House in 1903, 1915 and 1917. 


Mueller, Earl A., 1890- ; Groton; 
born at Langford, S. Dak., May 10th; 
on Groton City Council from 1920 to 
1922; served in U. S. Army from 1917 
to 1919; member House of Represent- 
atives in 1923. 


Muggli, J. M., 1869- ; Ramona; 
born in Switzerland, November 10th; 
came to South Dakota in 1879; engag- 
ed in machine business and later lum- 
ber; city mayor and president of 
board of education; member House of 
Representatives in 1921, 1923 and 1925. 


Mulehead Point is at the sharp turn 
in the Missouri River between Charles 
Mix and Gregory Counties, between 
Whetstone and Little Cedar Islands. 
Near this point is a_ practicable 
power-site. See Hydro-Electric. 


Mullen, a postoffice 19 miles north- 
east of Burke the shipping point and 
in east Gregory County in the south- 
ern part of the State. 


Mullen, Guilford, 1838- ~~ born ir 
Carroll county, Indiana, August 8th; 
Civil War veteran; came to Aurora 
county, S. Dak. in 1893; member 
House of Representatives from that 
county in 1901 and 1903. 


Mumford, E. M., 1889- ; Howard; 
born at Howard, S. Dak., November 
lith; attorney at law; officers train- 
ing school, gas and flame division in 


Murphy, R. J. 


World War; member House of Repre- 
sentatives in 1923. 


Mundt, Henry, 1853- ; »«Hum- 


_boldt; born in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 


Germany, October 21st; came _ to 
South Dakota in 1878 and engaged in 
farming; held numerous township and 
county offices and was secretary of 
the Farmers’ Mutual Fire and Light- 
ning Insurance Company; member 
Senate in 1907. 


Munson, L. A., 1876- . “OOuivn: 
born in Wastedo, Minnesota, Jan. 
28th; came to Clark County in 1882; 
Deputy State Treasurer in 1901-1907; 
engaged in banking; held numerous 
county offices; member House of Re- 
presentatives in 1925. 


Mural Decorations. See Art in the 


Capitol. 


Murchison, a postoffice in southeast 
Harding Co. in the northwest part of 
the State. 


Murdo, a city and county seat in 
central Jones Co. Population, see 
Census. The “Coyote” established in 
1904 is the newspaper. 


Murphy, a station in north Penning- 
ton Co. 


Murphy, J. J., 1872- ; born at 
Juneau, Dodge county, Wisconsin, 
July ist; came to South Dakota in 


1882, locating in Turner county, after- 
wards moving to Hurley; county aud- 
itor of Turner county two terms; en- 
gaged in school teaching and the grain 
business; has been Railroad Commis- 
sioner since 1912. 


Murphy, R. J., 1883- ; Lemmon; 
born at Graceville, Minnesota, March 
28th; came to South Dakota in 1909; 
engaged: in practice of law; city at- 


542 


Museum, State 


torney of Lemmon; member State Se- 
nate in 1913. 


Museum, State. The State museum 
is a feature of the work of the De- 
partment of History and dates from 
1901. The material which has come 
to it is roughly classified as Aborigin- 
al, Oriental, Geological, Natural Hist- 
ory, and Military. The collection of 
material of the Arickara and Sioux is 
fairly representative, consisting of 
their native garments, ornamental and 
ceremonial dress, domestic utensils, 
and 
war, and a full line of the parapha- 
nalia of their games, 23 in all. There 
are many relics of notable men, 
including Gall, Sitting Bull, Hump, 
Rain-in-the-Face Running Antelope, 
Red Cloud, Spotted Tail and others. 

In the Oriental collection there is a 
long and interesting list of material 
brought from the Philippines and Ja- 
pan by the members of the First 
South Dakota Infantry, much of it ex- 
ceedingly primitive. 

In the geological collection, which 
is chiefly of this State, there is a fair- 
ly representative showing of the na- 
tive rocks and ores; and an except- 
ionally good showing of the crystals 
from Wind Cave. Among the fossils 
are remains of a zeuglodon; the spine 
of a plesiosaurus; teeth of quaternary 
and more recent elephants, - masto- 
dons and mammoths and represent- 
ative fossils of the several underlying 
strata. 

In natural history there are many of 
the native birds and their eggs; re- 
mains of modern and extinct mam- 
mals, and interesting botanical speci- 
mens. 

In the military division are relics 
of all American wars; and many of 
the Philippine and World Wars. 


implements of hunting and of 


Mussman, H. C. 


Among historical relics there are 
personal mementos of very many not- 
able citizens, curios and a few pieces 
of unusual importance; as the Veren- 
drye Plate (q.v.), the Thoen stone, me- 
dals of importance, including several 
presented by Lewis and Clark to the 
Sioux. The museum, which to date 
has been chiefly from gifts, has been 
preserved more for its curious than its 
scientific value. 


Museum, State University, See Uni- 


versity Museum. 


Mushroom. edible mushrooms are 
native and several varieties are found 
through out the State. 


Music. Of all the purely cultural 
studies music is most highly stressed 
in the educational institutions. All 
of the colleges maintain elaborate mu- 
sical departments with full corps of 
instructors in voice and instruments. 
Full time instructors in music are em- 
ployed in the better public schools, 
and everywhere are established local 
studios for private musical training, 

Musicians. South Dakota has de- 
veloped no composers of notable ac- 
complishment. Several have attain- 
ed high professional standing as vo- 
calists and performers: Amy Eller- 
man, born at Yankton, has American 
and European repute as a contralto 
of high order. Much of her work has 
been recorded by the Edison Company. 
Cordelia Lee, born in Aberdeen is a 
violinist of international standing. 
Orville Rennie of Sioux Falls, is a ten- 
or of unusual power. Leonard Sny- 
der born near Watertown has an es- 
tablished position as a tenor. Sybil 
Sammis (McDermond) of Pierre is a 
contralto of national standing. 


Mussman, H. C. 18538- ; born in 
Cook county, Illinois, April 25th; came 


543 


Mustard 


to Bon Homme county, S. Dak. in 1880 
and moved to Chamberlain in 1881; 
member House of Representatives 
from Brule county in 1903. 


Mustard. One of the vexations of 
farmers is the mustard which has be- 
come mixed with seed grain 
spread over their fields. It is classed 
as a noxious weed and every effort 
has been expended to subdue it. The 
only effective method is by summer 
cultivation of the soil. 


Myers, B. F., 1880- ; Salem; born 
in Onarga, Illinois, April 3rd; came to 
South Dakota in 1908; engaged in 
farming and stock raising; held sev- 
eral township offices; member State 
Senate in 1919 and 1921. Secretary of 
Agriculture 1925. 


Myers, Mark, 1878- ; Burke; 
born in McLean County, Illinois, Jan- 
uary 23rd; came to South Dakota in 


and’ 


gaged in farming; 


Mystic- 


1888; salesman; register of deeds of 
Gregory county in 1911 and 1912; 
member House of Representatives 
in 1919. 


Myers, O. B., 1872- ; Chester; born 
at Monroe, Wisconsin, February 12th; 
came to Lake County in 1896 and en- 
member House of 
Representatives in 1907 and 1909. 


“My Friend the Indian,” (1910) is a 
book of information and intimate stu- 
dy of the Sioux of Dakota by Maj. 
James McLaughlin, who spent most 
of his life with these people as the rep- 
resentative of the U. S. Government. 
Perhaps there is no better authority 


- This work contains many sketches 


and character studies of prominent 
South Dakota Indians. 


Mystic, a village in northwest Penn- 
ington Co. 


Nahant 


Nahant, a station in southern Law: 
rence Co. 


Nahon, a station 7 miles southeast 
of Aberdeen the postoffice in south 
Brown Co. 


Nansen, a discontinued postoffice 
in northeast Miner Co. 


Napa, a station 6 miles northwest of 
Yankton the postoffice in southern 
Yankton Co. 


Naples, a village in southeast Clark 
Co. Population, see census. 


Narcelle, Paul, 1815-1889; born in 
Canada; came to Fort Pierre, 1838; 
2mployed by American Fur Company 
until 1855, when he ran a business on 
his own account. Had a store at Old 
Fort Sully, below Pierre, 1863-6; was 
blind last eight years of his life; fa- 
ther of Narcisse Narcelle. 





Hist., IX, 225 n.; XI, 285. 


Nash, Newman Curtis, Editor; Vet- 
eran Civil War, 1843-1905; editor and 
publisher, “Sioux Valley News,” of 
Canton, 1876 to his death. Commis- 
sioner of Soldiers Home. Married, 
Jennie Williston. Father of George 
W. Nash (q.v.) president of Yankton 
College. 


Nash, ‘George W., 1868- - came 
to Lincoln County with his parents 
in 1871; associated in publication of 
' Canton News, 1878-9; graduated from 
Yankton College, 1891; taught in Au- 
gustana College, 1891-3; principal of 
Yankton College Academy, 1893; stud- 
ied in University if Leipzig, Germany 
in 1894-5 and traveled extensively in 
Europe; resumed his work in Yankton 
in 1895; professor of Mathematics and 
Astronomy in Yankton College, 1897; 
and directed work of Pedagogy at 
Yankton; elected State Superintend- 


Natural History 


ent of Public Instruction in 1904; Pres- 
ident Northern Normal and Industrial 
School, 1906-14; President Belling- 
ham, (Wash.) State Normal, 1914-21; 
President Congregational Foundation 
for Education, 1921-1925; President 
Yankton College, 1925. 


Natesta, Charles O., 1841- ; a na- 
tive of Wisconsin; Sioux Falls, 1873; 
register of deeds and county clerk, 
1878. 


Natural History. The following pub- 
lications more or less fully treat of 
the natural history of South Dakota: 


Amphibians and Reptiles 
Bulletin No. 12 of the S. D. Geologi- 
cal and Natural History Survey, by W. 
H. Over, Vermillion. 


Birds 
Bulletin No. 9, S. D. Geol. and 
Natural History Survey, by W. H. 
Over and Craig S. Thoms, Vermil- 
lion, S.» D. 
Coal 
Bulletin No. 575, U. S. Geolog- 
ical Survey, is devoted to the lig- 
nites of the Cheyenne River and 
Standing Rock Indian reservations. 
Bulletin 627 of the U. S. Geol. Survey 
is devoted to the lignites of north- 
western S. Dakota. 


Entomology 
The insect pests destructive to 
plant life are treated quite fully in the 
reports of the State Entomologist, 
Brookings, S. Dakota. 


Fossils 
Usually classified with geology, but 
as illustrative of ancient ‘life they 
have a place with natural history. 


There is no popular work. Liedy’s 
folio volume “Hxtinct Mammalia ~ 
Fauna of Dakota’ will be _ avail- 


able to students in many libraries. 


545 


Natural History 


“The Vertebrata of the Tertiary For- 
mations of the West,” published as 
Misc. Document No. 60, 48th Con- 
gress, lst Session, while not confined 
to S. Dakota, has much of Dakota in- 
terest. 
Flowering Plants and Ferns 
Bulletins No. 64, Experiment Sta- 
tion, Brookings, S. Dakota. 
Grasses 
Bulletin No. 69, Experiment Station, 
S. Dakota. 
Mammalia 
The best list of the animals of 
South Dakota is in Ludlow’s “Report 
of a Reconnaissance in the Black 
Hills of South Dakota,’  publish- 
ed by the War Department. The list 
is by Dr. N. H. Winchell. 
Minerals 
Bulletin No. 3, South Dakota Geo- 
logical Survey, by Dr. C. C. O’Harra, 
published at Vermillion. 


Naval Academy 


Rocks © 
There is no comprehensive cata- 
logue of the rocks of the State. Bul- 
letin No. 3, Geol. and Natural ‘History 
Survey, tells of some of them. - 
Soil 
There has been no complete soil 
Survey. Topographic Map No..........., 
of the Geological Survey, gives by 
generalized areas the soils of the re- 
gion west of the Missouri River. 


Water 
“Under Ground Water Resources of 
the Central Great Plains,” by N. H. 
Darton. Published by the U. S. Geo- 
logical Survey. 


Natwick, Herman, 1858-1914; native 
of Norway; pioneer of Brookings 
County; banker at Sioux Falls. 


Naval Academy. The following 
South Dakotans have graduated from 
the United States Naval Academy: 


Name Admitted Graduated Present Status 
Black t Maxicls ec sisrs ones iene! -aeiatetee askeels tome ee lta be OR re ye Lieutenant 
Brantigan,: ‘Theo: Moe os... owe oie ok wes 1918 1922 Sy etees See Resigned 
BrvVantilliot Tc er evet e iiepeie cua sitet epeiete eu 1915 19184... .2eer ete Lieutenant 
Byrnes Carrcollb. ioe: aus oe ae eae ae ee 1908 LOL eee ees Cee Lieut. (Dismissed) 
Crouch ss WG Wings <1 snetitce eG yeicioucraionate rere O17 192 a, see SS. Ensign 
Davisén; WilismeGin..@s 497 tees eee 1891 1890 UT. nikguriiet ee Commander 
POUthIC;, erederick Clie, wie ha ee eis 1914 TOES: ha erete ecto er aes Lieutenant 
Emerson, Herbert Fy... se. eee seen 1902 LOOGS ... sjestepad a's ah Commander 
ROWGEVRaY SC. Toe hiiek o's ahtits dere Some elokeetee 1918 bE ep a ie et has Resigned 
Gannet Waynes Nese. oot tes acces sited 1920 1924-203 AAC te te Ensign 
Gayh Jesse” BISHOP, | sete cme «ie We ys ete eet ete 1897 E'S Oils 5s —- suede Feo Commander 
Grebe, Walter; -C.) 6 ois cfd 0 sets © ei om ape ate» ols 1905 OOS ye tule poe a tama Resigned 
TLANG Fe LAINES CA emer etme adeka yen corer state eens 1894 L9Q00 Forks © meee Commander 
Hawley; Darrell sBe Kees pe. ee - eh ee 1907 VOL1 Ss es Ce ee Ensign (Dismissed) 
Hird, Harry By. Ce ett rac eee mantars  ateetne 1904 1908 «nce Cee ee Lieut. Commander 
LOL en as Willa tant weke dees tle cts telees emer oheds tenets 1918 PO22 Si oeteeere areas Ensign 
FLOUSTON we ViICtOl i cit ete ce leee ee che eleneie te et eneile 1893 L899. Fen. ELE Commander 
Howe, sWilliam Bassa. . oat... ean 1902 1.9.0 Gir owe et eee tem ge Commander 
Kanalkamnui, Vallicim 2A 5 ete etait iss cute 1920 gS be errata 35 he cir Ensign 
Kink. Walter Se cee wiciete cietauere tenses terete 1865 ASSES eo stels otcke RR Commander (dead) 
Ludlow, Willianayt Gis ae to es > erect. 1913 pH Ry Rare ete ee, he Lieutenant 
MeCarthys f arold Shera: che okersiel ieee abe ply 1920 Se. tare Lieutenant 
McHathronys 7 Deeside. atte stone era mentions 1915 1919 Beier. aces aes Lieutenant 
IMCGKee, Firnestiw a cist wie lepn inrencher honener 1904 LOS Spero retercse econo Lieut. Commander 
MeClain; Jolin) Bet iicecees nee ee eo eicie ee suors 1904 L9081K & 3 vepeadeeed Lieut. Commander 
Mackinie Charles sh siiec ate tetc ene emeerateisiel eae LESAN WS A aie es Se Ensign 
Mauseau, Bernard Eerste . san eee ites 1918 19227 . PEE RS Ensign 
Pattons Harold e@a 2 ici. ake er eects pee 1918 19 oo es prcod ky te oi Rckiaes Ensign 
Rosenberry, George Be ii canes sas se eisl ote 1916 gS IY epee Ensign 
Smead; Walter2 Albert, «Se... cr. wire sees 1900 LOL: Sho. ee CR Commander 
Smith-Hutton, Henrl Es one eee 1918 1 O22 eee rae ee ane Ensign (Resigned) 
poucheriahd, “UNOS. C."..eu ma ee ieee Set 1920 TILES ee Se wees Ensign 
Stewart, ¢Ralph fRoderic, Apmisisse. - ate eis > 1903 LOA ath. netst es Commander 
Wealdron,. John Chass memias acento is cur 1920 LO 2ST cs.ena oe as ein ae Ensign 
Waldschmidt;*Theo.FMige . « fete cic eeetetet ame 1913 TOLMAN S../ FO ee Lieutenant 
Wihitées | Parryeck idder.cd wb sydeds tact 34 ct hele 1879 LSS Me lesen acco cea te Col. Marine C., ret. 
Wilbur, Curtis). ci. ais isimin ein Cuneo ein ee nee 1884 SOO R tere ere tevene eeras Sec. of Navy 
Wiltse; Lloyd oS. Gincts aw atone rotate a oter ste naete eee 1910 1914 Ve ies wieisiciets Lieutenant 
Wodruffl, George yc isn nee ae t 1908 2012 25". ss wee ome Lieut. Commander 


546 


Navigation 


The following midshipmen, from 
South Dakota, are now in the acad- 
emy: Herman E. Schieke, class of 
1925; Upton S. Brady, Samuel W. 
Eaton, Burnham C. McCaffree, Fran- 
cis J. McQuillan, Herning Nelson, Car- 
roll H. Taecker, John Barrett Taylor, 
Ray Zemlicka, 1927; Frank Bruner, 
Harry R. Hummer, Jr., Alan R. Mont- 
gomery, Clinton S. Rounds, Welton D. 
Rowley, Robert H. Speck, Ralph Lloyd 
Stevens; Harlan M. Thorpe, Freder- 
ick W. Voedisch, 1928. 


Navigation. See Steamboats. 


“Nebula to Man and Beyond or the 
Great Cosmic Riddle,” by Richard Mil- 
ler Slocum, former regent of educa- 
tion (q. v.). A philosophic study of 
creation and the Hebrew cosmogony. 


Needles. See Black Hills, 2. 


Needles, a station 314 miles west of 
Silver City the post office in north- 
western Pennington County. 


Negaard, Olaf, 1864- ; Sisseton; 
born in Norway, July 19th; came to 
South Dakota in 1892; engaged in 
farming; held numerous local offices; 
member House of Representatives in 
1909 and 1911. 


Negotiable Instruments. An instru- 
ment is negotiable if it be in writing, 
signed by the maker, and contains an 
unconditional promise or order to pay 
a certain sum of money to the bearer 
or to the order of a specified person, 
upon demand or at a certain time; 
if it contains an order or promise to 
do an act in addition to the payment 
of money it is not negotiable; it need 
not be dated nor specify the value 
given, nor specify the place where it 
is drawn, nor the place where it is 
to be paid; if no time for payment 
is expressed it is payable on demand. 


Nelson, K. 


The maker of a negotiable instru- 
ment has no defense against it in the 
hands of an innocent purchaser with- 
out notice. 


Code, 1705-1912. 

Negro. The Negro population in S. 
Dakota has always been negligible. 
In 1920 there were 832 in the State. 


Neill, C. A., 1859- ; born in West- 
field, Chautauqua County, N. Y., April 
25th; came to Watertown in 1887 and 
engaged in harness business; sheriff 
of Codington county several terms; 
State Senator from Codington County 
in 1903 and 1905. 


Nelson, A. G., 1866- ; Estelline; 
born at Ettrick, Trempeleau County, 
Wisconsin, May 25th; came to South 
Dakota in 1881; engaged in hardware 
and livestock business; city treasurer 
and mayor of LEstelline; member 
House of Representatives in 1909 and 
1911. 


Nelson, Alfred, 1876- ; Peever; 
born in Wright County, Minnesota, 
March 23rd; came to South Dakota in 
1898; engaged in banking; held var- 
ious town and school offices; member 
House of Representatives in 1913. 


Nelson, Iver, 1859- ; Canton; 
born in Norway, November 14th; 
came to South Dakota in 1871; town- 
ship assessor, county commissioner 
for six years and township surveyor 
for eight years; member House of 


Representatives in 1911 and 1913. 


Nelson, K., 1868- ; Sisseton; 
born in Sweden, May 2nd; came to 
South Dakota in 1892; engaged in 
farming; held various township of- 
fices; clerk of courts from 1915 to . 
1919; member House of Representa- 
tives in 1919 and 1921. 


/ 047 


Nelson, Lawrence E. 


Nelson, Lawrence €E., 1872- ‘ 
born Clinton, Mo., July 25; A. B., 
William Jewell; A. M., U. of Kansas; 
also U. of Wis.; professor of English, 
Sioux Falls College. 


Nelson, Nels A., 1863- ; Valley 
Springs, S. Dak.; born in Sweden; 
came to South Dakota in 1872; engag- 
ed in farming; held various township 
and school offices; member House of 
Representatives in 1923. 


Nelson, Nick, 1862- ; Center- 
ville; born at Sindal Sogn, Denmark, 
August 2nd; came to South Dakota 
in 1889; engaged in farming and 
breeding of Poland China hogs; town- 
ship superintendent for 15 years and 
school district treasurer for 25 years; 
member House of Representatives in 
1921. 


Nelson, N. M., 1870- ; Salem; 
born in Iowa, May 4th; came to South 
Dakota in 1892; successfully engaged 
in abstracting business; school board 
as clerk for eight years and city audi- 
tor for six years; member House in 
1915. 


Nelson, Soren C., 1851- ; Viborg; 
born in Denmark, November 12th; 
came to Dakota in 1876; retired farm- 
er; held various township offices; 
member House of Representatives in 
1901, 1903, 1907 and 1919. 


Nelson, Torger, 1840-19 ; born in 
Norway; one of the first settlers of 
Yankton County; farmer; member of 
territorial legislature, 1867-8. 


Nemo, a village in southeastern 


Lawrence County. 


Nevada Gulch, a station in south- 
west Lawrence County. Named for 
the Gulch which was named from the 
State. Nevada is a Spanish word 
meaning Snow Clad. 


New Holland 


Neville, a post office in southern 
Mellette County. 


Nevin, William A., 1876- ; born 
in Centerpoint, Iowa, Sept. 22; High 
school education; located at Custer 
1897, county auditor and treasurer 
Custer County; member legislature 
1917; secretary securities (blue sky) 
commission 1920-1925. 


Newark, a town in northwest Mar- 
shall County. Market town for good 
farming region. “The State Line 
News,” established in 1906 is the only 
newspaper. 


Newby, J. T., 1854- ; born in St. 
Lawrence County, New York; came to 
Deuel County in 1881 and engaged in 
farming; member State Senate from 
Deuel County in 1901 and 1908. 


New Effington, a town in north Rob: 
erts County. “The Roberts County 
Record,” established in 1910 is the 
only newspaper. 


Newell, a town in south Butte Coun- 
ty. Location of a big Government ir- 
rigation project. “The Valley Irri- 
gator,” established in 1907, and the 
“Reclamation News,” established in 
1911 are the newspapers. 


Newell, John I., 1873- ; Pierre, 
born in North Wales, May 17th; came 
to Hand County, South Dakota in 
1884 and engaged in real estate and 
abstract business; member board of 
education and city council; member 
House of Representatives in 1909. 


Newell, W. J., 1872- ; Highmore; 
born at Ripon, Wisconsin, June 14th; 
came to Dakota in 1883; engaged in 
farming and stock raising; held var- 
ious township offices; member House 
of Representatives in 1919 and 1921. 

New Holland, a discontinued post 
office in northwest Douglas County. 


548 


Newspapers 


Newspapers. Newspapers have been 
an important element in State devel- 
opment and leaders in every move- 
ment for progress. The first newspaper 
was the “Dakota Democrat” establish- 
ed at Sioux Falls, July 2, 1859. ‘“‘The 
Weekly Dakotian” at Yankton, June 
6, 1861, is still published as “The 
Yankton Press and Dakotan” and is 
one of the oldest journals of contin- 
uous publication in the northwest. 
There are in the State 308 weekly 
and 14 daily newspapers. Most of the 
newspapers of South Dakota are pre- 
served in the Department of History. 
The longest file is of “The Press and 
Dakotan,” complete for the weekly 
edition to 1870; the file of the daily 
edition is complete from its founda- 
tion in 1876; The Huron “Huronite” 
is complete from its foundation, 1880; 
“The Wilmot Reporter,” (1886); “Hur- 


Newspapers 


ley Herald,” (1882), and the “Faulk- 
ton Times,” (1882) are other complete 
files. About 200 others are complete 
from 1903, when the department be- 
gan fully to function. The newspaper 
files are among the more important 
sources of history. They are especial- 
ly important for the legal notices pub- 
lished in them, which are very fre- 
quently not available elsewhere, as 
in cases where county records have 
been destroyed by fire. The law pro- 
vides that officers of the department 
may make nunc pro tunc affidavits 
of publication of legal notices, if the 
complete files of such printing are in 
their custody, provided such affidavit 
cannot for any reason be secured from 
the original publisher. 





HISt. 9 oly DO, FLL, 
Following is a list of the newspa- 
pers published in South Dakota: 


Town Name of Paper Editor or Publisher 

PMV TAT GOR rer sche iayere os die, disci eee AWeEradeen WOUETIA) Gems. < sas Jay Reeves. 
IMEPICATI: (cere e tie aa es. s ~-.l. W. Meyers. 
Ammweriean ang. News 2 oc... J. H. McKeever. 
Brown County Review ..... Brown County Review. 
DatOtaeeaLrinieire ste. cs ste ee 6 Bushnell Co. 
Da-Ka-Ta Trade Journal ..Mains Printing Co. 
EEX OTIC Ue terete tereree erste e's Northern Normal School. 
Journal of Rural EducationN. E. Association. 

Pr eR oe cs eTeun ee cbave.euw I NLSTOPES Cin ate cht ates «4, 050 5.8, 0.006 Carmon L. Bates. 

PULSE C LOT NE tis Glades «a e-eve shh an oaer8 CETL O Tate en torce cit vee ats. acces’ sare Chas. J. Peterson. 

WME ATICONIA, Gee ccs eis cee ois i BD ose NEG Ah AA pak teh pice ars.s Ie 18) Wenlt 

PROTON MMC eg eres erie 8s ccs te! s ONIN TTA AG clea: siete te tete eres: al ee of Allen J. Brigham. 

PMT TE POIS Cael Gee Tein soy ee ae: ete PNG VATICES Mstrates kate dere te etre eles Owen M. Parry. 

ANGOVEr sess cco cceernee (CE FOLCGE ase ieteme crate ter icles ete erst 6 A. E. Raynes. 

PUP AIMONEL oc. ce ea be one Ria PAUINICHICATL! ih tetie shasate ee a rere G. C. Caylor. 

MS AVEO S009) MARAE Sey CWC am ice SU etiapet ete Bers, e.sie a aceite. guare cs ie ow ee aloya. 

ASAIN OPO eee ae ae Alara. ppewscridbat ore ee Wli Thomas. 
PEERS ievewicucc ues aoe eee emt George EH. Hagen. 

ULC tT ameNe rah ci als) otanals. 27-60 shevarecene Commonwealth <s'cve os ss 0 6 H. H. Heath. 

PANS) LOTIMENAN aCe ee lo, ails eld ove! e-s.a Me OULC LEN cewdiecs's overs ate 66: os -H. L. Meyers. 

AROTIMMPER TS seve F cole s- 0%, 6 © ors SN ko LOT ame reten caaeh tee Toe cook James Kirk. 

ESAd tO Memytect seis ace. 6 coe e's State's 6 MSLOWG mI ie aor titers. oer avareie sae or « B. F. Phelon. 


550 


Newspapers Newspapers 
Belles Mourche fic. .« sien e cat De Cmre- siete) > see oie AA Ges spank helo 
Northwest Post...) c0.) sb. la, Sir kimans 
Belvidere io. t. tote cue BS. A bast are hay per me ee Bert de Ver Oripes: 
Berestordstc sucted-fc ce erckts siete SIN GYUS By. hors eusiei ons) chs. clots (eis eioae re Johnson & Colby. 
Republic. 22 cise terek eee Harold Carpenter. 
Bie (Stone, CILy =o.) ~ wien ereadight 14... eee ..-Bert Fuller. 
Bigotry depuis Sisal ee acters (POUL IGE MM Faden ute erete une ee ere LD R. Perkine: 
Blunt sare tck. ees ote Sie tele ACE VOGAL © Manic cis leutee ee aie nee C. E. Besancon. 
GONnestecl 8 aiv...ctonie teres wheter *Pilot-Heralda: so ahontherusts JuveutxeO. wh Cross, 
TE OWiKL 1G ans tiiene «caus havens axetaters # efore PIONECEL, ie c,c ws ote See eaerties 2 WieZo slodds 
EAPO GY yes cola ee » wie ois eas Globe jc. on oe o's Pe Pee .W. H. Dudley. 
BrOntlord o.oo «shh. é $0 6 ox Siew tie NOW Si tah see tot eee ee ne Ww. P. Buck. 
Bridgewater) (sit. 65s +. (@uw Tribune anes t oes Rp tha hire W. W. Moyes. 
Bristol ........es0e. soeeeeDay County News. ...<s.s0- H. A. Patterson. 
New; Woladtdes. «ccs eee een A. 71. Com, 
Britton ...+-+.-- + eeeeeeeeeeMarshall County Journal ...H. B. Tysell. 
: ONT] ois ia a+) sip betnteys wre --.-Wm. R. Donald. 
BrooKingS ..c.++eeeeeee ops 6A. 11) TATIALS seed see cers oe ene 2S: DiS, Ga Alummnis 
Brookings County Press ...R. A. Turner. ~ 
Industrial Collegian’ a... scree S. D. College Students. 
Register isi nets a iekerererace Paul Dutcher. 
Brice tics os ae seal i eee «EL Gra l digs ttoGe ie ete Reeweceene --- stewart Bailey. 
Bryant <tc veetes tiers ele eis é.eettamliniCounty Newsc.. «ese. scarey: 
Butta loy jeje cis tete es: ea oke wisietate Times=Heralds < sjecaeiepeisisnetets .a. G. Glendinning. 
Buttalo (Gap wares « sre 5s eee'es AZOLE en eee Paul F. Foss. 
Burkew®. lewis a aomietete «eas Se INVeStOr-GaZeltte ss. aeadieaiets A. M. Church. 
\ S) DD. cUnton SM armer. ove usaut J. W. Batcheller. 
Camps CroOla -...Fe eens kes » sp Rane, GAZeCllecn smieyee a erelste --Paul A. Wiest. 
AZARISTOUA Ge (nessa. 1s op wie isse cas Slipper 28 o nies sos eke naphtha J. L. Hammond. 
(CANO VAL iene ooiee 6 eters wieteleleirene Herald vi. . ccc 2 clevouste etorete otek Dean C. Trippler. 
EVO KONO = SIRES Sosa Gone eraia ae e Marnierts Meader” -taseeeeie « Oscar T. Thompson. 
sloux Valley 2NGEWSs™ .o sisters S.. B. Averill. 
SChool7and HOmeseae 4.e ieee Gustav Amlund. 
VISCEEULTEN Go cigs oleete ~oeeeGustav Amlund. 
Cartharce “auratentedele os skeicte CNGWS U2 tissues bycketetote bieiieless sos oalVlunger: 
Castle Rock. swiwssth 34.0006 eeTeSS and News osls ee wee Henry Jacobson. 
G@Gastlewood ian wk iydsiee eat -e-Hamlin Co. Republican ....Boswell & Carter. 
Centerville «va... ae sindependent ys: si aeies steel, -W,. Cameron: 
F OUTMAL Mase ste shells co: aeatettoneaete -..eLydia M. Hornbeck. 
ChalkDiltt Gp. pies aie sks alors eo INGWS) Fee o tenn waren ards latte tae Fool AeyGattin: 
(CShamberla int tees. ten terete Democrats .ctn. see S Saas Tee A CroLe 
Register mes. nce eee ».eeeoherman Bates. 
Chancellor Cane oct beto arenas abe foie NGWS rior OF atelatte atcha Geren ee Se Orakes 
Claremon ty ye eisiee kd leek eeedee OV aE TEL Wop itcaeteate nates tette iorete te eae ele COX 
Clarks ce 2 et cies ie ele o-clarks COUNtY CODTMICTR. pik HK. A. Silfies. 


Newspapers Newspapers 
Pereereed S LAMICGes ar sae te eeaate sos ROCF LOTR eres ra inate es eketar eae ah Ronald & Nelson. 
Deuel County Advocate ....4. G. Warner. 
eRDELITSLIE! 5 a''e: o's Se eeeeer et Pies Te AE UT ee are Meche arate ears ..—. L. French. 
(os SUS IRS 3 gl pt ne Sem PED OR SNE Pete tittle Sia o ee wee « Fred L. Flint. 
Colton ahs «ronal as eee a EL OL? Sasa PES aie ale wee ore ...4. P. Amundson. 
Mee 6 ane cc ts oe ok ES Cy a Re Se ie ie ak i a Chas. A. Foster. 
Corsica ai gt carr PE ae A ALOVIR Nahe a ei ee eoeeee eG. E. Culver & Son. 
TSONWOOK oss sass ss SM) ASC DUDILCAMT @ #.t.8.cethele sre ctetete'e -Carlson & Goff. 
“HOGER OH ate bey a ee Bas RF Sees OACONN: Ateliey stares 6 users oa) odes ...-eAlan Moore. 
SSCS pss de ws'-a''e a =, 0m, 6 ; gepcounty Visitor ss se. Hacetee hse eee Delon: 
AB SISU CT coc ales, 033, 5 pt atatemirs oO GLObe weir acta crete teats OV ETI, 
LENE ES ae kane piiaseorecory. COUTILY: NG@WS U.ve or10\6 Glenn Miller. 
MBVEAEY Leeann Sore". acs) susie 0 Seetelar toe O Sk OBOE ratte oteterslatencietelet oterers: < Wiliam Schueler. 
IDEA ST aie ama hete tat telat yo LUT Om a Frets, ol von, sia ol eRers ee. ole! acahe Dale E. Drake. 
Deadwood eats dictate ao ee LOMCE mth TOR ce oad s,6)05 « ae .Bonham & Morford. 
(PETE Sraniiys Ait, ates oy eee a. 4). L. Senn. 
Dell Rapids RP Perera tater Haver ey L KMNULILEWUASIA, toate i icieh ciel ere sie ate C. E. Sanders. 
BPEITION Ge A Puls eee PP ECO COEE © Aha trereta-wie'ee cets ee a's ele Neal H. Weatherholt. 
DeSmet ...:...0....4.....Kingsbury County Indepen- 
SP CLEATY Ueemais ertrarien sell ces ‘ol ake oy Owen ¢ Kred W. Wright. 
IN IGWISM ite [ota tag late tscalore tess alate cree ve .>’. P. Sherwood. 
Doland iedReie Rievele ate tetets oi PTICS TLC COLG tack, cis o,6 sus /0/s okt Len V. Doty. 
8 pe eee Siouel WTO ONGIELU ata ah chee eens be Sie sie VVLOlLLe LOS: 
TNE ES Gi tag oleic a's oisle a's Hate a LlevachnCOUnty INGWS a 2-2, “rank EH. Riley. 
POG PIG AsUtte .. «0's yeistes sie SQ MIGAWE: Se DOO ORIeDe rank Bowman. 
HCL Pemont.s 2... ass spameneretetal crete XT l OMG Mie eran atc ooh eis: 016 Aro aafany dots IBEW ACE hae 
EE TUD ULES meats rcre atamcrere sth eterna 3%. Geo. F. Walters. 
Poean es ee SA oe Ged VEL CSS f+, Ssuters. Seteterd koe balk ote Wm. Leighton. - 
Pali POint Cates ot. ts sueader-Courier sats. .2ie sitet fu. Thomas R. Ryan. 
Winton. County. Eeraldn ss .. L. M. Krause. 
JETECE TAME Go) cen d 218: cinco sts Ao Makerere ee AR Gr Sno enor oe VaeeWae erate. 
PEMOT VS §. 6 sad a ee Se UT) CELIO SC yee oi vayenel afore 8. sway ot S15! 6 Jj. G. Nordseth. 
Sed We Catena mc hes Cotte Ber Ales PaO WI ciara oa ce, ohdsnad,egs. ec easgagny ere oG rordon McLean 
Rep esUL TVG Pct.) crtdsuanaes feos his tetass arene RG iG Piel [Rates a teeetes addaskecs’o. sscene tates Dan Osbon. 
Ethan ; A Sica APONTE Wee Se eb CDE hE: Ao ee meolog agent ; -L. H. Williams. 
Ine KA lone so ee ae beth gph 3 forthiwest-Bladeé 7... .« 1 PtiowH a Ee roh: 
JsQueQee MRO” PA Gok cum oe cout an Mauser & Froh. 
PRR RSUESE 9 yk ans a aye 8 = oa jo .ccuster County” Press ©." 5. Jesse K. Felt. 
VERE Wea Uo. A A er uric .--.- Advertiser Ra stetchats Stones. s wae. lee VV ESLON: 
Fairview MPR ei er ba.e eh uhh SCs teacisane Ads corse eBal set ao ons C.. H. .Aldridze. 
POGAL 4 os, s she niet iela tthe Se One C LUCini ie eke ome vercvene. «lethis Spaiate.« Yeorge O. King 
WADLKtON, | «5 .shech sds Pateea a AML VOCO LO LE ais wieiaintale isi nisin 0 tee Le) Eo. Bicknell. 
REGO petri stale is Oth es eee sneer e: Vien mice EU LOG. 
551 


Newspapers _Newspapers 
Medora’). eis pistds vie dun estes BICELPTISO ee sis oe eae taba gs -..W. S. Breneman, 
Plandreau 25.2% «2 510) 3% See SE GLLCL 90, el niece iy & ae WARNE lea Theodore Erickson. 
Moody Co. Enterprise ...... P. F. Levins. 
Hiorence Vs fd Agee bias Mee LOTUI oo ae nes wa ee Jeltiele oy eae Viet Ce ae 
Port, Plerresaiss anne «<i. sate vl bas (> (: Bey erie ee ey ties we tu, Coyne, 
Frankfort: .csisane sists «es sa» News Messenger .. «-as"s->, Js Agama. 
Brederick, ® 13..susteh cee  Preés Press i a. 0 a ow wiebtode +s DAV OOO Le 
Freeman —. iat} a amie Pe COUPICE oo. at at Me eta Bie pan Mendel. 
CAD Vente ates Delete ace wnat ---.-freeman College. 
2 OU 9 eee Pretest es ee PAMVYOCELC Qitre's se wiskits © eres aie L. W. Kreidler. 
CCATITI SR VILLIOY area tetotste ohsrerstors te Ghilet) A Arascrelel coterie orate wee Lie Drips: 
Clan Gime Ci tyamercts tea erctats eeetere TY EDUMG ars tacretaie eeemetouune se sseea Ordon Mclean: 
RTALE CUSOTI es ets a wis a ele aheiate wie 41 IN GV vale fete ote cts Sette tate cove Ws W Sanders: 
ET AEN ko taty ae re cheats EF RP gc: oe eihter=-ptate. [li st7s teas ails . ‘harles E. Cobb. 
AF AV VIS s w-5.5 6k dee Vale. & eee QUSET VGle a. tas asia beans oye eee ahs Leet Cee 
CGeOd Gs i ecnc: Stee ees <4 .ss.cnarles Mix Co. Newsucenk a) (Ce V i aeres 
Gettysbure ~ .itehnes od ces pe otter-County, Néws cee. C. Ei. Harris: 
GOVer its fants ue. 8 fo aisinf a's sA.dvyarces lywio esee sae Ay ab Charles E. Laflin. 
SCR ONY) fa via as a vescece cs be LIIMCSAAGVOCALS Wuiniaiell ae ab, Gov arger. 
Groton. so naas re ae t. dentlenald, cs sees i: cee ote .W._R. Veitch. 
Indéependenti 9s 1. eee er .ei ee Chilton. 
Harrisburg ...............North Lincoln Herald ..... .Thomas H. Medley. 
EIOerold betta 3% ob 00 o's GeO SOUPNAL |. ch ae WE eee -E. W. Pyncheon. 
ELA C EOP. 5. im «hs sale 60s seULOralad )*.Gn 0s «ahh ose eae lts 2 ROMO 
Ve ee M hy Orne Ania Bic, ctr be Mesec es Amun CoOuntya bCrald ae ter Clark 7 & 7H 
do Xe) F2 min ree eas Bia) oe a seis BLOWN, COUNtY, JOULrNAlEe rer. Frank E. Smith. 
EIOnry <0 aia, yet tees o 9G ee s MOPS ROSNt 2 yu » is wiebenels “ue. «9.0. Stagem, 
FLETVIC? 2% A eehoe cine estates Prairie Picayune ..... eile bel, oo.  Lerscher: 
ETEPTICK Nae oe gre ak RR tes ot xc SO AE ris AR a et ...Mark G. Burns. 
FALE INORG We ite ats sin ein nie eee pete EL CVD Camere taster ete tere toteee seer retains John B. Perkins. 
Hyde County Bulletin ..... H. E. Hughes. 
BL City ere it ae wares AE ENWASE doe Oho Gig CrO Obguards G.Okc -....Dare Hare. 
FLILCD COCKS (fier estes esis os e NOWS CAG er aire me > .- Neil D. Annes, 
HOt Springs ong «ire tse ce es SOP Et -. A. T.’ Johnson. 
TELN Chard CTE. sete we oasis eae ...William T. Harrison. 
FLO ViGIE ters anes! s cvatelcyars RAR EMH) Sm ao Be rer Ped eye ki beei = 
EEO War Se cee ecctotainuena chee eieere --Miner County Messenger ..Trautman Bros. 
Miner County Pioneer .....fred G. Reeve. 
HodsGn: 5's ahs Mele es wk > + e FAUGSOUITG ws ee ye ep we eee --..kR..O. Schaber, 
Humboldt “Sy ..% .% os ire se TOUSDEL win 5% o's bin Sx ee -Claude Masters. 
urle ys ee tee se aeceen ss Lurner County Heralds. e.tcsJohm Hi eKellar: 


552 


Newspapers 


20)ish: net a pigs se « ALUMI. QUATECTLY:, 25< @ aes», 6 
FLUron sAlpnomewa,. 20x scenes Bia 

PAU EOUI CE Va viasere ch ty ha. tel ante t “ae 

COMEIOM= FLOP so. 3 i. nc «on na a 

ch 8S gt US) tae MR ee By me a . SRO OUI ott a, Wo. at dle Soca iate atatales cee 
Pee ss ce ss ae : --»-Hdmunds Co. Democrat ... 
ETLD UT est «nrasietast'> «.% Diskeh ous 

tC A A a ae ters oe a Ti-COUNLY INGWS .sstbaanes,< 
RRM ss 5 sic cede vee woo gf RLOLs ba b ie ope-s Siete et acietd peas ¥ ene, e 
Beeler Oo ees he SOMA Wide eusteia a eyie cye/etevateia’ ciuta-s - 
MMT ee See a cies oo ke ees tht 3 (6 Anal e aie samba aie cas erage sits 
SECO eee ac ° Siete OES tenet eared, asl ahi e'e, waa ae as ¢ p 
USES OPS HAI 3 a od get Ng Og glk ae Siaiepees AR ate 
Kimball ......... . arate oN REAR DVEL EC W'S ey ca io) dda). s: 880) 5) a\0 
PRE MONON Sir ce rus 2 ieusas. Seduree phakeank 204 is 

Lake Andes ..... seeeeeeeesCharles Mix Co. Courier ... 
’ WAN Gea rat ei ene.e of cite. sus l als fens sites 6 

PROPOOMRESIOY. elo hc 63 co 8 os Seer en) COAL Tall Ototcten ohh cfc! ois: 0h 5; elrous ara sbers 
Lake Norden a aus Bieter EAENCCRIOL USGI Tats Secretele > wis). he one. 
Lake Preston ...... seene doce, bal LL OSEMAGS ral are] of.ciiscaxs tecbeiete) «6 “ 
EIN asec 0,0 0 8.0 é shekewepeieisuse LOMeGIN INGWS) <oe.013c60e'e le sivi ons 6 
EES abr gel) A ici Metegere EDULE Cel is div hoee es cMlekard Sool ey elers 
DER ste era's. "so sss 5 eee e is ompR Al Maw a Wicks SUA she al. <ie aye 010 6::0.'8',0 
Lebanon areLsvionerate seceeso. sLUG Blanket Leader ...... 
ATLO MON CEN 0s oreo pus Shel eavie, « 

PICMG. ay sip ata Meraneecretensie se LLU IL Cal ir, de sue ‘silo ey centel attra tote bse 
OS Te ie PURO TIG UG CIN Gino eens oie. dnaraccle! os 
NOME TEEN se a « arnld (eke see scene ...McPherson County Herald . 
MHESTERVILIC. | ishevevele essa oes 3 eee tse CCU ta coe cpeness asc tebudi he cous] ay es, 5 
MME INDO ai a nies, one «Acie 10 6 810 PE RPUINC Le cattle eng a US gia ace a 
UEC) 14 Wander ee e'ia o's siececail “sie eae Harding County Herald .... 
BEGET MANLE EL LIV: ees cl ooclicne. ces 0.0 « oe MIESSEN ECT fer. clets cece e.< aeroteres 
WAG WENO pce Gieuelieuicecs Oipacenie ermiecicem COUIME Ys WuGAC.CIn « s.ctsiels« 
Sentcime livin tote toiete tials ere avehenets 

WEDIRCIIS@A sts a.claiss ales 3.6 °-es0 © ..-White Owl Oracle eo Ge 
EINER Me ecs 5 wie gd ye 5,0 : eeTROOL GL) (le edie 6.076 Ais a Riese store 
INET a Aweyencineuesin raveaoacic Menno PNIGSSEUECI cass stcieta ss aie'e sie ss 
MCE 0S spi spain, ph ba tk «ce w 8h NL ONEE Oe eretencte srelel eteiers Ae ee - 
Meadow ....-ec2+- ae catam eran Valley Ferg ldn a. .4% 
PVEOTLG CUCM i cia rote oko ale «sa0) cher «. & “teulisg Vago bel: ager, Pe ae eC eee Oe 
VEC TITY, Siete. < «jako evict oot. 2° ....-eHutchinson Herald .......-. 
Midland ......- 5 eit MEAL wth wos to ey. wrec 2i eer) ai anageto 

bbS 


Newspapers 


Everett Lee Hunt. 
Huron College Students. 
G. H. Bowen. 
rank. Conya 

Dan M. Fair. 


ieee Lracy. 
W. L. Johnson. 


W. W. Myerholt. 
J. F. Halladay. 
Thomas J. Holt. 
Kate Clement. 
Fowler & Nellor. 
Sun Pub. Co. 


Walter G. Fox. 
Clyde EK. Smith. 


ae se eerrin: 
W. Dale Savage. 


Alfred Torkldson. 
Casper Nohner. 


Lyman J. Bates. 


J. A. Stanley. 


F. and M. Patterson. 
A. E. Beaudoin. 


Lemon Pub. Co. 
W. F. Berens. 
Ray W. Lang. 

HK. E. Kreamer. 
Geb. DeGrott. 

G. G. Glendinning. 
C. Christenson. 


Jaws Stahl: 
. L. Mease. 


Tom H. Johnston. 
A. M. Anderson. 
William G. Pugh. 
John Mariner. 
Thomas E. Lowe. 
J. Stodd. 

John 8S. Headley. 


Emery Lyman. 


Newspapers Newspapers 


Milbank 48... ceteeseveseGarant County Review... oes W**S?- Dolan: 
Grant County Tribune ..:.. W. I. Lowthian. 
Herald-Advance ....... eeced. BH. Browne. 
WPS Aor eae state sents CMA ZELLO, Ms hos ccWayh anata costs teoruchatenens Daniel Healy. 
Press: Bae 2-57 tv ES ene ee «Tamblyn Brothers. 
SUT ice oe sie. ca os tee ietene tence cone ents Thomas Stratton. 
MISSION: «oct wee ees ee seDOUU BCONITY se EriDUnGe .....Tribune Publishing Co. 
VECO GC) ie ete iterets Frais atelale o¥e,to EATOLLGE SE tore ttre te Matoteneteloretels L. W. Robinson. 
Phrene-Cosmianii& “heist Wesleyan Students. 
REPU LGA cee eceee etek HRS SAAS Mate Wevaiereukel 
South Dakota Educator ....F. L. Ransom. 
Mobridge .......- os,e 6 oie eie.0) PLD UMC etre: he evenelcle eich eae neane D.sC, De Vanya 
DPONtTOSG se ke aieualereceneial oe oe 60 @ LL ORANG, A oacs Seely arbish cate ca tenekeua tele -Mr. & Mrs. O. E. Bowman. 
Morristown .....«.<. oo eve 650.6 VV OF IG» gitniccach scale shopens taiecameceaaties EK. L. Hammaneg: 
Mound City .........- soca ne VM GTLIEOY serae oon a oe -W. C. Peer. 
Mount Vernon ....... fe eves @INGWS te rah dees oe OE Gok ee cla eee Guy H. Smith. 
NEULGO iieks so ets otal ee teehee. COY OE a rea ere -.-H. J. Beetham. 
INGWaTr kK Pe isce ere aslo sietaiel ate lelens “State Line News ..........-Miss L. M. Butts. 
New Effington ........... -Roberts County Record ....Frank W. Farrington. 
Newell «.... eee eee eee ese e Valley (ITTiZA1Or. 2 ae aie escent. L. Martin: 
New.) Underwoo0Gg eek. snes a ETITUCS. Ge, ore a care \oheke ore eect --.eGodwin Hansen. 
INST Tvs here cee elotelsletaraerens Butte County Press ..... rea Oe ENE ye inate 
Oelrichs weve ts odepeleteisar sears sco e AOA VOCATEP Eaten. teeterethoratetees -.-W. L. Stonecypher. 
ORODOIO 42. Gan s e'tels, eo TITIES see, he aie els eyete ice aeer ate J. G. and Z. M. Crawford. 
lA Har 5 see tes |, revels torts Register x6 62's Te eee G. B. Leonard. 
Ontda™®™ .% wes Res Sor VV AtGhImane +. thee shes we CATMON Le esbarese 
OLTIGNt Ade tn Sees writes sah. ATOUS 6.54554 CSSA ee G. R. Preston. 
Owanka,«.2s22 es. ofc beets 8 os DOR MP a lan en ee ee Miss G. Willhoite. 
PATEL. % close cree ete eee Ietazens ate NOW? HOra a4 * Sea ete tees ene Car tHackett: 
Jess-Leadeér. |. .ee-steaccs nic cious HUG Be Danes 
IPAriStON cise eae etatecness oe et ACU VANICE™ pic wrens eee reenon Te J. W. Peckham. 
JSdleWd the oye eue dre euct neat NORCO Cait Chic ZJiONEer GREVIE Waa coe corer Carlson & Goff. 
PVErDODUs caiterciets « ROCIO ITN! PP hee tas ons Ss OR = C. E. Dieter. 
IPJEPVOw .ic.. «.-chsl okuieieostels oo sisi ODI tal JOUrNaAl oy eben seer e tlLipples Printing vco: 
Dakotanwy secuetee a ee eae State Pub. Co. 
PING: BRIG Cs at. se treuspetaaels te1s4 sO alae bailey Ce seeece setae eae tereaeas U. S. Indian School. 
Plankinton ].. 7 wale alee ee SELETAIO Ceo Ae eee Thomas Taubman. 
south Dakota Mail ........Sullivan & Clark. 
PTIACIO Ms hiven. erate ete tale Riche ees UNCCEDIISG © tte eee eee rate Lied Ode ine 
TribuUnsto ss eee es oe 0s hetkn dene LeCLGi Taro 
POMOGKT Giicuite oie ie ees ere Ses tes OAM ppellt CO. SETOLLESS ae cee. John H. Dale. 
Presnol ean oe fa ete tela Je Le Oh eS eT ald. e4 2S EI Ree ee -Harlow W. Prentice. 
PUKWAMA Fete ates tote lete 's atere neat Press-Reporter! 4... sone thr pe hicharas: 
Quinn?) 25 akiekns es baa a 6 0 e SOUMAIIL ie tien ne Oe eee nee niin “Eto. co: 


Newspapers Newspapers 


PRETO oces os ob edim ele PeeteteR siete LtTIIG Sy nya. acrelenar sos 6 @ Didcsiestriarcy bP. Clough; 
TG et a ...Alf. & Live Stock Journal .J. H. Wilkinson. 
Journal ........eeeeeeeees -Jos. B. Gossage. 
Gate CitynGuid ens. o« av Poses 
Pahasapa Quarterl yew at School of Mines. 
White Ribbon Journal ..... Alice R. Gossage. 
RBA TONG les. sc viene'ci6 « PT tet tee CHEZ ULG skal tb isi svete: <0" telcrareide ria ok.» VVLISON: 
UGLOUI eke vice ots «shee ovale i OPE RGCOLG Me cictns sis eet eels Maite bono tLe y; 
levers hie] tk Gee openers ae Lae eptelets DUrOGe xchange. «2 wee wow. G. .\Woodland. 
Journal-Observer ..........9cott H. McClure. 
PPe Sai thse baa returnees rel o. & « wae Oe Nien Ge Woodland. 
EL OUS EL CSue tere a or els oiler ele © ow EREVELOWIG to eh sin e000 eda cece times Leys 
RVEITANCOEY eres i os UWAN cies) tes fe ERCCOLG ua it, ska, abe. a etecuts Seeds -Ray L. Herrick. 
EGE IELOMERAcer ars 2 ele ee. e's ateks cota: SU CETIIME cele, 20s 50 chaste el eheta rt ..-Joseph FElaa. 
TEC CIS OG ay ac ae ig sie ofe LROC@OLOM Ue stefere « a hers Saat oeey Sh -Frank A, Ames. 
incovciaye) i= Sewer Re ee ene Be BALCOLC We oct eters care ste Soran VWee A. Harrington. 
Me WrenCGe wi. adsecceivevtliand County News. «.%.e.-!ls.. i Alive, AHS 
SRST TAY | L309 OR ee a Pioneer Register .......... S. M. Gilbert. 
SS DGClaleeita cert eg sronstita care wrens 6 y. W. McMahon. 
SCORAaNG lcs «+ Bfateterels\s\ 9 oye’ e's s DOLIETIC: Ge tets aiescin w/o re. ce Se accel oO) NTH LEY = 
I tocar ac cin  n.s one -Walworth County Record ..E. H. Noteboom. 
Seneca uth vae ee evese we ced Ournal Melle oe. vas alert shaven soe WarksLott 
PUUGUERSELOULLS, 2 6 sexe cae -+-e---American Farm Equipment .Dean Wilde. 
APOUGS =I CA WCN! 62 siece isu! ois shes Charles M. Day. 
Auvueustana. Mirror .2...é...A.,C. N.S. Students, 
(GomImercialoN GWSis «seis «<1 s Dean Wilde. 
MA lkotas Catholics se.'< astavess wey Oe Chilling: 
J TW Seton es ute! wy hese Oe BiG. Amore Hibbard Patterson. 
Farmer and Breeder ....... McMillan & Bereman. 
_Farmer-Labor News ....... Walter J. Flanagan. 
TGRGTINA.G Pee ers cue cial viey0',e Peres oy kis OLLaAss. 
Sunshine Magazine ... .... Mark D. Scott. 
Loa DOPMONE Wak ertccencreue shel etotel e Se Ace Lripp;: 
dds Mellow sWoOrldies se. «6s James A. Patton. 
PEGSSMUe Sorte otis cles Fhe clei e: os .H. J. Micheel. © 
South Dakota Bulletin .....: Mrs. R. D. Springer. 
Oe ba Ce, LL OLALITE! asc s a,6, oie) 1 © Sessions Printing Co. 
SEVIS Seca lelete: ota oor oele: hatchet seve: « Sioux Falls College. 
EEL TINME EARNS eh chat Che gat wed ethot uncle phat ehetatetelshe’ el eve ais. 0 ve PALS. Adams. 
Menthe SHOE eae i oe. oh eee GAZBttS “titers sfes'e s cae ele ee pdas-Ce Kippel- 
RIGAPLIS IL: oc ice s res eos © oe e PeANeEMONG. cee ss as sce 3. ....-spearfish Normal School. 
Queen City Mail .........-- EK. H. Warren. 
SIDR ING Se ack aa ae ee ING VVSAM. tardlotetels “ser at eters Pattee J. G. Curtis: 
SOOIIIST LOU nies ee kia see 5 ek = © Normal’ Pulse’ .%:'s 62.6 5 ...8. S. Normal School. 
Pines: «et Miers chee ue es Peat). Je Vee BeOrdewy kK. 
PSE NTETCUN GS Vie iicte oc s cieph a take ata op teve Aurora County Argus .....Frank E. Rogers. 
SeETUETOTC ete chert cockcc smut ehegess ake ING WSaee che tateie of ohetatteal ela. o pee diem OAlre 
t fe eee ie i ico arpete eae .Black Hills Press .-.....<+--. John T. Milek. 
eae es° REGOrd.s tate. Statst a o orate oe: os 8 te Mrs. C. C. Moody. 
SOTREVAP AAA Gtk ct a tety eae? ofisi'e. taree siete Independent .........e86 John Dsssmull; 
SIT YON Mee istass s oae eNetereh ees Seat AANGEDENGEIIE 5./.ss4..0 e's elers wee be A.D VOrak. 


Newspapers Newspapers 


Timber Lake Ae? stetetrere L OPLGM. oi 5 8.5.5 S..e Meare Visuets ~.eod. HK. Murphy. 
TOlStOY, in ice reese ea tlt ois oe POUT NMC Cease eaten eeenemerE te «ee oeK. G. Sullivan: 
POLOUCO teceecistkte seieieate spins 00g ETORDICL™* 35 ic the ean crates heen E. E. Finsand. 
Eri p De niet RIP Movels afals chester Ledwer Me Plo yc RUG ae es John H. Craig. 
Pulare a6 rc nik ee eee e « cheleging Repornter* +s sea 62g adaw sere ate Marcus Anderson. 
PUTCO: aes ete erereceh ee Se eT TWIN PES ss sc bles ee cheese ass SO LOUL. 
Pyndall setee irene. «lene eNe ss REGISTEH 4 565 BAT sete tehs elerete -.-Delos Hall. 
CLUPUN EMS se sees ele el eters wilemee Corbuckeu 
(ERG al ane nie oie oe reueueceeteceuetens APA MIONSIS Sie was 5 Gals mano eyon Roy R. Milliken. 
Vialleyaro DEIN Saicisiusceettekoten. VIG Atte rss ts cas uste enatece fotevenererens A. E. Karsl 
Waller SoA ogas re oe AG VANCC ante. ies relists -oeeee HK). BF. Aldrich. 
WASH O hore © 5 Golab ord on oma a oe £563 DINOS es rone detache ete teancemnat ene O. N. Anderson. 
WiernitliGi gar shencteihessiere miele chi DAKOlas REDU DUCA laE meter J. B. Townsley. 
Plain YRalk eta ie sities ete ---A. L. Davenport 
S. D. Alumni Quarterly ....Jason E. Payne. 
Wolante> WHORE Bete ccc eters University of S. D. _ 
WA DOV Bie ctatetereictstetats Lene te tonate eis Eniterprise@ secrete stn. seceee sd Ohn Hojem- 
NaH Nas oo oto ce tO SOS SCL ISUCI) merase tone) soto eMen ome nstene -I. J. Zettel. 
NOTE iis ala tata ete tate lets kalo ts's - lee DRIDUTIGEEs aie toreke welch toed -H. H. and R. M. Horton 
VGIITI seete ctehe te eile tee aetle fate te 5 eos AOVANCEL Se ce anc We yemis bis 36%ehe to tee Hardy Carlson. 
WV RETICLE Cclersno 1c wets 0 I ee tM id Maeno. tue yo Alfred E. Smalley. 
POST OPE UES. T-Sh toeae en ercietoe L. E. Corey 
Wi cKO Gaiters anetete lens welcte see ee LONITOT# 15 te teens otra mane teed, 8 VV Ord. 
WV alle Seatac tcre eis tebe alerts ste s $ éEVCOOT Os bec. oars eroietatenalet ete aeet aie G. M. Hansen. 
IW allaGePe rine armies, se state cheers we entinel ........000. sistetere FL, Je ATEZ: 
WYER 5 Goonies. obad.c Sette. sf ofa v0 @MCUAE Lil © wigs, us go'eviva'as su fo saute ENMe tee -G. L. Hansen. 
Watertown .......0.- bie oie BCLOLOLG, yf yee: eo ieee eek G. and lL. Eastwood. 
mHlIG FOPiINIONse sete --+--George B. Elliott. 
WV D a yiiteeeeter tie ehetetets euehe le ye ee CLIPPER ANdLA Cd vocate cian Jane Black. 
Webster. ...5.. ¢ ellielss welétens LODOrter and Warmer ap sures C. E. Wilson. 
VV CCOUR ee ataleus et ekele HE, «cle clea TLACDECNOeNt. .t Le Ei eee Roy HE. Kimball. 
Wentworth ....... Me ele iets LON CEPDIiSe@ © 2 .nsisie.s eilsureehemenenets So ClOUnrhs 
W essineton ines ole cee ete se LIMEeES=HNterpLrisSe = wavewuree oe J. I. MeNeil. 
Wessinge ton SPringBs: 6 s...s0 6 LBOSDENGCI tiie. sarielcielolersse eta Ga eawiebb: 
Republican. cei ern eorge Schlosser. 
WiHite — feysraleyste fats ptebele oldie ate HCAGEIY | lrcsitcic rabies Dibeneie Dt MM. Leicht: 
Whitesakee. .tchicscieislclelel -Aurora County Standard ...Allen De Groff. 
Whites River 1 cp ose suewliewln lallette County News. «> «.> N. A. Gerig. 
W Hite ROC Ks hae ptccsceeretetciers oS OULTIEL Pe chars stevtsns tee eter etetste viele ttre om atIes 
W nite WOO mie ei clelere ois eee LAINGECALCr 30-1 .e et eR George F. Johnson. 
Willow .Loakes#uente «Gb apc NGWSs oi ier o TAGE RIE J. M. Lord. 
Wilmot 2:x s.s.c:6 heii yetee sftcale ts “ON Cerprise . ss «seas eee seul ays ODSalLs 
VEDALUDLIGAN hes eee ete atone C, I. Hougen. 


Newspapers, Legal 


states Gicleretets ele an 


New York Colony 


Orville Nichols. 


et aters lavaleter sions -W. H. Grieves. 


TrippaCounty: JOUrNal . 2. so: Winnie M. Keller. 


>. bred. Gaskurch:. 


Nemeeapalens « eas Edward B. Oddy. 
Ain eee hig DP SanbornnCoweun., Co, 


ig) tae det aice VOL eens, 


AVinired vis isin «cei mate ae eDispatehi4’ 2: . 
VWWIMTMeT Sse. wes si hreieicree ste o's CALA VOCALEC™E 6. 
DE in. a: swine! eyo! 5 Re ss. Wellette County Pioneer 
Wi OONSOCKCE .. «5 onsve voor ee att. INIGWVSY tates shee. 
Sanborn County Herald- 
WimMmes mes te 3: 
WOLRINeie: cei ae. -+--.-lunterprise 
RaPRIEGUG ger. oc tees ee ek s 6c Press and Dakotan 


Public Opinion 
SHACKS KES Th Rts Caaceae 


Newspaper, Legal. A newspaper to 
be eligible to publish any legal or of- 
ficial notice must have been publish- 
ed in the county for at least one year 
and have a bona fide weekly circula- 
tion of at least 200 copies, and must 
be published in the English language. 
The consolidation of two legal news- 
papers does not affect the legality of 
the consolidated paper. 





Laws, 1919, chap. 250. 


Newton, Dr. Henry, grandson of Sir 
Isaac Newton, who in company with 
Dr. Jenney made the geological recon- 
naissance of the Black Hills in 1875; 


died of mountain fever, August 5, 
1877, at Deadwood. 
Newton, D. T., 1851- ; Bridge- 


water; born at Verona, Wisconsin, 
April 21st; came to Dakota in 1880; 
retired farmer; member House of Rep- 
resentatives in 1911, 1913 and 1919. 


Newton, Jasper, 1855- ; Geddes; 
born near Denmark, Iowa, Dec. 16; 
came to South Dakota in 1894 and lo- 
cated near Geddes; in 1895 he engag- 
ed in the mercantile business; held 
numerous township offices in lowa; 
member House of Representatives 
from Charles Mix and Gregory coun- 
ties in 1905. 


New Underwood, a town in north 
. Pennington County. “The Times,” es- 
tablished in 1916 is the newspaper. 


New York Colony. The Homestead 
Association of Central New York was 
organized March 7, 1863, at Syracuse, 
for the purpose of securing home- 
steads for its members in Dakota Ter- 
ritory. James S. Foster, of Geddes, 
New York, was the secretary and ex- 
ecutive officer. In the spring of 1864 
Mr. Foster conducted a party of three 
hundred persons, including his own 
family, to Dakota, arriving at Yankton 
on June 1. These located along the 
Missouri Valley, from Elkpoint to Bon 
Homme, but chiefly in the vicinity of 
Yankton. Among them were several 
of the most distinguished pioneer 
families, as follows: 


H. Ainsworth. 

Henry Averill, 4 persons. 

. Adams, 6 persons. 

R. Allen, 5 persons. 

B. Andrews, 3 persons. 
T. Bookhart. 

. Bookhart, 5 persons. 

C. Brownson, 7 persons. 
Franklin Bronson, 7 persons. 
J. M. Bostwick, 5 persons. 
William Baldwin, 

Benjamin Bentley. 

Stephen Baker. 

Grove Buell. 

A. Belden, 2 persons. 
George Bunyen, 7 persons. 
L. Bickford, 6 persons. 

J. V. Bunker, 6 persons. 
Many A Carr. 

G. C. Cole, 4 persons. 

John Calkins, 8 persons. 

J. Countryman, 7 persons (died). 
A. D. Clute,-3 persons. 

D. M. Clute, 4 persons. 

L. W. Case, 4 persons. 

M. Coykendall (or Kuykendall), 8 persons 
John Dickey, 2 persons. 

J. Emmerson, 2 persons. 
James S. Foster, 5 persons. 
George I. Foster, 4 persons. 


PP ou 


557 


New York Colony 


LaFayette Foster, 4. persons, 
Charles W. Foster, 5 persons. 
R. E. Fairchilds, 5 persons. 
P. Fulner, 2 persons. 
George Fitts. 

C. H. Fowler, 5 persons. 
Mrs. Gale, 3 persons. 
Thomas Gamble. 

FEF. C. Hart, 2 persons. 
Julius Hill, 4 persons. 

F. C. Hill, 4 persons. 
William Hewitt, 8 Derse Re 
J. Hubbard. 

A. F. Hayward. 

George Herrick, 2 persons. 
A. Harrom, 3 persons. 

A. Haskins. 

A. J. Harvey. 

James Islden, 3 persons. 
iene ODS: 

W. H. Johnson, 4 persons. 
R. L. Kenyon. 

M. Kenyon. 

Rev. L. B. Judson. 

CruNe Kine: 

Alexander Lansing. 

Dr. J. O. Loomis, 3 persons. 
Simon Luce, 2 persons. 
John McCall. 

William McLean. 

.D. D. McNeil. 

William McNeil. 

D. Marks, 6 persons. 

D. K. Marvin, 7 persons. 
O. Murphy, 7 persons. 

A. Olmsted, 7 persons. 

ON) in be Phillips, 2 persons. 
D. Phillips. 

Charles Padgham. 

I. C. Powers, 4 persons. 
James D. Prentice, 4 persons. 
Louis Pike. 

BE. G. Rowley. 
William Randall, 
Bradley Rice. 
George Seager, 5 persons. 

G. Stocking, 3 persons. 

IDS AS Apaahhe oe 

Chas. N. Taylor, 7 persons. 
G. J. Tibbetts. 

George Tibbetts. 

Charles E. Van Epps, 5 persons. 
B. H. Wood, 2 persons. 

H. C. Wood, 3 persons. 

W. G. White. 

F. Wolf, 4 persons. 

Morris Winn, 4 persons. 

I. N. B. Whipple, 4 persons. 
James Wall. 

William Young. 


The following drove through from 
New York: 


Abe Alexander, Frank Alexander, John 
Congleton, Louis) Haase elotwrd2)a oS. 
Cy Karzor((). Ad bebinman aia eelall 
(2), Gideon C. Moody (4), John Tread- 
way (2). 


The New York Colony, was 
May-Flower” of Dakota. 


4 persons. 


“The 


Nielson, L. P. 


New Year’s Day. January 1 is a 


legal holiday. 


Nicholson, Lake, is in western Cod- 
ington County; named for Hon. John 
Nicholson, of Watertown, who home- 
steaded upon its shores. Upon this 
lake Col. Wm. R. Marshall apprehend- 
ed a party of refugee Sioux in the 
autumn of 1862 and returned them to 
Minnesota for trial. 





Hist., II, 297; ‘‘Minn. in Civil-Ind. Wars.” 


II, 282 

Nicholson, Bishop Thomas, 1862- 
born Woodburn, Ont., Jan. 27; 
A. B., Northwestern University; pres- 
ident Dakota Wesleyan, 1903-1908; 
president S. D. E. A., 1908; elected 
bishop 1916. Author of many relig- 
ious and educational momographs. 
Has held numerous positions of dis- 
tinction in the Methodist church. 


Nicollet, Joseph Nicolas; 1786-1843; 
a notable French scientist, especially 
devoted to astronomy in which his 
chief fame is founded. He came to 
America in 1832 and devoted the re- 
mainder of his life to the scientific 
examination: of the region between 
the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, 
under government auspices. In 1838 
he visited the east coteau region of 
South Dakota and in 1839 examined 
and mapped the region east of the 
Missouri. In each of these enterprises 
he was accompanied by John C. Fre- 
mont. His name is frequently written 
Jean, but this is an error. He invar- 
iably wrote his initials using the 
archaic form of J, like I and in the 
government publications he is called 
I. N. Nicollet. For his true name-See 
Folwell’s Minnesota I, 122. 


Nielson, L. P., 1868- ; Woon- 
socket; born in Hjorreng, Denmark, 
March 16th; came to South Dakota in 


558 


Nisland 


1902; engaged in farming; county 
commissioner from 1914 to 1923; mem- 
ber House of Representatives in 1923 
and 1925. 


Nisland, a town in southwest Butte 
County. “The Butte County Press,” 


established in 1910 is the newspaper. 


Population, see census. 


Nixon, Z. T., 1849- : Corsica; 
born at Lyons, Iowa, July 18th; came 
to South Dakota in 1902; engaged in 
hardware mercantile business; mem- 
ber House of Representatives in 1911 
and 1913. 


Nobles, Col. William H., 1816-1876; 
born in New York; veteran of the 
Civil War and rose to rank of Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel; member, Minnesota 
legislature, 1868. Superintendent of 
“Noble’s Trail,” 1857-8 (q. v.). 





Hist., X, 183. 


Nobles’ Trail. A wagon road built 
by the U. S. government from Fort 
Snelling via Fort Ridgely on the Min- 
nesota River to the Missouri River 
at about the mouth of Crow Creek. It 
was built in 1857 by Col. William H. 
Nobles (q. v.). It entered South Da- 
kota through the “hole in the moun- 
tain,’ at Elkton (Brookings Co.) 
thence about the north line of Lake 
and Miner Counties to Wessington 
Springs and thence to and down Crow 
Creek. The bad places were graded, 
and the fords in the streams were 
paved with boulders. It was never 
much used. It was intended by its 
promoters as the line for a railroad 
from St. Paul to the Pacific Ocean. 


Hist. VI, 183. 


No Flesh Creek. See Pumpkin 
Creek. 
No Heart. See Little No Heart. 


5 


Normal Schools, State 


No Moccasin Creek rises in south- 
ern Tripp County and flows north in- 
to the White River. 


Nora, a discontinued post office in 
north Union County. 


Norby, Albert, 1881- 54a eOre 
Pierre; born on a farm near Sioux 
Rapids, Iowa, August 13th; came to 
South Dakota in 1907; publisher and 
editor; later engaged in real estate 
business and insurance; member 
House in 1915; employed with State 
Highway Department. 


Norbeck, Enoch, 1880- ; Platte; 
born in Clay County, S. Dak., Febru- 
ary 26th; engaged in contracting and 
drilling artesian wells; member House 
of Representatives in 1909 and 1911. 


Norbeck, Peter, 1870- eC 
near Vermillion, August 27; educated 
at State University; taught school but 
became interested in drilling artes- 
ian wells and invented a jettying pro- 
cess that developed his business to 
large proportions; State senator from 
Spink County, 1909-15; lieutenant gov- 
ernor 1915-17; governor 1917-21; U.S. 
Senator, 1921-........... - He was the first 
native son of South Dakota to become 
governor. His home is at Redfield. 
As Senator and governor he promoted 
the State Park, in the Pahasapas and 
has since been Chairman of the Park 
Board. 


Norden Lake is in southern’ Hamlin 
County. 

Nordness, Reinhart L., 1888- : 
Lily; born at Webster, S. Dak., Jan- 
uary 19th; engaged in banking and 
farming; member board of education 
from 1916 to 1919; member House of 
Representatives in 1919 and 1921. 


Normal Schools, State. See Educa- 


tion. 


59 


Norris 


Norris, a village in southwestern 


Mellette County. 


“Norsk Gopher” is a story by Rev. 
Charles Sinnett, formerly of Carth- 
age, Miner County. 


North American Indian, The. An 
elaborate work in twenty folio vol- 
umes, by Edward S. Curtis. The work 
is richly illustrated with reproduc- 
tions of photographs taken by Mr. 
Curtis in the field. The enterprise was 
endowed by J. Pierpont Morgan. Vol- 
ume III is chiefly devoted to the 
Sioux of South Dakota. Mr. Curtis 
spent the summer of 1907 in South 
Dakota, accompanied by a_ trained 
staff, in obtaining photographs and 
material for this volume. It is one of 
the most elaborate and expensive 
works ever undertaken in America. 


North Carolina Bonds. As the leg- 
islative session of 1901 was drawing 
to a close, an offer of $10,000 in the 
repudiated bonds of the State of 
North Carolina, as a gift to the Uni- 
versity of South Dakota, was received 
by Governor Herreid, from one Simon 
Schafer of New York City. There was 
no provision in the laws of North Car- 
olina by which an individual could 
maintain an action against that state 
and it was the desire of Schafer that 
South Dakota should by original ac- 
tion in the Supreme Court of the 
United States establish the validity of 
these bonds, thereby validating a large 
amount of similar bonds repudiated by 
North Carolina. Governor Herreid 
had no power to accept such a gift, 
but a law was at once‘enacted, (Chap. 
134 Laws of 1901) empowering him to 
do so and to take any necessary action 
to reduce such gift to cash. Pursuant 
to this act Attorney General Pyle did 


North Carolina Bonds 


sue the State of North Carolina and 
obtained judgment for the face of the 
bonds, interest and costs amounting 
to $27,400, (South Dakota v. North 
Carolina, 192 U. S. 286,) and an exe- 
cution was issued upon it, whereupon 
North Carolina paid the sum, from 
which net $22,416.09 was paid into the 
South Dakota treasury and placed to 
the credit of “University Special 
Fund,” on June 5, 1905. In his retir- 
ing message to the legislature of 1907 
Governor Samuel H. Elrod reported 
these facts and strongly recommended 
that the sum be returned to North 
Carolina, saying: 

“We took it away from our sis- 
ter state because the law said we 
could. Might did not make right 
in this instance. If the State of 
South Dakota returns this sum to 
the State of North Carolina it will 
do more to cement the states to- 
gether than any thing that has hap- 
pened since the Civil War. Moral- 
ly we have no right to one cent of 
this money and we ought to be 
brave enough and true enough to 
give it back. The gift was clearly 
intended for our University. She 
can use it but it is tainted money.” 
A further gift of fifty thousand dol- 

lars of such bonds which with accrued 
interest amounted to more than $150,000 
was offered Governor Elrod by one 
E. L. Andrews of New York, but the 
governor promptly declined it, say- 
ing: 

“Your offer is declined for the 
reason that it seems to me to be 
against public policy and good con- 
science.” 

In the legislative sessions: of 1907 
and 1909 an earnest but unsuccess- 
ful fight for the return of the money 
was lead by Senator Dillon of Yank- 
ton. 


The money meanwhile lay in the 
“University Special Fund,” until the 


560 


Northern Hills 


close of the fiscal year 1911, when 
State Treasurer George Johnson trans- 
ferred it to the state general fund and 
it was disbursed. 

The power of the governor to ac- 
cept such gifts was abrogated by Chap- 
ter 238 laws of 1909. 


Northern Hills. In miner’s parlance, 
the Northern Hills are the gold min- 
ing region surrounding Deadwood and 
Lead, as distinguished from the South- 
ern Hills, which signifies the diggings 
from French Creek (Custer) to and 
including the Rapid River valley. 


North, J. A., 1849- 
in McKeene County, Pennsylvania, 
September 22nd; came to Brown 
County in 1883 and engaged in farm- 
ing; held many local offices; member 
House of Representatives in 1909. 


; Hecla; born 


Northrup, E. B., 1867- 5 )porn in 
Fulton County, New York, April 21st; 
came to Hanson County in 1891 and 
to Sioux Falls in 1892; engaged in in- 
vestments, loans and real estate, mem- 
ber State Senate from Minnehaha 
County in 1903 and 1905. 


Northville, a city in northwest 
Spink County. Founded by the West- 
ern Town Lot Co. in 1881. Named 
because the station was at that time 
the most northerly station on the C. 
& N. W. R. R. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Journal,” established in 
1898 is the newspaper. 


Norton, John Francis, 1843-19......; na- 
tive of New York; in Sioux Falls since 
1878; mayor 1887-89; legislator, 1889, 
1891. 


ist. wiinn..Co., 640. 


Norwegian. The’ Norwegian element 
in South Dakota comprises 9.5 percent 
of the population. They have been the 


Novels 


most progressive and active of all the 
foreign elements; taking a leading 
part in all public affairs. Though less 
numerous than the Germans they have 
far exceeded the latter in the number 
who have won representative places. 
Of 12 governors four have been Nor- 
wegian and 12 other elective state of- 
ficers have been of that blood. At 
this time (1925) the governor, 1 U.S. 
senator; two congressmen, one su- 
preme judge and the commissioner of 
school and public lands are Norweg- 
ians. 





“The Scandinavian Pioneers in South 
Weert by G. Bie Ravndal, Hist., XII, 
47. 


Norwegian Lake is a narrow lake 
one mile in length in the southern 
part of Brule township, Union County. 


Nottestein, William L., 1859-00... , 
born Canaan, Ohio, April 14; gradu- 
ate U. of Wooster and Western Theol. 
Seminary; prof. ancient languages 
Huron College since 1903. 


Novak, a discontinued post office in 
southern Lawrence County. 


Novation. In South Dakota law no- 
vation is the substitution of a new 
obligation between the same parties 
with intent to extinguish the old obli- 
gation; or it is the substitution of 
a new debtor in place of the old one; 
or the substitution of a new creditor 
in place of the old one with the in- 
tent to transfer the rights of the lat- 
ter to the former. It is purely a mat- 
ter of contract or agreement. 





Code, 788-791. 


Notable South Dakotans. See South 
Dakotans of Note; Musicians, Artists. 


Novels. See Literature of South Da- 


kota VIII. 


561 


Nowlin 


Nowlin, a village in southeastern 


Haakon County. 


Nowlin Creek falls into Bad River 
at Nowlin. 


Nuisance. In South Dakota law a 
nuisance consists in unlawfully doing 
an act, or omitting to perform a duty 
which annoys, injures or endangers 
the comfort, repose, health or safety 
of others; that offends decency; that 
unlawfully interferes with, obstructs 
or tends to obstruct, or renders dan- 
gerous for passage any lake or navi- 
gable river, bay or stream, canal or 
basin, or any public park, square, 
street or highway; any thing that ren- 
ders other persons insecure in life or 
the use of property. Anything author- 
ized expressly by statute cannot be 
declared a nuisance. The nuisance 
may be abated by the courts'and judg- 
ment for damages obtained against 
him who maintains the nuisance. 





Code, 2066-2088. 

Number. In law, words used in the 
singular number include the plural 
and words used in the plural include 


Nyquist, Adrean 


’ the singular, unless the contrary is 


clearly shown. 





Code, 32. 

Nunda, a town in northeast Lake 
County. ; 

Nurses. Public Nursing is regulat- 
ed in South Dakota by a board con- 
sisting of one physician and three 
trained nurses appointed by the gov- 
ernor; the physician is to be one of 
the members of the State board of 
health and the nurses to be nominat- 
ed by the South Dakota Association 
of graduate nurses. The board is self 
supporting. A candidate for license 
must be 21 years of age, of good char- 
acter and a graduate ci a nurses’ train- 
ing school of recognized and approved 
standing. 


Code, 7771-7778. 

Nyquist, Adrean, 1867- ; Fairfax; 
born at Ascarshamn, Sweden, June 
18th; came to South Dakota in 1897; 
engaged in farming; county commis- 
sioner from 1903 to 1909; member 
House of Representatives in 1909, 
1911, 1921 and 1923. 


562 


Oacoma 


Oacoma, a town in southeast Lyman 
County. “The Lyman County Argus- 
Leader,” established in 1893 is the 
only newspaper. Population, see cen- 
sus. 


Oahe, a post office in northwest 
Hughes County 15 miles northwest of 
Pierre, the shipping and banking 
point. : 


Oak is a native tree, but it does not 


grow abundantly. 


Oak Creek is the tributary of the 
Missouri River up which the Pacific 
Coast line of the Milwaukee Rail- 
road passes in its ascent to the west- 
ern prairies west of Mobridge. Fre- 
quently called Wakpala Creek. 


Oak Creek rises in eastern Todd 
County and flows north across Mel- 
lette County to the White River. 


Oakwood Lake is a fine lake, adjac- 
ent to Lake Tetonkaha in northwest- 
ern Brookings County. 





Hist., X, 195, 553. 

O’Brien, B. F., 1847- ; Lead; born 
in Callais, Maine, July 19th; resided 
in South Dakota since 1906; employed 
by Homestake Mining Company; Civil 
War veteran; alderman in Minneapo- 
lis for several years; member House 
- of Representatives in 1909. 


O’Brien, William S., 1877- —_;_ born 
at Minneapolis, April 6; educated in 
East Side High School; settled in 
Lead 1899; appointed deputy State 
Treasurer by Adolph W. Ewert, 1913 
and continued in position until elected 
State Treasurer, in 1920; reelected 
1922 and resigned August 1923 and re- 
moved to Minneapolis where he is 
manager for an oil company. 


O’Brien, William S., 1846-1914; na- 
tive of Maine; veteran of Civil War; 


Odd Fellows 


miner; superintendent of underground 
work of the Homestake mine; mem- 
ber, constitutional convention of 1889; 


State senator, 1891; in legislature, 
1889. 
CO ESPIC TAT VN gt PU oy ee a ; Spring- 


field; born in Lisbon, New York; lo- 
cated in Springfield in 1892; engaged 
in the real estate business; member 
House of Representatives in 1909. 


Obsidian. Volcanic glass is found 
abundantly in the Bad Lands, where 
it forms box-like compartments run- 
ning through the volcanic ash of the 
upper strata. 


“Ocean and Other Poems” is a book 
of verse by Mrs. Almira J. Dickinson, 
of Chamberlain (1907). 


Oats. See Agriculture. 


Odd Fellows. The first lodge of the 
Independent Order of Odd Fellows 
was organized at Yankton May 25, 
1870. By 1875 six lodges had been 
instituted and the Grand Lodge was 
organized, on Aug. 18. In 1924 there 
were 187 lodges with 16,635 members. 
The order owns and maintains a sub- 
stantial and attractive home for de- 
pendent Odd Fellows and their chil- 
dren, at a cost of $25,000 annually. 
An Encampment branch of the order 
was organized at Yankton in 1881 45 
organizations with 4376 members. 
There is also a Rebecca branch. 


Grand Encampment 

The Grand Encampment was organ- 
ized at Yankton, August 10, 1881, 
there being at that time four local 
encampments in the region now South 
Dakota, located at Yankton, Sioux 
Falls, Elkpoint and Deadwood respect- 
ively. In 1924 there were 47 encamp- 
ments and 5076 members. Harvey J. 
Rice was for a generation Secretary 


563 


Odegaard, N. J. 


of the Grand Lodge and the Grand 
Encampment. Upon his death in 1923 
F. B. Raymond was chosen his suc- 
cessor. 
The Rebecahs 

The Rebecca branch of the order 
dates from 1890 when the Rebecca 
Assembly of South Dakota was organ- 
ized at Deadwood. 


Odd Fellows Home. A home for de- 
pendent Odd Fellows and their chil- 
dren was established by that order at 
Dell Rapids, in 1909. 


Odegaard, N. J., 1864- ; Mel- 
lette; born in Christiana, Norway, 
September 3rd; came to South Da- 
kota in 1888; engaged in hardware, 
furniture and undertaker business; 
held numerous municipal offices; 
member House of Representatives in 
1925. 


Odegaard, O. T., 1863- ‘DOT AL 
Valders, Norway, December 7th; came 
to South Dakota in 1876; engaged in 
farming; register of deeds of Lin- 
coln County from 1893 to 1897; mem- 
ber House of Representatives in 1923 
and 1925. 


Odell, R. J., 1854- ; Montrose; 
born at Lisbon, N. Y., August 12th; 
came to Dakota in 1879; engaged in 
hardware and furniture business, also 
farming; 
fices; member of the House in 1901, 
1905 and 1917. 


Odland, E. D., 1856- ; Hurley; 
born in Stavanger, Norway, April 7th; 
came to Dakota in 1861; farmer and 
successful stock raiser; member of 
the House in 1899 and 1901; State 
senator in 1913, 1915, 1917, and 1919. 


Oelrichs, a town in southeastern 
Fall River County. Was named for 
Henry Oelrichs who owned a cattle 


held various township of- 


O’Gorman, Right Reverend Thomas, 
D. D., Bishop of Sioux Falls 


ranch in the immediate vicinity. ‘‘The 
Advocate,” established in 1911 is the 


newspaper. 
Official Reports. See Printing. 
Official Reports, State. See Print- 
ing. 
Oglala, a village in northwestern 


Shannon County. 

Ogle, Ellis, was an employe of Gen- 
eral Ashley, killed by the Arickara, 
June 2, 1823. 

Ogle’s Biographical Publications. 
See Biography (‘‘Memorial and Bio- 
graphical record’’). 

O’Gorman, Right Reverend Thomas, 
D. D., Bishop of Sioux Falls, 1843-1921; 
born in Boston, May 1; educated in 
France; ordained priest at St. Paul, 
1865; president of St. Thomas College, 
St. Paul, 1885-1890; professor, mod- 
ern ecclesiastical history, Catholic 
University, Washington, D. C.; (1890- 
5) while in Washington, wrote the 
standard “History of the Roman Cath- 
olic Church in America” (1895); con- 
secrated Bishop of Sioux Falls, April 
19, 1896; the Church greatly prosper- 
ed under his administration of the 
diocese; his most notable work was 
the establishment of several hospitals 
in South Dakota which are under the 
auspices of the Catholic Church. 
Bishop O’Gorman’s interest in history 
was comprehensive and he was thor- 
oughly informed in French sources 
pertaining to the West; in an address 
before the State Historical Society in 
January, 1903, he for the first time 
told the story of the Verendrye Plate 
(q. v.) and expressed the belief that 
it might be found within fifty miles 
of Pierre. Ten years later it was 
actually found within two miles of the 
place where he:then stood. 





HAst.; 1 iis. 


564. 


O’Harra, Cleophas C. 


O’Harra, Cleophas C. 
born at Bentley, Illinois, Nov. 4; A. B., 
Carthage College 1891, (LL.D., 1920) 
Ph. D., John Hopkins; prof. minerol- 
ogy and geology, School of Mines, 
1898-1911; president and professor of 
geology since 1911. Author “Geology 
of Alleghany County, Maryland” and 
many articles and works upon the 
geology of the Badlands and Black 
Hills. See Bulletins and publications 
School of Mines. 


Ohio. A village and post-office near 
the present Centerville; it was aban- 
doned when the railroad was built. 


~Ohman, Fred C., 1879- ; Huron; 
born in Sweden, February 11th; came 
to South Dakota in 1902; engaged in 
merchant tailoring; eight years in U. 
S. mail service; three years on Huron 
Board of education; member House 
of Representatives in 1919 and 1921. 


Oien, Halver, 1870- ; Sisseton; 
born in Norway, March 10th; came to 
South Dakota when a boy; engaged 
in farming; justice of the peace of 
his township; member House of Rep- 
resentatives in 1911. 


Oil. The following publications up- 
on the possibilities of finding oil in 
Western South Dakota are of high 
value both positively and negatively. 
A careful perusal will indicate the 
geological view of localities where the 
outlook is hopeful and of others where 
the indications are not promising. 

1. “The Possibilities of an Oil 
Field in the Cheyenne Valley,’ by 
Dan Bierwagen, of West Fork, print- 
ed in the “Bad River News,” October 
8, 1908. An interesting study of the 
genesis of petroleum and of the con- 
ditions in the Cheyenne River valley, 
which indicate its possible presence 
there. 


1 SG6-ba tne s 


Oil 


2. Circular No. 1, “State Geological 
and Natural History Survey.” Decem- 
ber 1917, by Freeman Ward. Hastily 
surveys conditions in South Dakota 
and concludes: ‘The reported show- 
ings of oil in South Dakota are very 
few in number and all small in quan- 
tity. No findings are of sufficient 
magnitude to cause excitement or in- 
vestment. Our knowledge of the geol- 
ogy of the State is by no means com- 
plete. Detailed geological work is 
necessary to locate structural condi- 
tions favorable to he accumulation of 
oil. Wells put down without this pre- 
liminary geological work to guide lo- 
cation are no more than gambling 
ventures.” 

a Cirenlar No. 4, idem. ‘“‘The Pos- 
sibilities of Oil and Gas in Harding 
County,’ October, 1918, by Freeman 
Ward. “It is believed there is a reas- 
onable chance of striking gas (and 
possibly oil) in the county. 

4, Circular No. 8, idem. “The pos- 
sibilities of oil in eastern Pennington 
county.” October, 1921. “Surface 
evidence of oil is entirely lacking in 
the area. This signifies little if any- 
thing either for or against oil.” 

BA (Circular i Nos 10). Idém:od “The 
Possibilities of Oil in Northern Dewey 
County.” December, 1922, by Roy A. 
Wilson. “Two structures of moder- 
ate closure and sufficient size have 
been located.” 

6. Circular No. 12, Idem. “The 
possibilities of oil in eastern Harding 
County.” March, 1923, by W. C. Toep- 
elman. “There is no field evidence 
in the area to prove conditions favor- 
able to oil structure.” 

7. Circular No. 13, Idem. “The Pos- 
sibilities of Oil in northern Dewey 
County.” April, 1923, by Roy A. Wil- 
son and Freeman Ward. “A well de- 


565 


Okaton 


fined closed structure of fair size has 
been located.” 

8. Circular No. 12, Idem. 
Gas Prospects 


“Oil and 
in Southern Perkins 


County.” December, 1923, by Gail F. 
Moulton. Several small domes were 
found. ‘The drilling of a small dome 


in this area is an average good wild 
cat proposition.” 

9. Bulletin No. 10, “South Dakota 
Geological and Natural History Sur- 
vey,” March, 1922, by Roy A. Wilson. 
“Preliminary Discussion.” 90 pp. A 
serious study along conservative lines 
of the entire question of oil discov- 
ery. 

10. “A report upon Oil possibili- 
ties in Western South Dakota,” by 
Dan Bierwagen, January, 1925. This 
is a most interesting publication, ac- 
companied by maps and charts and 
is an extension of Mr. Bierwagen’s 
preliminary paper (No. 1 of this list) 
tending to prove the existence of a 
super-structureé at West Fork, in 
Haakon County. 


Okaton, a village in southwestern 
Jones County. “The Journal,’ estab- 
lished in 1906 is the newspaper. 


Okihe. The junior annual of Yank- 
ton College. The name was changed 
in 1923 to “The Greyhound.” It sets 
forth in picture and paragraph the 
high lights of the year. 


Okobojo, a village in southwestern 
Sully County. “The Okobojo Times,” 
established in 1884 is published. 


Okobojo Creek rises in eastern Pot- 
ter County and _runs_ southwest 
through Sully County to the Missouri 


at the northwest corner of Hughes 
County. 
Okobojo Island, in Missouri River 


at the line dividing Hughes and Sully 


Olsen, Chris 


Counties; now incorporated with east 


mainland. 


Okreek is a post office in north 


Todd County. 


Ola, a discontinued post office in 
western Brule County. 


Old Fort Pierre and Its Neighbors. 
A sketch by Maj. Frederick T. Wil- 
son, U. S. Army, published in “U. S. 
Cavalry Journal” in 1894, republished 
1902 in Hist. I, with editorial notes by 
Charles E. Deland. 


Oldham, a town in southeastern 
Kingsbury County. “The Register,” 
established in 1898 is the newspaper. 
Population, see census. 


“Old Home Town.” Tributes in 
verse to the home of his youth, by 
Andrew Francis Lockhart, of Milbank. 


“Old Indian Days,” by Dr. Charles 
A. Eastman (q. v.) relating the phe- 
nomena of wild life among the Sioux, 
together with their views of spiritual 
things. 


“Old Indian Legends,” by Zitkala 
Sa. The author is a Yankton woman 
of mixed blood. She has gathered 
fourteen legends from the folklore of 
her people and told them very effect- 
ively. 


Old Lodge Creek is in north central 
Tripp County, tributary to the White 
River. 


Old Trail, a discontinued post office 
in eastern Haakon County. 


Olivet is the county seat of Hutch- 
inson County. 


Olsen, Chris, 1858- ; Trent; born 
in Denmark, December 13th; came to 
Dakota in 1876; engaged in farming 
and stock raising; member township 


566 


Olson, B. A. 


board; member House of Representa- 
tives in 1905 and 1907. 


Olson, B. A., 1885- ; White River; 
born at Arlington, Nebraska, July 29th; 
came to South Dakota in 1912; engag- 
ed in banking; held various county 
offices; mayor of White River for 
three years; member House of Repre- 
sentatives in 1923. 


Olson, B. O., 1873- ; Naples; 
born at Grimstad, Norway, September 
2nd; came to Clark County in 1883; 
afterwards engaged in farming and 
stock raising and taught several terms 
of school; held numerous township of- 
fices; member House of Representa- 
tives in 1905 and 1907. 


Olson, Christine, 1892- 31» Sioux 
Falls; born in Sioux Falls, October 
24th; credit manager; member House 
of Representatives in 1925. 


Olson, George C., 1867- FOVOlsa: 
born in Denmark, May 5th; came to 
South Dakota in 1898; engaged in 
farming and stock raising; held var- 
ious school and township offices; 
member House of Representatives in 
1921 and 1923. 


Olson, Lewis, 1864- ; Brookings; 
born in Norway, February 8th; came 
to this State in 1893; engaged in gen- 
eral farming; township clerk for twen- 
ty years; member House of Repre- 
sentatives in 1913 and 1915. 


Olson, Edward, M. A., Ph. D., 1847- 
1889; born in Norway, August 29; 
came to America, 1858; studied three 
years at Beloit College and graduated 
from Chicago University, 1873; stud- 
ied two years in France and Germany 
and graduated from Union Theological 
Seminary, N. Y. City, 1876; professor 
of modern languages and afterward of 


‘kota University, 


Olson, Ole Jr., (Detlie) 


Greek, Chicago University, 1876-1887, 
when he was chosen president of Da- 
at Vermillion; his 
success was phenomenal from the 
first; never has the institution been 
more prosperous. At Thanksgiving, 
1889, President Olson visited his not- 
able brother, General Severt Elbert 
Olson, of Minneapolis. On Saturday 
evening, November 30th, he was call- 
ing upon Nicolay Grevestad, editor of 
the “Minneapolis Tribune” in his of- 
fice on the sixth floor of the Tribune 
building, when the structure burst in- 
to flames. It was so sudden that 
nothing could be done but to make for 
the fire escapes; Dr. Olson and others 
reached the ladder upon the north 
side of the building at the sixth floor 
and started to descend, when some 
one from the 7th floor lost his hold, 
falling upon and breaking the hold of 
Dr. Olson and five others, all of whom 
fell to the earth and were. crushed 


to death. 

“Pioneer Press,’’ St. Paul, Dec. 1, 1889; 
“St. Paul Globe,’’ Dec. 2, 1889; ‘‘Catalogue 
of the University of Dakota,’’ 1889, p. 7; 


the ‘‘Alumni Quarterly,’’ October, 1923, p. 
107. 


Olsonan Meats ce mista Ll * - Mibore: 
born in Turner County, S. Dak.; en- 
gaged in the hardware business; held 
numerous school and county offices; 
mayor of Viborg for 11 years; post- 
master from 1904-16; member House 
of Representatives in 1925. 


Oison, O. H,,.l500- ; Florence; 
born in Norway, November 10th; 
came to South Dakota in 1880; prac- 
tical and successful farmer; member 
House of Representatives in 1913. 


Olson, Ole, Jr. (Detlie) born 
March 2, 1860. Has frequently been 
referred to as the first white child 


67 


Olson, O. R. 


born in Dakota. Farmer of Meckling. 
See Atkinson, Mary Houston. 


Olson, O. R., 1864- ; Summit; 
born in Norway, November 27th; 
came to South Dakota in 1892; engag- 
ed in general farming; held numer- 
ous township offices; member House 
of Representatives in 1915 and 1917. 


Olstad, C. E., 1879- ; Chester; 
born in Christiana, Norway, June 17th; 
came to South Dakota in 1899; engag- 
ed in banking business; deputy coun- 
ty treasurer of Minnehaha County for 
five years; member House of Repre- 
sentatives in 1911. 


Omaha. A Siouan tribe of Indians 
formerly seated on the Sioux River in 
the vicinity of Sioux Falls. Before 
1750 they were driven south of the 
Missouri River by the Sioux. They 
are now located in eastern Nebraska. 
The Indian office reports 1478 mem- 
bers of the tribe in 1924. They prob- 
ably were stronger a century ago. 
They first come into history in 1794 
when they occupied their present 
home on the Missouri River in Ne- 
braska. See Trudeau’s Expedition. 


Omaha Houses. Octogonal struc- 
tures about 50 feet in diameter erect- 
ed by the Sioux for dance houses. 
Probably adopted from the Omaha 
tribe. The dance is not encouraged 
by the Indian Bureau but notwith- 
standing these establishments are 
maintained upon some of the reser- 
vations. 


Omdahl, Samuel A., 1862- ; Ver- 
million; born in Jefferson County, 
Wisc.; came to Union County, S. Dak. 
in 1875; taught county and village 
schools and engaged in farming; clerk 
of courts, 1894; member House of 
Representatives in 1901 and 1905. 


Opposition Posts 


Omnibus Bill. The act of February 
22, 1888, providing for the admission 
of South Dakota, North Dakota, Mon- 
tana and Washington, usually known 
as the enabling act, which see. 


“Once their Home” is a book of 
historical sketches of Dakota and Da- 
kota people by Mrs. Frances Chamber- 
lain Holley, 1890. 


One Hundred Forty-seventh Regi- 
ment, Field Artillery. See War, 12 
(World War), 15 (Decoration of its 
flags by the French). 


One Stab. A Minneconjou Sioux, 
whom Custer surprised and detained 
in the Black Hills, 1874. 


Onida, a city and county seat in 
central Sully County. “The Onida 
Watchman,” established in 1883 is 
published. Population, see census. 


O’Neil a discontinued post office in 
northeastern Pennington County. 


O’Neil, John, 1824-1877; of Irish 
birth; splendid record in Civil War; 
leader of Fenian movement against 
Canada, 1865-1872. Promoted Brule 
City, Brule County, as a Fenian ren- 


dezvous; founded O’Neil, Nebraska. 
See Fenians. 
Onsgard, Henry A., 1887- ; born 


Edgerton, Wisconsin; M. A., U. of 
Wisconsin and Leipsic U.; Prof. Eur- 
opean History, Northern Normal. 


Oohenonpa. See Two-Kettle Band. 


Opal, post office in western Meade 
County. 


Opposition Posts. The most im- 
portant fur business was conducted 
upon the upper Missouri River until 
1827 by the Columbia Fur Company, 
which then united with Bernard 
Pratte & Co., who at St. Louis repre- 


568 


Optometry 


sented the Astor interests as_ the 
Fur Company. The particular divis- 
ion of the business operating above 
the mouth of the Big Sioux River was 
known as the Upper Missouri Outfit, 
or briefly U. M. O. Wherever these 
organizations, representing the Astor 
interests, set up a trading post the 
opposition also set up a small estab- 
lishment known as the opposition; 
the chief purpose of which was to 
compel Astor to buy them off at a 
round figure. As long as the fur trade 
lasted, the Astor people were kept 
busy buying out the opposition. 





Chittenden, 322-9. 

Optometry. Optometry is regulat- 
ed in South Dakota by a board of 
three members, appointed by the gov- 
ernor. No person shall practice op- 
tometry or measure the power of vis- 
ion, without first obtaining a license 
from this board. The board is self- 
sustaining. Its rules must be approv- 
ed by the South Dakota Association 
of Optometrists. No one but a li- 
censed optometrist may test the vis- 
ion for spectacles except with the 
lenses offered for sale. Glasses may 
only be sold at permanently located 
places of business. 





Code, 7756-7770. 

Oral, a village in northwest Fall 
River County. Named from the word 
meaning ‘“Uttered through _ the 
mouth.” The place was formerly 
known as Cheyenne Pit. 


Orations. See Literature of South 
Dakota, VIII, College Orations; 
Speeches. 

Orchid. Ten orchids are native to 


South Dakota; small, white Ladies’ 
Slipper, large Yellow Ladies’ Slipper, 
small yellow Ladies Slipper, tall 


Oreville 


green orchis, long-bracted  orchis, 
prairie white fringed orchis, hooded 
ladies’ tresses, lessler rattlesnake 
plantain, early coral root, large coral 
root. 

Ordway, a post office in central 
Brown County in the north part of 
State. 

Ordway, Nehemiah G., 1828-1909; 
seventh governor Dakota Territory; 
born in Warner, New Hampshire, No- 
vember 10; had a common school edu- 
cation and early engaged in commer- 
cial pursuits and politics; Lincoln ap- 
pointed him superintendent of mail 
transportation in New England in 
1862, but the next year he was chosen 
sergeant-at-arms of the House of Rep- 
resentatives, a position he occupied 
for twelve years, during which time 
he organized the Washington Market, 
and controlled that institution as long 
as he lived; he claimed residence in 
New Hampshire and from 1875 to 1880 
took an active part in politics there 
and was a member of the legislature 
during this period. Upon the death 
of Governor Howard, President Hayes 
appointed him governor of Dakota; 
he occupied the position four years 
(1880-84) in the time of the Dakota 
boom; he early attained a _ reputa- 
tion for using his position for person- 
al gain, especially in the matter of 
the organization of counties and the 
location of county seats, and his rep- 
utation is still sullied by his record 
in that direction; during his admini- 
stration the capital was removed from 
Yankton to Bismarck. He _ utterly 
failed to gain the confidence of the 
people of the Territory in his integ- 
rity. 

Oreville, a station 5 miles south of 
Hill City the post office in southern 
Pennington County. 


569 


Organic Act 


Organic Act. This is the act of 
Congress of March 2, 1861, creating 
Dakota Territory and providing for its 
government; it was in effect the fund- 
amental law—the constitution of the 
Territory. It provided for a governor, 
secretary, attorney-general, surveyor- 
general and a supreme court of three 
justices; also a legislative assembly 
and a marshal, all to be paid by the 
general government. All officers were 
appointed by the president and con- 
firmed by the senate, except that the 
legislature was to be elected by the 
people. The act provided for the elec- 
tion of a delegate to represent the 
Territory in Congress. It will be ob- 
served that the United States provid- 
ed a complete government for the Ter- 
ritory and paid the full cost of it. 

The legislature was empowered to 
legislate “upon all rightful subjects 
of legislation consistent with the con- 
stitution of the United States,” how- 
ever, a few limitations were imposed. 
It could not legislate upon the pri- 
mary disposal of the soil, or discrim- 
inate against non residents. The 
courts were given all ordinary powers. 
It provided that the governor should 
determine the time and place where 
the first legislature should assemble 
and the temporary seat of govern- 
ment until the same was determined 
by the legislature. In the first in- 
stance, the governor fixed the legis- 
lative and judicial districts; but the 
legislature was authorized to take 
such action in the premises as it saw 
fit. Notwithstanding the simplicity of 
the organic act, many questions arose 
as to the “constitutionality” of legis- 
lation, some of which were resolved 
by the courts as “unconstitutional.” 


Osterburg, J. E. 


Orient, a village in southern Faulk 
County. “The Argus,’ established in 
1901 is the only newspaper. 


Orleans, a post office in northern 
Faulk County. 


Orman, a discontinued post office in 
central Butte County. 


Ornithology. See Birds. 


Ortley, a town in southwestern Rob- 
erts County. “The View,” established 
in 1914 is the only newspaper. Pop- 
ulation, see census. 


Orton, a post office in northwestern 
Stanley County. 


Orton Flat is a fine, fertile table- 
land in northern Stanley County. It 
is several square miles in extent, in 
the midst of the very rough brakes of 
the Cheyenne River. 


Osceola, a village in northwestern 
Kingsbury County. 


Osteopathy. The practice of osteo- 
pathy is regulated in South Dakota 
through a board of ‘three appointed 
by the governor. The board is self 
supporting through fees received from 
licensing practitioners. ©The appli- 
cant for license must have studied 
three years in an approved school of 
osteopathy. Licensed osteopaths may 
not perform major surgical operations, 
but may practice obstetrics; and, ex- 
cept to surgery, have all the privi- 
leges granted other physicians. 





Code, 7720-7730. 


Osterberg, J. E., 1874- ; Salem; 
born in Minneapolis, Minn., June 19th; 
came to Dakota in 1882; engaged in 
farming and live stock raising; mem- 
ber House of Representatives in 1919 
and 1921. 


570 


Otte, Geo. B. 


Otte, Geo. B., 1875- ; Clark; born 
at Castle Rock, Minnesota, September 
11th; came to South Dakota in 1905; 
engaged in practice of law; served in 
World War, commissioned captain; 
member House of Representatives in 
1921, 1923 and 1925. 


Otherday, John, 1801-1869; a Sioux 
Indian born at Swan Lake, Minne- 
sota; became a Christian and render- 
ed heroic service for the protection 
of the whites at the time of the Spirit 
Lake Massacre, 1857, and Minnesota 
Massacre, 1862. He it was who came 
out to the James River, at Redfield, 
and rescued Abbie Gardner Sharp 
(1857). He is buried in an unmarked 
grave, 12 miles northwest of Wilmot, 
on the north bank of Big Coule Creek. 





IDakornan,. Lit, 204,°239;~Hist,, 1, III. 
Otis, a discontinued post office in 
northern Custer County. 


Ott, C. W., 1885- ; Spearfish; 
born at Bridgewater, S. Dak., Novem- 
ber 30th; engaged in banking; mem- 
ber House of Representatives in 1925. 


Otto, a discontinued post office in 
western Roberts County. 


HO#tto~.C. /H.,.1858- ; Tripp; born 
near Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Septem- 
ber; came to South Dakota in 1883; 
engaged in farming and breeding of 
thoroughbred Poland China swine and 
driving horses; held various township 
and school offices; member House in 
1907, 1909, 1911 and 1913. 


Ottumwa, a post office in southeast- 
ern Haakon County. 


“Our Wild Indians.” A study and 
narrative of the Indians of. the plains, 
chiefly the Sioux of South Dakota, by 
Colonel Richard I. Dodge of the regu- 
lar army. Colonel Dodge was much 


Owl Butte 


in South Dakota in the period of the 
Black Hills opening; first in the at- 
tempt to keep the miners out of the 
hills until treaty rights were estab- 
lished and then in command of the 
escort to the Jenney geological expe- 
dition of 1875. The book is dedicated 
to Gen. W. T. Sherman; was publish- 
ed in 1882. 


Ousel. See Birds. 
Outbreak, War of the. See under 
War, 5. 


Overholser, Eugene, 1870- ; Sel- 
by; born in Wolfdale, Woodbury Co., 
Iowa, December 4th; came to Wal- 
worth County in 1892; engaged in 
farming; first Postmaster at Evarts 
1901; member State Senate in 1907; 
member House of Representatives in 
1325: 


Oviatt, Frank, 1852- ; Broadland; 
born in Ohio, December 22nd; came 
to Beadle county in 1882 and engaged 
in farming; town clerk for sixteen 
years and school treasurer six years; 
member House of Representatives in 
1907. 


Owanka, a village in northern Pen- 
nington County. Named from the 
Sioux Indian word “Owanka” mean- 
ing Camp. ‘The Bee,” established in 
1908 is the newspaper. 


Owatoma, a discontinued post office 
in northeastern Harding County. 

Owen, Judson Q., 1888- ; born at 
Newman, Illinois, Oct. 1; A. B., Illi- 
nois Wesleyan; A. M., U. of Wiscon- 
sin; professor of English, Dakota 
Wesleyan, since 1922. 


Owl. See Birds. 


Owl Butte is near the Belle Fourche 
River in eastern Butte County. 


571 


Owl Creek 


Owl Creek, rising in the extreme 
northeast corner of Wyoming, runs 
down through Butte County to the 
Belle Fourche River. 


Ox. In the development of South 
Dakota the ox was an important and 
indispensable element. With a _ pa- 
tience and fortitude only exceeded by 
that of his master, he transported the 
pioneers and their household goods 
into the wilderness, where he logged 
the land, broke the sod, planted the 
crop, lugged it to market and for the 
most part made his living by the way, 
grazing the wild herbage between 
jobs. Literally, the great human wave 
Swept over the prairies to the meas- 
ured tread of the ox-team. Contrary 
to tradition, the ox was an intelligent 
creature who did his work with under- 
standing. If his master were equally 
intelligent and handled his cattle with 
respect and sympathy, the results 
were substantial and satisfactory. Not 
only was the ox the beast of burden; 
the drudging, trudging slave of the 
logging camp and the breaking plow; 
the motive power of the “bull train,’ 
but he frequnetly was the caparisoned 
Steed of the pleasure vehicle as well. 
The ox-race was a regular feature of 
the county fairs. He transported the 
guests to the balls and social gather- 
ings and added solemnity to the funer- 
al cortage. When he had outlived his 
usefulness under the yoke, his service 
was not ended; his hide was trans- 
formed into moccasins, boots and 
saddle leather, his horns into powder 
flasks and his flesh fattened the lard- 
er. No history of the West is com- 
plete or worthy that does not bear 


Oyster 


testimony to the important contribu- 
tion of the patient ox. 


Ox Trains. The freight-trains of 
wagons, drawn by oxen, which trans- 
ported supplies across the prairies 
prior to the building of the railroads 
and particularly the supply trains 
from the Missouri River to the Black 
Hills. Two or more wagons were 
hitched tandem and as many cattle 
yoked to them as were necessary to 
handle the load, varying with road- 
conditions. Usually there were eight 
yoke of cattle to three wagons. This 
system employed a minimum of team- 
sters and added to the convenience 
of fording streams and getting out of 
mudholes, by releasing one or more 
wagons as the necessity demanded. 
The teamsters became remarkably ex- 
pert in driving the cattle and hand- 
ling the loads. In South Dakota the 
system was employed from 1876 to 
1887, and there was a real romance at- 
tending the business. The heavy ma- 
chinery for the mines and a locomotive 
for a narrow gauge railroad were 
among the freight consignments 
handled by this transportation system, 
which was thoroughly organized for 
service. 


Oxtoby, Frederic B., 1881- ; born 
at Saginaw, Michigan, Oct. 20; A. B., 
U. of Michigan, B. D., McCormick 
Theol. Sem., studied in Palestine, Ber- 
lin; head of Bible and Religious Edu- 
cation Huron College. 


Oyster. Fossil oysters are found in 
great abundance in some localities, 
indicating that in the shallow waters 
of the old ocean South Dakota was a 
fine oyster bed. 


572 


Packing Industry 


Packing Industry. The packing in- 
dustry is in its infancy in S. Dakota. 
The John Morrell Packing Company 
has an extensive plant at Sioux Falls 
and is doing a successful business. 
There is a plant in operation at 
Watertown. A large co-operative 
plant has been built at Huron, but it 
has not been able to reach an ope- 
rative stage. It has passed into the 
hands of Armour & Co. who are (Aug- 
ust, 1925) preparing it for operation. 


Pack Saddle. The Sioux made a 
unique saddle from the pelvic bone of 
the buffalo. They were also able to 
shape this bone into a comfortable 
riding saddle. 


Pactola, is a village in northern 
Pennington County. Population, see 
census. 


Paddock, Orrin, 1876- ; Center- 
ville; born in Syracuse, N. Y., Novem- 
ber 16th; came to South Dakota in 
1880; engaged in farming and cattle 
feeding; held various local, township 
and school offices; member, House of 
Representatives in 1925. 


Pageant. Numerous historical pag- 
eants have been given in the State, 
but the most important and impress- 
ive was the “Pageant of Yankton,” 
written by Joseph Mills Hanson (q. 
v.) and given under his direction at 
the Garden Terrace Theatre of Yank- 
ton College in the summer of 1916. 
Many of the leading citizens took part 
in the exhibition, which carried with 
it a dramatic dialogue of high literary 
merit. 


Pahapesto, a discontinued post of- 
fice in northwestern Tripp County. 


“Paha Sapa, The Black Hills of 
South Dakota.” A history of the Black 
Hills published in 1905 by Father Pe- 


Palmer, Cornelius S. 


ter Rosen—a valuable historical rec- 
ord. 


Painter, -J. B., 1877- set Ol aeai) 
Des ‘Moines County, Iowa, Nov. 3rd; 
came to Colome in 1911; engaged in 
farming; taught school eight years; 
Spanish-American War veteran; mem- 


ber, House of Representatives in 
1925. 

Paintings, Mural, Portrait, Etc. See 
Art in the Capitol. 

Palace. See Corn Palace. 

Paleontology. Perhaps not else- 


where is the opportunity for the study 
of ancient life, in fossil remains, so 
favorable as in the Bad Lands of 
South Dakota and in portions of the 
Lance formation in the western part 
of the State. Scientists have flocked 
to this field for the past 80 years and 
the museums of the earth are filled 
with paleontological specimens from 
South Dakota, which cover an exceed- 
ingly wide range of material and of 
biological forms. 





See Fossils, Badlands, Petrifactions. 

Palisades. Most of the fur trading 
posts were palisaded with poles set 
close together and about 12 feet high, 
as a protection against Indians. 


Palisades of the Red Rock. Where 
streams have cut through the red 
quartzite at Dell Rapids and at Gar- 
retson there are most picturesque 
cliffs which are popularly called “the 
Palisades.” They are places of great 
interest and are becoming notable 
tourist resorts. 


Palmer, Cornelius S., 1844-1916; born 
in Vermont; veteran of the Civil War; 
lawyer, Yankton, 1882; associate jus- 
tice, supreme court of Dakota, 1884; 


573 


Palmer, F. C. 


lived in Sioux Falls after 1884; state 
senator, 1897. 





“Hist. Minn. Co.,’’ 644. 


Palmer, F. C., 1862- ; Waubay; 
born in Orange County, New York, 
July 29th; came to Day County. in 
1883 and engaged in farming; mem- 
ber, State legislature, 1907. 


Palmer, Ed. D., 1836-1917; native of 
NACA AE SE RD ; agent to the Grand 
River Sioux; surveyor; pioneer of 
Yankton. 


Palmer, P. P., 1844- PO DOrn=, int 
Oneida County, New York; educated 


at Baraboo Collegiate Institute; vet- 
eran of the Civil War; settled at 
Estelline 1883; member legislature 


1889; 
1893. 


agent Cheyenne River Sioux 


Panning is the popular method of 
obtaining gold from placers. The min- 
er without capital, by the investment 
of a few cents in a pan and shovel 
is equipped to embark in a mining 
venture and frequently makes good 
money. In every gold district in the 
Black Hills there are old men who 
have passed their lives in prospecting 
and panning. 


“Pantograph, The,” the first news- 
paper in Sioux Falls after the return 
of the settlers who were driven away 
in the Indian uprising of 1862, was 
called the ‘Dakota Panograph,”’ pub- 
lished by W. F. Kiter until 1877; it 
was revived afterwards and was the 
foundation of “The Sioux Falls Press.” 


Papin’s House was a common desig- 
* nation of the French trading post on 
the south side of Bad River, near 
Fort Pierre, in 1828-31. 


Parker, William H. 


Parade is a station 7 miles east of 
Eagle Butte, its post office in south- 
western Dewey County. 


Parade Creek is a northern branch 
of the Cheyenne River in Armstrong 
County. 


Pardee, Arthur McCoy, 1885- ‘ 
born at Rochester, N. Y., March 27; 
A. B., Washington and Jefferson Col- 
lege, Ph. D., John Hopkins; head of 
department of Chemistry, S. D. U. 
since 1920. 


Parfleche is the French name for a 
container found in every Indian 
household, made of raw hide, folded, 
the front being decorated with bright 
colors. It is used for packing dried 
meat and pemican. 


Paris is a post office in northwest- 
ern Corson County. 


Parker is a city in northwestern 
Turner County. It was named for 
the family name of the wife of one 
of the officers of the C. & N. W. R. R. 
It is the trade center of a grain and 
livestock region. “The New Era,” es- 
tablished in 1875 and “The Press 
Leader,” in 1884, are the only news- 
papers. Population, see census. 


Parker, Francis J., 1885- ; Dead- 
wood; born in Deadwood, S. Dak., Oc- 
tober 20th; engaged in private prac- 
tice of law; city attorney for Spear- 
fish, three years; state’s attorney for 
Lawrence County from 1916 to 1921; 
member, State legislature, 1921. 


Parker, Csner H., 1842- >; super- 
intendent of schools, Brookings coun- 
ty; first commissioner, school and pub- 
lic lands, 1889-91. 


Parker, William H., 1847-1908; born. 
in Keen, Cheshire County, New Hamp- 
shire, May 5th; Civil War veteran; 


574 


Parkman, Francis 


grad. from Columbian University Law 
School, Washington, D. C., 1868; was 
collector of internal revenue (1874) 
assistant U. S. attorney and U. S. at- 
torney for Colorado; came to Dead- 
wood, S. D., 1877 and practiced law; 
State’s attorney, Lawrence County, 
1903-6; member, constitutional con- 
vention, 1885 and legislature, 1889; 
member of Congress, 1907-8. 


Parkman, Francis, American his- 
torian, 1823-1893; visited Fort Lara- 
mie in 1845 and wrote extensively of 
matters of Dakota interest and of 
many individuals then resident of this 
region. He was never in Dakota, al- 
though many infer that he was, from 
reading his “Oregon Trail.” 


Park, Custer State Game. See Black 
Hills. 


Parks. There are numerous public 
parks in South Dakota—indeed al- 
most every city has one that is a 
source of local pride. Some that have 
come into more than local prominence 
are the Chamberlain City Park upon 
American Island; the Sherman and 
McKennan Parks in Sioux Falls; Mel- 
gaard Park in Aberdeen, and River- 
side Park in Pierre. 


Parks, John F.,, 1860- +2 SEL Ot 
Springs; born near Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, May 2nd; came to South Da- 
kota in 1890; engaged in banking 
business; county auditor for several 
years; member, State senate, 1913. 


Parks, Ross E., 1858- soLily, Day 
County; born at LeRoy, Illinois, Oc- 
_tober 9th; came to South Dakota in 
1883; engaged in farming and grain 
business; first postmaster of town of 
Lily; State Senator in 1901 and 1911. 

Parkston is a city in ‘northern 
Hutchinson County. “The Advance,” 


Parties, Political 


established in 1883, is the newspaper. 
Population, see census. 


Park, Wind Cave National. The fed- 
eral government has established a 
National Park of a township in ex- 


tent about Wind Cave, in Custer 
County. See Caves. 
Parliman, R:. W., Jr., 1889- ; 


Sioux Falls; born at Britton, S. Dak., 
September 20th; attorney at law; 
member, legislature, 1919 and 1921. 


Parmley, Harry T., 1860- ; born 
in Wisconsin; merchant, Sioux Falls, 
1881; member, legislature, 1901; war- 
den penitentiary, 1906. 


Parmley, Joseph W., 1861- ; Ip- 
Swich; born at Mifflin, Wisconsin, Jan- 
uary 12th; chairman of first Republi- 
can convention in Edmunds County 
in 1883; helped name and plat the 
town of Roscoe, published “Roscoe 
Herald;” held numerous county  of- 
fices; engaged in real estate business; 
carries on farming operations and is 


interested in thoroughbred _ stock; 
practices real estate law; member, 
State legislature, 1905 and _ 1907; 
founder Yellowstone Trail; State 
Highway Commissioner, 1925. 
Parrott, Jacob L., 1876- ; Timber 


Lake; born at Ida Grove, Iowa, Aug- 
ust 23rd; came to South Dakota in 
1892; veteran Spanish American War; 
receiver in U. S. land office from 1911 
to 1915; member, legislature, 1909, 
OTL and 1917. 


Parties, Political. The democratic 
and republican parties have always 
been the leading political organiza- 
tions in South Dakota, combatting in 
every campaign. The republican has 
usually been dominant in Territory 
and State. In 1890 the Independent 


575 


Parsnips 


party was’ organized (commonly 
known as the populist) it was a fac- 
tor during the ensuing eight years; 
twice, by fusion with the democrats, 
controlling the legislature and in two 
terms electing the governor. The pro- 
hibition party consistently maintained 
an organization since statehood and 
usually placed a ticket upon the bal- 
lot. The Socialist and the Social- 
Labor parties have participated in 
some elections. The Non-Partisan 
League placed tickets in the field in 
1918 and 1920. The Farmer-Labor 
party has effected an organization and 
placed a ticket in the field in 1924. 
See Election Returns. 


Parsnips. The wild parsnip is na- 
tive in all parts of the State. 

Parsnips, H. W., 1868- ; Tama, 
Meade County; born near Spencer, 
West Virginia, August 22nd; came to 
South Dakota in 1908; engaged in 
farming and stock raising; held var- 


ious township and _ school offices; 
member, legislature, 1923. 
Parsons, J. W., 1874- ‘. DOL 


Grant County; came to Hurley, Turn- 
er Co., 1885; engaged in farming; held 
various township and school district 
offices; member, legislature, 1911 and 
1913. 


Partnership. A partnership, under 
South Dakota law, is an association 
of two or more persons for the carry- 
ing on of business together and di- 
viding the profits between them; it 
is formed by the consent of all par- 
ties thereto, and no new member can 
be admitted without the consent of 
every member of the firm; partner- 
ship property consists of all that is 
contributed to the common stock and 
and all that is acquired thereby; the 
interest of every partner extends to 


Pasture 


every portion of the property; part- 
ners share in the profits and losses 
of the partnership business in pro- 
portion to the amount of the contri- 
bution of each to the partnership; all 
property acquired with partnership 
funds is partnership property; the re- 
lations of partners are confidential 
and each is the trustee for the other; 
good faith must be used in all trans- 
actions between partners and each 
must account for everything he re- 
ceives from the business; a partner 
is not entitled to compensation for 
services rendered the partnership; 
each partner is an agent for the part- 
nership; in all things pertaining to 
the ordinary conduct of the business 
he may bind his partners by a writ- 
ing; he cannot however, make an as- 
signment for the benefit of creditors; 
dispose of the good will of the busi- 
ness, dispose of the partnership 
property in bulk, confess a judg- 
ment, or submit a partnership claim 
to arbitration; he may not engage 
in any business adverse to the part- 
nership; each partner is liable per- 
sonally for all the debts and obliga- 

tions of the partnership. . 





Code, 1295-1364. | 


in the Missouri. 
Sully-Potter 


Pascal Island is 
River just above the 
County line. 


Pass Creek is a southern tributary 
to the White River in Washabaugh 
County. 


Pasture. Before settlement all of 
the State was a great pasture over 
which countless herds of buffalo, elk, 
deer and antelope roamed and fatten- 
ed. After settlement, domestic ani- 
mals have taken the place of the wild 
ones and the region west of the Mis- 


576 


Pasque Flower 


souri has remained chiefly a vast pas- 
ture for cattle, horses and sheep. See 
Brands; Ranging Stock. 


The State flower 
See Anemone. 


Pasque Flower. 
of South Dakota. 


Pasque is a discontinued post office 
in northeastern Perkins County. 


Pasque, The. The junior annual of 
the Northern Normal and Industrial 
School, Aberdeen. This has been pub- 
lished regularly since 1904 and is a 
graphic record of school life. 


Paterson, David, 1856- ; Lake 
Preston; born in Scotland, October 
7th; came to South Dakota in 1881; 
sucessful farmer and stock raiser; 
held a number of township offices; 
State Senator in 1913 and 1915. 


Pathfinder. Popular name for John 
C. Fremont. 

Patrick, George H., 1871- > Wag- 
ner; born in Canada, March 5th; 


came to South Dakota in 1899; engag- 
ed in farming; register of deeds of 
Charles Mix County for two terms; 
member, legislature, 1913. 


Patridge, Albert L., 1846- * born 
in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, Sept. 28; 
farmer; settled near Milbank 1879; 
member territorial house 1889; South 
Dakota house 1889. 


“The Patriot.” A novel by Thomas 
Stubbins—a former citizen of Red- 


- field. 


Patriotic Societies. Among the pat- 
riotic societies established in the 
State, are the Grand Army of the 
Republic, the American Legion, Wom- 
an’s Relief Corps, Sons of Veterans, 
American Legion Auxiliary; Daugh- 
ters of the American Revolution, Sons 
of the American Revolution, Colonial 
Dames, and Society of Colonial Wars, 


Patten, John H. 


each of which is treated under the 
name of the society. 


Pattee, Col. John, 1921-1901; born 
Canada; Capt., 14th Iowa Infantry, 
1861, when he commanded Fort Ran- 
dall, Dakota Ter.; Major, 41st Iowa 
Inf., 1862; lieut-colonel, 7th Iowa Cav., 
1863; did good service in Gen. Sully’s 
campaign, and battle of Killdeer Mt., 
1864; made brevet brig.-general for 
faithful and meritorius service dur- 
ing the Civil War. Died, Hot Springs, 
>. U., Nov. 30. 





“Reminiscences’’ in Hist. V, 273. 

Pattee, Gen. Joseph B., 1836- : 
born in Canada, rose from 2nd lieut. 
to be brevet brigadier general in Civ- 
il War. Pioneer of Lincoln County. 


Patterson, Charles A., 1871- : 
born at Winthrop, Iowa, August 16th; 
came to McIntosh, Corson County, in 
1910; engaged in farming; stock rais- 
ing and real estate; mayor of MclIn- 
tosh and U. S. Commissioner; mem- 
ber, Senate of North Dakota in 1903-4; 
member, legislature, 1913. 


Patterson, Ernest O., 1874- ; Dal- 
las; born at Greenfield, Adair County, 
Iowa, October 5th; attorney; attorney 
in office of U. S. Secretary of the 
Interior; State Senator, 1913; judge 
eleventh circuit, 1924. 


Patterson, Frederick B., 1864- : 
Lebanon; born at Smethport, Pennsyl- 
vania; February 19th; came to South 
Dakota in 1889; engaged in real es- 
tate business and farming; county 
judge, Potter Co., 1897-1901; member, 
legislature, 1913, 1915 and 1917. 


Patten, John H., 1843- ; born in 
Tompkins County, New York, October 
29; member constitutional convention 
of 1885; member of territorial as- 


577 


Patton, John D. 


sembly 1887 and of the council in 
1889. 


Patton, John D., 1842-19....; born in 
Adams County, Illinois, Sept. 28; vet- 
eran of the civil war; member terri- 
torial legislature from Lawrence 
County in 1887 and 1889; removed to 
Rapid City and engaged in hotel busi- 
ness; member state legislature 1909. 


Paul, May. See Mazakutemani. 


Paulson, P. S., 1882- ; Hudson; 
born in Lincoln County, S. Dak., June 
9th; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; member, legislature, 1915 and 
LSoTt. 


“Paul Traver’s Adventures.” A boy’s 
book of adventures by Sam Travers 
Clover. Said to be the personal ex- 
periences, somewhat embellished, of 
Mr. Clover’s career. See Clover, S. T. 


Paupers. See Poor-Relief. 


Pawnee. A Caddoan tribe of Indians 
residing in historic times on the Loup 
River in northern Nebraska and rang- 
ing into South Dakota. They were of 
the same stock and closely related to 
the Arickara of South Dakota. 


Pawnee Island is in the Missouri 
River at the mouth of Ponca Creek. 


Payne, Byron §S., 1876- ; born in 
Clay County February 2; educated in 
State University and the Law School 
of Minnesota; city attorney Pierre; 
assistant attorney general 1915-1919; 
attorney general 1919-1923; resides in 
Pierre where he has been president 
First National Life Insurance Com- 
pany. 

Payne, Jason E., 1874- ; born in 
Glay County JaniiZ2anAceBs. BaSeeDs 
studied law in University of Minne- 
sota; Senator 1903-5; prof. of law, U. 
S. D. since 1905; editor Alumnus. 


Pearson, John B. 


Peterson, Edwin M., 1896- ; born 
Grinnell, Iowa, Oct. 4; A. B., Grin- 
nell; grad. work Chicago U.; prof. His- 
tory, Eastern Normal. 


Paxton is a discontinued post of- 
fice in southwestern Gregory County. 


Pea. There are seventy-four mem- 
bers of the pea family among the na- 
tive legumes of South Dakota. Bulle- 
tin 64, Experiment Station. 


Peabody, Helen S., Principal, All 
Saints School, Sioux Falls, 1885-1920. 





SHist.. Minn. Com. (650: 


Peace Policy, Grant’s. 
Grant’s Church Policy. 


See Sioux, 


Peaks is a railroad station 1 mile 
north of Sioux Falls, its post office. 


Pearl. The streams of southeastern 
South Dakota have fine pearl fisheries 
and the lower James, Vermillion and 
Sioux Rivers have been worked out 
by expert pearl hunters, who find the 
gems in the clams that inhabit the 
waters. It was an important indus- 
try until the beds had been exhaust- 
ed, employing numerous men. 


Pearl Creek rises in the middle co- 
teau in Clark County and runs south- 
west to the James River in southern 
Beadle County. An eastern branch 
rises in Kingsbury County and runs 
through Iroquois. 


Pearson, John B. The vital record 
of this man, who discovered the gold 
placer in the vicinity of Deadwood 
and later the mother-lode at Lead, has 
not been found. He had mined in 
California in 1852 and subsequently 
in British Columbia and Australia; 
when Gen. Custer’s report of the gold 
discovery was made public he was 
living in Yankton, where he had a 
wife and daughter. Leaving them in 


578 


Pearson, John E. 


Yankton in the spring of 1875, he ven- 
tured into the Hills and with several 
others was in Deadwood Gulch as 
early as August of that year. They 
prospected the region but did not get 
sufficient gold to give them encour- 
agement, so they abandoned the cabin 
they had built and went to the south- 
ern Hills; Pearson, at least, visited 
Laramie that fall; returning to Custer 
he again sought Deadwood Gulch and 
there in December he found rich plac- 
er. He made up a party of acquaint- 
ances then in the Hills, consisting of 
Al and William Gay, of Yankton, and 
men named Dan Meckles, Joe Ingles- 
by and “Dad” Haggart. These men 
took placers which they owned indi- 
vidually, but agreed that any lode dis- 
covered should be partnership prop- 
erty. During the winter Pearson com- 
municated with a party, of whom Wil- 
liam Lardner was leader operating 
in the South Hills, and early in April, 
1876, Lardner came into the North- 
ern Hills and by mutual consent a 
mining district was organized and Lard- 
ner made recorder. From that time min- 
ers flocked into the region. That spring 
Pearson located the Giant and Old 
Abe mines, which were afterward 
taken over and developed by the 
Homestake Mine. 


Pearson, John E., 1868- ; Hillis, 
Minnehaha Co.; born in Sweden, June 
3rd; came to Dakota in 1878; engag- 
ed in general farming and stock rais- 


ing; State Senator, 1911, 1915, 1917 
and 1919. 

Peart, John E., 1867- SyDOrDeat 
Morris, Illinois, March 6; came to 


Flandreau in 1883; mayor 8 years; 
state highway commissioner, 1925. 


Peckham, Frank D., 1877- ; Alex- 
andria, Hanson County; born at Sey- 


Pelican Lake 


mour, Wisconsin March 20th; came to 
South Dakota in 1879; engaged in 
banking and breeding of pure bred 
cattle; city treasurer, 7 years; State 
Senator, 1917; brother of John W. 





Kingsbury, V, 168. 


Peckham, John Wallace, 1873- : 
Parkston, Hutchinson County; born in 
Portage, Wisconsin, March 10th; came 


to South Dakota in 1879; studied in 
Yankton College; publisher of “Alex- 
andria Journal,’ 1895-1902, and of 


“Parkston Advance,” since 1904; State 
oil inspector, 1909-13; State Senator, 
1915;,,1917; bro.. of Frank. D. 





Kingsbury, V, 198. 


Pederson, Peder M.,  1859- : 
Lynn; born in Norway, June 8th; lo- 
cated in Day County in 1886, engag- 
ing in farming; held numerous town- 
ship offices; president of Farmers’ 
Mutual Insurance Co., Day County; 
vice-president of Lynn Telephone Co.; 
member, legislature, 1909. 


Pedro is a post office 40 miles north 
of Wall, its banking point in north- 
eastern Pennington County. 


Peever is a city in southern Roberts 
County. Population, see census. 


Peewee. See Birds. 


Pierce, Ellis T. (Bear Tracks), 1846- 
| ; born in Lancaster County, Penn.; 


Civil War veteran; located in the Black 


Hills in March, 1876; sheriff of Cus- 
ter and Pennington Counties in the 
early days; member, legislature, from 
Fall River County, 1908. 


Pelican Lake is adjacent to the city 
of Watertown, the twin sister of Lake 
Kampeska. It has been made a reser- 
voir for the overflow of the Big Sioux 
River. . 


579 


Pendar, Oliver S. 


Pendar, Oliver S., 1857- ; born 
in Massachusetts; postmaster, Salem, 
1879; clerk, U. S. Circuit Court, Sioux 
Falls, from 1890. 





“Hist. Minn. Co.’’, 653. 


Penitentiary. The first territorial 
legislature located the penitentiary at 
the village of Bon Homme, but noth- 
ing came of the action. In 1879 Rich- 
ard F. Pettigrew secured the passage 
of a bill locating the penitentiary at 
Sioux Falls and got a bond issue of 
$45,000 for its construction. The plant 
has used $374,000 for lands and build- 
ings and maintenance has cost the 
State $2,334,584. It has a capacity for 
250 convicts, who are employed in 
farming and gardening and in the 
manufacture of binding twine. Some 
are detailed for road building. At the 
last official report there were 323. 





Report Board of Charities and Correct- 
10Nns. 

Pennington County. Created, 1875; 
organized, 1877; named for John L. 
Pennington (q. v.); bounded on west 
by Wyoming; on south by line ten 
miles south of 44th parallel of lati- 
tude until the same is intersected by 
Cheyenne River; thence up_ said 
stream to the intersection of the 
northern boundary of the Pine Ridge 
Indian Reservation; thence east along 
said reservation line to the main chan- 
nel of White River to the intersection 


of the 102d meridian west of Green- 


wich; thence north along said merid- 
ian to the center of the main channel 
of Cheyenne River; thence up the 
main channel of Cheyenne River until 
it intersects a line ten miles north of 
the 44th parallel of latitude; thence 
west upon such line and so parallel 
to such parallel of latitude to the 
western boundary of South Dakota, 


Pennington, John L. 


Code, p. 149; settled, 1875; County 
seat, Rapid City; seat of State School 
of Mines and State Cement plant. 


Population, see census. Area, 1,786,- 
880 acres. 
Pennington, Fred, - ; Lead; 


born at Beloit, Wis.; grad., Beloit Col- 
lege; started the first drug store in 
Hill City, Pennington County; later 
engaged in manufacturing brick and 
extensively interested in mining prop- 
erties in western South Dakota and 
eastern Wyoming; member, legisla- 
ture, 1905, 1907. 


Pennington, John L., 1821-1900; fifth 
governor of Dakota Territory. He was 
born in New Berne, North Carolina; 
he remained in the South during the 
Civil War, but did not serve in it; he 
was a hewspaper man, publishing 
“The Columbian,” at Columbia, South 
Carolina, in 1856 and the “Daily Pro- 
gress” in New Berne, from 1857 until 
1862 when the city was captured by 
the Federal forces in March; he re- 
sumed the publication under Federal 
protection in November, 1862 and con- 
tinued it until 1866, when he went to 
Alabama and was a member of the 
reconstruction legislature until ap- 
pointed to Dakota by Pres. Grant. He 
served from January, 1874 to May, 
1878 and was a wise and prudent ex- 
ecutive; in 1878 he was appointed Col- 
lector of Internal revenue for the dis- 
trict of Dakota and held the position 
five years. He then returned to his 
first love and established the ‘“Weekly 
Telegram” at Yankton, which he pub- 
lished with vigor until 1891, when he 
returned to the South and resided at 
Anniston, Alabama, until his death. 
Pennington County was named for 
him. He was a bluff, outspoken citi- 
zen who brought considerable means 


580 


Penn, James, Jr. 


to Dakota, which he wisely invested 
for the development of the commun- 
ity; he left a respected record. 


Penn, James, Jr., an employe of 
Gen. W. H. Ashley, killed by the Rees, 
June 2, 1823. 


Peno is a post office in southeastern 
Hyde County. 


Penville is a post office in northern 
Harding County. 


“People of Tipi Sapa.” The story 
of the life and relations of Rev. Philip 
Deloria, a minister of the Episcopal 
Church, by Sarah Emilia Olden, 
(1918). . Philip DeLoria is a Yankton 
Sioux of full blood and has been a 
wonderfully useful missionary to his 
own people. The book is filled with 
important incidents delightfully told. 
It has an introduction by Bishop Burl- 
eson. 


“People’s Problem, The’’—a book on 
state socialism, by William H. Lyon, 
(q. v.). This is believed to be the 
first copyrighted book printed in Da- 
kota Territory. Sioux Falls, 1885. 


Peoria Bottom. The first bottom on 
the eastern side of the Missouri River 
above Pierre; it contains about ten 
thousand acres of very fertile land. 
It took its name from the steamboat 
“Peoria Belle,’ which supplied Gen. 
Sully’s military camp located upon the 
bottom in 1863. Inthe winter of 1855-6 
Harney wintered two cantonments 
of soldiers there. Oahe an _ Indian 
Mission of the Congregational Church, 
was located there in 1873 because 
Chief Yellow Hawk’s band of 300 
friendly Sioux was there. 





Hist. esis os, 139% 154-65. 166: 
Performance. In law, “that which 

ought to have been done is to be re- 

garded as done in favor of him to 


Perkins, John C. 


whom, and against him, from whom, 
performance is due. 





Codec, 


Perisho, Ellwood Chappell, 1862- — ; 
born at Westfield, Indiana, Sept. 7; B. 
S., Earlham College; Geologist, State. 
University, 1903-1914; president State 
College 1914-1919; Chautauqua lectur- 
er; War Service in France, 1918-19; in 
Guilford College since 1921. 


Perkins is a discontinued post office 
in northern Bon Homme County. 


Perkins County. Created, 1908; or- 
ganized, 1909; named for Henry E. 
Perkins of Sturgis; bounded on the 
north by North Dakota, on the east 
by the 102d meridian, on the west by 
the line between ranges 9 and 10 east 
of B. H. meridian; on the south by 
the 3rd standard parallel north. Coun- 
ty seat, Bison; population, see census; 
area, 1,864,960 acres. 





Code, p. 149. 
Perkins, Daniel Reese, 1871- = 
Bison; born at Papillion, Nebraska, 


December 27th; came to South Da- 
kota in 1907; lawyer, editor’ and en- 
gaged in ranching; county judge of 
Perkins County, 1909 to 1913; mem- 
ber, legislature, 1921, 1923; State Sen- 
ator, 1925. 


Perkins, Henry E., 1864- AS HOLS 
in Windsor County, Vermont, Decem- 
ber 1st; came to Deadwood, S. D., 
1883; engaged in the banking business 
in Sturgis since 1888; .mayor, 1900; 
Stare -oenalor, i900; Leu. and LoL: 
Perkins County was named for him, 


Perkins, John C., 1870- ; born in 
New Chester township, Adams Coun- 
ty, Wis., March 14th; came to S. Dak. 
in 1886; engaged in newspaper busi- 
ness in Roberts County, 1887-96; clerk 


581 


Perley, George A. 


of courts, 1897-1903; member, city 
council, Sisseton, 1902-3; Commission- 
of Insurance, 1902-7. 


Perley, George A., 1849- ; Flan- 
dreau; born in Marquette County, 
Wisconsin, November 18th; came to 
-Flandreau, 1876, and engaged in farm- 
ing; member, Canton Constitutional 
Convention of 1882; census enumerat- 
or, 1885; State Senator, 1911. 





Robinson, 1157. 


Perrin, Rev. David J., D. D., 1868- 
Ve... ; born at Aylesworth, Kent, Eng- 
land, September 1; graduate of Yank- 
ton, and his alma mater gave him 
his Divinity degree in 1922. He is 
also a graduate of Chicago Theologi- 
cal Seminary; became assistant sup- 
erintendent of the South Dakota Con- 
gregational Conference in 1912 and 
superintendent in 1921. 


Perrin du Lac was a Frenchman 
from Paris who visited the West in 
1801 and ascended the Missouri as 
far as the mouth of White River. He 
kept a rather irregular account of his 
trip; was not a good observer and 
his conclusions have been the _ sub- 
ject of severe criticism. The portion 
of the account pertaining to Dakota 
is as follows: 


“Twenty miles from the Mahas (the 
Omaha located at Blackbird Bluff, in 
eastern Nebraska) is the second river 
of the Sioux, (the Big Sioux) * * #* 
Three miles below the Poncas village 
is the Rapid River (Niabrara) which 
at its mouth is seventy fathoms wide; 
it is so rapid and shallow that it can- 
not be navigated by a boat. The 
Poncas nation to which I walked from 
the Running River contains three 
hundred fifty warriors, notwithstand- 
ing the ravages of the small pox. One 


5 


Perrin du Lac 


of my crew had a pair of silver ear- 
rings upon which a young savage ap- 
peared to have fixed his heart. He 
offered him in exchange furs of*more 
than twenty times their value, but no 
offer seemed sufficient and no im- 
portunity could prevail. He waylaid 
the possessor, shot him in the neck 
with an arrow and left him for dead. 
He stripped off the ear rings and pro- 
ceeded with an air of satisfaction to 
me and presented what he had before 
offered for the trinkets which were 
then suspended from his ears. As 
soon as I was informed of what had 
happened. I hastened to the spot and 
found the sailor motionless and al- 
most dead; the arrow still remained 
in his neck. One of the warriors ex- 
tracted it from the wound, upon which 
he laid a plant which he had previous- 
ly masticated and made some signs 
to implore, as he said, the aid of the 
great Manitou. On my return I found 
the whole crew under arms prepar- 
ing to revenge themselves on the sup- 
posed murderer. I assured them the 
man would recover and by this means 
rendered them more calm. The next 
day he was wholly recovered and 
therefore we judged it proper to em- 
bark and ascended the Missouri as far 
as White River which I had fixed as 
the boundary of my voyage. We here 
found a part of the Chaguyenne (Chey- 
enne) nation composed of about 120 
men; the greatest part of them never 
having seen a white man looked at us 
and our clothing with great astonish- 
ment. 

At a little distance from the mouth 
of White River I perceived a moun- 
tain, (Bijou Hill) more elevated than 
any of those on the banks of the Mis- 
souri. The weather being extremely 
fine I took with me my two hunters, 


82 


Perry Creek 


my interpreter and a young savage 
for a guide. When we had ascended 
it (the hill) half way the cold became 
very. sensible and we had brought 
nothing to defend us from it. My 
companions lighted a large fire near 
which we slept during the night. At 
day break we continued and before 
sunrise had gained the summit. The 
green that surrounded us presented 
the appearance of a calm sea. Some 
of my companions having shot a calf 
and some squirrels we regaled our- 
selves on them. 


I proposed to employ some little 
time in raising a monument which 
might one day attract the attention of 
travelers in those distant countries.’ 
For want of stone I used wood and 
having cut some cedars 20 inches in 
diameter, cleared the trunks and made 
them square; these we fixed in the 
ground so that each side was turned 
toward one of the cardinal points. On 
one side I engraved my name with 
this inscription, Sitis Cognoscendi; on 
another those of all my companions; 
on another Deo et Naturae; and on 
the fourth the date of our arrival. On 
the 26th of August (1801) we set out 
to return to St. Louis,’’ (where they 
arrived on September 20). 





Perrin du Lac’s “Travels in Louisiana.’”’ 
Houck’s ‘History of Missouri,’’ I, Le 
For Perrin du Lac’s map of the Missouri 
see paster in back of Hist. VII. 

Perry Creek is the outlet to Scat- 
terwood Lake and runs directly south 


into Snake Creek (Faulk Co.). 


Perry, J. Henry, 1866- ; White 
River, Mellette Co.; born at Stamp- 
ing Ground, Kentucky, March 30; 


came to South Dakota in 1906; is in 
U. S. Indian Service teaching and 
ranching; member, legislature, 1919, 
1921. 


or 


Peterson, P. J. 


Peterman, Dr. A. L., 1852-1917; na- 
tive of Indiana; graduate of Iowa Un- 
iversity; in practice in Turner Coun- 
ty from 1879. State senator, 1891. 


Peters, Ben., 1871- ; Canistota, 
McCook Co.; born in Russia, May 
17th; came to Yankton in 1874 and 
later moved to Turner County; was 
deputy county sheriff, 1896-8; city 
alderman, Parker, 1900; engaged in 
real estate and banking; member, 
legislature, 1907. 

Peterson, Andrew, 1858- ; born 


in Sweden, October 7th; came to Sum- 
mit, Roberts Co., S. D., 1892; engaged 
in farming; held various town and 


school offices; member, legislature, 
1913. 
Peterson, J. M., 1872- ; Beres- 


ford; born in Norway on December 
25th; came to Lincoln County in 1873 
and engaged in farming; held various 
township offices; member, legislature, 
1907,.1909. 


Peterson, John, 1850- ; Albany, 
Lawrence Co.; born in Ruttebyll, 
Schleswig, Germany, October 27th; 


came to Black Hills in 1876; engaged 
in farming and mining and for four- 
teen years was road supervisor; mem- 
ber, legislature, 1899, 1901, 1905 and 
1907; 


Peterson, M. B., 1859- ; Bradley, 
Clark Co.; born near Bergen, Nor- 
way, November 15th; came to Dakota 
in 1887; engaged in farming; held 
numerous township offices; member, 
legislature from Day County, 1893; 
from Clark County, 1915. 


Peterson, P. J., 1862- are Ske Baws hee 
Deuel Co.; born in Norway, February 
12th; came to Dakota in 1880; a grain 
dealer; member, legislature, 1917, 


~ 1919, 1921. 
83 


Peterson, P. W. 


Peterson, P. W., 1860- ; Vermil- 
lion; born in Sweden, May ist; came 
to South Dakota in 1868; agricultur- 
ist and stock raiser; member, State 
Board of Agriculture, 1907-8; member, 
legislature, 1909, 1911. 


Petrifactions. Western South Da- 
kota is rich in petrifactions of ani- 
mal and floral remains. These are 
widely distributed through the lance 
formation and embrace almost every 
form of ancient life. Petrifactions 
are not as usually believed a turning 
of other materials into stone, but a 
perfectly natural process by which 
wood or bone absorbs lime water from 
the soil in wet periods; the water is 
evaporated during dry periods leav- 
ing the lime; in process of time the 
softer material decays and disappears, 
leaving the lime in possession of the 
mold; in further process and under 
peculiar conditions the lime through 
metamorphism turns to some more 
compact and more highly crystalline 
condition. Flesh has not been known 
to petrify, and in the nature of things 
is scarcely capable of doing so; con- 
sequently all supposed petrifactions 
of the human form as the ‘Forest 
City Man” must be taken as fraudu- 
lent. 

Pettengill, Captain Andrew J., 1829- 
born in Maine; sea captain; 
promoter of the great packing plant 
south of Sioux Falls, 1890. 





SHist. Minny 'Co:72 16595 

Pettigrew, Fred R., 1850-1901; born 
in Vermont; lawyer and _ surveyor; 
archeologist; collected the relics of 
the stone age which are the founda- 
tion of the Pettigrew Museum, Sioux 
Falls; Brother of Richard F. (q. v.). 


Pettigrew, Richard Franklin, 


seventh delegate in Congress 


1848-_ 


Pharmacy 


from Dakota Territory, 1881-1883; 
United States Senator, 1889-1901; 
born in Ludlow, Vermont; with his 


parents went to Wisconsin, 1854; edu- 
cated at Beloit College and Wisconsin 
University; lawyer; settled in Sioux 
Falls, 1869; member, territorial legis- 
lative council, 1877, 1879 and 1885; in 
the U. S. Senate he took ground in 
strong opposition to the conservative 
opinions of his native New England 
and being gifted with a talent for 
irony acquired a reputation for biting 
cynicism in debate. Upon retiring 
from Congress he engaged in the prac- 
tice of law in New York for several 
years and accumulated a comfortable 


fortune, when he returned to Sioux 


Falls and has not engaged actively 
in affairs. He has assembled a fine 
museum of fossils, flints and natural 
history, which he has established in 
his residence and given to the city. 
He has published two volumes, “Im- 
perial Washington” (1922) and “The 
Course of Empire,” (1920) largely 
composed of the material of his sena- 
torial debates. 





Kingsbury, IV, 34; Robinson, 640; ‘Hist. 
Minn. Co.,’’ 660. 


Peyote. An _ intoxicant’ prepared 
from a Mexican cactus; it is much 
employed by the Indians. The Sioux 
have secured possession of it and use 
it in a religious rite. The federal and 
State governments have prohibited its 
use. 8S. L., 1923; chap. 159. See Amer- 
ican Church. 


Pharmacy. The practice of pharm- 
acy in South Dakota is regulated 
through a State Board of Pharmacy, 
consisting of three members appoint- 
ed by the governor, who must be mem- 
bers of the South Dakota Pharma- 
ceutical Association, an organization 
of the registered pharmacists of the 


584 


Pheasant 


State; the secretary and treasurer of 
said association are by law consti- 
tuted secretary and treasurer of the 
board of pharmacy. The board is self- 
supporting from fees of applicants for 
registry. Only registered pharma- 
cists may compound or dispense drugs 
and medicines. Applicants for regis- 
try must pass a satisfactory examina- 
tion before the board. 





Code, 7734-7745. 


Pheasant. The State game bureau 
in 1913 introduced Chinese ring-neck- 
ed pheasants into the State and have 
since made additional plantings. They 
have thriven and are now found in 
every county east of the Missouri 
River. There is estimated to be at 
least one million of them. They area 
fine game-bird and provide delicious 
food. They are pugnacious and sports- 
men complain that they have driven 
the prairie chicken from the regions 
they invade. Until 1920 they were 
completely protected; but since that 
time the State Game Warden has 
been authorized to lift the ban for 
such periods and under such regula- 
tions as he may determine. In the 
more thickly populated counties the 
ban is raised each autumn for from 
one to five days, during which a limit- 
ed number of cocks may be shot. 


Phelan is a discontinued post office 
in southern Hyde County. 


Phelps, Clark County, name chang- 
ed to Melham. 


Phelps Island is in the Missouri Riv- 
er, 10 miles below White River. 


Philip is the county seat in southern 
Haakon County. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Pioneer,’ and “The Re- 
view,” both established in 1907 are its 
newspapers. 


58 


Pickerel Creek 


Philippine Insurrection. See under 


War, 10. 


Phillips, Dr. Josiah Lake, 1835-1882; 
native of Maine; pioneer physician 
of Sioux Falls, 1857; veteran surgeon 
of Civil War; performed operation 
in amputating feet of Judge Brookings 
in 1858 without surgical instruments 
or anesthetics, using only tenon saw 
and butcher knife; returned to Sioux 
Falls, 1869, buying much land; Phil- 
lips Ave., is named for him. 





“Stist. Minn: Go.,’". 663: 





Phillips, Kirk G., 1951-1913; born 
Maryland; miner; pioneer of Black 
Hills; druggist in Deadwood since 
1876; member, constitutional conven- 
tion of 1885; State treasurer, 1895-99; 
republican candidate for governor, 
1898. 

Kingsbury, IV, 665. 
Philology and Philological Works. 


See Literature of South Dakota IV. 


Philosophy and Philosophical Books. 
See Literature of South Dakota. 


Phinney is a discontinued post office 
in northeastern Custer County. 


Physicians. See Medicine. 


Pickerel. A game fish inhabiting 
the streams and lakes. In the early 
days of settlement they were in such 
abundance as frequently to become 
jammed in the narrow streams so that 
their own progress was completely 
stopped and they were taken by set- 
tlers by the wagon-load, being thrown 
from the stream with pitchforks. They 
are now much less numerous and are 
not highly prized. 


Pickerel is a discontinued post of- 
fice in northwestern Day County. 


Pickerel Creek is a branch of Mud 
Creek in western Day County. 


5 


Pickerel Lake 


Pickerel Lake has a sandy beach 
and is a summer resort in northeast- 
ern Day County. 


Pickerville, a post office in Ziebach 
County; name has been changed to 
Glad Valley. 


Pickler, Maj. John A., 1844-1910; 
born in Washington County, Indiana; 
Ph. B., University of Iowa, 1870; LL. 
B., University of Michigan, 1872; maj- 
or in the Civil War; settled in Faulk 
County, 1882; member, territorial 
council of Dakota and promoted the 
passage of the county option and wom- 
an suffrage acts; the latter was pass- 
ed and vetoed by Governor Pierce; 
county option prevailed and at the 
election following, 33 of the 48 coun- 
ties voted dry; he was member of 
Congress at large from South Dakota, 
1889-1897; candidate for U. S. Sena- 
tor, 1897 and received the full repub- 
lican vote, but was defeated by the 
fusion of populists and democrats; 
that is, the united strength of these 
elments exceeded .the Republican 
strength; with his consent the repub- 
licans joined with a part of the pop- 
ulists and re-elected James H. Kyle. 
From 1897 he resided at his home in 
Faulkton and engaged in business and 
farming. 





Robinson, II, 1616. 

Picotte, Charles F., half blood son 
of Honore Picotte, the fur trader, 
1830-1896. He was born near Fort 
Tecumseh (Fort Pierre) his mother 
being a Yankton Sioux woman; he 
was educated in St. Louis and came 
to have great influence with his Sioux 
relatives. He was the chief factor in 
negotiating the treaty of 1858, by 
which the Yanktons relinquished all 
of their lands between the Big Sioux 
and James Rivers, except the reser- 


5 


Pierpont 


vation of 400,000 acres in Charles Mix 
County. For his services the govern- 
ment generously gave him a section 
of the Indian lands in the lower part 
of Yankton. He was very useful to 
the whites both in negotiations with 
the Sioux and as a guide and interpre- 
ter. 





Hist., 1; 113; X, 4)25 41 2345 0m 


“Picture Studies by Great Artists.” 
A handbook for instruction in classic 
art, by Lida M. Williams, head of the 
primary department of Northern Nor- 
mal and Industrial School, Aberdeen. 


Piedmont is a village in southwest- 
ern Meade County. Founded by the 
Pioneer Town Site Co. in 1890. Nam- 
ed for its position at the base of a 
nearby mountain. 


Pierce, Gilbert A., 1836-1901; eighth 
governor of Dakota Territory; a na- 
tive of New York; he spent his youth 
and early manhood in Indiana; served 
throughout the Civil War and rose to 
rank of colonel. In 1871 he became 
editor of the “Chicago Interocean,” 
and managing editor of the publica- 
tion for twelve years. He was editor 
of the “Chicago News” in 1884 when 
appointed governor; a few months 
later President Cleveland, a democrat, 
was elected and in 1887 Pierce resign- 
ed because he found the position irk- 
some under the political situation. He 
was a prudent governor and popular 
with the public; his most outstanding 
act was the veto of the act of the 
legislature extending suffrage to wom- 
en in 1885. He was elected one of 
the first United States Senators from 
North Dakota (1889-91); and in 1893 
was appointed Minister to Portugal, 
but his health failing, he resigned. 

Pierpont is a town in northwestern 
Day County. Population, see census. 


86 


Pierre 


“The Signal’ established in 1899 is 


its newspaper. 


. Pierre was founded in 1878; original 
name, Mato, the Sioux for Bear; 
changed to Pierre. when the railroad 
was projected in 1880; named from 
Fort Pierre, on opposite side of the 
Missouri River. Is located upon the 
terraced bluffs on the east bank of 
the Missouri, at the approximate cen- 
ter of the State. Has the state capi- 
tol; a militia arsenal and the U. S. 
Indian Industrial School. It is on the 
Northwestern railway, whose bridge 
and a wagon-bridge span the Missouri. 
It has one of the oldest and most im- 
portant hospitals in the State. Num- 
erous artesian wells have a tempera- 
ture of 92 degrees and a supply of 
natural gas sufficient for domestic use 
comes with the water and is sepa- 
rated by agitation. The artesian wa- 
ter is highly medicinal. The city is 
located upon the site of the ancient 
| capital of the Arickara nation, and 
was abandoned by them in the 18th 
century. Many relics of these primi- 
tive inhabitants remain. 
' The city is the seat of the United 
States Circuit court; the U. S. Land 
office for all of the State; the deposi- 
tary of the records of the U. S. Sur- 
veyor’s office. It is in the heart of 
a rapidly developing agricultural sec- 
tion. A feasible site for hydro-electric 
development in the Missouri River ad- 
joins the city. Population, see census. 


Pierre Creek is a long creek rising 
in Miner County and flowing south- 
west through Alexandria, Hanson 
County, empties into the James River. 


Pilcher, Joshua, 1790-1847; notable 
furtrader; at the time of the battles 
with the Arickara in 1823 he was pres- 
ident of the Missouri Fur Company, 


Pinney, George M. 


and while he volunteered his aid to 
Leavenworth he was worse than use- 
less to the enterprise. He was U. S. 
superintendent of Indian affairs at St. 
Louis from 1838 until his death. 





Hist., I, 218, 223, 235-6n., 239-41, 354. 


“Pilot Knob,” a book by Cyrus A. 
Peterson and Joseph Mills Hanson (q. 
v.). It is the history of the battle of 
Pilot Knob, Missouri, September 27, 
1864, which the authors deem to have 
been one of the remarkable engage- 
ments of the war, the Thermopylae 
of the West. The material for the 
work studiously gathered by Dr. C. 
A. Peterson, of St. Louis, is edited 
for publication by Mr. Hanson. 


Pine Creek is a northern tributary 
to Cherry Creek in eastern Meade 
County. 


Pine Ridge, the Agency of the Pine 
Ridge Indian Reservation, 26 miles 
north of Rushville, Neb., Pine Ridge 
is located in Bennett, Shannon, Wash- 
ington and Washabaugh Counties. 


Piner, Henry, 1868- ; Armour; 
born in England, November 28th; 
came to Dakota in 1884; retired farm- 
er; held various township offices; 
member, legislature, 1918. 


Pine Ridge Lands. See Indian 


Treaties, 12. 


Pine trees are native to the Black 
Hills and Slim Buttes. 


Pinkham, Gilbert L., pioneer edu- 
cator; first superintendent of public 
instruction, 1889-91. 


Pinney, George M., speaker, first ter- 
ritorial legislature and after U. S. 
Marshal for Dakota Territory. Left 
bad record. 





Robinson, 19324. 


587 


Pioneer 


Pioneer is a discontinued post of- 
fice in northeastern Edmunds County. 


Piper, Wesley, was an employe of 
General William H. Ashley, killed by 
the Arickara, June 2, 1823. 


Pipestone. The catlinite of the 
pipestone quarry on the eastern 
boundary of South Dakota. It is a 


red clay slate, which hardens upon 
exposure, and was highly prized by all 
Indians. A carved pipe of Dakota 
Catlinite is in the State Museum, Se- 
cured in 1847 from a tribe of Indians in 
Central Mexico, an indication of how 
far catlinite was carried in aboriginal 
commerce. Named for Geo. Catlin (q. 
¥.) 


Placer Mining. 
Panning. 


See Gold Mining; 


Placerville is a station 3 miles east 
of Pactola, its post office, in north- 
western Pennington County. 


Plains Creek is a branch ‘of 
the Cheyenne River in southwestern 
Fall River County. 


Plainview is a post office in south- 
ern Meade County. 


Plana is a post office in central 


Brown County. 


Plankinton is a city and county seat 
in central Aurora County. The State 
Reform school is here. Population, 
see census. “The Herald,” establish- 
ed in 1888 and the “South Dakota 
Mail,” in 1889 are the newspapers. 


Plant-Breeding. There is in con- 
nection with the U. S. Experiment 
Station at Brookings a world-notable 
plant-breeding laboratory under the 
direction of Dr. Niels E. Hansen, who 
has many important achievements in 
the propagation of new and improved 
varieties, especially of fruits. Using 


“The Tribune,” 


Plesiosaurus 


native stocks of plums and cherries, 
he has produced fruits that are pro- 
lific, finely flavored and of great com- 
mercial value, and in every way 
adapted to the rigors of the northern 
and prairie climates. 


Plants. See Flora. 


Plateau is a post office in northern 
Harding County. 


Platte is a city in northern Charles 
Mix County. ‘‘The Enterprise” and 
both established in 
1900, are the newspapers. 


Platte Creek is a stream rising in 
southwestern Aurora County, flowing 
southwest into the Missouri River six 
miles above Mulehead Point. The 
name of this stream has been corrupt- 
ed. It was named for Bernard Pratte, 
of St. Louis, a brother-in-law of Pierre 
Chouteau. Since the stream falls 
down rather sharply from the high 
lands to the Missouri, Platte is a mis- 
nomer as well as a corruption. 


Hist., V, 269, 332. 

Platte Lake is on western border 
of Aurora County, the head of Platte 
Creek (q. V.). 


Pleasant Ridge is a post office in 
northern Perkins County. 


Pleasant Valley is a fertile valley in 
western Custer County, on the upper 
waters of Red Canyon and west of 
Pleasant Valley Creek. 


Pleasant Voice. See Mazakutemani. 


Plesiosaurus. A fossil reptilian 
monster of the cretaceus. These re- 
mains are frequently found and in 
widely separated sections. Lewis and 
Clark found one below the Big Bend 
of the Missouri River, the fossil re- 
mains being ninety feet long and now 


588 


Plowman, Mark 


in the U. S. National Museum, Wash- 
ington. 


Plowman, Mark, 1859- > Oldham, 
Kingsbury County; born in Dane 
County, Wisconsin; came to Dakota 
Territory, 1880; engaged in farming; 
member, town school board for 12 
years; member, legislature, 1909, 1911. 


“Plow Woman, The,” is a Dakota 
romance by Eleanor Gates (q. v.). 


Pluma is a mining camp 2 miles 
south of Deadwood, its banking point 
and post office, in central Lawrence 
County. 


Plumb is a railroad station 5 miles 
northwest of Lesterville, its post of- 
fice, in northwestern Yankton County. 


Plumb Creek is a southern affluent 
of the Cheyenne River in Fall River 
County. 


Plum Creek is a northern affluent 
of Bad River in western Stanley 
County. 


Plum Creek, rising in central Han- 
son County, falls into the James Riv- 
er near the center of Milltown, Hutch- 
inson County. 


Plum Creek falls into Cheyenne 
River in northern Haakon County. 


Plum Creek is a post office in north- 
ern Haakon County. 


Plum Island is in the Missouri Riv- 
er opposite Fairbank, Sully County. 


Plum Lake is in central north 


Kine’sbury County. 


“Poet Scout, The.” 
Poet. 


See Scout, The 
Er 

Poets and Poetry. See Verse; Lit- 
erature. B. W. Burleigh and Gustave 
G. Wenzlaff have compiled a volume 
of selected verse by South Dakota 


Political Convention, Territorial 


writers (Mitchell, The Educator Sup- 
ply Company). O. W. Coursey has 
compiled a volume entitled South Da- 
kota literature, a section of which is 
devoted to verse and the _ writers 
thereof (Mitchell, The Educator Sup- 
ply Company, 1923). 


Poindexter, David W., 1837- : 
born in Cornish, Maine; lawyer; set- 
tled in Spink County 1882; member 


territorial council, 1889. 


’ Poinsett is a discontinued post of- 
fice in southern Hamlin County. 


Poinsett Lake is a large lake in 
southern Hamlin County, named by 
John C. Fremont in 1838 for Joel Rob- 
erts Poinsett, then U. S. secretary of 
war. The lake outlets into the Sioux — 
River and plans are under way to 
make the lake an overflow basin or 
reservoir. 


is a small lake two 
Moody 


Poison Lake 
miles southwest of Colman, 
County. 


“Political and Sectional Influence of 
the Public Lands,” by Raynor G. Well- 
ington, professor of history in South 
Dakota University. Professor Well- 
ington takes up the history of the pub- 
lic lands from the foundation of the 
U. S. government and shows how im- 
portant a part they have had in de- 
termining governmental policy. 


Political Conventions, Territorial. 
The chief interest in territorial poli- 
tics was in the choice of delegate to 
Congress. The conventions for nomi- 
nation of delegates and the nominees 
were as follows: 


1861—Mass Republican, Vermillion, A. 


J. Bell. 

Independent, non-political, J. B. 
S. Todd*: 

Independent Republican, Chas. 
P. Bogue, 


589 


Political Convention, Territorial 


1862—Rep., Vermillion, July 16, Wil- 
liam Jayne. 
Independent, non-political, J. B. 
S. Todd*. 
1864—Rep., Vermillion, Sept. 10, W. 
A. Burleigh*. 
Dem., Vermillion, Sept. 3, J. B. 
5. Todd*. 
1866—Rep., Vermillion, Sept. 6, W. A. 
Burleigh*. 
Dem., Vermillion, Aug. 27, W. 
W. Brookings. 


1868—Rep., Elkpoint, July 8, S. L. 
Spink*. 
Dem., Elkpoint, June 20, J. B. 8. 
Todd. 
Independent Rep., W. A. Bur- 
leigh. 


People’s, J. P. Kidder. 
Ind. Dem., Dennis Toohey. 
1870—Republican, Vermillion, Sept. 6; 
the convention split and two 
nominations were made, W. 
A. Burleigh, S. L. Spink. 
Democratic, Vermillion, Sept. 
10, Moses K. Armstrong*. 
1872—Republican, Canton, June 5; 
convention split and nominat- 
ed two candidates, W. W. 
Brookings, G. C. Moody. 
Democratic, Bon Homme, July 
18, Moses K. Armstrong™*. 
1874—Republican, Elkpoint, July 16, 
Jefferson P. Kidder*. 
Democratic, Elkpoint, Sept. 10, 
convention split and nomi- 
nated two candidates, W. A. 
Burleigh and Ezra W. Miller. 
Ind. Democratic, Moses K. Arm- 
strong. 
1876—Republican, Vermillion, Aug. 24, 
Jefferson P. Kidder*. 
Democratic, Yankton, July, S. 
L. Spink. 
1878—Republican, Yankton, Aug. 29, 
G. G. Bennett*. 
Democratic, Yankton, Aug. 29, 
Bartlett Tripp. 
1880—Republican, Vermillion, Sept. 1, 
R. F. Pettigrew*. 
Democratic, Sioux Falls, 
15, M. L. McCormack. 
1882—Republican, Grand Forks, Sept. 
6, John R. Raymond*. 
Democratic, Mitchell, Sept. 22, 
W. W. Brookings. 


Sept. 


Ponca 


1884—Republican, Pierre, Sept. 17, 
Oscar S. Gifford*. 
Democratic, Sioux Falls, Oct. 2, 
John R. Wilson. 
1886—Republican, Yankton, Sept. 22, 
Oscar S. Gifford*. 
Democratic, Aberdeen, Sept. 29, 
Merritt H. Day. 


1888—Republican, Watertown, Aug. 
22, George A. Matthews*. 
Democratic, Jamestown, June 


11, J. W. Harden. 
*The candidates elected. 


' Political Parties. See Parties, Po- 
litical. 
Polley, Samuel C., 1864- ; born 


in Winnebago Valley, Houston Co., 
Minnesota, January 13th; educated at 
the St. Cloud Normal school and Uni- 
versity of ‘Minnesota; located at Dead- 
wood, S. D., 1890; State’s attorney of 
Lawrence Co., one term; Secretary of 
State, 1909 to 1913; judge, State Su- 
preme Court since 1913. 





Kingsbury, IV, 218: 

Pollock is a town in northern Camp- 
bell Co. “The Campbell County Pro- 
gress,” established in 1902, is ‘its 
newspaper. Population, see census. 

Poll Tax. There are two uniform 
poll taxes in South Dakota. The first 
applies to all voters, male and female, 
regardless of age. It is one dollar an- 
nually for school purposes. The sec- 
ond applies to males between 21 and 
50, and is $2.00 annually for highways. 
It goes into the municipal and town- 
ship road funds. 





Code 6525-30; 7500. 

Polo Creek rises west of Deadwood 
and runs north into False Bottom 
Creek. 


Ponca. A small tribe of Siouan In- 
dians who in historic times lived at 
the mouth of the Niobrara River. Tra- 
ditionally, they lived on  Bigstone 


590 


Ponca Creek 


Lake. 
kota. 


They ranged into South Da- 


Ponca Creek, rising in Tripp County, 
flows southeast and empties into the 
Niobrara River in northern Nebraska. 


Pony Creek is a western affluent of 
Twelve Mile Creek in western Hutch- 
inson County. 


Pony Hills are buttes in eastern 


Jerauld County. 


Poor Relief in South Dakota de- 
volves upon the counties. There are 
county poor-houses in most counties 
for the accommadation of homeless 
poor; but as far as possible the poor 
are supported in whole or in part in 
their own homes. In 1923 the coun- 
ties paid $409,300 for poor relief. 


Poplar, see Lombard Poplar. 


Population. See Census. 


Populist National Convention. The 
national convention of the populist 
party was held at Sioux Falls, May 
9th, 1900. Senator Patterson, of Colo- 
rado, was chairman. William J. Bry- 
an was nominated for president and 
Charles A. Towne, of Minnesota, for 
vice president. Every State was duly 
represented. 


Populist Party. See Parties, Politi- 
cal. 


Porch is a discontinued post office 


in southeastern Washabaugh County. © 


Porcupine is a post office in eastern 
Shannon County. 


Porcupine Creek is a southern af- 
fluent of the White River in Wash- 
ington County. . 


Porcupine Butte is on Wounded 


Knee Creek in Shannon County. 
Pork. See Agriculture. 


5 


- ments, 


Poter, Dr. Joel 


Porter, Andrew J., 1856- ; born 
in Pennsylvania; moved to Dakota in 
1882 and engaged in- general merch- 
andise business; member, legislature, — 
from Faulk County, 1901, 1903. 


Porter, C. F., 1861- ; born in New 
Haven, Vermont, October 24th; came 
to Wilmot, Roberts County in 1882 and 
engaged in selling agricultural imple- 
in banking and real estate; 
State Senator, 1903. 


Porter’s Landing is a landing on 
the Missouri River opposite Wheeler, 
Chas. Mix Co. Bonesteel is its post 
office. 


Portland Cement. See Cement. 


Portland Junction is a railroad sta- 
tion 7 miles southwest of Deadwood 
in central Lawrence County. Named 
from the nearby Portland Gold Mine. 


Portraits. See Art in the Capitol. 


Potatoes. See Agriculture. 


Created, 1875; or- 
ganized, 1883; named for Dr. Joel 
Potter (q. v.); bounded on the north 
by the fifth standard parallel; on the 
east by the line separating ranges 72 
and 73, west 5th P. M.; on the south 
by the fourth standard parallel; on 
the west by the center of the main 
channel of the Missouri River. Code, 
p. 150. Settled about 1840 by Honore 
Picotte at mouth of Little Cheyenne 


Potter County. 


River. County seat, Gettysburg; pop- 
ulation, see census. Area, 574,720 
acres. The county seat, originally at 


Forest City, was voted to Gettysburg 
in 1884 after a picturesque contest. 


Potter, Dr. Joel, 1825-1895; native 
of Connecticut; was many years in 
the U. S. Indian service on the Mis- 
souri River and later was steward of 


91 


Potter, Oscar C. 


the Hospital for the Insane, Yankton. 
Potter County bears his name. 


Potter, Oscar C., 1843- ; born in 
Courtland County, New York, April 
5; served in the Civil War; settled 
in McCook County 1881; farmer; 
member of territorial legislature 1889. 


Potter, S. L., 1858- -o-porm in 
Howard County, Iowa, March Ist; 
moved to Day County in 1883 and en- 
gaged in farming; later engaged in 
general merchandise and grain busi- 


ness; postmaster at Butler, two 
terms; in Webster since 1900; mem- 
ber, legislature, from Day County, 
1908, 1905. 


“Poultry Culture, Progressive,” is a 
treatise upon the successful produc- 
tion of poultry and poultry products, 
by Prof. Arthur Brigham, of the State 
College, Brookings. 


Pound, William, 1840-1877; born in 
Ohio; lawyer; U. S. Attorney for Da- 
kota, 1876-7, at Yankton; an able 
man; died in office. 


Powell is a village in western Haak- 
on County. Population, see census. 


Powell is a discontinued post office 
in eastern Edmunds County. 


Powell, David M., 1836- ; born 
in Delaware County, New York, April 
13; settled at Mount Vernon 1883; 
minister of the M. E. Church; farm- 
er; member territorial legislature, 
1889. 


Power. See Hydro-Electric Power. 


Power House is a railroad station 
1 mile west of Hisega, its post office 
in northwest Pennington County. 


Powers, William H., 1868- ; born 
Woodville, Ohio, Sept. 12; A. B, 
Miami U., A. M., Harvard; prof. Eng- 


Prayer 


lish and librarian State College since 
1905; member State Free Library 
since 1913. / 


Powers, William M., 1844-1916; na- 
tive of Virginia; veteran of Civil War; 
came to Yankton, 1873; livery and 
transportation business; mayor of 
Yankton and commissioner of chari- 
ties and corrections, 1903-7. 





Robinson, 815. 


Prairie Chickens. See Game; 


Pheasants. 


Prairie-Dog (cynomys ludovicianus) 
is a small rodent allied to the marmot. 
It was first brought to the attention 
of scientists by Lewis and Clark, from 
specimens found near “The Tower,” 
on the southern line of South Dakota. 
Despite the old school readers, the 
prairie dog and the rattlesnake do not 
live together in friendliness; the 
snake, however, does enter the dens 
of the dogs to devour their young. 
The prairie dog is destructive to veg- 
etation and is an agricultural pest; 
the State and federal governments 
are co-operating in its eradication. 
This is accomplished by soaking oats 
in a sweet syrup in which arsenic has 
been placed. The oats are scattered 


about the prairie dog dens. 
Prairie Dogs. See Marmot. 


Prairie 
County. 


Lake is in eastern Day 


“Prairie Patriot, The” is a political 
argument in favor of free silver coin- 
age, told in a story by H. A. Rodee, 
of Mitchell. Published in 1900. 


“Prairie Songs” is a book of verse 
by Hamlin Garland (q. v.). 


Prayer. The first act of Christian 
worship recorded in the State was a 
prayer made by Jedediah Smith, on 


592 


Preachers Run 


the Missouri 
June 2, 1823. 
the Capitol. 


River, near Mobridge, 
See Methodist; Art in 





Hist., I, 247; ‘“‘Splendid Wayfaring,’’ by 
John G. Neihardat. 


Preachers Run is a little creek in 
eastern Faulk County, entering Perry 
Creek from the west. 


Precipitation. See Climate. 


Presbyterian. See Religion. 


Prescriptive Title. Adverse posses- 
sion of real estate for a period of 
twenty years establishes a_prescrip- 
tive title to the property. 





Code, 496. 


Presho is a city in central Lyman 
County. “The Post,’ established in 
1903 is its newspaper. Population, 
see census. 

Presidential Visits 

South Dakota has been honored by 
visits from the following Presidents 
of the United States during their re- 
spective administrations: 


William McKinley, October 14, 1899, 
the occasion being the return of the 
First South Dakota Volunteer In- 
fantry from the War in the Philip- 
pines. The President, accompanied 
by his cabinet, reached Aberdeen in 
the morning of that day and greeted 
the entire regiment there; then he 
went via Redfield to Watertown, Hur- 
on, Sioux Falls and Yankton, whence 
he left the State, having in addition 
to the main stops noted spoken from 
the train at many other places. 


Theodore Roosevelt, accompanied by 
John Burroughs, the naturalist, Dr. 
Rixey, surgeon general of the Navy, 
and Secretary Loeb, arrived in Sioux 
Falls early in the morning of Palm 
Sunday, April 5, 1903; he attended the 


Woodrow, Wilson 


German Congregational Church in the 
morning, remained quietly in his 
apartment at the Cataract Hotel dur- 
ing the day and in the evening at- 
tended the Dutch Reformed Church. 
Monday morning he spoke at Sioux 
Falls and thence went to Yankton and 
and up through the State, speaking 
at every stop to Aberdeen in the 
evening, where he spoke from a plat- 
form erected in the street, and then 
left for Fargo. No especial signifi- 
cance was attached to the visit. As 
he said, it was made to ascertain the 
aims and sentiments of the people. 


William Howard Taft visited the 
State October 21-23, 1911. He spent 
the 21st in the Black Hills visiting all 
of the principal towns and speaking 
many times. That night he came to 
Pierre and spent Sunday as the guest 
of Charles H. Burke, speaking that 
afternoon to a great throng, to whom 
he delivered his famous address upon 
the international peace treaties that 
he had negotiated, this being his chief 
pronouncement upon the international 
peace policy to which he has since ad- 
hered. He drove through the farming 
region adjacent and afterward receiv- 
ed a large delegation from Gregory 
and Tripp Counties which had come 
over in automobiles to meet him. 
Monday morning he addressed the 
school children and then entrained for 
Huron, Aberdeen and other points in 
the northern part of the State. 


Woodrow Wilson visited Sioux 
Falls on September 8, 1919, arriving 
at 8 p. m. over the Omaha road from 
the east, and leaving at 10 p. m. over 
the same route. He was accompanied 
by Admiral Grayson, Secretary Tu- 
multy and Mrs. Wilson. He was taken 
at once to the Coliseum through 


593 


Press Association 


streets thronged by citizens from 
every portion of the State. At the 
Coliseum Governor Norbeck presided. 
President Wilson made a strong plea 
for the acceptance of the League of 
Nations. Sioux Falls was the only 
place at which he appeared in the 
State. He continued the trip to the 
Twin Cities and thence to the Pacific 
Coast and returned as far as Wichita, 
Kansas, where he suffered the para- 
lytic stroke from which he did not 
fully recover. | 

Benjamin Harrison, when chairman 
of the U. S. senatorial committee on 
' Indian affairs in the territories, visit- 
ed Crow Creek Agency and other 
points in South Dakota in July, 1885. 
Theodore Roosevelt visited Deadwood 
in the autumn of 1872, coming down 
from his North Dakota ranch; he also 
made a tour of the eastern part of 
the State in 1900. In 1912 Woodrow 
Wilson visited South Dakota and 
spoke at Sioux Falls and in the Corn 
Palace in Mitchell. 

Mr. Taft visited Sioux Falls June 
16, 1907, prior to his term of office 
and Mr. Roosevelt was here in 1912. 


Press Association. The South Da- 
kota Press Association had its gene- 
sis in a gathering of the publishers 
within the Huron Land District held 
at Huron, March 15, 1884, when a 
temporary organization was effected, 
with F. J. Ryan, of the “Blunt Times,” 
as president and John T. Cogan, of 
the “Ree Valley Free Press,” as sec- 
retary. The meeting adjourned to 
meet in Pierre, May 30, when 18 pub- 
lishers were present and a perma- 
nent organization was effected named 
the Central Dakota Press Association, 
to include the Aberdeen, Huron and 
Watertown Land Districts. The meet- 
ing adjourned to meet at Huron, Aug- 


Price, Milton M. 


ust 5, when 38 members enrolled. 
Sylvester J. Conklin was chosen presi- 
dent; Augustine Davis, vice presi- 
dent; Frank A. Luse, secretary. -The 
meeting for 1885 was held at Water- 
town, July 20, and the organization 
there became the Dakota Press Assoc- 
iation to include the entire Territory. 
This organization continued until 
statehood, in 1889, when the associa- 
tion was divided and the South Da- 
kota Press Association was formed. 
In the earlier times the sessions were 
largely inspirational and social; but 
in recent years, while the social fea- 
tures are not neglected, the organiza- 
tion has become a very practical help 
to printers and publishers and has 
lifted the business from that of a pub- 
licly supported benovelence to a posi- 
tion of commanding influence and 
high rank in the business enterprises 
of the State. 





“History of the South Dakota Press As- 
sociation,’’ by Carter P. Sherwood, De- 
Smet. 


Preston, Lake, is in central Kings- 
bury County.* This extensive lake has 
been drained and the bed is cultivat- 
ed. It was visited in 1838 by John 
C. Fremont and named for William 
Campbell Preston, U. 8S. Senator from 
South Carolina, 1833-42. 





FLINT ays Odan seo 

Presumption of Innocence. South 
Dakota law presumes ever person ac- 
cused of crime to be innocent until 
he is proven guilty, and if any reason- 
able, doubt remains of his guilt he is 
entitled to be acquitted. 





Code, 4874. 

Price, Milton M., 1836- ; born in 
Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, on 
Christmas day; son of Hon. Hiram 


Price, congressman and commission- 


594 


Prices 


er of Indian Affairs; graduate Iowa 
ColleSe, and Andover Seminary; law- 
yer; was in Europe in 1858 and was 
aide de camp to King Victor Emanuel 
in Italian war; returned to America 
and served throughout the Civil War; 
in 1869 was consul general at Marsail- 
les, and while there was charge de 
affairs for Germany during’ the 
Franco-German war; came back to 
America and was clerk of the U. S. 
Circuit court at St. Louis, 1875-1885, 
when he came to Dakota locating at 
Letcher and engaged in farming; was 
member of the territorial legislature, 
1889. 


Prices 
Price, W. P., 1846- ; Tulare, 
Spink Co.; born at Newark, Ohio, 


April 14th; Civil War veteran; came 
to South Dakota in 1887 and engaged 
in farming; held numerous township 
offices; Commander of G. A. R. posts 
in Redfield and Hitchcock; member, 
legislature, 1907, 1909. 


Prices. The prices here given as of 
January 1, in each year are prior to 
1895 secured from the market col- 
umns of the Yankton Press and Da- 
kotan, since that date the farm value 
of products as reported by the Feder- 


al Department of Agriculture: 


Year Wheat Corn Barley Rye Oats Butter Eggs ~ Beef Hogs Sugar 
Bi) ibe oo ee -80 .60 .40 HOS .30 20 LZ 3.00 5.50 10 
iekataliciie oe vcese cen ctin aig 50 .40 .25 20 ali2 

NH ite tea es eee .66 .22 92 .33 12 7.00: .09 
Cee, fe aye oe ee .93 .24 .60 AT .64 7.00 .10 
ESSERE e aa a. oo 0% .80 .28 -62 .70 10 
US ee 10 
WSS umn c tere 6 ce UD «oo Bi, -5D ses .09 
ESBS cereal seats >» 72 at ‘oo .55 afiip: .08 
TRAST Se ee .65 40 .30 ABB AEE a1, .09 6.00 07 
SSD atv eta cd. 34 .60 sat -40 .40 ao -10 .10 3.50 2.50 06 
RR Gereiew,, op sto) cvs Siay'e -50 22 .30 ‘3 18 12 lt alo 4.00 06 
Oth aececs = « o's -50 PAs 30 sive .16 14 4.25 06 
TRS RPI, cha Shel es 88 .30 .50 135 18 2 .14 2.50 5.15 07 
Li Sy. eee eae Awe aA yal oe 18 2.20 4.00 08 
POU URtrs Cees x .87 .38 -61 .48 .26 .06 
LBD ties eae hn Rk eg aed i 83 .42 .50 He? ardt 4.00 .05 
LO as ee .60 nevi Ye ey 04 
PSNOM tek oes bah 54 .28 i .05 
RO Ae I estes Sele -40 SY .20 .04 
1uick 3 Lape eae ea spt. -20 19 120 caf .04 
MOO Giays. hE Ge 6 6583 5 .62 .18 19 s27 213 04 
UCN) Soa ee ee .69 At vis SE: .18 05 
Jet poh ard ais Pes Gea .50 <28 Ap tti .34 wal 05 
DS OO ere. bs cn. % + .50 26 .29 Sif 223 06 
LCD ae aaa .58 «29 Ball 39 .24 .05 
Dh Ul ara ne a sen 45.5: 45 42 43 34 F206 
BAS) 0) Deireaies oie os tae os ANY 41 .38 41 SPARE .05 
Mere Ges ce o's .62 ate sae 40 cal .05 
TAR MG. Beas. .79 S25 coil mp7 .24 .05 
MOCS<) | ae Moy! BBY? 29 .49 29 6.60 .05 
TIVO ce ees ass es 61 29 son 44 .26 .05 
POWs s Sat eg 8 sass .89 -46 .61 -59 Bii .05 
TUN I) Shade ace ee 92 50 41 59 41 .05 
L0G OP AN .90 50 45 2b9 .34 .05 
i MIC NSS olen eee eae .89 40 59 ial 3 25 19 .05 
118 Sil cs pete iene 91 AB: .88 .76 43 S283 18 05 
AT A Aides cs), a ce .69 530 42 52 225 .26 18 05 
Wee Remreccie erie %, st) © rr a .5b6 .46 .50 .24 Atl .20 8.80 9.05 .04 
TRA See Sse 94 -56 50 .60 .38 120 19 9.25 8.72 .05 
Deter GES aye, 3p 6391.07 .86 -49 -46 78 .28 .26 a 9.35 7.65 .06 
SPN Geter neg s elon cies ok 1.50 ida .83 .76 46 .28 ee 11.00 11.10 Od 
ASWING ee A aes A ate estes 1.96 1.20 2 ig i ilies 61 .36 Bp 13.85 16.20 .08 
TRRIS Re ee eee 1.99 1.10 78 1.55 .b9 3 .34 17.00 17.87 .08 
[NG AS Wea SR i a er 2.40 Dale Hag hes: 14 3\05: 100 42 12.86 18.88 .09 
LOCO SSB uh Ta .42 “52 1225 33 54 :39 aS 
TOE A Sos, eee 87 .26 29 1.09 .20 13 25 .06 
AGFA oe Cao. e 92 50 42 58 32 shi. .24 .06 
TO Zdicidie vce wales cc 81 <02 -40 49 3 40 5.91 6.53 .09 


595 


Primary Election 


The sugar prices quoted are whole- 
sale. 

The extremes are interesting, for 
instance flour in Deadwood 1876 60 
cents per pound. In Yankton 1896 1.9 
cents per pound. 

This advertisement appeared in the 
Yankton Press and Dakotan Oct. 1, 
1896: “A good pair of men’s shoes 
95 cents at Piles.” 


Primary Election. See Richards 


Primary. 

Principal. In law “the incident fol- 
lows the principal, not the principal 
the incident.” 





Code, 72. 


Principal Meridians. See Surveys. 


Pringle is a village in central Cus- 
ter County. 


Printers’ Association. See Press 
Association. 
Printing. The state of South Da- 


kota publishes the following reports 
of state officers, boards and depart- 
ments. 
published annually, all others, bienni- 
ally, except as noted: Adjutant-gen- 
eral; *Agriculture, board of (State 
Fair); Agricultural Department; *An- 
nual Review; Attorney-General; *Aud- 
itor; 2 Vols.; Banking Department; 
*Bee Inspector; Blue Book (Legis- 
lative Manual) *Capital Superintend- 
ent; Charities and Corrections; Child 


Welfare; Chiropractors; *Dental Ex- 
aminers; Education Department 
(Dept. of Pub. Instruction); *Em- 
balmers; Engineer (State); *Ento- 
mologist; Executive Accountant; 
Food and Drugs; *Game Warden; 
Geologist; Handbook (Legislative) ; 


Health and Medicine; *Highway Com- 
mission; Historical Collections; *Hor- 
ticultural Society; Immigration Com- 


Those marked with a * are. 


Printup, David L. 


missioner; *Industrial Commissioner; 
*Insurance Commissioner; Laws “(Ses- 
sion); Legislative Journals; Library 
Commission; *Livestock Sanitary 
Board; *Mine Inspector; *Motor Ve- 
hicle; *Pharmacy Board; *Printing 
Commissioner; Public Instruction, 
Dept. of; *Railroad Commissioners; 
Regents of Education; *Rural Cred- 
its; School and Public Lands; *Se- 
curities Commission; Session Laws 
(enacted by legislature); *Sheriff; 
Soldiers’ Home; State Department; 
Supreme Court Reports (occasional) ; 
*Tax Commission; *Treasurer; *Vit- 
al Statistics; Woman’s Committee of 
Investigation. The Code (or Revised 
Laws) “the Revised Code of 1919,” 
was published in that year. 


Printing Commissioner. The gover- 
nor is the State Commissioner of 
public printing. This arrangement 
was made in 1913. In practice the 
bureau of public printing is in charge 
of the deputy commissioner. Walter 


‘DD. Johnston has filled this position 


from the beginning. All public print- 
ing and the purchase of all office sup- 
plies for every office, department and 
institution of the State are made 
through the printing commissioner to 
the lowest bidder at quarterly let- 
tings, after public advertising. Ex- 
cept in an emergency, purchases can 
be made only through these quarterly 
lettings. The arrangement has prov- 
ed economical and generally satisfac- 
tory. The administrative re-organiza- 
tion act of 1925 places this work un- 
der the direction of the secretary of 
finance. 


Printup, David. L., 1857- aan 
Britton, Marshall Co., ‘since 1885; 
born in Fultonville, N. Y., December 
29th; grad., U. S. Naval Academy, 


596 


“Private Smith at the Philippines” 


1881; came to Dakota in 1883; en- 
gaged in real estate, loans, abstracts 
and insurance business; State Sena- 
torain 419.15. 





Kingsbury, IV,1119; Robinson, 1385. 

“Private Smith in the Philippines,” 
by Marion Leonidas (M. L. Fox— 
1899). Fox visited the South Dakota 
forces in the Philippines in the sum- 
mer of 1899, ostensibly for the pur- 
pose of giving encouragement to 
them. The book is a severe arraign- 
ment of the “imperialists,” as the 
dominant American party is termed. 
The accuracy of his observations has 
been challenged. 


Productions. See Wealth: 
culture; Black Hills. 


Agri- 


Procedure, Legal. Dakota Territory 
was the first commonwealth to adopt 
the Code procedure, which reformed 
the Common Law procedure of the 
Courts. David Dudley Field had pre- 
pared this code for the state of New 
York; but being rejected there he 
sent it to the new Territory, where it 
was adopted bodily. Philemon Bliss, 
a common law attorney, having been 
appointed by Lincoln Chief Justice of 
Dakota, found himself confronted by 
a practice with which he was wholly 
unfamiliar. -He therefore addressed 
himself to the situation with the re- 
sult that the book, “Bliss on Code 
Pleading” was produced and is today 


the leading authority upon Code 
pleading. 
Prohibition. The prohibition of the 


liquor traffic was submitted as a sep- 
arate article by the constitutional 
convention of 1889 and was adopted 
by the people by a vote of 40,234 for 
to 34,510 opposed and so became a 
part of the constitution. The article 
was resubmitted at the election of 


Public Buildings 


1896 and prohibition was rejected up- — 
on a very light vote, 31,901 for and 
24,910 against. In 1916 the question 
was again submitted upon the restor- 
ation of prohibition to the constitu- 
tion and it prevailed 65,334 for and 
53,380 opposed. The legislature enact- 
ed a “bone dry” law to carry the pro- 
vision into effect. 


Promise is a village in northeast- 
ern Dewey County. 


“Province and the States, The,’ is 
a historical work in seven volumes 
published contemporaneously with the 
Louisiana Purchase exposition (1903) 
dealing with the history of Louisiana 
and the States established from the 
purchase. Volume VII is the story of 
South Dakota, written by Bartlett 
Tripp. 


Provo is a post office in northern 
Fall River County. 


Pryor, Hugh C., 1881- ; Lead 
Nov. 29; grad. Spearfish Normal; A. 
B., U. of Colorado; A. M., Columbia. 
Head department of Education North- 
ern Normal since 1919. 


“Psychic Trio, The,’ is a novel by 
Charles E. DeLand (1919). 


Public Buildings. All public build- 
ings in South Dakota are placed un- 
der the supervision of the Insurance 
Commissioner to insure that they 
shall be maintained in a safe condi- 


tion. The commissioner has broad 
powers to insure safety in public 
places. He inspects and supervises 


all churches, schools and hospitals ac- 
commodating more than 100 persons 
and enforces drastic regulations per- 
taining to theaters and places where 
moving pictures are exhibited. The 
law minutely provides for fireproof 
booths for the accommodation of pro- 


iy Me 


Public Health 


_jectors, and for the condition of en- 
trances and exits, the width of aisles, 
etc. 





Code 9132-9151; Laws, 1923, chap. 246. 


Public Health. Public Health meas- 
ures in South Dakota are under the 
general supervision of a board of five 
members appointed by the governor, 
one of whom is designated by the gov- 
ernor as superintendent. The work of 
the board is divided into Divisions of 
Child Hygiene; Sanitary Engineering; 
Education and Publicity; Medical Li- 
censure; State Laboratory, and Re- 
cords and Accounts. The Board of 
Embalmers, Board of Optometry, Nur- 
ses Examining Board, and the Vital 
Statistics come under the jurisdiction 
of the State Board of Health. It 
makes rules for the government of the 
county and local boards of health. 
The Homeopathic school of practi- 
tioners must always be represented on 
this board. 


The County board of health in each 
county consists of the State’s attor- 
ney and two physicians; subject to the 
supervising control of the State board, 
the county board is charged with the 
enforcement of the laws and rules for 
the protection of health; with the es- 
tablishment of quarantines when ne- 
cesary; and with doing any act not in 
conflict with law for the protection 
of the public health. Local boards 
of health render similar services in 
cities and towns under the supvision 
of the State and county boards of 
health. 





Code, 7663-7719. 


Public Printing. See Printing. 


Public Property. Every official in 
South Dakota who is the custodian of 
public property of any character is re- 


Pugsley, Charles William 


quired by law, within ten days after 
July 1, in each year to make and file 
an inventory of such property, show- 
ing the cost price of each item or if 
that cannot be ascertained, an esti- 
mate of its reasonable value. These 
inventories must be itemized by pri- 
mary units. All State officials file 
with the State auditor; penal and char- 
itable institutions file their inventor- 
ies with the board of charities and 
corrections; educational institutions, 
with the board of regents; county of- 
ficials, with the county auditor; muni- 
cipal officers, with the town or city 
clerk or auditor; township officials, 
with the town clerk; school district of- 
ficials, with the county superinten- 
dent of schools. Every such public of- 
ficial must hand inventory of all pro- 
perty in his possession to his success- 
or in office. Any public official who 
neglects to make and file such annual 
inventory is guilty of a misdemeanor. 





Code, 7048-7056. 


Puckett, B. F., 1865- ; Hosmer; 
born in Stephenson Co., Illinois, Feb- 
ruary 21st; located in Dakota in 1885; 
engaged in banking; moved to Mc 
Pherson County, 1891; county com- 
misioner, State Senator, 1909. 


Puett, Albert W., 1833- ~  ; member, 
first Dakota legislature, from Clay 
County.; lawyer; Speaker of third le- 
gislature (1863-4). 


Pugsley, Charles William, 1878- : 
born Woodbine, Iowa, Aug. 12; educat- 
ed at University of Nebraska; long a 
professor in Nebraska University; as- 
sistant secretary U. S. Department of 
Agriculture 1921-1923; president State 
College, 1923; author of many mono- 
graphs and bulletins upon agricultural 
topics. 


598 


Pukwana 


Pukwana is a town in northwest 
Brule County. “The Press-Reporter,” 
established in 1883, is its newspaper. 


Pumpkin Creek, called No Flesh 
Creek at its headwaters in Bennett 
County, joins the White River in east- 
ern Washington Co. 


Punished Woman’s Lake is a fine 
body of water in northeastern Coding- 
ton County. The village of South 
Shore is located on this lake. 


Putney is a village in eastern Brown 


Co. 
Pyle, John L., 1860-1902; born in 
Loa, Run, Ohio; settled in 


Hand County in 1883, studied law and 
was admitted to practice while living 
upon and improving a _ homestead; 
elected State’s attorney of Hand Coun- 
ty, 1886; located in Huron, 1888 and 
continued in practice there until his 
death; 1898 he was elected State at- 
torney general, was re-elected in 1900 


Pythians, Knights of 


and died in February, 1902 while in of- 
fice. He was the father of Gladys 
Pyle (q.v.) the first woman legislator. 


Pyle, Miss Gladys, 1890- ; Huron; 
born at Huron, S. Dak., October 4th; 
educated, Huron College (grad., 1911), 
University of Chicago; engaged in 
teaching; member legislature, 1923, 
1925, being first woman elected to the 
South Dakota legislature; assistant 
secretary of State, S. D., since 1923. 


Pythians, Knights of. This order 
was organized at Yankton, July 14, 
1876, but the rush to the Black Hills 
that year so weakened the lodge that 
it held but one meeting and its effects 
were turned over to the second lodge 
organized at Deadwood in 1879. The 
Grand Lodge was organized at Huron 
April 30, 1885 with nine subordinate 
lodges, located at Central City, Lead, 
Rapid City, Huron, Chamberlain, Mit- 
chell, and Brookings. The order has 
46 lodges and about 2500 members. 


599 


Quail 


Quail. The quail was not found in 
South Dakota prior to settlement, but 
appears to have followed the settlers. 
It has become fairly common where- 
ever there is brush for protection. See 
Birds. 


Quale, Theo., 1877- ; Blunt, Hughes 
Co.; born in Decorah, Iowa, April 
16th; came to South Dakota in 1878; 
attorney and real estate dealer; mem- 
ber, legislature, 1911. 


Quarantine. The State has confer- 
red its police power upon the State and 
county boards of health to establish 
quarantine regulations pertaining to 
human ills; and upon the Livestock 
Sanitory Board to quarantine against 
diseases of animals. 


Quarries. There are extensive quar- 
ries of building stone at and in the 
vicinity of Sioux Falls, Dell Rapids, 
Garretson and Spencer, in the east- 
ern part of the State and at various 
points in the Black Hills. The pink 
sandstone of the southern Black Hills 
is an especially desirable building ma- 
terial. Distance from the larger cities 
has limited the use of it to the Hills 
towns. 

Quartz. Dikes of quartz are thrown 
up in many places in the auriferous re- 
gions of the Black Hills. 


600 


“Qurecus Alba” 


Quartzite is a red granitic rock out- 
cropping in the Sioux Valley from 
Dell Rapids to Sioux Falls, and in the 
Vermillion River valley in McCook 
County. It is excellent building stone. 


Quickstad, N. E., 1865- ; Toron- 
to, Deuel Co.; born in Tolten, Norway, 
October 7th; came to Dakota in 1878; 
retired farmer; held several township 
offices; member legislature, 1913,1915. 


Quincy is a railroad station 5 miles 
north of Sioux Falls, its banking point 
and postoffice. 


Quinn is a village in eastern Penn- 
ington Co. Named for Michael Quinn, 
a prominent rancher of the vicinity. 
“The Courant” established in 1907 is 
its newspaper. 


“Quotations, A Book of,” by Ida Put- 
ney Ransom (q.v.) 1915. 


Quo Warranto. The writ requiring 
individuals to show by what right they 
exercise certain privileges, as of hold- 
ing office. Its exercise is most fre- 
quently in commanding de facto office 
holders to come into court and show 
by what title they hold their position. 


“Qurecus Alba” is a novel by Dr. 
Will O. Lillibridge, dealing with con- 
ditions in Sioux Falls. 


Rabbit 


Rabbit. Two or perhaps three var- 
ieties of rabbit are native to this re- 
gion. The most prominent and abund- 
ant are the jack rabbit, which is found 
upon the prairies, and the cottontail, 
a denizen of the woods and brushy 
bottoms of streams. 


Rabbit Creek rises in the Slim 
Buttes and runs to the Moreau River 
in eastern Perkins Co. 


Raben, D. H., : > Armour, 
Douglas Co.; born at Flensberg, Ger- 
many; resided in South Dakota since 
1888; manager Fullerton Lumber Com- 
pany, Armour; member legislature, 
1909. 


Railroads. The first railroad to en- 
ter and operate in South Dakota was 
the Dakota Southern, from Sioux 
City, Iowa, to Yankton. This road 
was built by the local enterprise of the 
southeastern portion of South Dakota 
to give the region dependable trans- 
portation throughout the year. The 
organization was promoted by _ the 
business men of Yankton under the 
leadership of Judge Wilmot W. Brook- 
ings, Joseph R. Hanson, Newton Ed- 
munds and others. The road was 
completed and in operation to Yank- 
ton early in 1873. At the same time 
another road was approaching Dakota 
from the East. The Winona & St. 
Peter division of the Chicago & North- 
ter division of the Chicago & North- 
western line had secured a land grant 
which extended as far as the Sioux 
River near Lake Kampeska, and to 
hold this grant it was necessary to 
construct a road, although there were 
no settlers in the region to be pene- 
trated. Consequently the road run- 
ning west from Winona was pushed 
out upon the prairies and reached 
Gary late in 1872, the bed being grad- 


Railroads 


ed that year to Lake Kampeska and 
completed the next Spring. A train 
was run through from Chicago carry- 
ing the officials of the road and many 
prominent Americans; but the road 
was not thereafter operated until the 
autumn of 1878. In the latter year 
the line was rebuilt from Gary to Wa- 
tertown. In 1878 the Dakota South- 
ern was projected up the Sioux River 
as far as Beloit and in 1879 on to Sioux 
Falls; but these extensions were made 
to meet an immediate local demand. 
Railroad building in the larger sense 
was due to the-forward vision of Mar- 
vin Hughitt, president of the Chicago 
and Northwestern line, who after a 
personal inspection of the Dakota 
prairies concluded that it was good 
business to extend railroads across 
them as an inducement to settlement. 
This had not previously been done, 
except to hold grants of land. Fol- 
lowing this vision he projected the Da- 
kota Central division of the North- 
western road west from a connection 
with the Winona & St. Peter division 
at Tracy, Minnesota, to Pierre in 1879- 
80. His theory was promptly confirm- 
ed by an influx of settlers, which just- 
ified the construction of the other 
lines that make up the Chicago and 
Northwestern system in South Dakota 
east of the Missouri River. When Mr. 
Hughitt announced his plans, the Chi- 
cago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railway, 
his chief competitor in the northwest- 
ern field, accepted it as a challenge and 
forthwith projected and built its sys- 
tem in the State. In due course other 
lines entered the State. See the table 
of construction dates and mileage fol- 
lowing. 

In the pioneer days, when the exten- 
sion of railroads was of vital import- 
ance to the development of the com- 


601 


Railroads 


monwealth, a sympathy with railroad 
interests dominated politics, and the 
laws were liberal and inviting. As 
soon, however, as the region was rea- 
sonably supplied with transportation 
the settlers found themselves handi- 
capped by rates for passengers and 
freight, necessarily high, but greatly 
burdening agriculture. The first or- 
ganized protest came in the Farmers 
Alliance movement of the later eigh- 
ties; out of which came the railroad 
commission and some regulatory meas- 
ures; but the concensus of opinion 
continued to be rather favorable to the 
railroads, or at least there was a feel- 
ing that nothing should be done that 
would limit further extensions of the 
lines. The railroads were influential 
in affairs, always conservative in mat- 
ters of taxation, but arbitrary in se- 
lection of candidates for office and in 
the distribution of patronage. This 
caused a resentment that took form 
in the progressive movement of the 
early years of the present century, 
which by 1907 had taken over the 
State government, resulting in the 
enactment of a considerable body of 
laws affecting the railroads and cloth- 
ing the State Railroad Commission 
with broad powers in regulating the 
operation of railroads and the rates 
for service. See Railroad Commis- 
sion. 

Both the Northwestern and Milwau- 
kee railroads reached the Missouri 
River in 1880, but were precluded from 
Total mileage 
Reproduction value 
Operating Revenues 
Operating expenses 
Tons of freight carried 
Passengers carried 


Tons, freight carried 1 mile 
Passengers carried 1 mile 


PN ee ey ote A $ 140,031,365 


Seale O56 Ss ele le oes ee @ lem alte) Glee 
4 ‘e 6) 6T ota 28 Sie) .0 6) Sp ee 8 

©. 4: @ lore het ie te tee eps, 088 6S Se 65s 004s 8 Pelee) 2 ee SO Se 6. AP [eee 
60 fe ce | 0 040 top ehene <éFuleye, «5 4°00 6 2 © 6 8. 60) 6's Syn 6 > 0b 16 le ie here ane 
erie gt) 0 6 ae @ hee 8 Co ee @ 816 6 6 019 (6 6 2 6.69 6 We 088 e eee ee 
6.6 0 Se 6 8.10 6 (0 6 66 6.6 0s 66 10: bw SS) BAO, UNOS. 6 6.10) 6" 6 WLS 6s ee pera 
0 o S2G tele « fee 87s, < hele & « a¥ele fos 6a Mm 


Pete O16 16, 6 BS 6 © 6 © 6 0) ROWE re ene 6 Chene KS © a ew Beets, S5e © aye 


Railroads 


extending their lines further west by 
the Great Sioux Reservation between 
the Missouri and the Black Hills. 
Persistent efforts resulted in opening 
the reservation between the Cheyenne 
and White Rivers in 1890; but by that 
time the “Dakota Boom” had subsided 
and there was a period of reaction. 
In consequence, lines leading into the 
Black Hills were constructed through 
Nebraska, and it was not until 1905 
that the Dakota lines began serious 
preparations to invade the trans-Mis- 
souri. The Northwestern took the init- 
iative and announced its purpose to 
extend from Pierre to Rapid City; im- 
mediately thereafter the Milwaukee 
announced an extension from Cham- 
berlain to the Black Hills. These ex- 
tensions were completed in 1907 and 
essentially all of the public lands west 
of the Missouri were at once settled 
upon. During this period the Milwau- 
kee line to the Pacific Coast and the 
extensions to Faith and Isabel were 
constructed. 

Legislation deemed inimical to the 
transportation companies, the Great 
War and the revolution in transporta- 
tion facilities due to the development 
of motor vehicles have contributed to 
limit further construction, and new 
building since 1907 has been but nomi- 
nal. 

The statistics for railroads in South 
Dakota for the fiscal year ending June 
30, 1924, reveal the following condi- 
tions: 

5,068 


27,721,332 
24,769,574 
14,396,343 
2,876,985 
1,884,350,288 
148,913,032 


Mr. Ross Miller, engineer for the railroad commission, who supplied the fore- 
going table, estimates the average number of employes of the railroad compa- 


nies at South Dakota at 8,500. 


The number varies from day to day. 


602 


Railroads Railroads 


Dates when the several extensions into and within the state of South Dakota 
were constructed and put under operation, reported by Harold Larson, statis- 
tican of the Railway Commission: 


Cc. M. & St. P. Ry System 


Year Mileage 
State line near Sioux City to Yankton .............. 1872 54.39 
peeerrretosbeloiteia. (2, (een. Ra tc! 1878 
RemerreOUN Piet ols. oe. for ae 1879 33.61 
menue ty Webster... ..2.62 0 fo eo. oe OE ee. 1880 57:12 
Mapestone, Minn. to Madison ....,.././..2. 6404.04: 1880 37.30 
State line, near Canton, to Marion.................. 1879 38.47 
meniren sUTnInew Waters... 22.0) 0228 2eR Se tw 1879 62.85 
Peete Ca MmpenAIN |... o/c ood oie 1880 111.30 
Rune erecy A NETOCGUN =) .)-. . oe Bec we Mec es et LAA 1881 128.31 
Sumemmerite 10 ADGTOGCN! —. ccc cee cca ceccceceawagauae 1881 49.90 
Sanne? VW OONSOCKEL . oo. oon cd MR De A. 1881 59.90 
ENE TTeT Rr TER. ns hk yn shew gid oad Kk bua weees 1881 34.20 
DE CC COLIANCH UNG... + act seule + vc edo te she old ve 1882 
eer SU LO WatChell. 2... cd eh a 1886 75.50 
Aberdeen to State line near Ellendale, N. D.......... 1882 32.72 
SERRE LUV VV ALITICHOES (co. wen haw Was oie Conde dan that 1882 17.00 
SUMMIT TEC IMA GEOIE 0 1 ff, Ce acs wc ck cle Ce ws oe eb se oes 1893 20.10 
eee elo IDA WiC... 2 ete <2) nok oS... 1883 26.50 
eo IER ae CY Se cl er ee ee 1886 30.52 
METER ESE CS STIONIT RIAN, 5. of ae o bcd x ale. vist ALD T IAS 1886 20.45 
Andover to state line near Harlem, N. D............. 1886 38.71 
PILE IAAI TISLORM A oho. cae he aw oe eo cde ea whe oo 1887 103.02 
en MeRINMD SEIT nie ee eM ey ota ea PI. 5 ees ee 1887 26.39 
Pee MOOTION Dia. Sir. Arce SO Re Peat. 2PP9R 1887 40.99 
Eureka to State line near Linton, N. D............... 1902 14.05 
i TS Sd dS Se) Se eee er we: eae Ren ee 1901 82.00 
DUPRE TIUVATUS 2s). fo ee ete ced Coos eet oawwek adh 1901 40.65 
Woonsocket to Wessington Springs ................ 1903 15.58 
nnrans G80 LO KNO Yo ioe eek 8 Ra Te at Se EG 1905 20.67 
SRR ga i Py gots 00 ae ee a 1906 75.78 
EEEOPP LMC RAL DIG CALY” onc ted oe cea tad Hee RY ew in 1907 143.47 
See tO COMMON SUE eee reece ec ete eas ouks ek 1906 1912 
SEE Pee ILOUNGE Fe Fas ae se ee oo ole eee Oss 1907 13.96 
Se TTeL Oo VIIBSOULT ELVOT 7. oie cs cs ac 'sistsle doe wes 1907 11.65 
Memrweiet var tO sLGMMORs-: 26 oom; Se OLLI. os 1909 91.86 
Mrmr TUNG. CLOTOUDICC ook nig 0s « ocsie oe sltio able 4 Wale e He 1910 83.20 
NOEL TY CICAIEN Fiore oc ek ha tte ee eee ers 1911 23.41 
PER) UIC. LO. ISAO) or cg ct 8 woh Oe BE. 1910 59.40 
McLaughlin to State line near Tuttle................ 1910 8.53 

Cc. & N. W. Ry. System 

Year Mileage 
memrecora state linei to. Garys... p0i..dk we). dhs 1872 
TN AC OLLO WEIL 9 srg «Ghbisls « Kidueis 9c caine 5 0b 6 eee 1873 34.48 
Valley Springs to Sioux Falls (C., St. P., M. & O.)... 1878 16.20 
Mme oleto palemitC. st.. P...M. &.0.) .ivw.< e265 1879 39.60 
Mmmreonotav orate line O° Volea’ sy. oo oon vec ewe. 1879 24.61 
Pempemetwer ieTTe ts fl.:.faiiht saree. B elisld. Souls. ols. 1880 184.50 
aS LOEW CEO LOO WEL ogi pon oc ol hia 5 Rien « warn ids (a a ee 1880 43.83 
eR TIG TS CU DTULW ER Vine chek aoa << nw oe ae 0 Oh Oe oe nla « old 1881 87,10 
Lp yech Pa tira tal OH 0 1 gh UU a Sr 1881 31.10 


Raithdnde Railroads 


Clark: to; Redfield aiv./s. dit) eis FF. 2 (6 arene 1882 40.00 


Hawardenstoroqguois: oie Sao) i beeen 1882: 125.49 
Ordway. to: Columbia. 365 ose eee ee > oe eee 1883 5.70 
Redfield to.-Maunlktoti.: sascceeee es ee ee os ee ee ne 1886 32.50 
Fanlkton to’ Gettysbure =.= eee. ee. ee ee ee 1887 42.65 
Gentervillesto Yankton ee ere cee eee 1884 28.46 
Dolend to, Groton 8.255 sche beet abe. 2 2s SOE ee 1885-1887 38.84 
Chadron.to. Buffalo: GapaCiey Bosnia Vo) oe eee 1885 37.55 
Buitalo Gap. to. RapideCity (hy oii.c Gace ora eee 1886 48.14 
Salem to Mitchell ae ore eas aaa oe er eee eee 1887 32.40 
Rapid City’ to Whitewood’ Ck, > Hi vke. 5 Vere ceecin ee 1887 36.43 
Columbia to‘State line near Oakes, N. D...... 8258 1886 24.87 
Whitewood to Belle Fourche (F., E. & M. V.)........ 1890 31.19 
Whitewood to Deadwood (F., E. & M. V.)........... 1890 9.13 
Nebraska state lineto Bonesteel . 07 ..ancgnene ne as ober 1902 9.63 
Bonesteel to Dallasee er. 2 ave Sed ase a co eee 1907 30.45 
Buftalo Gap-to: HottSpringesa( he, Be eee Ne eee 1890 14.12 
Pierre: to Rapid uCiey tie nae ease ee eae 1907 165.48 
Blunt. to Gettysbule tisai Vw Nay) oe a eee * 1910 39.55 
Belle Fourche to Newell (B. F. V. & N. W.).......... 1910 23.52 
Dallas “to “Winners Ze tc Soe rk hee Stee ee 1910-1911 21.50 
Minnesota state line! to Astoria Wait. i... ee eee ee eres 1900 6.80 
M. & St. L. R. R.'Co. 

Year Mileage 
Minnesota state line to Watertown (W., M. & P.).... 1884 40.70 
Watertown to LeolavgM,, DiGi P.) 245...G.-44 eee 1907 114.13 
Conde: to LeBeau (Ms DaistP.). eek... cantante eee 1907 115.47 

Great Northern System 

Year Mileage 
Minnesota state line’to Watertown :.......0..2.55 6. 1887 44.25 
Watertown to Huron r6DsiWs &3Pj 2s... eee 1888 69.84 
NaDestate line tot”Aiberdeen, .f..uc.4..25..s,. es eee 1889 55.00 
Minnesota state line to Sioux Falls (W. & S. F.).... 1888 24.31 
sous; Halls: to ‘YanpR@on \i6a.5 4c. one eee ee 1894 58.34 
Garretson to ;Siguxiwity (oo Cree) cee 1891 10.08 
mipux-ralls to-Rutland UW Gos Ne... wee ee 1905-1906 42.00 
Rutland’ to* Watertown: (CW. SS, ake. 6, ear eee 1907 60.80 

Cc. R. I. & P. Ry. 

Year Mileage 
Minnesota state line to Watertown (B., C. R. & N.).. 1884 71.85 
lowasstatedline itosSioux MalissGBssCiR vec Noe ee 1886 10.91 

Cc. B. & Q. Ry. 

Year Mileage 
Nebraska state line to Marietta (B. & M. R.)........ 1888 35.64 
Marietta to Wyoming state line (B. & M. R.)........ 1890 13.24 
Edgemont “to "Deadwood vine. dees pone ea eee eee 1891 106.36 
BDnglewood ‘to Spearfish, 5... 4/Adeds 2a Pe ae Ae ee 1892 31.91 
Hilicity. to sKe6yston® 77 fo sss sens oe en rene ae 1900 9.50 

Rapid City, Black Hills & Western R. R. 

Year Mileage 

Rapid! City, tosMystic- CMs Rv@iN Ware tee 1906 34.00 


604 


Railroad Commissioners 


Minnesota state line to Sioux Falls (D. & S. C.).... 


North Dakota state line to Pollock 


North Dakota state line to Grenville (F. & V.)...... 


Black Hills & Ft. Pierre 


Lead to Piedmont 
Bucks to Este 


Porest City to:Gettysburg.... i. 56.006. 


Be Oe Vek O (0) 6) 8 Le. 8 <a. We, a OOS 


er os CR ore 0 so a? 0 OO ed or eG 6 8 8 8 


Wyoming & Missouri River R. R. 


Rain in the Face 
Illinois Central 
Year Mileage 
1887 14.95 
Soo Line 
Year Mileage 
3 hE S A 1902 33.56 
1914 74.25 
Year Mileage 
oss Bon SLA 1881-1890 37.94 
Et et ee eee 1899 4132 
Year Mileage 
Rae ae 1890 16.00 
Year Mileage 
Poe Tod fone é 1899 11.90 


Belle Fourche to Wyoming state line 





Kingsbury, I, 597 et seq.; Robinson’s Brief History, 156; Reports of Railroad Com- 


mission, 1885-1924. 


Railroad Commissioners. The rail- 
road commissioners are clothed with 
large powers in the control and regu- 
lation of railroads, both as to rates 
and to operation and the _ physical 
plant, so far as intra-state commerce 
is concerned. These powers extend 
to minute details of the. methods of 
operation and the conveniences pro- 
vided for the public. It is estimated 
that more than one million dollars an- 
nually are saved to shippers of South 
Dakota as the result of reductions of 
rates secured and increases refused 
by the railroad commissioners. See 
Common Carriers. 


The railroad commission has _ ex- 
tensive power in the regulation of 
grain markets, the licensing of grain 
warehouses, the weighing of grain, 
the regulation of telephone lines and 
companies, and by the laws of 1925 
the control of the omnibus and truck 
lines was conferred upon it. 


The railroad commissioners 
statehood have been: 


since ~ 


1889-1893 Harvey J. Rice, Huron. 

1889-1891 John H. King, Chamberlain. 

1889-1891 Albon D. Chase, Watertown. 

1891-1893 Frank P. Phillips, Water- 
town. 

1891-1893 Charles E. McKinney, Sioux 
Falls. 

1893-1896 George A. Johnston, 
chell. ( 

1893-1897 E. Frank Conklin, Clark. 

1893-1897 John R. Brennan, Rapid 

=““EOty: 

1897-1901 W. T. LaFollette, Chamber- 
lain. 

1897-1898 William H..Tompkins, Ra- 
pid City. 

1898-1911 William G. Smith, Sturgis. 

1901-1907 Frank LeCocq, Harrison. 

1903-1909 D. H. Smith, Miller. 

1909-1913 F. C. Robinson, Groton. 

1907-1913 George Rice, Flandreau. 

1913- John J. Murphy, Parker. 

1915-1918 Peter W. Dougherty, Pierre. 

1917-1918 Frank E. Wells, Winner. 

1918- Dawes E. Brisbane, Faith. 

1919- John W. Raish, Aberdeen. 


Mit- 





Code 9492-9599; Laws 1925 Chap. 224. 
Rain. See Weather; 


Rain in the Face, 1835-1905; born 
near the forks of the Cheyenne River; 


Climate. 


605 


Rainbow Trout 


he was a Hunkpapa; he was a noted 
warrior and participated in the Fet- 
terman massacre in 1866; in 1873 he 
killed the sutler and the veterinarian 
of General Stanley’s troops who were 
protecting the Northern Pacific Rail- 
way surveyors, on the Yellowstone, 
and for this he was placed under ar- 
rest the following winter by Captain 
Tom. Custer at Standing Rock and 
imprisoned at Fort Abraham Lincoln. 
He was present at the battle of the 
Little Bighorn; there has been much 
and greatly exaggerated writing per- 
taining to him, most of which is un- 
founded. 


Longfellow’s ‘‘Revenge of Rain in the 
ace.”’ “Literary Digest,’’ September 3 
and 17, 1921. Correspondence with Mary 





C. Collins and D. F. Barry, in files De- 
partment of History. 

Rainbow Trout. See Fish. 

Rainfall. See Climate. 

Raish, John W., 1877- ; born near 


Elk Point, S. Dak., May 25th; educated 
in State University; State’s attorney, 
Butte County, 1909-11; practiced law 
at Belle Fourche, 1907-14; at Dead- 
wood, 1914-17; and at Aberdeen, 1917- 
19; until appointed member Board of 
Railroad Commissioners by Governor 
Norbeck, May 1, 1919; elected in 1920. 


Ralph is a _ postoffice in northern 
Harding Co. 
Ramer, Milton M., 1869- ; Edu- 


cator; State superintendent of public 
instruction to fill unexpired term of 
George W. Nash, 1905-6; superinten- 
dent, Pierre public schools. 


Ramona is a town in northern Lake 
Co. “The Times,” established in 1900 
is its newspaper. 


Ramparts, The, is the name of a 
prominent range of buttes along the 
western side of Oak Creek in Corson 


Rapid Canyon 


County; they can be seen from the 
Missouri River and in the steamboat 
days were frequently mentioned as 
“the Ramparts of the Missouri.” 


Ramsdell, William, 1827- ; born 
in Essex County, New York, August 
8th; settled at Flandreau, 1882; far- 
mer and politician; member, territor- 
ial legislature, 1889. 


Randall Creek is a short stream fall- 
ing into the Missouri River at Fort 
Randall. 


Randall Island is an island two miles 
in length in the Missouri River near 
White Swan and old Ft. Randall. 


Randolph is a village in southeast 
Brown Co. 


Ranger. Both the federal and State 
governments employ rangers to D)a- 
trol the forests of the Black Hills to 
protect the timber from fire and de- 
predations. 


Ranum, Lewis, 1864- ; Elk Point; 
born in Norway; eame to Union Co., 
Dakota in 1867; studied 5 years in 
State University; taught school for 
several years and then engaged in 
farming; member, legislature, 1907, 
1909. 


Rapid Canyon. The canyon of Ra- 
pid River, because of its accessibility, 
is the most popular resort in the 
Black Hills. The chief “highways en- 
tering the Hills converge at Rapid 
City and consequently the splendors 
of Rapid Canyon are the first seen 
and leave a lasting impression. It is 
really one of nature’s marvels of rug- 
gedness and beauty—a narrow gulch 
hemmed in by sheer cliffs, mighty 
peaks and pine clad mountains, with 
here and there a glade studded with 
giant pines, and with the little river 
leaping and singing through it all. 


606 


Rapid Canyon 


There is fine trout fishing in the ri- 
ver; summer homes are located at fre- 
quent intervals; while occasionally a 
general resort, as at Hisega, affords 
accommodation and recreation for the 
public. The Methodists, Baptists, 
Presbyterians and ‘Congregationalists 
of the State have established camps 
with suitable structures for their sum- 
mer assemblies. It is a place to get 
next to primitive nature, and annually 
it is more and more patronized. In 
the shear beauty, freedom and joy of 
it the summer girls at Hisega sing: 


O you little Rapid River, by your side, 
With my happy little lover I would 
hide, 
How we laugh to see the wimple 
Of your funny little dimple, 
Where the Jolly little water babies 
ride. 
O, wimple your dimple and rumble 
your bass, 
And rimple your rippling laugh, 
Distilling and filling and flashing 
and spilling 
The nectar the deities quaff 


O you little Rapid River, how you leap 

Where the speckled little beauties 
hide and sleep, 

And we joy to hear the rumble 

Where the water babies tumble, 

In their little trundle beddies wide and 
deep. 


O you little Rapid River, how you sing 

Like the happy little froggies in the 
Spring, 

Listen to the bassos grumble, 

Hear the rippling altos stumble 

And the rippling little banjo’s ting-a- 
ling. ; 

O you little Rapid River, how you 
laugh 

Like the happy little moo of bossie 
calf. 


Ratte, H. F. 


But we’re sad to hear you mumble 
As you hesitate and tremble, 
While you hobble o’er the cobbles with 

a staff. 

Rapid City, county seat of Penning- 
ton County, located in the central part 
of the county on Rapid River, was 
founded in 1876. It is the largest city 
in the western portion of the State 
and stands at the gateway to the Black 
Hills. The State School of Mines is 
located here. The city has an excel- 
lent agricultural territory and does an 
extensive distributing business. ‘‘The 
Rapid City Daily Journal’ and “The 
Weekly Guide” are the newspapers. 
The State has erected and is operating 
here an extensive plant for the manu- 
facture of Portland Cement. Popu- 
lation, see Census. 

Rapid Creek rises in western Law- 
rence County and runs southwesterly 
through Pennington Co. to the Chey- 
enne River. It is a splendid stream 
in the Black Hills, but loses much of 
its water as it passes over the Dakota 
sandstone near Rapid City. The can- 
yon of Rapid Creek is a notable sum- 
mer resort. The valley below Rapid 
City is broad and fertile and has a 
good deal of irrigated land. 


Rasmussen, A. E., 1882- * born in 
Lincoln County, S. Dak., March 17; 
moved to Charles Mix Co., 1882; en- 
gaged in farming; township treasurer 
for 12 years; president, Farmers Ele- 
vator Company, Platte; member, legis- 
lature, 1921, 1923. 


Raspberry. The red raspberry is 
native to many sections of the States. 

Raspberry Gulch runs down to 
Spearfish Creek southwest of Lead. 


Ratte, H. F., 1864- ; Custer; born 
in Siegen, Germany, September 29th; 
came to South Dakota in 1895; phy- 


607 


Rattlesnake 


Sician; at Keystone, Pennington Co, 
1895; president of Ivanhoe Gold Mill- 
ing Co.; member legislature, 1909. 


Rattlesnake. The prairie  rattle- 
snake is native in the Missouri Valley 
and westward. It disappears before 
the advance of civilization. The rat- 
tlesnake does not go into high alti- 
tudes and consequently the central 
Black Hills are free from them. 


Rattlesnake Butte is in central Zie- 
bach County. 


Rauville is a station 6 miles north 
of Watertown, its banking point and 
postoffice. 


Ravinia is a town in central Charles 
Mix Co. “The Register,’ established 
in 1916, is its newspaper. . 


Ravndal, Gabriel Bie, 
born in Norway; editor “Syd Dakota 
Echo,” Sioux Falls, 1891-98; graduate 
University, Christiana; came to the 
Black Hills, 1885, and engaged in 
freighting and mining; member, legis- 
lature, 1893; U. S. Consul at Beirut, 
Syria, 1898-1910; has since been in 
consular service at various points, but 
chiefly in Turkey; consul-general, Con- 
stantinople, 1910-17; in France, 1917- 
21. 





Hist., XII, 297. 


Rawlins, Robert E., 1881- ; Dorn 
Harrisonville, Missouri, July 27; B. 
Ped. Missouri Teachers College; B. S. 
Huron College; studied at Chicago U. 
Principal and Superintendent Pierre 
Schools since 1913; President S. D. E. 
A., 1922. 


Rayburn, R. L., 1891- ; born at 
LeMars, Ia., July 29th; came to South 
Dakota in 1893, locating in Turner 


County; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; served 18 months in World 


1865- ; 


Reaper 


War; as lieutenant, 28th Infantry; 
member, legislature, 1923, 1925; home 
at Hurley. 


Raymond is a town in western Clark 
Co. Founded in 1883 by the Western 
Town Lot Company. The place was 
named for J. M. Raymond, one of the 
engineers engaged in laying the rail- 
road in this section. “The Gazette,” 
established in 1909, is its newspaper. 


Raymond, John B., 1844-1886; eighth 
delegate to Congress from Dakota 
Territory; born in Lockport, New 
York; served in the Civil War; lived 
in Mississippi during reconstruction 
period; he was appointed U. S. Mar- 
shal for Dakota in 1877, serving four 
years; delegate to congress, 1883- 
1885; died at Fargo, Jan. 3, 1886. He 
was not at any time a resident of’ 
South Dakota. 


Real Property. In South Dakota 
real property is defined as land and 
things affixed to it by roots, as trees, 
vines and shrubs; or imbedded in it, 
as walls; or permanently resting upon 
it, as buildings; or permanently at- 
tached to such buildings, as by means 
of cement, plaster, nails, bolts or 
screws; and things appurtenant to 
the land, as a right of way, a water 
course, or a passage for light, air or 
heat. All property has an owner, either 
an individual or company, in this 
State or the United States. 





Code, 252-253. 


Reaper. The patented grain reaper 
was contemporaneous with the agri- 
cultural settlement in South Dakota 
and came into use as soon as grain 
fields were large enough to justify 
its use. The first small grain grown 
here was cut with sickles, and as the 
fields expanded, cradles were employ- 


608 


Rearick, David 


ed. South Dakota in its short exper- 
niece has employed everything in the 
form of harvesting utilities, from the 
primitive hand sickle to the most com- 
plicated harvesting machinery. 


Rearick, David, 1863- ; Kenne- 
bec, Lyman Co.; born in Indiana, 
March 14th; came to Brule county in 


1885; engaged in farming; held var- 
ious county offices; member, legis- 
lature, 1919, 1921. 

Rebrud, Charles H., 1856- ; born 


in Konsberg, Norway, September 30th; 
came to Edmunds Co., near Ipswich, 
1883; retired farmer; county commis- 
sioner for eight years; member, legis- 
lature, 1915, 1917, 1923. 


Reconnoissance of the Black Hills, 
1874. See Ludlow’s Report. 


Redfield is located in the central 
portion of Spink County and is the 
county seat. It is on the James Val- 
ley division of the Milwaukee Railroad 
and at the crossing of the James Val- 
ley division of the Northwestern R. R. 
with its line from Watertown to 
Pierre. The State School and Home 
for the Feeble Minded is here. It is 
developing a considerable distribution 
business. Redfield College is here. It 
has two newspapers, “The Journal Ob- 
server” and “The Press.” Population, 
see Census. 


Referendum. See Initiative and Re- 
ferendum in South Dakota. 


Religion. The Indians of South Da- 
kota in their primitive state undoubt- 
edly held definite religious views. All 
authorities are agreed upon this. 
There is less agreement as to the form 
of that belief; for when modern stu- 
dents came among them they found 
that to some degree the primitive be- 
liefs had apparently been somewhat 


Religion 


modified by Christian doctrines which 
had spread among all of the Indians 
of the Continent. It seems certain, 
however, that while they believed in 
many gods there was general belief 
in one God greater and more power- 
ful than all others. They recognized 
by name gods of thunder, the sun, the 
rain, of the water falls, and of the 
rocks, the grass and the forests, per- 
haps others. Just what their concept 
of these gods was is at this late time 
difficult to determine. Dr. Stephen 
R. Riggs came among them in 1837 
when they were influenced by white 
culture but to a limited extent and 
possessed but little understanding of 
Christianity; he concluded that the 
Sioux concept of God was as of a 
great mystery, not explainable by 
them, but to which they did attribute 
omnipotence. Practically all their 
ceremonies, rites and dances have re- 
ligious significance. That they pray- 
ed to the Great Mystery is certain, 
and it was their constant practice to 
make gifts of food and ornaments to 
it. It was the conclusion of the early 
missionaries that the Sioux did not 
associate religion with morality. 


1. Christianity 

So far as is known the first act of 
Christian worship in South Dakota 
was a prayer made by Jedediah S. 
Smith on the trading boat “Yellow- 
stone” on the Missouri River near 
the mouth of Grand River on the 
morning of June 2, 1823. (See War, 
3). The first Christian sermon was 
preached at Fort Pierre, Sunday, Sep- 
tember 20, 1840, by Dr. Stephen Re- 
turn Riggs, a Presybterian. His con- 
gregation was composed of trappers, 
traders and Sioux Indians. The first 
Catholic mass was celebrated by Mon- 


609 


Religion 


signore Alexander Ravoux at Sand 
Lake, Brown County, in 1845. (This 
Father Ravoux to Father Robert W. 
is from information communicated by 
Haire; it is not mentioned in his Me- 
moires; but in that year he did visit 
Fort. Vermillion and held _ services 
there.) 

According to the State census of 
1915, 382,105 white persons, or 65 per- 
cent of the population of South Da- 
kota, professed affiliation with some 
Christian Church, as follows: 


Religion 


In 1921, under the auspices of the 
South Dakota Academy of Sciences, 
a survey was made of the present be- 
lief of the people of South Dakota 
about the fundamentals of Christian- 
ity. Fifty persons in each class, as 
indicated below, were questioned up- 
on belief about immortality, omnipo- 
tence, the divinity of Jesus, inspira- 
tion of Scripture and the efficacy of 
prayer. The questions were in the 
following form and the replies receiv- 
ed are tabulated herewith: 
































Adventist A be coe tie We SN 1,858 1. Do you believe your conscious- 
Baptist ba Pee te ee a ok ee ae 16,228 ness and personal identity will sur- 
Christian | Scienee;;< - -.. 15}. «ban 1,343 a ee 
Congrezational «: S103. eae: 18:004 - “eee ey 
Christianote esc. tt eee 6,258 2. Do you believe there is a per- 
Dunkers ...........-..-0.0 00s 85 sonal God, the maker and director of 
Evangelical PAI? ASA Bao 4,001 the universe? 
Brichnd és ctal aces. tee «see ae 301 ; 
Greek Catholics.) oh oa see ae 379 3. Do you believe Jesus of Naza- 
TENOra Tt YEN yo be siete at eee 120,949 reth was the immaculately conceived 
NSH OMICO ait oe ee Ped Ree 4,155 Son of God? 
Methodist eA eheihe, stettofis hehe! 6h 8.0 faren o) 52,839 4. Do you believe the Bible is the 
Presbyterian » 4i:.... ceasns ibe mic699 ; ; P + ees 
TISLONA 2k ak ee ee 9939 inspired word of God, unique in liter- 
Reformed Dutch’ 7e., Va 10,169 ature and infallible in statement? 
Roman CACDOlNC. eee. Gs: 78,769 5. Do you believe God definitely 
Salvation VATMY 2) J 6) ../ 4.6 148 alters his course to answer the pray- 
Unitedsi:Brethrentiw 3 un. aac 834 7 DEAY 
Ail. other churches) yee... satan 11,586 ers of men? 
n ! ia) 
! a g o be: 
; es & » 5 a 
1 3 =a e a2 cS 
es is ox - Sse ca) 
me “o = D ° a te 
a ae SQ & >, iste; SS. 
y am ag ~. t4 of on = tH GH @ 
gud Se | Sia | 28 | cee 
Saul S O4 ae OD b> cae: 
Ze} Me Me mA ox Mo 
| | Yes| No | Yes| No | Yes] No | Yes| No | Yes| No 
| | | | | oa | | | 
PiAVIMerss sors eis.a le seas ree eee 30) 21 6| a0 0| 26 2| 24| 3} elo l4 
Bankers FS tis. ser os Bese ec ee eee Bd1 27 8) 35 0O| 24 8} 20| 12| 12] 20 
WOIfOTS . cee occuiaal shee cee ee 19] 19} 0} 19]'° 0] . 16) >" 3] © 12) Se pee 
Morchanth +. 0. sos cen. ceed wee 21; 18le 3}. .21}, 0). 18lie<3) 118) sienna eee 
Labor ersitiisyctts sterereehe Sa a. heb are 27| 24 31-26 Uhl abe 7 S| D2) eee 6| 18 
ClubpWomen: 3... skeen 25| 20 5] 20; Sp Aa: 8| 18} 5 py ES By 
LiawyGpaittsite WIS. sk hese AS ats 29} 23). ..6] 25] 2] 24) 5). 2010 0G) ete 
PHYSICIANS Hse oe tank Gee Olean eee eee 29| 20 Sit 24 5] 18] 10) “Lol fay" Sere 
Ministers’ 22k Sat eis Sa Ae Meare 39) 39 Hie ese Olga siz 0| 34 3) (21) 14 
Colleze: Prolessors isaac tea amen: 32| 24 4| 27 41 20) 12) 20) d1 8} 23 
PORCH EIS Ses eteule + oie te ee Be Yoeerees 44| 36 Gweas9 4; 30; 12] 33] 8| 18] 24 
» ConwSchool  Supt'synl.cueate- poke. ae 33] 29]. 41). 33). Ol. .81) 32) 0180) sec 
| | | | | | 
Totals’ /osk i ahae aout. PP, ee | 363] 300| 50] 336] 21] 276] 73] 257| 86] 154] 184 


610 


Religion 


So far as information is available 
the statements for the different de- 
nominations in South Dakota follow: 


2. Adventist Church (Seventh Day) 
A Christian denomination having 
1858 adherents in the State. They are 
chiefly located in Spink and Union 
Counties, but are scattered elsewhere. 
They maintain a school at Redfield. 


3. Baptist Church 

This Christian denomination organ- 
ized its first church in Dakota Tetri- 
tory at Yankton in the summer of 
1864, by one of its missionary mini- 
sters, Rev. L. P. Judson. The church 
is generally organized throughout the 
State. It has eight district associa- 
tions and a State Conference. In 
1923 it had 9666 members and prop- 
erty worth $1,213,235. Its current 
annual expense is $122,650.02 and its 
annual contributions aggregate 
$223,885.49. By the State census of 
1915, 16,228 persons claim affiliation 
with it. The denomination supports 
Sioux Falls College. 


4. Catholic Church 

While it seems certain that Catho- 
lic ministers must have visited the 
State at an earlier date, we find no 
record of them here until in 1839 
Father DeSmet (then stationed with 
the Potawatomie, near the present 
Council Bluffs, Iowa) visited Fort 
’ Vermillion to meet by appointment 
Wamdasapa, the notorious renegade 
Sioux, to endeavor to induce him to 
quit his hostile incursions upon the 
Potawatomie. He does not leave a 
record of any religious ministrations 
at that time, though it is pretty cer- 
tain he did not omit much offices. In 
the autumn of 1840, only a few weeks 
after Dr. Riggs preached his first ser- 
mon at Fort Pierre, Father DeSmet, 


Religion 


returning from the Flathead country, 
stopped there. Father Alexander Ra- 
voux baptised children at Fort Pierre 
in 1842 (and on his way celebrated 
mass in Brown County at the James 
River); he also baptized at Fort Ver- 
million in 1845 and at Fort Pierre in 
1847. In 1848 Father DeSmet return- 
ed to the Dakota country and spent 
the most of his after years in this 
field. The first settled priest was 
Father Pierre Boucher, who establish- 
ed a mission at Jefferson in 1867. The 
Vicarate Apostolic of Dakota was es- 
tablished at Yankton in 1880 and Rt. 
Rev. Martin Marty was made bishop. 
When the State was organized it be- 
came a regular diocese, with the seat 
at Sioux Falls. In 1896 Bishop Thom- 
as O’Gorman succeeded Bishop Marty, 
and upon his death in 1921 Rt. Rev. 
Bernard J. Mahoney became Bishop. 
In 1902 the diocese of Lead was cre- 
ated for the section west of the Mis- 
souri, with Rt. Rev. John Stariha as 
bishop; in 1909 he was succeeded by 
Rt. Rev.- Joseph E. Busch, and in 
1916 Rt. Rev. John J. Lawler succeed- 
ed Busch. The Catholics have 238 
churches, and 181 missions that own 
church buildings. They maintain six 
hospitals and one orphan asylum; 
they have one college, eight academies 
and 44 parochial schools. The Cath- 
olic population is 98,611. 
5. Christian Science Church 

The first church of this faith was 
organized in Sioux Falls in 1898, 
though there were many adherents 
prior to that date. There are now fif- 
teen organized churches having 12 
church structures. The State Census 
of 1915 reported 1,343 adherents. 


6. Congregational Church 
first Congregational Church 
at.Yankton, .April..6, 


The 
was organized 


611 


Religion 


1868. The denomination is respons: 
ible for Yankton College and Ward 
Academy. It has 214 churches, 15,010 
members and 148 ministers. Its prop- 
erty is valued at $1,666,980. It pays 
annualy in salaries $164,791. Its be- 
nevolences for 1924 were, $48,304. The 
State Conference of the denomination 
was organized in 1870. 


7. Disciples of Christ (Christian 
Church) 


Mrs. Noble, one of the Spirit Lake 
captives dragged into the Dakota re- 
gion by Inkpaduta in 1857 and killed 
by his son Roaring Cloud, in eastern 
Spink County, was the first known 
member of this communion in South 
Dakota. She went to her death un- 
flinchingly. The missionary enter- 
prises of the church came into the 
State contemporaneously with the 
great boom about 1880. There are 
now 23 churches with a membership 
of 1823. In 1924 the church paid 
$22,852.09 for local expenses and con- 
tributed $2,401 to missions. It is or- 
ganized in a State Convention which 
meets annually. 


8. Episcopal Church 


The Episcopal Church in South Da- 
kota has 57 churches and missions 
and 67 upon the clergy roll, includ- 
ing two bishops. It maintains All 
Saints School for young ladies at 
Sioux Falls, two boarding schools 
among the Indians and numerous mis- 
sion schools. The first recorded use 
of the Episcopal Book of Common 
Prayer in South Dakota was by Maj. 
A. H. Redfield, agent to the Yanktons, 
on July 17, 1859, at Yankton Agency, 
when he read to the people, “the Holy 
Seriptures, the Episcopal daily pray- 
er and a well selected sermon.” In 
1862 Rev. Melancthon Hoyt settled at 


Religion 


Yankton as a regular missionary of 
the church, and from that time there 
was active development of the church. 


Its Bishops have been: William H. 
Hare, 1873-1909; Frederick Foote 
Johnson, 1905-1911; George Biller, 
1912-1915; Hugh Latimer Burleson, 
1916-............ ; William P. Remington, 
1918-1922; William Blair Roberts, 
1 he a : 





‘The Living Church Annual,” 1924; Rob- 
inson, 580; Ind. 1859, 128. 


9. Evangelical Church 

The Evangelical Church was first 
organized at Bigstone City about 1878 
and later in the same year at Yank- 
ton by itinerant missionaries sent out 
by the Minnesota Conference to the 
localities where Protestant Germans 
were located in Dakota. The Dakota 
Conference was organized at Big- 
stone, Mav 9, 1884, by Bishop R. Dubs. 
There were then six missionaries in 
South Dakota working chiefly around 
Bigstone City and Yankton; they re- 
ported 244 church members. In 1924 
the church had 46 churches and 15 
out-stations, with 37 ministers. It 
maintains a hospital at Ortonville, 
Minnesota, which is wholly the prop- 


_erty and enterprise of the Dakota Con- 


ference. The property of the church 
is. valued at $398,600 and its annual 
budget is $88,891. 


10. Free Methodist Church 
Statistics of the Free Methodist 
Church in South Dakota are not avail- 
able. They have several churches and 
maintain the Junior College at Wess- 
ington Springs. 


11. Huterisch Churches 
These people, chiefly of Swiss-Ger- 
man origin, came to Dakota largely 
through Russia. They are non-com- 
batant and due to troubles incident 


612 


Religion 


to the World War many left to reside 
in Canada. They have 2,500 members. 





EPIStyees, 410, 406: 

12. Lutheran Church 

The Lutherans constitute the larg- 
est Christian body in South Dakota. 
In 1915, 120,949 persons confessed af- 
filiation with that denomination. The 
membership is chiefly from the Scand- 
inavian countries and Germany. The 
Augsburg, Missouri, Pennsylvania and 
Ohio Synods and the Norwegian Luth- 
eran Church of America are all repre- 
sented and have overlapping jurisdic- 
tion. In consequence it is not easy to 
secure comprehensive statistics. The 
church supports Augustana College, 
Sioux Falls, the Canton Lutheran Nor- 
mal School, and Eureka College. It also 
supports homes for orphans and the 
the aged at Beresford, Union County, 
and has other worthy benevolences. 


13. Mennonite Church 
Among the Swiss-German people 
there are many followers of Menno, 
located chiefly in Hutchinson and 
Turner Counties. They have numer- 
ous church buildings and _ support 
Freeman College. 





Efist,; <5. 470; 

14. Methodist Episcopal Church 

The Methodist Episcopal Church is 
second only to the Lutheran among 
the protestant denominations. The 
first Methodist of record to come into 
the region was Jedediah S. Smith, who 
made the famous first prayer on the 
Missouri River near Mobridge in 1823. 
The first classes were organized at 
Richland and Vermillion in 1861, fol- 
lowing missionary work done by Rev. 
S. W. Ingham, begun in October, 1860. 
The Dakota Conference was formed 
at Yankton, September 23, 1880. 
There were in the jurisdiction 1050 


Religion 


members, nineteen churches, nine 
church buildings and six parsonages. 
At the present time there are in 
South Dakota 26,645 members, 177 
ministers, 217 churches and 152 par- 
sonages, all having a value of (with 
land) of $2,766,900. The annual cash 
revenues of the church are $473,735. — 
The denomination sponsers Dakota 
Wesleyan University, hospitals at 
Mitchell and Rapid City with a Par- 
ish House in connection with the 
State University at Vermillion. 


15. Presbyterian Church 

The first Christian sermon preached 
in South Dakota was at Fort Pierre, 
Sept. 20, 1840, by Rev. Stephen Re- 
turn Riggs, a notable Presbyterian mis- 
sionary from Minnesota. The first 
church building in Dakota was erected 
by the Presbyterians at Vermillion in 
August, 1860; it was a crude structure 
of poles and was destroyed during the 
Indian excitement of 1862; the first 
church bell in Dakota was also a part 
of the equipment of this primitive 
church; it does not appear that a reg- 
ular church organization was effected, 
but regular services were held under 
the ministry of Mr. Charles D. Martin, 
a layman missionary. In 1863 Rev. 
John P. Williamson came to Dakota 
with the Santee Sioux and when the 
next year these Indians moved to 
Nebraska, he took up work with the 
Yankton at Greenwood. His work be- 
came the nucleus of Presbyterianism 
in Dakota for an extended period. The 
Presbytery of Southern Dakota was 
organized in 1881 and the Synod of 
Dakota was created in 1884 with 
thirty -two ministers, fifty-three 
churches and more than 1,000 mem- 
bers. The synod now has 121 ministers, 
158 churches; 11,166 members; 130 
church buildings; 102 manses; and an 


613 


Religion 


annual budget of $234,597. Itsupports 
Huron College, which is a consolida- 
tion of Pierre University and Scotland 
Academy, institutions previously 
founded by the denomination. 


16. The Reformed Church 

Often called the Reformed Dutch 
Church. This denomination is chiefly 
among the MHollandish settlements, 
10,169 persons were adherents of it 
in 1915. Statistics are not available. 
There are about 20 churches. It came 
into the region with the Dutch set- 
tlers about 1880. 


17. Other Christian Churches 

Several other minor bodies of Chris- 
tians have organizations in this field. 
There are several church buildings 
among them, but statistics are not ob- 
tainable. 

18. Sunday Schools 

Sunday-Schools have grown up con- 
temporaneously with the churches. 
The American Sunday School Union 
has for 60 years sent devoted mission- 
aries into the field for the organiza- 
tion of non-sectarian Sunday Schools 
in the rural communities. The Dakota 
Sunday School Association was organ- 
ized at Vermillion, October 26, 1875, 
apparently through the initiative of 
Rev. W. S. Bell, missionary of the 
American Sunday School Union. Gen. 
W. H. H. Beadle was the first presi- 
dent and W. C. Bower, of Vermillion, 
secretary. Sixteen Sunday-schools and 
about 800 scholars enrolled were re- 
ported. The organization has grown 
into the South Dakota Sunday School 
Association, whose annual conventions 
are among the largest gatherings of 
people convened in the State. There 
are at present about 800 schools, hay- 
ing 7,000 teachers and an enrollment 
of more than 60,000. 


Rediciand 


19. Jewish Synagogues 


There are very few Hebrews in 
South Dakota. There are no depend- 
able statistics as to the total number. 
Chiefly they are engaged in mercan- 
tile pursuits and are in the larger 
cities. They have organized congre- 
gations and places of worship in Ab- 
erdeen and Sioux Falls. 


Red Butte is in Lyman County, south 
of Kennebec. i 


Red Canyon opens into Cheyenne 
River in western Fall River County. 


Red Cloud, 1822-1909; was the war- 
chief of the Oglala Sioux; grew up 
about Fort Laramie, a member of the 
band of Old Smoke, and familiarized 
himself with white men’s ways. His 
father was a Brule and consequently 
Red Cloud was not in the line of he- 
reditary chieftainship. He carefully 
observed the military tactics of the 
whites and, being a man of great in- 
telligence, appropriated to his own 
use everything he deemed of import- 
ance. He opposed civilization and by 
1860 had acquired wide influence. He 
refused to attend the peace-council at 
Pierre in the autumn of 1865 (called 
by Gov. Edmunds to settle the War of 
the Out-break) because the govern- 
ment was planning to build wagon- 
roads through the Powder River re- 
gion, which were the chief hunting 
grounds of the Oglala. In 1866, when 
Gen. Carrington undertook to open the 
road and fortify it, Red Cloud called 
his people to arms and took the field 
in open warfare. He kept up a gueril- 
la warfare for two years, during 
which occurred the total destruction — 
of Col. Fetterman’s command and the 
notable Battle of the Wagon-boxes (q. 
v.) in which Red Cloud’s warriors suf- 
fered fearful loss. Not until the goy- 


614 


Red Cloud 


ernment had abandoned the road and 
dismantled the forts. did he come 
down and sign the Laramie treaty (q. 
~v.) in the autumn of 1868. His suc- 
cess made him proud, overbearing and 
difficult to manage, though he observ- 
ed the letter of his treaty. Dr. Mce- 
Gillicuddy was compelled to break 
him of his chieftainship in 1882 and 
to confer the honor upon American 
Horse and Man Afraid of His Horses. 
Though he remained quietly at the 
agencies, his sympathies and counsel 
were with the hostiles in 1876 and 
during the Messiah Craze of 1890. 





fist. oclls too; ‘Our Wild Indians,’ ‘Col: 
Dodge, 478; C. T. Brady’s ‘‘Indian Fights 
and Fighters,” 19-71. 


What follows is from an address up- 
on “The Education of Red Cloud,” de- 
livered before the Nebraska State His- 
torical Society, January 16, 1924: 


Redcloud was born upon the site of 
North Platte about 1822. The year 
is uncertain. He was not in the line 
of Oglala chieftainship, for his father 
was a Brule; but his mother was per- 
haps a cousin, recognized as a sister, 
by Old Smoke. The Smoke family 
was among the most distinguished, in- 
filuential and respectable in the Sioux 
Nation. 

The education of Redcloud began 
with his birth. The Sioux begin at 
the first to train their offspring in re- 
serve, the foundation of that poise 
which characterizes them through life. 
Better than most people they incul- 
cate in their children restraint, while 
at the same time developing independ- 
ence and individuality. 

Before the first sun had set, Red- 
cloud found himself reclining upon a 
cushioned board and laced into a 
pocket. This board was hung up in 


the tepee, or to a branch of a tree- 


or leaned against a lodge pole; but 
wherever it was disposed it was the 
home of the young man for the first 
year of his existence, and before he 
was given his release he had learned 
patience and fortitude. 


Red Cloud 


His studies in natural history began 
with his first dawning intelligence. 
The song of every bird was interpre- 
ted to him by his mother. The sig- 
nificance of the eagle feather in his 
father’s war bonnet was revealed to 
him before he could walk. At-two 
he recognized and identified all of the 
birds of the locality, knowing them by 
sight and by song. In that year he 
plucked the eagle feathers from his 
father’s bonnet to decorate his dog. 

Day by day his knowledge of natur- 
al history increased and with it his 
information about men and life. At 


four, with his boy playmates he was 


taking the name of some famous 
Sioux and withdrawing to a quiet 
place, the boys sat in council with all 
the gravity of their elders. At six he 
was expert with bow and arrow and 
many a small bird brought down by 
his skill, fattened forth the dinner 
stew. At eight it was his joy to lead 
the race upon the wildest horse in 
the band. Thus his education pro- 
gressed and he was intelligent, in- 
formed, and efficient. 

His knowledge of geography was 
constantly expanding. Annually one 
or more excursions were made into 
far countries and no feature of the 
topography escaped his attentive eye, 
or failed to find lodgment in his mem- 
ory. While the general habitat of his 
band was along the valley of the 
Platte, at ten he had seen the Mis- 
souri, the Cheyenne, the Republican, 
the Powder, and the Yellowstone. He 
knew the Sand Hills, the Black Hills, 
and the Laramie range. 

The flora and fauna of the regions 
he had visited were his. The butter- 
cup, the prairie violet, the buffalo 
grass, and the massive pine each had 
a place in his consciousness. He knew 
the succulent turnip and all the edible 
plants, as well as those of medicinal 
virtues. He was becoming an edu- 
cated Indian. 

White men had already come to the 
band and several of his sister-cousins 
were married to them, so that he 
knew much of their ways. They 
brought with them the potent fire- 
water and the father of Redcloud be- 
came a besotted drunkard. Redcloud 


Red Cloud 


said his first vivid recollection of his 
father was seeing him in a state of 
beastly intoxication. He was a kind, 
loving and generous parent when sob- 
er, but violent and abusive in drink 
Redcloud saw him die in delirium 
tremens and from him he learned the 
lessons that made him an advocate of 
temperance, expending his influence 
to save his people from the evils of 
intemperance. 


Fort Laramie dates from 1834 and 
from the beginning it became the chief 
rendezvous of the Oglala and more 
especially of the band of Old Smoke. 
It was not long until they had earn- 
ed the name of Laramie loafers. Soon 
caravans began to move cautiously 
out toward the mountains and the 
young man’s knowledge of white men 
and their ways expanded. While he 
was yet a youth the emigrants be- 
gan to push across to Oregon and the 
white man more than ever became a 
very material matter in his develop- 
ment. 

The year 1845 stood out in the recol- 
lection of Redcloud as epochal, for in 
mid-season Colonel Stephen W. Kearny 
appeared at Laramie with five hun- 
dred dragoons of the United States 
Army arrayed in all the panoply and 
circumstance of military upon parade 
for the purpose of impressing a heath- 
en people. Few events so intrigued 
the consciousness of the young men 
as did this array. 

There is no question that the prox- 
imity of the white men, and men of 
the character of those who first came 
among them, was having a derogatory 
effect upon Sioux life and character 
even at that early day. 


Thus proceeded the education of 
Redcloud and his knowledge of men, 
red and white. Gold was discovered 
in California and over night the Ore- 
gon Trail, with its annual train of 
emigrants, became a great national 
highway crowded with argonauts with 
the gold fever blazing in their eyes. 
Redcloud watched it all and capital- 
ized as much of it as he could. 

In 1849 the government converted 
Fort Laramie into a military post and 
thence forward soldiers with their 


Red Cloud 


great guns and dazzling trappings 
were his daily associates. The mili- 
tary contributed mightily to his store 
of knowledge. 


In the autumn of 1851 he attended 
his first treaty council and learned 
the Great Father’s methods of treat- 
ing with his children. It was a great 
affair held on the south side of the 
North Platte at the mouth of Horse 
Creek, in Nebraska, but upon the very 
western boundary of the _ present 
State. Ten thousand Indians were 
gathered there from all over the plains 
region from the Missouri to the moun- 
tains; and there for eighteen days, 
the tribes were flattered, counciled 
and finally feasted and what 
General Harney called ‘“Mitchell’s 
milk and. molasses’ treaty” was 
signed. Toward the end of the 
council a caravan of government 
goods was received and distributed to 
the Indians as gifts. Redcloud’s edu- 
cation took a great impulse that day 
and he acquired information that was 
valuable to him all of his life. 


In this great council Redcloud for 
the first time heard the Christian re- 
ligion expounded. He had had smat- 
terings of it from the rude trappers, 
but now came Father DeSmet who 
patiently and eloquently explained it 
to the Oglala in their own tongue. ~ 
Redcloud was not converted, but he 
remembered what he heard and true 
to his life policy appropriated and 
capitalized as much of it as he could 
use. Ever after upon dress occasions 
he spouted bits of Christian doctrine 
as his original and aboriginal religion. 


He had been in a considerable num- 
ber of tribal affrays in which a scalp 
was taken or a woman stolen and had 
won the approbation of his fellows for 
bravery and adroitness, but in 1853 
he -was privileged to witness an af- 
fair that stirred his imagination and 
left an ineffaceable impression. 


On August 17th a large number of 
Oglala, Brule and Minneconjou (the 
latter visitors from the Cheyenne) 
were encamped on the Overland Trail 
about six miles below Fort Laramie, 
when a large company of Mormons 
en route to. Salt Lake passed. Trail- 


616 


Red Cloud 


driving a lame cow. An Indian dog 
ing along behind them was a man 
frightened the cow and she turned 
from the road and ran into the heart 
of the Indian camp. The driver in- 
stead of stopping-to recover his prop- 
erty started hot foot to overtake the 
caravan. The Indians finding a cow 
in their possession and no one claim- 
ing it, determined upon a feast, and 
a Minneconjou killed the animal and 
they ate her. When the Mormons ar- 
rived at Laramie they reported their 
loss to the commandant, Lieutenant 
John Lawrence Grattan, a West Point 
“shavetail’” who had won his honors, 
a second lieutenant’s commission, only 
on July ist of that year. The First 
Lieutenant in command of the post 
was away, leaving Grattan in charge 
with but forty men. The record does 
not reveal what negotiations occurred 
on the 18th between the post and the 
Indian camp, but certainly there was 
some communication, for upon the 
morning of the 19th Grattan with 
twenty-nine men, a drunken interpre- 
ter, and a big cannon to give impress- 
iveness to his column, went down to 
the Indian camp to arrest the Indian 
who killed the cow. While the chiefs 
were negotiating for the surrender of 
the culprit, Grattan, having heard that 
the man had refused to give himself 
up, fired upon his lodge. The chiefs 
harangued the young men not to at- 
tack the soldiers, but Grattan ordered 
his men to fire their cannon and mus- 
kets. 
killed Grattan and five soldiers that 
stood by the cannon. The other sol- 
diers beat a hot retreat but they were 
all overtaken and killed within a mile. 
The Sioux by this time were in a 
frenzy and ready to massacre all the 
whites in the country and rushed up- 
on Bordeaux’s store (the old Richard’s 
store of Parkman) but wiser counsel 
prevailed and they were quieted. The 
goods for their annuity under the 
Mitchell treaty had arrived and were 
deposited in the warehouses of the 
American Fur Company. The Indians 
held a council and concluded that be- 
cause-of the Grattan affair the gov- 
ernment would withhold the issue of 
the goods to them and they determin- 


The Indians then rushed in and. 


Red Cloud 


ed to take possession of the ware- 
houses and help themselves; which 
resolution they carried out. Redcloud 
says that he did everything he could 
to prevent bloodshed, but that after 
Grattan wantonly fired upon them, he 
with others returned the fire and kill- 
ed the soldiers. His education was 
progressing with giant strides. 

Ten years passed and Redcloud had 
reached middle life. He seemed to 
avoid trouble but hunting south and 
north, occasionally visiting Laramie, 
but avoiding the California trail. Up 
to this time his name had not once 
gotten into the government reports. 


Then followed the Red Cloud War 
of 1866-8 waged by him to preserve 
the game refuges of his people and 
which resulted in his complete suc- 
cess. (See War). 


After Redcloud settled down upon 
the reservation in 1871 he was not 
slow to discover that the Sioux were 
being defrauded im one way or an- 
other and he sought some way of 
communicating the fact directly to 
President, believing the Secretary of 
the Interior and the Indian Commis- 
sioner were both profiting from the 
condition. Prof. O. C. Marsh, geolo- 
gist of Yale College, a scientist of 
national fame, came out to the agency 
to explore the Bad Lands. Redcloud 
got his ear and found him sympa- 
thetic. The chief wanted to send the 
President some tangible evidence that 
would make him wake up and pay 
attention. He managed to get a sack 
of coffee from the warehouse. With 
the assistance of Red Dog, the two 
chiefs industriously sorted it over 
picking out each shrunken and dis- 
colored bean until they had made up 
a package of respectable size. This 
they carried to the professor and in- 
formed him that the contents was a 
sample of the kind of coffee issued to the 
Indians in lieu of ‘the contract goods for 
which the government paid a high 
price. The indignant professor car- 
ried the package directly to the Presi- 
dent, who secured a most drastic in- 
vestigation to be made by gentlemen 
of character in no way connected with 


617 


Red Cloud 


the Indian service. The testimony 
taken fills a very large closely print- 
ed volume. While most of the griev- 
ances of Redcloud were unfounded, 
much collusion was unearthed and cor- 
rected. There is something infinitely 
funny about these two old princes of 
the realm seriously engaged in pick- 
ing out the little coffee beans; but 
the Oglala quite understood that there 
is no royal road to learning. 
Contemporaneous with and immed- 
iately after the Black Hills episode 
and the affair upon the Little Big 
Horn, the Agency Indians were dis- 
turbed and exceedingly difficult. The 
chiefs were jealous of one another 
and resentful of government control. 


In 1879, Dr. V. T. McGillycuddy was- 


made Redcloud’s Agent. His greet- 
ing to the new agent is thus quot- 
ed: : 
“T am, Redcloud, the great war 
chief of the Oglalas. When Red- 
cloud speaks, everybody listens. 
I have not asked you white men 
to come here.” — 


McGillycuddy told him he had ney- 
ertheless come to stay; that he want- 
ed his advice and assistance; but if 
he continued in the same attitude, he 
would have to appeal to the young 
men for aid. Redcloud remained ir- 
reconcilable and Dr. McGillycuddy 
was compelled to send him to a school 
in which he learned the most valu- 
able lesson of his life. 


The Sword, an intelligent and cour- 
ageous young man, was chosen to lead 
a band of fifty selected, uniformed po- 
lice, upon whom devolved the duty of 
maintaining the peace and quiet of the 
reservation. It was an admirable plan 
that worked in a highly satisfactory 
way, but it was the essence of bitter- 
ness to Redcloud. He was sullen and 
resentful, but the strategy of McGilly- 
cuddy constantly confounded him. 
Finally in July, 1881, he addressed a 
letter to the President: 

“If my Great Father does not 
remove my Agent McGillycuddy, 
I, Redcloud, will myself remove 
him.” 

This letter greatly disturbed the In- 
dian department and McGillycuddy 


Red Cloud 


was advised to recall the military for 
his protection. The agent discovered 
that Redcloud had already made prep- 
aration to take over control of the 
agency. He had _ stealthily secured 
the co-operation of two hundred young 
men, had set up a camp over the hill 
from the agency, organized a soldiers’ 
lodge and had the stage set for open 
insurrection. - McGillycuddy immedi- 
ately called a council of the Indians, 
to which Redcloud was invited, but he 
flouted the invitation. Sword was di- 
rected to take a squad of police and 
bring him in, but upon the earnest 
solicitation of Man Afraid and Ameri- 
can Horse the order was revoked and 
these chiefs were permitted to go to 
Redcloud and reason with him and 
endeavor to bring himt o the council. 
They soon returned and informed the 
agent that Redcloud had consented to 
come. The council was formed and 
immediately Redcloud and his two 
hundred young men came dashing 
over the hill in the flaming war gear 
whooping like demons and firing their 
revolvers. Down they came to the 
council place, rode three times around 
it and Redcloud dismounted, came 
swaggering in and, in the most inso- 
lent way, slumped down in the circle. 
McGillycuddy standing alone in the 
center, held in his hand Redcloud’s 
letter to the President. He said quiet- 
ly. “Redcloud, stand up.” The old 
chief sneered contemptuously. Tak- 
ing a quick step forward McGilly- 
cuddy repeated firmly, “Redcloud, 
stand up.” As if lifted by some in- 
visible force the old man rose to his 
feet. McGillcuddy continued, ‘“Red- 
cloud, I have been your agent for 
three years. I have never lied to you. 
I have never promised you anything 
and failed to perform. I have sent 
the soldiers away that they might not 
annoy you. There is not a soldier 
within 66 miles of this agency. Red- 
cloud, you have been mean and inso- 
lent, you have defied your agent and 
insulted the Great Father by sending 
him this letter. Because you have 
been mean and insolent, because you 
have defied your agent and insulted 
the Great Father, I now break you of 
your chieftainship. You are no longer 


618 


Red Cloud Creek 


chief of the Oglala. Man Afraid, I 
make you chief of the Smoke Band. 
American Horse, your are chief of the 
Bear Band. Redcloud, to your tepee.” 


It was a dramatic moment. The 
two men stood face to face, each look- 
ing deep into the eyes of the other. 
The Oglala nation sat breathless up- 
on the issue. Presently Redcloud’s 

eyes fell. “To your tepee,’’ repeated 
McGillycuddy with a gesture of dis- 
missal. Redcloud turned and slunk 
out, with the contemptuous eyes of all 
of his people on him. His influence was 
broken and gone forever. His educa- 
tion was complete. 

Red Cloud Creek is a small tribu- 
tary to the White River in western 


Shannon County. 


Red Cloud’s War. See under War, 
6. 


Red Cross. The American Red 
Cross Society came into South Da- 
kota in the spring of 1917, immedi- 
ately upon the entry of the United 
States in the World War. It was 
thoroughly organized in every locality 
and accomplished a tremendous serv- 
ice. The women of the state unre- 
servedly gave themselves to the work. 
It is impossible statistically to repre- 
sent its service, but some of the 
items are significant: 


SHUR: $2,190,271.25 
Knitted articles 784,411, .. 649,900.40 
Refugee garments 43,606, 59,520.00 
Surgical dressings, 1,566,300, 101,300.00 
Total contribution to Dec. 31, 1918, 
Be SS to Soe eae oid i $3,000,991.65 
Number of branches, Jan. 1, 1918, 385 
Membership, Jan. 1, 1918..... 165,275 


Since the close of the war, the Red 
Cross has maintained its’ organization 
and in a number of emergencies has 
rendered important assistance to the 
afflicted. 


Cash contributed 





Printed Report, S. D. State Council of 
Defense, 1920. 


Redelm 


Red Iron Lake 
Marshall County. 


is in southeastern 


Red Lake is a discontinued postof- 
fice in central Brule Co. 


Red Lake is an extensive lake south 
of Pukwana, in Brule County. 


Red Owl is a postofice in central 
Meade Co. “The Meade Co. Messen- 
ger,” established in 1908, is its news- 
paper. 


Red Sand Creek is a southern afflu- 
ent of White River in eastern Wash- 
abaugh Co. 


Red Scaffold Creek is a northern tri- 
butary to Cherry Creek in Ziebach Co. 


“Red Sky’s Annie,” is a story of the 
Badlands, by Jesse Hollis Beebe, 1911. 


Red Water is a railroad station 5 
miles south of Belle Fourche, its bank- 
ing point and postoffice in northern 
Lawrence Co. 


Redcoat Creek is a northern tribu- 
tary of Cherry Creek in Ziebach Coun- 


ty. 


Redding, Martin V., 1843- ; born 
in Germany; Civil War veteran; mov- 
ed to Brown County, Dakota in 1882; 
held several local offices; school clerk 
for many years; legislator, 1901, 1903. 


Redelm is a village in central Zie- 
bach Co. “The Record,” established 
in 1917, is its newspaper. 


Redfern is a postoffice in south 


Pennington Co. 


Redfield is the county seat of Spink 
County; founded 1881; named for J. B. 
Redfield, a pioneer officer of the 
Northwestern Railway. It is located 
at the crossing of the Watertown to 
Gettysburg branch of the Northwest- 


619 


Redfern 


ern and the Huron to Oakes branch 
and the James Valley division of the 
Milwaukee Railway. The State 
School and Home for the Feeble Mind- 
ed is located here. It is also the seat 
of Redfield College, an institution of 
higher learning conducted by the Ger- 
man Congregationalists. For popula- 
tion, see census. 


Redfield, Alexander H., Agent for 
the Yankton Indians, 1859, who con- 
ducted them from their old home at 
Yankton and established them at the 
Agency at Greenwood. There on July 
15, 1859, he read the Episcopal Church 
service for the day. He seems to 
have been a wise and successful agent 
who was displaced by the Republicans 
when Lincoln was elected. 





Kingsbury, I, 141-3, 136. Hist., X, 4338. 

Redstone Creek has its source in the 
lakes of Kingsbury County and runs 
southwest through Miner and Sanborn 
Counties to the James River. 


Redwater River rises in eastern Wy- 
oming and forms about half of the 
northern boundary of Lawrence Coun- 
ty, then turns north through Meade 
Co. to the Cheyenne River at Belle 
Fourche. There is a fine hydro-elec- 
tric plant upon the stream north of 
Spearfish. Its waters are extensively 
used for irrigation. 

Ree Heights is a town in western 
Hand Co. Named from the nearby 
Ree Hills. ‘“‘The Review,” established 
in 1911, is its newspaper. 

Ree Heights, a precipitous range of 
the Missouri Coteau in southern Hand 
County. 


Ree Indians. See Arickara. 


Ree Valley is the name applied to 
the fine farming region in central 
Hand County. 


Referendum 


Reed, George P., 1876- - ; born at 
Monroe Center, Illinois, December 22; 
came to Nordland, now Arlington, 
Kingsbury Co., Dakota in 1881; en- 
gaged in real estate business; post- 
master at Arlington for 12 years; pres- 
ident of city council, legislator, 1921. 


Rees. See Arickara Indians. 


Rees, John J., State representative 
from Edmunds County in 19038. 


Reeves, C. E.,, - ; born at 
Manchester, Iowa; came to Mitchell 
in 1880; engaged in real estate busi- 
ness; member, Mitchel council for 
nine years; also engaged in farming 
and stock raising; legislator, 1913. 


Reeves, James D., 1858-1914; native 
of Minnesota; pioneer editor of Gro- 
ton; State auditor, 1899-1903; father 
of Jay Reeves (q.v.). 


Reeves, Jay, 1886- ; born at Gro- 
ton, Brown Co., May 25th; educated 
in University of Minnesota; lawyer; 
publisher of “Groton Independent;” 
State senator from Brown County in 
1917; State Auditor 1919-1923; estab- 
lished “Aberdeen Daily Journal,” 1922, 
but next year sold it to the “American 
News” and removed to California. Son 
of James D. Reeves (q.v.). 


Referendum. South Dakota was the 
first American commonwealth to 
adopt the system of legislation by ini- 
tiative and referendum. The consti- 
tutional provision for it added to the 
constitution in 1898. Under it any act 
of the legislature, not essential to the 
immediate maintenance of the State 
government, may, upon petition of five 
per cent of the electors represented at 
the last general election, be submitted 
to the voters at the next general elect- 


_ Reform School 


ion, and the vote of a majority of those 
voting upon the proposition is neces- 
sary for its aproval. The act then 
goes into effect upon the canvass of 
the vote. The referendum has been 
invoked 17 times; in six instances the 
referred law was approved and in 11 
defeated. See Initiative and Referen- 
dum. 





@onst— TIT 21, 22. 
Reform School. 
School, State. 


Reformed Church 
Dutch Church). 

Reid Lake is in northern Clark Coun- 
ty. 

Reinecke, Fred A., 1883- ; born at 
Athol, S. Dak., March 10th; educated, 
Redfield College and Creighton Uni- 
versity, Omaha; engaged in farming; 
clerk of courts of Spink County, 1915 
to 1918; registered pharmacist in S. 
D. and Neb.; legislator, 1923; lives at 
Athol, Spink Co. 

Reliance is a town in eastern Ly- 
man Co. Population, see Census. 
“The Lyman Co. Record,” established 
in 1903 is its newspaper. 


See Training 
(or . Reformed 
See Religion, 16. 


Relics. There is an extensive col- 
lection of historical relics in the State 
Museum and in the S. D. U. museum 
at Vermillion, though the later has 
‘been developed more upon scientific 
lines, natural history and anthropolo- 
gy being most emphasized. 


Religious Books. See Literature of 


South Dakota. 


Remington, Bishop William Proctor, 
1879- ; born Philadelphia, March 
13; Graduate, University of Pennsyl- 
vania and Theological Seminary of 
Virginia; consecrated suffragan bis- 
hop of South Dakota, 1918; bishop of 
Eastern Oregon, 1922. 


Renville, Gabriel 


Removal of Capital. 
State. 


Remfer, Christian, 1859- ; born 
in South Russia, July 18th; came to 
Yankton, Dakota in 1880, but soon 
moved to Scotland, Bon Homme Coun- 
ty, and worked in a grocery store five 
years; in 1885 moved to Hutchinson 
County and engaged in farming and 
stock raising; in Parkston since 1893 
and engaged in farm machinery busi- 
ness and grain business; legislator, 
1901, 1903. 


See Capital of 


Rencontre, Zephyr, a daring frontiers- 
man who lived and died in Dakota. 
He was an employee of the American 
Fur Company until that organization 
withdrew, when he set up an indepen-- 
dent post at Bon Homme Island. He 
was interpreter in 1859 to Capt. Wm. 
F. Raynolds, U. S. Army, on his exped- 
ition to the Yellowstone River. He 
left a mixed blood family in the Brule 
band of Sioux, the most notable of 
whom was Alexander Rencontre (or 
Renconter). 





Hist., X, 488. Reynold’s ‘“‘Report on 
Exploration of the Yellowstone,” p. 33. 


Renner is a village in central Minne- 
haha Co. 


Renner, Leonard, 1840- ; born in 
Germany; moved to Mapleton town- 
ship, Minnehaha County, in 1878 and 
engaged in farming; held township 
and school offices; Civil War veteran; 
legislator, 1901, 1903. 


Renshaw is a townsite of the Dakota 
Land Company, 1857, on the Sioux Ri- 
ver, 20 miles north of Medary. 


Renville, Gabriel, 1825-1892; treaty- 
chief of the Sissetons after their set- 
tlement upon the Lake Traverse Re- 
servation. A wise and sagacious lead- 
er of his people. He was a mixed 


621 


Renville, Rev. John B. 


blood, his father, half French, his mo- 
ther half Sctoch. He was of great ser- 
vice to the whites in the time of the 
Minnesota Massacre and was a valued 
scout in the war that followed., and 
chief of scouts, 1864-5; cousin of John 
Bai oy. ): 





Dakotan, VI, Nov. 1903, 4; Feb.-Mar., 
£904) a a) oe MinnssHisty Goll., aexs 095.614; 


Renville, Rev. John B., born at Lac 
qui Parle, Minnesota about 1824; son 
of Joseph Renville, noted interpreter 
for the English in the War of 1812. He 
died near Sisseton Agency about 1904. 
He was educated in English and was 
a minister of the Presbyterian Church. 





TIShay Ngagoe | ot ohaaly Cote iL, alae 


Reports of Officials. See Printing. 
Reptiles. See Fauna, (Amphibians 


and Reptiles). 


Republican Party. See Parties, Po- 


litical. 

“Republic of Friends, South Dakota” 
is a combination of civics and the His- 
tory of South Dakota by Dr. Willis E. 
Johnson (q.v.), a school book publish- 
ed in 1911. 

Reserve is a postoffice in southeast 
Stanley County. 


Reservations, Indian. See Indian 
Treaties. 
Resources, Mineral. See Black 
Hills, 6, 9. 


“Resources of Dakota, 1887,” is a 
compilation of information and statis- 
tics exhibiting the resources of the 
Territory of Dakota by counties. 
Edited by Col. Pattison F. McClure, 
then commissioner of immigration. It 
is a valuable reference bok. 


Responsibility. In law, “no man is 
responsible for that which no man can 
control.” 





Code, 58. 


Review of Progress, S. D. 


Returning Board. Election returns 
from the various precincts are certi- 
fied in duplicate by the election offi- 
cers of the various precincts, one copy 
being official and sent under seal, the 
other open for immediate, unofficial 
use. These are received by the coun- 
ty auditor, and the county returning 
board is summoned within three days. 
The auditor at once compiles the un- 
official returns for the information of 
the public. The returning board offi- 
cially canvasses the returns and cer- 
tifies the same, upon federal and state 


. officers, the legislature, and upon con- 


stitutional and referred questions, 
sending its certificate to the state aud- 
itor, in duplicate, one copy being seal- 
ed and official, the other ‘open for 
immediate use. The _ state return- 


ing board canvasses the official 
returns and certifies the results. 
The county returning board con- 


sists of the auditor and a majority of 
the county commissioners, or the coun- 
ty treasurer, county judge and one 
commissioner. The State returning 
board for federal officers is the Secre- 
tary of State, presiding judge of the 
supreme court and the governor; for 
State officers, the same board with the 
addition of the State auditor, the can- 
vas to be made in the presence of the 
attorney-general. The State canvass 
is made upon Thursday following the 
fourth Monday after the election. See 
Election Returns. 


Reva is a postoffice in eastern Hard- 
ing County. 

Revenue Office. The office of the 
Collector of Federal Revenue is locat- 
ed at Aberdeen. Deputies maintain of- 
fices at various points for the conven- 
ience of the tax-paying public. 


Review of Progress, S. D. See An- 
nual Review of Progress. 


622 


Revillo 


Revillo is a town in southeast Grant 
County. Population, see Census. ‘“‘The 
Item,” established in 1897, is its news- 
paper. 


Revised Statutes. The statutes of 
Dakota Territory and of South Da- 
kota have been officially revised four 
times; 1., in 1877, by Peter C. Shan- 
non, Granville Bennett and Bartlett 
Tripp, with Gen. W. H. H. Beadle as 
Chief Clerk. This revision contains 
| all of the session laws of 1877, which 


were not otherwise officially publish- 


ed. 2. The Compiled Laws of 1887; 
by Ernest W. Caldwell and Charles H. 
Price; these commissioners had no 
power to revise, except to correct 
grammatical and orthographical  er- 
rors; 3. The Revised Codes of 1903, 
by Gideon C. Moody, Bartlett Tripp 
and James M. Brown. In this revision 
the Political, Civil, Civil Procedure, 
Probate Justices and Criminal Codes 
are arranged separately and with 


Rice, Harvey J. 


Haney, chief reviser, and John B. Han- 
ten and George N. Williamson, assis- 
tant revisers. These revisers had 
broad powers to present a _ perfect, 
complete and consistent code of laws 
embracing the substance of all general 
statutes in force January 1, 1919. This 
code has consecutive numbering of the 
sections throughout. : 

It should be added that the original 
enactments of 1862 amounted to a 
careful revision, for the scientifically 
prepared Field Codes of New York 
were adopted, only modified to meet 
local conditions. A private compila- 
tion, anotated, was made by A. N. and 
L. Levisee of Fargo in 1883; in 1889 
Edwin L. Grantham published as a pri- 
vate enterprise a compilation of all 
laws in force upon January ist of that 
year. 





“Revised Statutes’’ also denotes those 


of the United States. 
Rhine Creek. See Marne. 


Separate consecutive numbering Rhodes Scholars. The following is 
of the sections of each; 4. The a list of Rhodes Scholars from South 
Revised Code of 1919, by Dick Dakota: 
Student Accredited to Oxford Univ. 
College. 
1904 eT VL OUMNE. terete a hon a Aa University of South Dakota........ Oriel 
eee Wes NOVELL... Sine do. ces naar 's Dakota Wesleyan University....Queen’s 
1908 a eee Wee A CO Wore wnere scaies.s VanRion VCOle rans ts tira ay: Worcester 
ities Haro A. Gunderson... .. <>». Yankton College...... He ee Pembroke 
a Ws Rae TenCG. 1 RiP Ro os a «nn Beloit College, Wisconsin........ Lincoln 
ee LODOLL EL WATTON sin. opecclencoc VaRurtO ln mCOleGP er ac. Sat, io o8 Queen’s 
eee SEV LOI. SALTON: ssic 1 aeysvre, + nea. Sioux Falls College........... Pembroke 
eet ian MICIMINIAN. ees snes cme e es University of South Dakota...... Merton 
1921 Wark We Miappen ..-:... fee te Wooster College, Ohio..St. Edmund Hall 
EERE WIT svi. ECCT. co ees tes 3 ses Yankton College........ St. Edmund Hall 
weewe ATtnur Wi, WHiSOIT. soo. wees REO DOLLOP Og ttt a eG geieres, omaha ap 
Rebstein, F. F., : = Bruce; Rice, Harvey J., 1849-1923; born at 


born at Randolph, Wisconsin; came to 
Brookings Co., Dakota in 1878; en- 
gaged in general merchandise and coal 
business; legislature, 1909, 1911. 


623 


Freeport, Illinois, April 23rd; graduate 
University of Carlinsville; studied 
law, but engaged in mercantile lines; 
came to Huron in 1880; railroad com- 


Rice, George 


missioner 1889-1895; Grand Secretary 
of the Odd Fellows orders for more 
than a quarter century. 


Rice, George, 1854- POOL soit! 
Iowa; lawyer; pioneer of Flandreau, 
1878; Speaker, Territorial legislature, 
1885; Attorney-general, 1885-6; state 
senator, 1905; railroad commissioner, 
1907-12; interested in banking. 


Biog., 1898, 227. 

Rice, William G., 1855- ; born in 
Memphis, Missouri, Feb. 1; admitted 
to the bar in 1884 and located at Dead- 
wood that year; has been member of 
legislature and held other - offices; 
circuit judge, 1892 to 1915. 


Richards is a postoffice in northern 
Buffalo County. 


Richardson, C. S., 18 -1904; first 
president, Madison State Normal 
School in 18838. 

Richardson, D. J., 1895- ; Sioux 


Falls; born in Sioux Falls, S. Dak., 
October 8th; salesman; served in 
World War; legislator, 1921. 


Richards Primary. An initiative pe- 
tition for a general primary election 
law was submitted to the legislature 
of 1905, which body refused to obey 
the mandate. A complete primary 
election act, chiefly following the Wis- 
consin statute, and providing for the 
nomination of all candidates for office 
by primary ballot at public expense 
was enacted in 1907. In 1911 Richard 
O. Richards promoted the initiation of 
an act providing a very comprehen- 
sive primary procedure, which extend- 
ed to postmasters, and involved an 
elaborate method of proposing candi- 
dates to be chosen at the formal pri- 
maries. It also provided a system 
for proposing the paramount issues 
of the impending campaign. This act 


Rights 


was approved at the election of 1912. 
An initiated act repealing the Rich- 
ards primary was voted upon at the 
election of 1914 and defeated. The 
legislature of 1915 by an emergency 
measure repealed the Richards pri- 
mary and reenacted the original pri- 
mary of 1909. Mr. Richards at this 
session re-initiated his primary with 
some modifications, and it was voted 
upon at the election of 1916 and de- 
feated by 323 votes. At the next ses- 
sion Mr. Richards caused his law to be 
reinitiated and it was approved at 
the election of 1918. At the special 
session of the legislature of 1920 an act 
known as the Amsden Primary, re- 


-pealing the Richards primary and sim- 


plifying the whole primary election 
method, was submitted and defeated 
at the polls by about 17,000. The leg- 
islature of 1923 made several drastic 
amendments to the Richards primary 
law, which were submitted upon re- 
ferendum to the voters in 1924 and all 
of them defeated. 


Richland is a discontinued postof- 
fice in southern Union County. 


Richmond is a discontinued post- 
office in western Brown County. 


Ricords, S. W., 1878- ; farmer; 
born in Colfax County, Nebraska, May 
21st; came to South Dakota in 1904; 
engaged in farming; held various 
township offices in Hanson Co.; legis- 
lator, 1919. 


Ridgeview is a station 24 miles 
northeast of Eagle Butte its banking 
point and postoffice in central Dewey 
County. 





Rights. Between rights otherwise 
equal the law prefers the _ earliest 
right. 

Code, 57. 


624 


Rights 


Rights. In law one must use his 
own rights so as not to infringe upon 
the rights of others. 





Code, 45. 


Riggs, Stephen Return, D. D., 1812- 
1882; Missionary to the Sioux; located 
at Lac qui Parle, Minnesota, in 1837; 
constructed a dictionary and gram- 
mer of the Dakota language, (pub- 
lished in 1852), and assisted in trans- 
lating the Bible, and in providing 
school texts and hymns in that lan- 
guage. Visited Fort Pierre in 1840 and 
preached the first Christian sermon 
in South Dakota on Sept. 20th. With 
his family and other missionaries he 
was living at Hazelwood, near the Up- 
. per Sioux Agency on the Minnesota 
River when the great Outbreak of 1862 
came and was providentially saved. 
His sons, Alfred L. and Thomas L. 
have been identfied with South Dak- 
ota throughout its history. _ 





“Mary and I, or Forty Years with the 
Sioux.”’ 


Riggs, Thomas Lawrence, D.D., L. 
L.D., 1847- ; born at the old mis- 
sion at Lac qui Parle, Minnesota, June 
3rd; son of Stephen Return and Mary 
Longley Riggs (q.v.); A. B., Beloit Col- 
lege, 1868; B. D., Chicago Theological 
Seminary, 1872; D.D., Yankton Col- 
lege; L. L. D., South Dakota Univer- 
sity. Like his parents he has devoted 
his life to missionary effort among the 
Sioux Indians, settling with them at 
Fort Sully in 1872 and establishing 
Oahe Mission in 1874. His life has 
been one of devoted effort for the re- 
generation and education of the Ind- 
ians. Pres., S. D. Historical Society, 
1901-5. 





Piste lly LOSec(parts Livia xs 399 se “Mary 
and I.”’ 


_@ considerable and 


62 


Risch, Gus 


Ringer, J. B., 1868- ; born at Mor- 
ris, Indiana, December 20th; came to 
Highmore, Hyde Co., in 1898; engaged 
in farming and breeding short horn 
cattle; held various school and town- 
ship offices; legislator, 1925. 


Rinehart, Orville V., 1862- ; born 
in the United States; came to South 
Dakota in 1894; surveyor, lawyer and 
rancher; in Pennington Co. since 1906; 
legislator, 1915; home, Rapid City. 

Riparian Accretions. Where from 
natural causes land forms by imper- 
ceptible accretion upon the bank of a 
river, either by accumulation or by 
recession of the stream, such land be- 
longs to the owner of the bank; if a 
stream take away by sudden violence 
distinguishable 
part of a bank and bears the same to 
the opposite bank, the owner of the 
part carried away may reclaim it; if 
a stream divides itself and surrounds 
land belonging to the owner of the 
shore, the island so formed belongs to 
said owner of the shore; if a stream 
forms a new course, abandoning its 
ancient bed, the owners of the land 
newly occupied take by way of idem- 
nity the ancient bed abandoned, each 
in proportion to the land of which he 
has been deprived. All of this how- 
ever is subject to the rule that the 
owner of real estate takes everything 
from the center of the earth below to 
the zenith above his land, and that he 
cannot be deprived of his title except 
by due process of law. The South Da- 
kota supreme court has recognized 
this principle, any statute to the con- 
trary notwithstanding. 


Code, 498-503. 


Risch, Gus, 1895- ; born and lives 
at Elkton, Brookings Co., 8. D., Au- 
gust 2nd; engaged in farming and 


5 


Rishoe, Nels 


banking; served in U. S. Army in the 
World War; legislature, 1921. 


Rishoe, Nels, 1863- ; Brookings; 
born in Hjorring, Denmark, April 
13th; came to Brookings Co., Dakota 
in 1883; retired farmer; held various 
township and school offices for 25 
years; legislator, 1917, 1919. 


Riswold, Gilbert. See Sculptors. 


Riverside is a village in western 
Hanson County. 


Robbins, J. L:, 1877- > ERapid 
City; born at Shenandoah, Pennsyl- 
vania, Nov. 12th; educated, Grinnell 
College, Iowa, and University of Mich- 
igan; came to Rapid City in 1904; en- 
gaged in the lumber business; mem- 
ber, board of commissioners of Rapid 
City, two years; legislator, 1925. 


Roberts, A. C., 1853- ; Pierpont; 
born in Oberlin, Ohio, December 25th; 
came to Day Co., Dakota in 1883; en- 
gaged in farming; State Senator, 
1893; member, legislature, 1909, 1911, 
1913, 1915, 1917 and 1919; Speaker of 
House, 1917. 


Roberts County. Created, 1883; or- 
ganized, 1883; named for S. G. Rob- 
erts, of Fargo; bounded on north by 
North Dakota, on east by Minnesota, 
on south by Grant County and on the 
west by the range line separating ran- 
ges 52 and 53. County seat, Sisseton; 
settled by Joseph R. Brown in 1845. 
Area, 711,040 acres. 





Code, p. 150. 


Roberts, F. M., 1886- ; Pierpont; 
born at Pierpont, S. D., January 29th; 
engaged in farming; held various local 
and school offices; legislator, 1925. 


Roberts, Thomas B., Sr., 1861- ; 
editor; pioneer, Douglas County; pub- 
lisher, “Armour Chronicle”; private 


Robinson, Dr. Delorme W. 


pub- 
spe- 


secretary to Senator Kittredge; 
lisher, ‘Pierre Daily Dakotan”; 
cial agent, U. S. Indian Bureau. 


Roberts, Bishop William Blair, 1881- 

; born, Detroit, December 10th; 
graduate, Trinity College, Hartford, 
and Berkley Divinity School; mis- 
sionary to the Indians in the Rosebud 
country, S. D., 1908-22; Chaplain, 313th 
Engineers, 1918-19; consecrated suf- 
fragan bishop of South Dakota, 1922. 


Robertson, Charles W., 1875- : 
born at Albion, Michigan, June 24th; 
came to South Dakota in 1897; locat- 
ing at Fort Pierre; engaged in lumber 


and implement business; legislator, 
1919; State Senator, 1923. 
Robertson, D., 1855- ; born in 


Rock County, Wisconsin, August 21st; 
came to Conde, Spink Co., Dakota in 
1887; practiced law and_ after- 
wards engaged in real estate and in- 
surance business; member and pre- 
sident of Conde school board many 


years; legislator, 1891; State Sena- 
tor in 1907. 

Robertson, Henry, 1859- ; born at 
Barrington, Nova Scotia, Canada, 


March18th came to Dakota in 1887; set- 
tling at Dell Rapids and has practiced 
law at that place since; mayor of Dell 
Rapids, two terms; State Senator from 
Minnehaha County, 1903, 1905. 


Robertson, J. E., 1881- ;  Mo- 
bridge; born at Gallatin, Missouri, 
August 11th; came to South Dakota 
in 1910; engaged as wire chief for the 
C., M. & St. Paul Ry. Co.; city audi 
tor of Mobridge; legislator, 1919. 

Robey is a discontinued postoffice 
in southwest Aurora County. 


Robinson, Dr. Delorme W., 1854- 
1910; born Pulaski, Penn.; pioneer 
physician of Pierre, 1882; historian; 


626 


Robinson, Doane 


notable surgeon; president, State His- 
torical Society, 1910; president, State 
Board of Health. 





Hist., I,- 85: VII, 35-46. 


Robinson, Doane, 1856- ; born 
Sparta, Wisconsin, October 19th; stud- 
ied at Wisconsin University; superin- 


tendent of Department of History 
since 1901. 
Robinson, Franklin C., 1838-1918; 


born in Salem, Maine; came to Wis- 
consin in 1850 and was educated at 
Brockway College, Ripon; member, 
Minnesota Legislature prior to coming 
to S. D.; came to Groton, Brown Co., 
S. D. in 1881; member, Groton Board of 
Education, 12 years; member, State 
Board of Agriculture, 1907-9; State 
‘Railroad Commissioner, 1909-15. 


Rochford is a mining camp in north- 
west Pennington County. 


Rock Creek flows north into Kaya 
Paha River in Todd County. 


Rock Creek rises in southern Kings- 
bury Co. and running through Miner 
County empties into the James River 
at Riverside, Davison County. 


Rockerville is a discontinued post- 
office in central Pennington County. 


Rockham is a town in southeast 
Faulk County. Founded by the West- 
ern Town Lot Co. in 1886. Named for 
a town in Australia. Population see 
Census. “The Record,” established in 
1904, is its newspaper. 


Rockport is a discontinued postof- 
fice in southeast Hanson County. 


Rocky Mountain Locust. See Lo- 


cust. 


Rocky Mountain Sheep. A band of 
Rocky Mountain sheep have been in- 
troduced into the State Game Park 


Rood, Frank M. 


and are thriving and increasing rap- 
idly. They frolic upon the _ precipi- 
tious mountain side directly in front 
of the Game Lodge and are an attrac- 
tion to tourists. 


Roddle, William H., 1850- ; born 
in Wisconsin; merchant of Brookings, 
1878; secretary of state, 1897-1901. 


Rodge, Peter J., 1864-1914; born in 
Illinois; graduate, University of Iowa: 
lawyer, at Sioux Falls from 1887; coun- 
ty attorney, 1895-7; legislator, 1903 
and 1905; postmaster, Sioux Falls, at 
time of death. 


Rodee, H. A. See “Prairie Patriot.” 


Rogness, H. W., 1874- ; Hudson; 
born in Lincoln County §,. D., Aug- 
ust 10th; educated, Augustana Col- 
lege; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; held various township offices; 
legislator, 1919, 1921. 


Rohyl is a railroad station 5 miles 
northwest of Arlington its banking 
point and _ postoffice in northeast 
Kingsbury Co. 


See Religion, 4. 


“Romance of Two Lives,’ by Dr. 
Francis A. Bryant, of Herrick, Gre- 
gory CO.) L903. 


Roman Catholic. 


Rommeriem, A. J., 1851- ; Beres- 
ford; born in Norway, September 
14th; came to Lincoln Co., Dakota in 
1887; engaged in farming and held 
various local offices; legislator, 1911, 
ph BRS: 

Rood, Frank M., 1850- ; born at 
Lennoxville, Penn., October, 13th; ed- 
ucated at Wyoming Commercial Col- 
lege: came to Dakota Territory, 1877 
and settled at Central City, Lawrence 
Co.; engaged in ranching and cattle 
growing, near Fort Meade and Philip, 
Haakon Co.; member, legislature, 


627 


Roosevelt, Mount 


1907; secretary of state, 1915-19; mer- 
chant, Pierre, since 1919. 


Roosevelt, Mount. is a high point 
north of Deadwood upon which has 
been erected the massive memorial to 
Theodore Roosevelt. Formerly known 
as Sheep Mountain. 


Roosevelt, Theodore. See _ Presi- 


dential Visits. 


Roscoe is a town in central Edmunds 
County. Population, see Census. “The 
Reveille,” established in 1910, is its 
newspaper. 


Rose. Thirty-seven members of the 
rose family are native to South Da- 
kota, only three of which are roses 
proper; meadow rose, prickly rose, and 
wood rose. 


Rosebud is the agency of the Rose- 
bud Indian Reservation, in central 
Todd County. For twenty years, 1868- 
1888 the lands of the Great Sioux Res- 
ervation were held in common, but 
pursuant to the act of Congress of 
April 30, 1888 the lands were divided 
into the Rosebud, Pine Ridge, Chey- 
enne, Standing Rock and Lower Brule 
Reservations, the portion assigned to 
the Brule Indians located at Rosebud 
Agency being the region now embrac- 
ed in Gregory, Lyman, (south of 
White River,) Tripp, Todd, and Mel- 
lette counties. The agency was es- 
tablished at its present location by 
Chief Spotted Tail in July 1878 when 
he withdrew his people from the Mis- 
souri River at the mouth of the Whet- 
stone, to get them where they would 
not be corrupted by the white man’s 
whiskey. It was at first known as 
Spotted Tail Agency but within the 
first year the present name was adopt- 
ed. It has been reduced from time 
to time pursuant to agreements with 


Rosholt 


the Indians until only Todd county is 
now comprised in it. See Indian 
Agreements. The agency proper is a 
substantial village, the government 
buildings of brick, and equipped with 
water works, electric lights and all 
modern conveniences. 


Rosebud Agreement. See Indian 


Treaties, 9, 10 and 12. 


Rosebud Creek is the little stream 
flowing through Rosebud Agency to 
the Little White River. 


Rosebud Lands. The lands in Gre- 
gory County belonging to the Rosebud 
Indian Reservation were thrown open 
to settlement on August 8, 1904. That 
all applicants might have an equal op- 
portunity the government opened of- 
fices at Yankton, Chamberlain, Bone- 
steel and Fairfax, where all who de- 
sired were permitted to register, and 
thereafter the names of these’ regis- 
trants were drawn by lot. There 
were but 2400 homesteads available. 
In the registration 106,269 persons ap- 
peared and made personal registra- 
tion. See Lower Brule Lands; Tripp 
County Lands. 





Fist. Xb Betescd. 


Rose, Edward, was a trapper and 
guide said to have a bad reputation, 
married into the Crow Indian tribe. He 
was guide to the Astorians in 1811 and 
was accused of planning to betray 
them to the Crow, but was thwarted. 
He was present and apparently ren- 
dered good service at the Ree con- 
guest, 1823, and he was interpreter 
to Ashley-O’Fallon in 1825. 





Hist., X, 239n., 244n. Fur Trade, 189-90. 


90. 


Rosholt is a town in northeast Ro- 
berts County. Population, see Cen- 


628 


Roskie, George W. 


sus. “The Review” was established in 
1913, is its newspaper. 


Roskie, George W., 1874- ; Brook- 
ings; born at Montello, Wisconsin, 
September ist; came to South Dakota 
in 1896; engaged in abstracting busi- 
ness; captain of National Guard; lieut. 
1st S. D. Infantry, in Spanish-Amer- 
ican War; legislator, 1911. 


Roslyn is a town in northern Day 
County. Population, see Census. ‘‘The 
Reporter,” established in 1915, is its 
newspaper. 


Ross, Fred., 1863- : Belle 
Fourche; born in Oland, Sweden, De- 
cember 25th; came to Lead in 1883; 
engaged in farming and stock raising; 
school treasurer and township super- 
‘visor; legislator, 1925. 


Ross, Horatio Nelson,an Englishman, 
who accompanied Custer to the Black 
Hills and is reputed to have been the 
first discoverer of gold in that region, 
July 31, 1874. See Black Hills, 5. 


Rosseau is a railroad station 6 miles 
south of Canning postoffice in south- 
ern Hughes County. Named for an 
early French trading family. 


Rosseau is a discontinued postoffice 
in northwest Stanley County. See al- 
‘so Rosseau. 


Rossow, John, 1861- ; Herreid; 
born in Germany, July 5th; came to 
Campbell Co., Dakota in 1886; engaged 
in farming; clerk of courts of Camp- 
bel County from 1897 to 1901; State 
Senator in 1917. 


Roswell is a town in central Miner 
County. Population, see Census. 

Rothford is a discontinued postof- 
fice in southern Butte County. 


Roubaix is a postoffice in southeast 
Lawrence County. 


Royer, Dr. Daniel F. 


Round Lake is 
Deuel County. 


in northwestern 


Rounds, J. C., 1862- ; Interior; 
born at Clarinda, Iowa,. November; 
came to Jackson Co., South Dakota in 
1890; engaged in ranching; legislator, 
LUD ise Las, 


Roundup Creek is a small stream in 
western Mellette Co., falling into the 
White River. 


Rowe is a postoffice in southern 


Stanley County. 


Rowe, Fred S., 1860- ; born at 
Maderville, Minnesota, March 19th; 
came to Brookings Co., Dakota in 1873; 
later merchant and rancher in Fort 
Pierre; State Senator from Stanley 
and Lyman Cos., 1901, 1909. 


Rowena is a village in southeast 
Minnehaha County. 
Rowen, A. A., 1855- ; born in 


Iowa, November 19th; came to Park- 
er, Turner: Co., 1881; engaged in 
farming and teaching; assistant en- 
grossing and rolling clerk in 1899 and 
chief engrossing and enrolling clerk of 
the State Senate in 1901, 1903, 1905 
and 1907; township assessor and town 
clerk; legislator, 1911. 


Rowley, A. B., 1855- a Orie, Lit 
Steuben County, N. Y., September 
20th; came to S. D., 1882; farmer and 
stockman; State Senator from San- 
born County, 1901, 1903. 


Roy is a postoffice in southern Sul- 
ly County. 


“Roy and Rosyrocks.” A child’s story 
by Mary Agnes Byrne, a native of Vol- 
ga, 1902. 

Royer, Dr. Daniel F., 1851- 
in Franklin County,. Pennsylvania, 


; born 


29 


Royhl, Adam 


March 21st; graduate, Jefferson Medi- 
cal College; came to Dakota in 1883 
and practiced at Alpena, Jerauld Co.; 
member, territorial legislature, 1889; 


U. S. Indian Agent at Pine Ridge 
Agency during the Messiah craze, 
1890. 


Royhl, Adam, 1857- ; born in Hes- 
sen-Darmstadt, Germany, September 
18th; came to Kingsbury Co., Dakota 
in 1879; engaged in farming and since 
1891 has lived in Arlington and man- 
aged a grain elevator; State Senator 
in 1903,.1905. 


Rubertus, Frank J., 1868- ; born 
in Indiana, June 1st; came to Wagner, 
S. D. in 1912 and engaged in farming, 
farming implements and machinery 
business in Wagner, Charles Mix Co.; 
county auditor, several years; State 
Senator, 1925. 


Ruby Basin is a station 3, miles 
southwest of Lead its banking point 
and postofice in central Lawrence 
County. Was named from a basin in 
the Black Hills near Deadwood, in 
which many rubies are found. 


Ruckman, John L., 1868- ; born 
in Knoxville, Iowa, January 25th; 
came to Aberdeen, South Dakota in 
1904; engaged in the practice of law; 
city attorney for two years; legislator, 
As Wise Bs we 


Ruden, Egbert A., 1883- ; born on 
a farm in Hamlin County; engaged in 
real estate business; deputy regis- 
ter of deeds and member school board, 
also city treasurer, Bryant; legislator, 
1925. 


Ruden, Gilbert I., 1885- ; born on 
a farm near Lake Norden, Hamlin Co., 
S. D. July 12th; graduated, Aberdeen 
Normal School; superintendent of 
schools of Hamlin County, four years; 


Ruhiman, F. W. 


principal of schools at Hayti; legis- 
lator, 1917, 1919; rural school inspec- 
tor with State Department of Public 


Instruction, home,  MHayti, office 
Pierre. 
Rudine, A. C., 1878- ; born at Os- 


carshamm, Sweden, August 5th; came 
to Hyde Co., Dakota in 1885; engaged 
in practice of law and insurance in 
Seneca, Faulk Co.; held various town 
and township offices; legislator, 1921, 
1923. 


Rudolph is a railroad station 8 miles 
south of Aberdeen its banking point 
and postoffice in southern Brown 
County. Founded in 1881 by the West- 
ern Town Lot Co. Named for H. Ru- 
dolph McCullough, an officer of the 
C. & N. W. Ry. 


Rudolph, Herbert B., 1894- ; born 
at Canton, May 22nd; A. B., University 
of South Dakota, 1916; LL. B., Univer- 
sity of Michigan, 1919; judge, Lin- 
coln County, 1923-4; circuit judge 
since 1924. 


Rudolph, Martin E., 1853-1903; born 
at Chicago, Ill., September 11th; grad- 
uate law department, Universtiy of 
Iowa, 1881; came to Canton, Lincoln 
Co., in 1881 and opened law office; 
city attorney, state’s attorney; mem- 
ber, city. board of education, city treas- 
urer; State Senator, 1903. 


Rueb is a discontinued postoffice in 
McPherson County. 
B. F., 1860- ; Rock- 
born in Belvidere, Illinois, Oc- 


Ruhiman, 
ham; 


tober 7th; came to Faulk Co., Dakota ° 


in 1883; engaged in general farming; 
held numerous township offices; legis- 
lator, 1911, 1913, 1915. 


RuhIman, F. W., 1869- ; born in 
Belvidere, Illinois, January 24th; came 


630 


: Rules 


~ to South Dakota in 1884 and settled 


at Redfield; later engaged in farm- 
ing near Miranda, Faulk Co.; held nu- 
merous school and township offices; 
legislator, 1925. 


Rules. In law, when the reason 
for a rule ceases, the rule’ ceases. 
“Where the reason is the same, the 
rule should be the same.” 





Code, 41-42. 


Rumford is a postoffice in south- 


west Fall River County. 


Running Antelope was a chief of the 
Hunkpapa, contemporaneous with Sit- 
ting Bull and Gall. He stood high in 
the estimation of his people and us- 
ually was chosen as a member of the 
committee to represent the band in 
treaty-councils. His home was at Lit- 
tle Eagle in Corson County. 


Runningville is a postoffice in north- 
ern Mellette County. 


Running Water is a village in south- 
ern Bon Homme County. 


Rural Credits. Under a _ constitu- 
tional amendment adopted in 1916 a 
State rural credits act became effect- 
ive on September 1, 1917. A board 
was created, consisting of the govern- 
or, who is ex-officio president of the 
board, a rural credit commissioner, a 
treasurer, and two other members, one 
of whom shall be vice president. The 
commissioner has a,salary of $5000, the 
treasurer $2000 and the other com- 
missioners $10 per day for time act- 
ually employed. The commission is 
authorized to borrow money upon the 
credit of the State and to loan the 
same to actual farmers, in no case to 
exceed ten thousand dollars to one bor- 
rower; loans are otherwise limited to 
70% of the assessed value of the land 


Rural Credits 


given in security, as determined by 
the assessed valuation for three years 
next preceding the loan. The interest 
rate is determined by adding three- 
fourths of one per cent to the rate 
which the State pays for the money 
borrowed. The system upon this ba- 
sis is presumed to be self-sustaining. 


When the legislature of 1925 as- 
sembled a joint committee was ap- 
pointed to investigate and report upon 
Rural Credits. The report on Febru- 
ary 24th, showed the following situa- 
tion: 

Total bonds’ issued.::..... $47,500.000 
Mortgages in force. .$41,064,211.45 
Real estate......... 303,857.67 


Loan to interest fund 3,122,568.07 
Unamortized bond dis- 


COUT Sere praca tar ee Zo tnekee 
Cash. HQ Ry. AP 2,772,138.48 
$47,500,000 


The committee reported that 12,000 
loans had been made, of which 4,308 
were in default for interest of $3,281, 
783.76. That of the cash item $547, 
695.15 was frozen in closed banks. In 
view of this situation legislation was 
enacted (Laws, chap. 266) reorganiz- 
ing the commission to consist of the 
Governor, one commissioner, one as- 
sistant commissioner, a comptroller 
(who is ex-officio secretary of the 
commission), and the State Treasurer, ; 
who is made treasurer of the funds. 
The total bonds which may be issued 
is limited to $50,000,000 and further 
loans are restricted. Under Laws, 1925, 
chap. 167, an interim commission is 
provided to consist of the governor, su- 
perintendent of banks and one mem- 
ber to be appointed by the governor, 
to make a through investigation and 
audit of rural credits and to recom- 
mend to the next legislature plans to 
assist it in intelligent action. 


651 


Rural Community Clubs 


The following have been the officers 
of the board: 
Claude M. Henry, commissioner, 1917. 
Adolph W. Ewert, Treasurer, 1917- 
1925. 
A. C. Berneau, Treasurer, 1925. 
J. EK. Ziebach, 1917-1925. 
Alfred Zoske, 1917-1925. 
Anderson Michael, 1925. 
Julius H. Johnson, 1925. 
H. I. Lawrence, office manager, 1918. 


The legislative committee having 
accused the treasurer of the Rural 
Credit board with irregularities in his 
accounts and of having denied the com- 
mittee access to the bank book ac- 
counts of his office, he was removed 
by the governor on February 4th, 1925. 
That evening the bank of which the 
treasurer was president and in which 
great sums of Rural Credit money 
were deposited closed its doors. Sub- 
sequently the interim commission 
charged the treasurer with actual de- 
fault in the sum of $296,000 and with 
personal liability for a sum aggre- 
gating $617,000. These matters are 
still pending (Sept. 1, 1925). 


Rural Community Clubs. Approxi- 
mately 20,000 farm families in South 
Dakota are members of some 400 rural 
community clubs. These are strictly lo- 
cal farmer organizations formed fre- 
_ quently to cater to the social instincts 
of its membership. Later many of 
them became affiliated with farm or- 
ganizations if they were not originally 
promoted by the later. In the coun- 
ties where county agricultural agents 
are employed, most of the organized 
communities assist in the promotion 
of agricultural extension work carried 
on through the State College of Agri- 
culture. Most of these clubs hold month- 
ly meetings especially during the 
fall and winter months. The extension 
service of State College supplies a 


6 


Hills in April, 1877; 


Rust : 


free monthly budget of program helps 
to any community upon application. 
Local Granges, Farmer’s Unions, and 
Farm Bureaus are using the service. 


About 20 of these communities have 
their own community halls. Chapter 
145 of the 1921 Session Laws of South 
Dakota provides for vote on levying 
tax for erection of community center 
buildings. The college extension serv- 
ice has prepared blue prints of a suit- 
able building. 


These rural communities are doing 
a great work in promoting healthy 
community spirit and in the study of 
such local problems as roads, market- 
ing conditions, rural schools and other 
matters of community concern and in 
farming the basis of better town and 
country cooperation. 


Rural Population. See Census. 


Rushville is a discontinued postof- 
fice in northwest Harding County. 


Russell, C. A., 1869- ;born in Jasp- 
er County, Iowa; came to Aberdeen 
in 1906; engaged in banking business; 
instrumental in building the first six- 
story office building in this State; 
State Senator, 1913. 


Russell, John Henry, 1853- ; born 
in Fremont, Ohio, December 10th; con- 
tracting carpenter; came to the Black 
legislator, from 
Lawrence County (Spearfish) in 1903. 


Rust. Rust is generally present in 
the grain crops, but works injury only 
when weather conditions are unfavor- 
able. In two seasons, 1904 and 1916, 
the wheat crop was practically ruined 
by black rust. Scientific men find 
the barberry the chief harbor of rust 
spores and are making a vigorous cam- 
paign to destroy the shrub whereever 
it is found. It is believed that when 


2 


Ruth, Thomas H. 


the barberry becomes extinct that 
rust spores will find no other harbor 
in which to pass the winter and that 
loss from black rust of cereals will be 
averted. 


Ruth, Thomas H., 1844- > born in 
Pennsylvania; veteran, Civil War; 
pioneer banker, DeSmet, Kingsbury 


Co. 1880; State commissioner of school 
and public lands, 1891-95. 





Biog., 1898, 235. 

Rutland is a village 
Lake County. 

Ryan, F. W., 1862-1917; born in Un- 
ion County, S. D.; engaged in farm- 


in northeast 


Rye 


ing near Jefferson, Union Co.; legis- 
lator, 1901, 1903. 


Ryan, George W., 1851- ; born in 
Erie Co., Pennsylvania, January 30th; 
graduate, Edinboro (Penn) State Nor- 
mal School; settled in Walworth Coun- 
ty, 1883; engaged in farming near Ja- 
va; member, territorial legislature, 
1889; State Senator, 1911. 


Ryan, Joseph C., born in Allamakee, 
Iowa; settled at White Lake, Aurora 
Co., 1881; lawyer; member, territorial 
council, 1889. 


Rye. See Agriculture, 5. 


633 


Sabbath 


Sabbath. The laws of South Dak- 
ota pertaining to the observance of 
Sunday are full and strict. Servile 
labor, public sports or amusements, 
trades, manufacture and mechanical 
employments, public traffic, and serv- 
ing process of the courts are prohibit- 
ed under penalty. 





Code, 3846-53. 
Sabotage defined as “willful and 
malicious injury to the property of 


another,” is a felony. 





Code,- 3647. 


Saddle Creek is a small stream en- 
tering Long Creek in western Lincoln 
County. 


Sage Creek a south affluent of the 
Cheyenne River in eastern Penning- 
ton County. 


St. Charles is a village in southern 
Gregory County. Named for the first 
name of Mr. Charles A. Johnson, who 
donated the land for the town site. 


St. Francis is a postoffice in central 
Todd County. 


St. John, Charies G., 1873- ; born 
near Sparta, Wisconsin, February 6th; 
graduate Hastern State Normal; 
teacher; Superintendent Public In- 
struction, 1925. 

St. Lawrence is a town in southern 
Hand County. Named from the coun- 
ty and river in New York. Popula- 
tion, see Census. “The Hand County 
News,” established in 1907, is its news- 
paper. 


St. Marys is a railroad station nine 
miles northwest of Howard in north- 
ern Miner County. Founded by the 
Western Town Lot Co. in 1886. Was 
named for Mary, the daughter of Dr. 
Louis Gotthelf, the original owner of 


Sa-ka-ka-wea 


the town-site. In 1919 the name was 
changed to Argonne. 


Saint Olaf. See King St. Olaf. 


St. Onge is a village in northwest- 
ern Lawrence County. Founded by 
the Pioneer Town Site Co. in 1881. 
Was named for Henry St. Onge, a 
pioneer here. 


Sa-ka-ka-wea. The woman guide of 
Lewis and Clark, whose ashes repose 
in the soil of South Dakota is rapidly 
attaining a very important place in 
American History. 

On November 11, 1804, a very few 
days after Lewis and Clark arrived 
at the Mandan Villages near the 
mouth of Knife River in North Da- 
kota, they were visited by a young 
squaw, a captive from the Shoshonie 
and from that date until August 17, 
1806, she was a large article in the 
affairs of the voyageurs. 

In the summer of 1800 a small party 
of Shoshonie—a half dozen men and 
their families—were encamped at the 


Three Forks of the Missouri. These 
people having no trade with the. 
whites, and without arms, were at 


the mercy of the bands located fur- 
ther down the river and were compell- 
ed to hide away in the defiles of the 
mountains and to subsist upon roots 
and herbs, to escape their more pow- 
erful enemies who possessed the mag- 
ic iron of the white man. As they 
loitered about their camp a war party 
of Gros Ventre descended upon them. 
The Shoshonie (or Snakes, as they 
were commonly called) skittered away 
and soon re-assembled at a point three 
miles up the Jefferson river, to be 
again overtaken by the enemy. A lit- 
tle daughter of the chief attempted to 
escape by swimming across the river, 
but was taken mid-stream and carried 


654 


Sa-ka-ka-wea 


away captive to the Gros Ventre camp, 
adjoining the Mandans at the mouth 
of the Knife river. She was about 12 
years of age. She was a pretty and 
joyful little thing and the Gros Ventre, 
who are a Siouan people, called her 
Tsa-kaka-wea, the Bird Woman. She 
was soon sold to Toussaint Charbon- 
neau, a Canadian residing with the 
band, and when she reached a suitable 
age he made her his wife. Toussaint 
was about three times the age of his 
child wife. 


Charbonneau was employed as inter- 
preter and came with Sa-kaka-wea to 
live at the encampment of the explor- 
ers, which they called Fort Mandan. 
On February 12, 1805, a son was born 
to her and in this connection Captain 
Clark gives us an interesting bit of 
obstetrical lore. He says: ‘This be- 
ing her first child she suffered con- 
siderably when Mr. Rene Jaussaume, 
another Canadian living in the camp, 
told us he had frequently administer- 
ed to persons in her condition a small 
dose of the rattle of the rattlesnake. 
Having some of the rattle Captain 
Lewis gave it to him and he crumbled 
two rings of it between his fingers 
and mixing it with a small quantity 
of water, gave it to her. * * She 
had not taken it more than ten min- 
utes before the delivery took place.” 


When spring came the party made 
ready and started further upon their 
journey, April 7. Nothing affecting 
_Sa-kaka-wea is noted until May 15, 
when shortly below the mouth of Milk 
River in eastern Montana, a severe 
gale arose and capsized the big boat 
in which was embarked every thing 
indispensable to their further  pro- 
egress. Fortunately the awning kept 
the boat upon its side until they got 
it righted. It was a most perilous sit- 


Sa-ka-ka-wea 


uation in which the lives of many of 
the party were in hazard. While her 
craven husband was weeping and 
praying, Sa-kaka-wea, apparently un- 
disturbed, turned her attention to sav- 
ing the property. Captain Lewis 
made this note: “The Indian woman, 
to whom I ascribe equal fortitude and 
resolution with any person on board, 
caught and preserved most of the 
light articles that were washed over- 
board.” 


Upon June 24 she became very ill 
causing the captains the utmost solic- 
itude. She was the special charge of 
Captain Clark, who was the physician 
of the enterprise, and he says, “I 
blead her which rendered her great 
service.” Daily the journal notes her 
condition, as “verry bad,” “extreemely 
sick,” “somewhat dangerous,” until 
the 16th when they report “Verry bad 
and will take no medison. If she dies 
it will be the fault of her husband as 
I am convinced.’ Every entry of the 
journal at this time tells of tender 
care of their patient. They provided 
a comfortable bed for her in the cabin 
of the little boat. On the 19th she 
suffered a relapse due to eating too 
strong food, supplied to her by her 
husband against orders. By the 24th 
she was reported well. 


Before the end of June they had 
arrived at the foot of the great falls, 
and were engaged in the portage of 
the outfit, when on the 29th Captain 
Clark took Charbonneau and Sa-kaka- 
wea, who they affectionately called 
Janey, and went to the camp which 
had been established just above the 
falls. <A terrific storm came on and 
the captain and the Charbonneaus took 
refuge in a deep ravine and felt se- 
cure under a protecting ledge, when 
suddenly a raging torrent swept down 


635 


Sa-ka-ka-wea 


the ravine driving everything before 
it. Janey caught up her baby and 
Clark seized his gun. Toussaint 
scampered up the wall of the ravine 
and while the captain boosted, pulled 
his wife and child out of danger. 
Clark was in the water to his waist 
before he made his escape. His com- 
pass was carried away, but was 
rescued the next day. 

On July 28th Captain Lewis set 
down his second estimate of the girl. 
They were upon the precise point at 
Three Forks where the Shoshonie 
were encamped in 1800 when they 
were first attacked by the Minnet- 
arees. Lewis says “I cannot dis- 
cover she shows any emotion or sor- 
row in recollecting the event, or joy 
in being again restored to her native 
country; if she has enough to eat and 
a few trinkets to wear I believe she 
would be perfectly content anywhere.” 
He was later to revise that judgment. 


When at dinner on August 14 the 
brutal husband struck his wife. Cap- 
tain Clark mixed into the family row 
with all the vigor a red-headed gentle- 
man from Virginia was capable of ex- 
erting. Both Lewis and Clark record 
the incident. 


The next day she remained with 
Clark while Lewis made an exploring 
trip far ahead. <A party of Shoshonie 
were brought to him. He told them 
he had a Shoshonie woman in his 
party who had been captured by the 
Minnetaree. They were so interest- 
ed in the antics of Clark’s negro 
servant York that they paid no atten- 
tion to the information. The follow- 
ing day when Sa-kaka-wea came into 
the camp and found her relatives she 
forgot her stocism and was transport- 
ed with joy. Lewis says: “The meet- 
ing of those people was really affect- 


Sa-ka-ka-wea 


ing.” The chief Cameahwait was not 
present when she first arrived, but 
she was soon called to interpret be- 
tween this chief and the captains. 
She had just begun to do so, when 
she recognized Cameahwait as her 
own brother. She flew to him and 
embraced him most fondly and broth- 
er and sister were moved to tears of 
joy. She calmed herself and attempt- 
ed to go on with the business but 
was frequently interrupted by her 
tears. 

One of the first acts of the captains 
when they met the Shoshonie was to 
buy a horse for Janey that she might 
make the way easier with her child. 


The most difficult portion of the 
journey was through the mountains in 
the Shoshonie country and Janey was 
the good angel that softened for them 
all the rigors of the hard road. Any 
request she made of her people was 
gladly granted and in times of great 
destitution the Indians cheerfully di- 
vided with them their scanty fare. 
They guided them by the easiest 
paths, taught them the wild-craft that 
made life possible in the inhospitable 
region and finally conducted them to 
the waters of the Columbia. 


When they arrived near the coast a 
question arose as to the most suitable 
location of the winter camp. The cap- 
tains pursuant to their policy of allow- 
ing the men the greatest freedom con- 
sistent with discipline allowed them 
to settle the matter by a popular vote. 
Each man recorded his choice and 
anticipating the Nineteenth Amend- 
ment by one hundred fifteen years 
Janey was invited to cast her vote on 
equal terms with the others. Her pol- 
itics were independent and practical. 
While the others voted for definite lo- 


‘eations she declared for “some place 


656 


Sa-ka-ka-wea 


where potatoes (ground nuts) were 
_ plenty.” - 

While at Fort Clatsop, the winter 
quarters on the Columbia, they were 
suffering for meat. A report came 
that a large whale had been stranded 
upon the near by coast. The men 
were rushing off to capture a supply 
of whale steak, and proposing to leave 
Janey to keep camp but she protested 
she had come a long way to serve 
them, that she had never seen the 
ocean and now that there was the ad- 
ditional attraction of the monster fish 
it was too much to ask her to remain 
behind. The captains found her de- 
mand so reasonable that they took her 
along. 

If she was a child, she likewise had 
a mother’s instinct and love for her 
little one. The supply of flour was 
long gone, and bread had not been 
tasted for weeks, when one day she 
surprised Captain Clark with a muffin. 
She had managed to secrete a little 
fiour for her little boy. It had got wet 
and soured, but Clark found that muf- 
fin most delicious. 


At Christmas time the men were ex- 
changing gifts and Sa-kaka-wea had 
learned the significance of the custom. 
She was greatly grieved that she had 
no suitable gift for her beloved cap- 
tain, but finally with what self denial 
will never be known, she took her 
most cherished ornament, a sheaf of 
the tails of the white weasel and gave 
it to Captain Clark. 


At Fort Clatsop, the only place 
where she had the opportunity to do 
so, she assumed the direction of the 
domestic side of the establishment 
and busied herself throughout the long 
and dreary winter with housekeeping. 
The place was’ not less cheerful be- 
cause of her ministrations. 


Sa-ka-ka-wea 


On the long and disheartening re- 
turn trip from Fort Clatsop to the Con- 
tinental divide she-was constantly ac- 
tive and most useful. On one occa- 
sion when the party seemed inextric- 
ably entangled in the mountain de- 
files she assumed the leadership and 
safely conducted them out of the maze 
and across the divide through what 
is now known as Bozeman pass. 

When Captain Lewis was carelessly 
shot by one of his men and was suf- 
fering intensely in the sweltering 
summer, she repaid the care given to 
herself the previous summer during 
her illness, by tenderly nursing him, 
staying with him almost constantly 
until her home was reached on Aug- 
ust. L7th. | 

Because of Captain Lewis’ wound 
Captain Clark was so driven with the 
affairs of the enterprise that he did 
not show the Charbonneaus the atten- 
tion he felt their due, when they were 
discharged; but at the first opportun- 
ity he sent them a letter of apprecia- 
tion. He wrote from the Arickara 
towns in South Dakota on August 20th, 
saying he had formed a warm friend- 
ship for them and offering to adopt 
and educate their child, ‘and if 
they would come to Saint Louis would 
give them land and help them in busi- 
ness. 

Before 1810 they took the child to 
St. Louis where he was kept and edu- 
cated by Captain Clark. In 1811 they 
returned to the Arickara in northern 
South Dakota upon Manuel Lisa’s 
boat, upon which Henry M. Bracken- 
ridge made the voyage and he entered 
in his journal: 

“We had on board a Frenchman 
named Charbonneau with his wife, 
an Indian woman of the Snake 


nation, both of whom accompa- 
nied Lewis and Clark to the Pa- 


637 


Sa-ka-ka-wea 


cific and were of great service. 
The woman, a good creature of a 
mild and gentle disposition, great- 
ly attached to the whites whose 
manner and dress she tries to 
imitate.” 


One year later, 1812, Manuel Lisa 
returned to the Arickara and built 
Fort Manuel nearby. Charbonneau at 
once entered his employ and upon De- 
cember 20, 1812, Luttig, chief clerk 
at Fort Manuel entered in his journal: 

“This evening the wife of Char- 

bonneau, a Snake squaw, died of a 

putrid fever. She was a good and 

the best woman in the fort, aged 


about 25 years. She left a fine in- 
fant girl.” 


So came the end of an eventful life 
that had contributed an important 
and highly useful service to eciviliza- 
tion, although she had never enjoyed 
the blessings of that state. We can 
see the old husband, and little Pomp, 
as Captain Lewis called the baby that 
accompanied them on the exploration, 
follow the sorrowful cortege out on 
the hillside back of the post and we 
can believe a little service was read 
by the kindly German merchant, as 
the cold winter soil of South Dakota 


embraced her. 

The next autumn Luttig took the 
two children to St. Louis and applied 
to the Orphan’s Court for their guard- 
ianship. Letters were granted to him 
as guardian of “the infant children of 
Toussaint Charbonneau, towit: Tous- 
saint a boy about the age of ten 
years and Lizette, a girl about one 
year old.” After the record was writ- 
ten in this way a pen was drawn 
through the name of Luttig and that 
of William Clark was interlined. It 
that Captain Clark there- 
after supported and paid for the edu- 


but as to 


is known 


cation of these children, 


Sa-ka-ka-wea 


their adult life the record is not 
wholly clear. ’ 

Sa-kaka-wea has been the theme of 
historians; the heroine of novelists; 
the inspiration of poets and the model 
for sculptors. Several songs have been 
written in her memory. Three life 
sized statues and three tablets have 
been erected to commemorate her life 


and service, as follows: 


1. A statue in bronze, at Portland, 
Oregon, by Alice Cooper, to mark the 
western terminus of the expedition. 

2. Statue in bronze, at Bismarck, 
North Dakota, indicating the begin- 
ning of her pilgrimage. 

3. Statue designed by Louis Bruno 
Zimm, upon the exposition grounds 
at St. Louis. 

4. Monument with bronze tablet, at 
Armstead, Montana, to mark the 
point where she met her relatives in 
1805. , 

5. Boulder marker with bronze 
tablet near Three Forks, Montana to 
mark place of her capture by the Min- 
netarees. 


6. Cement shaft with bronze tab- | 
let over a grave at Shoshone Mission, 
Wyoming, mistakenly supposed _ to 
have been her last resting place. 


7. A public fountain at Lewiston, 
Idaho. 


Her name has been given to a river 
of Montana and to a peak in Bridger 
range which overlooks the place of 
her capture. 


The Name of the Bird Woman 

There has been much _ confusion 
about the name of the Bird Woman, 
due to the careless way -in which 
Lewis and Clark spelled it, and pos- 
sibly to misunderstanding of it by 
George Shannon who was detailed by 
Captain Clark to assist Nicholas Bid- 


638 


Sa-ka-ka-wea 


dle, the Philadelphia lawyer, in edit- 
ing their journals. q 


The word is pure Siouan, the Dakota 
form. of it being Zit-ka-la-wea. The 
Hidatsa is a dialect of the Siouan, dif- 
ferentiated by the long separation of 
the tribes. In speaking the word the 
Hidatsa first place the tongue against 
the teeth as if to enunciate the letter 
T, but the sound that is actually 
enunciated is of S. Dr. Washington 
Matthews, the first authority upon the 
Hidatsa language spells it Tsa-ka-ka- 
wea, but admits the phonic sound is 
Sa-ka-ka-wea. Captain Clark wrote 
the name four times separating the 
syllables with hyphens each time in 
his characteristic method making 
some difference in the spelling. Cap- 
tain Lewis wrote it five times, care- 
fully syllabicating it, but without con- 
sistently spelling the word. The only 
one of the other journalists who at- 
tempted it at all was 
calls her Sah-cah-gah. 


Ordway who 


The following table shows the var- 
iant spellings of the name: 
Hidatsa, regular (Matthews).... 


Tsa-ka-ka-wea 
a§Pelhe. a Roe Sa-ka-ka-wea 


Stee. Ce ces) 8) € ie Be Ue s ©) 6 2 & 4-6 


Clark— 
mri. ?, 1805 ....3': Sah-kah-gar-wea 
mune 0, 1a05>... . . Sah-cah-gag-wea 
Jane 275°1805 - 01.02. Sar-car-gah-wea 
April 24, 1806 ....Sar-cah-gah-weah 
Lewis— 
MBY 2044806 9. os stes Sah-ca-ger-weah 
ane 10, 1805. ...... Sah-cah-gah-wea 
St ESOD vices Sah-car-gar-weah 
mftee li, 1805 fs... Sah-cah-gar-weah 
Bee Se 1 80D.) exer: Sah-car-gar-weah 
tie 1 2s ee Oho at ataliloas O Sa-ca-ja-wea 


In his entry of May 20, Captain 
Lewis translated the name to mean 
Bird Woman, 
Siouan origin. 


thus establishing its 


Sa-ka-ka-wea 


Controversy over Sakakawea’s Burial 
Place 

There has recently grown up a Con- 
troversy over the place of Sakaka- 
wea’s death and burial place. It has 
been claimed that she lived to be 
about 100 years of age and having 
lived with a white husband in Utah, 
ran away from him to the Comanche 
and finally returned to her own peo- 
ple where she lived and died at Fort 
Washakie, Wyoming, April 9, 1884. 
This is clearly due to the confusion of 
Sa-ca-ja-wea, as Biddle corrupted the 
name of the Bird Woman, with Saca- 
jawe, meaning in Shoshonie, the Boat 
Pusher, an old woman in Wyoming, 
supported by ‘traditions’ improvised 
by Indians in the premises. Dr. Grace 
Raymond Hebard, historian of Wy- 
oming and Dr. Charles A. Eastman the 
Sioux physician were both mislead by 
these improvisitations and some co- 
incidences. The contemporary rec- 
ords of Brackenridge and Luttig here- 
inbefore given determine the matter 
beyond any reasonable doubt. 


Salem is a city in northern McCook 
County. Was named for the city in 
Massachusetts. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Pioneer Register,’ estab- 
lished in 1879, and “The Special,” in 
1883, are its newspapers. 


Sales. Right to Inspect. On an 
agreement of sale the buyer has a 
right to inspect the thing sold, at a 
reasonable time, before accepting it, 
and may rescind the sale if the seller 
refuse to permit him to make such in- 
spection. 


Code, 956. 

Sales, Stocks of Goods. In South 
Dakota every merchant about to Sell 
his stock of goods in bulk must fur- 
nish the proposed purchaser with a 


639 


Sales, Trading Property 


complete list of all persons to whom 
he is indebted. The proposed pur- 
chaser must at once notify each cred- 
itor that he is about to purchase or 
trade for the stock of goods. The 
purchase price or other consideration 
then becomes a trust for the benefit 
of such creditors until such time as 
all claims are adjusted. If the pur- 
chaser neglect to secure such list and 
to notify such creditors, he becomes 
liable for the debts of the vendor of 
the stock of goods. 





Code, 914-921. 


Sales, Trading Property. In _ ex- 
changing property, or trading, each 
party is regarded as a seller and sub- 
ject to all of the implied warranties 
of sales. 





Code, 967. 


Salt in the Black Hills. In the early 
days when transportation rates upon 
heavy freights were almost prohibi- 
tive, salt works were developed in the 
western Hills near Jenney’s Stockade; 
and salt for the Hills was produced, 
so that until the railroads came the 
region was supplied with the home 
product. In July, 1877, salt springs 
were discovered there by Bart Hend- 
erson and others. Henderson had 
previous experience with salt works 
and they set up an improvised evapo- 
rator, which at an expenditure of one 
and a half cords of pine would pro- 
duce 1,000 pounds of salt daily. This 
proved nearly sufficient to supply the 
local demand in the Hills. 


Salt Lake is a small lake in south- 
western Brown County. 


Saltmarsh, Frank €E., 1862- : 
born in Clinton County, Iowa; came 
to Dakota in 1883 and took a home- 
stead in Hand County; since 1889 en- 


Sanborn County 


gaged in grocery trade and live stock 
business in Miller; State senator, 1903, 
1905; cashier of bank. 


Salt Springs. The Indians made 
salt from springs on the banks of the 
Missouri, a short distance above Run- 
ning Water. 


Hist., IV, 158n. 

Salzsiedler, Chris., 1864- ; Mound 
City; born in Southern Russia; came 
to Campbell Co., South Dakota in 1898 — 
and engaged in farming; county com- 
missioner, one term and .served as 
sheriff, 1902-6; legislator, 1907, 1909. 


“Samoa, My Trip To.” An account 
of the Samoan Islands and of the work 
of the high joint commission, repre- 
senting England, Germany and the 
United States, of which the author 
was a member, by Bartlett Tripp. 


Sampont is a discontinued post of- 
fice in northeastern Butte County. 


Sampson, Nicholas, 1844- ; born 
in Sweden, January 5th; came to the 
U. S. in 1872 and to Lake Co.,’ Da- 
kota in 1877 and engaged in farming; 
legislator, 1901, 1903. 


Sanator is a station 6 miles 
south of Custer, its post office in cen- 
tral Custer County. 


Sanborn, Charles E., 1870- ; born 
at Delavan, Wisconsin, July 30th; 
came to Dakota in 1877; engaged in 
farming near Hurley, Turner Co.; held 
various township offices; legislator, 
1915,.1917,,1919. 


Sanborn County. Created in 1873; 
organized, 1883; named for G. W. San- 
born, of Mason City, Iowa; consists 
of townships 105, 106, 107 and 108 
north, of ranges 59, 60, 61 and 62 west 
5th P. M.; settled: in 1875 by G. 


640 


Sanders, D. F. 


W. Hunter at Forestburg. County 
seat, Woonsocket. Area, 368,640 acres. 





Code, p. 150. 

Sanders, D. F., 1844- ; born in 
Cattaraugus County, New York; mov- 
ed to Wisconsin in 1848 and to South 
Dakota in 1902; engaged in hard- 
ware and implement business at Sum- 
mit, Roberts Co.; legislator, 1905. 


Sand. South Dakota has no unglac- 
iated sand plains. There are a few lo- 
calities where the soil is sandy, as 
along the James River in the northern 
portion. East of the James River, 
along the North Dakota line, there is 
a small area covered with drifting 
sand dunes. East of the Missouri Riv- 
er, however, the chief sand deposits 
were carried in by the glacier and the 
sand is found in pockets and gravel 
pits. Where the Dakota upcrops about 
the Black Hills the disintegrated 
sandstone produces a narrow sandy 
belt. 


Sand Creek is the stream in eastern 
Fall River County along which the 
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad 
from the south approaches the Chey- 
enne River. 


Sand Creek is a stream rising in 
Hand County and running southeast 
it enters the James River at Forest- 
burg, Sanborn County. 


Sanitarium. See Tubercular Sani- 


tarium. 


Sanitary Board. See Livestock San- 
tary Board. 


Sanitary Engineering. See Board 


of Health. 


Sanitorium. See Tubercular Sani- 


tarium. 
Sandy Creek is a southern branch of 
Grand River in Harding County. 


Sargent, Fred W. 


Sandys, Lew W., 1879- ; Pierre; 
born at Dover, N. J., February 19th; 
came to South Dakota in 1901; attor- 
ney; clerk of courts in Hughes Coun- 
ty; legislator, 1917. 


Sansare is a post office in north- 
western Stanley County. 


Santee. The generic name applied to 
the four bands of the Sioux of the Mis- 
Sissippi; the Mdewakanton, Wakpe- 
kute, Sisseton and Wahpeton. The 
name in Dakota is Isanati, from Isan 
meaning knife, and was applied to 
these Indians because they formerly 
lived upon Knife Lake (Isantamde) 
one of the Mill Lacs, in Minnesota. 
After the outbreak of 1862-3 the 
Mdewakanton and Wakpekute who 
were most active in the mas- 
sacre were’ transported to _ Fort 
Thompson, Dakota Territory, where 
they remained three years, and 
then established themselves at the 
present Santee, in northern Nebraska. 
The name Santee as at present used 
applies only to these bands. The 
Santee in its wider sense means the 
dialect spoken by the Sioux of the 
Mississippi. 

Sapsucker. See Birds. 


Saranac is a railroad station 11 
miles south of Madison, its post office 
in southern Lake County. 


Saratoga is a town site of the Da- 
kota Land Company, 1857. It was on 
the east Coteau, 60 miles west of 
New Ulm. 


Sargent, Fred W., 1876- ; born at 
Akron, Iowa; removed to Vermillion 
and educated in State University ’01. 
Then engaged in ranching in Ed- 
munds County. He practiced law in 
Sioux City and became local counsel 
for the Northwestern, rising step by 


641 


Sargent, Jean F. 


step until he became vice president, 
and in June 1925 became president of 
that railroad system. It is notable 
that President Sargent and Vice Pres- 
ident Alex. C. Johnson (q. v.) are both 
South Dakotans, of long standing. 


Sargent, Jean F., 1879- ; Gettys- 


burg; born in Turner County, Decem- 


ber 23; educated, U. S. D. and North- 
western Univ.; engaged in practice 
of law in Parker, 1905; moved to Get- 
tysburg, 1908; state’s attorney of Pot- 
ter County for eight years; legislator, 
1923. 


Sarpy, Thomas L., 1800-1832, was a 
notable trader, of a more notable St. 
Louis family, who was killed by an 
explosion of powder at the Wounded 
Knee post on White River, January 
30, 1832. He had a busy day’s trade 
and in the evening was arranging the 
robes taken in _ trade. A lighted 
candle was on the counter and in fold- 
ing a large robe it was knocked over 
into an open keg of powder. 





Hist, Lxs 1i3n: 

Sasse, H. A., 1872- - born atist: 
Charles, Minnesota; came to Coding- 
ton Co., South Dakota in 1881; engag- 
ed in drug business in Henry; Presi- 
dent of State Pharmaceutical Ass’n; 
legislator, 1909, 1913. 


Satre, S. M., 1865- Hee 3 {0)<15)€0 
born at Finaas, Norway; came to Min- 
nehaha County in 1887, removing to 
Roberts County in 1900; engaged in 
farming; legislator, 1905, 1907. 

Savo is a discontinued post office in 
northern Brown County. 

Savoy is a post office in northern 
Lawrence County. Population, see 
census. 

Sayer, Emmett, 1888- ; born at 
Britton, Marshall Co., S. D., August 


Schafer, Jose ph 


7th; engaged in farming and stock 
raising near Spain; held various 
township offices; State Senator, 1925. 


Scandinavians. The generic name 
for Danes, Norwegians and Swedes, 
each of which nationality is largely 
represented in South Dakota. The 
total number of foreign-born Scandi- 
navians is 31,369, and those claiming 
Scandinavian blood are 95,501 (1915). 


Scalp Butte is a prominent butte 
near the Missouri River in Bentz town- 
ship, Gregory County. 


Scalp Creek, rising near Bonesteel, 
enters the Missouri River opposite 
Martha Island. 


Scatterwood Lake. Located in ex- 
treme northeast corner of Faulk Coun- 
ty. Summer resort. Visited by Fre- 
mont and Nicollet in 1839 and called 
by them “the lake of the scattered 
small wood.” There is an earthwork 
of unknown origin on the lake: This 
lake was one of the camping places 
on the Indian path from Minnesota 
to the Missouri River. 





Hist., X, 85-7, 118. 


Scenic is a village in southeastern 
Pennington County. 


Schaber, Robert O., 1872- ; Hud- 
son; born at Ettlinger, Baden, Ger- 
many, September 19th; came to South 
Dakota in 1881; engaged in mercan- 
tile business; in Hudson, Lincoln Co., 
Since 1885; editor and publisher of 
“The Hudsonite;” State Senator, 1919, 
1921. 


Schafer, Joseph, 1867- ; Superin- 
tendent, Wisconsin Historical Society; 
graduate, Ed. Madison State Normal 
School; resided and taught school in 
Lake County; married Lily Abbott, of 
Columbia. : 


642 


Schamber, Julius 


Schamber, Julius, 1866- ; born in 
Russia, March 16th; resided in South 
Dakota since 1874 and engaged in the 
mercantile business; served upon city 
council and school board of Eureka, 
McPherson Co.; legislator, 1909. 


Schellenger, George J., 1847-1913; 
native of Wisconsin; educator; pio- 
neer of Walworth County; superin- 
tendent of schools; deputy State sup- 
erintendent, dept. of pub. instruction. 


Schermerhorn, William David, 1871- 
; born in Lincoln, Kansas; grad- 
uate Kansas Wesleyan Univ., Garrett 
Biblical Institute, Evanston, I1l.; mis- 
sionary in India; president, Dakota 
Wesleyan Univ., 1917-1922. Now head 
of history and missions, Garrett Bib- 
lical Institute. 


Schiltz, Jacob, 1869- ; born in 
Caledonia, Minnesota, August; came to 
Hanson County in 1892 and was em- 
ployed by an implement firm for ten 
years; county treasurer in 1903; later 
engaged in banking at Emery; State 
Senator, 1907. 


Schirber, F. W., 1885- 7 born: in 
Douglas County, Minnesota, June 8th; 
came to South Dakota in 1904; engag- 
ed in banking, farming and livestock 
raising; clerk of courts of Campbell 
County from 1907 to 1913; State Sen- 
ator, 1921; in Mobridge since 1921. 


School. See Deaf and Dumb. 
School Lake is in northwestern 
Deuel County, six miles north of 
Goodwin. 


School of Mines Bulletins. See Bul- 
letins. 


School of Mines, State. See Educa- 
tion, 20. 
Schools. See Education. 


Science and Scientific Works 


Schrader, J. F., 1855- ; 
Utica, N. Y., October 2nd; came to 
Rapid City in 1880; lawyer; state’s 
attorney and mayor of Rapid City; 
held other public offices; State Sena- 
tor, 1903. 


Schrag, Joseph K., 1870- ; Free- 
man; born at Dubno, Russia, Novem- 
ber 15th; came to Turner Co., Dakota 
in 1874; practicing veterinarian, farm- 
er and breeder of live stock; held 
several township offices; twice dele- 
gate to Farmers National Congress; 
legislator, 1921. 


born at 


Schull, Col. Herman Walter, born 
England, 1875; in Watertown, S. D., 
until.1895.; tieut.; U.,S. Army ;1899 = it. 
colonel, ordnance dept., 1917; colonel, 
1918; grad., Army War College, 1923; 
received distinguished service medal 
in World War. 


Schultz, F. W., 1879- ; Madison; 
born at Gladbrook, Iowa, June 3rd; 
came to South Dakota in 1884; engag- 
ed in banking business and insurance 
from 1907 to 1920; now engaged in 
farming and real estate; in Govern- 
ment service in the Philippines from 
1899 to 1901; State Senator, 1921. 


Schultz, Peter H., 1869- > born 
in North Schlesvig, then Germany, 
now Denmark, August 26th; came to 
Iroquois, Kingsbury Co., Dakota in 
1888; engaged in mercantile business; 
member, legislature, 1913, 1915, 1917, 
1919, 1921; State Senator, 1925. 


Schulz, C. F., 1869- ; Brookings; 
born in Germany, February 24th; 
came to Brookings Co., Dakota in 


1886; engaged in general farming; 
legislator, 1913, 1915. 


Science and Scientific Works. See 
Literature of South Dakota, V and VI. 


643 


Sciones Indians 


Sciones Indians were probably the 
Yanktonais. The name appears fre- 
quently in early records. 


Scobel, George E., 1861- ; born 
in Michigan, July 25th; moved to 
Hutchinson County, S. D., in 1894 and 
settled on a timber claim; legislator, 
19038. 

Scobey, James O’Brien, 1854- ; 
native of New York; lawyer; member, 
territorial council 
1881, 1883; removed to Washington 
in 1893 and became president of Wash- 
ington State College. 


Scotland is a city in northeast Bon 
Homme County. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Citizen-Republic,”’ estab- 
lished in 1876, and “The Journal,” in 
1894, are its newspapers. 


Scott, Adam, 1839- “) aDOLTE 11) 
Scotland; moved to Dakota in 1868 
and took a homestead’in Union Coun- 
ty; was an early freighter from Pierre 
to the Black Hills; interested in buy- 
ing and feeding cattle and sheep; leg- 
islator, 1905, 1907. 


Scott, Edward J., 1882- ; Letch- 
er; born in Livingston County, I[li- 
nois; came to Dakota in 1882 and en- 
gaged in farming and teaching school; 
legislator, 1909. 


Scott, John A., 1854- ; born in 
Ohio, December 21st; came to Minne- 
haha Co., 1888; engaged in farming; 
held various township offices; secre- 
tary of Larchwood Telephone Ass’n 
and manager of Ben Claire Telephone 
Company ; legislator, 1909, 1911; post 
office, Hills, Minn. 


Scott, R. W., 1878- se WIEN ey 
born in Michigan, January 9th; came 
to South Dakota in 1908; established 
town of Whitney, where he engaged 
in stock raising and. merchandising; 


from Brookings, 


Sculptors 


postmaster for six years; legislator, 
1917. 
Scott; William M., 1884- ; Hecla; 


born in Union County, S. D., Septem- 
ber 18th; engaged in banking, live- 
stock raising and real estate; legis- 
lator, 1911, 1913; State Senator, 1919, 
1921. 


“Scout, The Poet.” A book of verse 
by Jack Crawford (q. v.). 


Scrip. In one way or another the 
government has from time to time is- 
sued scrip—a certificate authorizing 
the holder to pre-empt a_ certain 
amount of public land at any place he 
may choose. This was issued to sol- 
diers of early wars, to persons who 
had special claims against the govern- 
ment, and to soldiers of the Civil War 
who, having the right to a soldier’s 
homestead of 160 acres, had settled 
upon a less amount and were given 
scrip for the remainder of the land 
due them. In the development of the 
new country this scrip became very 
valuable as a means of locating town- 
sites on public lands in advance of 
settlement. Thus when a railroad 
company had quietly determined to 
build a new line into an unsettled re- 
gion it would buy sufficient scrip to 
cover the townsites it expected to oc- 
cupy. In this way title was acquired 
to many of the townsites without 
complying with the residence require- 
ments of the homestead act. 


Scroggs, James T., > ; is en- 
gaged in grain and stock buying; 
president, city board of education, 
Beresford, Union Co.; State Senator, 
190 a1 909: 


South Dakota -has pro: 
duced two sculptors of good fame. 
Harry Daniel Webster grew up in 


Sculptors. 


644 


Scurvy 


Sioux Falls and was educated in the 
schools there; in his high school course 
he took manual training and develop- 
ed a taste for wood-carving and 
mould-making. His skill and liking 
led his teacher to advise him to place 
himself under the instruction of some 
sculptor of note and he was fortunate 
in securing an opportunity in the 
studio of Daniel C. French. He died 
at an early age, but not until he had 
done much work that will live. His 
most notable sculpture is “The Min- 
ute Man,” for the state of Connecti- 
cut. In this he exhibited not only fine 
skill with his chisel, but excellent in- 
vention and artistic vision. He made 
the portrait statue -.of General 
Beadle in the South Dakota Capitol. 


Gilbert Griswold was born and grew 
up at Baltic, Minnehaha County, and 
received his schooling there. From 
early boyhood he showed ability to 
mould into recognizable portraits, and 
to carve portraits out of wood. It 
seemed a native gift. He was placed 
in the studio of Lorado Taft and soon 
became the favorite and most prom- 
ising student of his famous master, 
who has been tireless in supplying 
opportunity to him. He continues to 
excel in portraits. He has been high- 
ly approved by the critics. His statue 
of Stephen A. Douglas in the Supreme 
Court of Illinois has brought him 
high commendation. Mr. Griswold 
made the large bronze tablet of Moth- 
er Sherrard in the South Dakota capi- 
tol. 


Scurvy is a disease due to living 
upon meats without vegetables; it 
frequently afflicted the fur traders in 
the winter months. Harney’s soldiers 
who wintered at Fort Pierre in 1855 
were sorely afflicted by it. As an 


Secretary of State 


anti scorbutic they used the inner 
bark of the cottonwood tree. 





ETISti ee Loco. 

Seal, The Great. The great seal of 
South Dakota was devised by a com- 
mittee of the Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1885, of which Dr. Joseph 
Ward was chairman and the device 
and motto are his suggestion. 





CCOUS. ook LL 
“Seamless Robe, The.” A book of 
verse by Gustave Melby (q. v.). 


Seccombe, Rev. Charles, 1817-1900; 
born at Salem, Massachusetts; grad- 
uate of Dartmouth College and Union 
Seminary, N. Y. City; once president, 
Carleton College, Minn.; came to Da- 
kota in 1875 and located on Green 
Island, in front of Yankton; his home 
and church were swept away in the 
great flood of 1881; spent the remain- 
der of his life in Springfield, Bon 
Homme County. 


Secretary of State. In South Da- 
kota the secretary of state is charged 
with the custody of all acts and reso- 
lutions of the legislature, the jour- 
nals of the legislature, the great seal 
of the state, of the enrolled copy of 
the constitution and of all books, rec- 
ords, deeds, etc., confided to his care 
by law; he keeps the official record 
of all official acts of the governor; 
records all conveyances made to the 
state, all official bonds and all 
articles of incorporation. He _  pre- 
pares the official roll of the legisla- 
ture; and presides at the opening ses- 
sion of the house of representatives 
until that body has chosen its offic- 
ers; he receives the official election 
returns and is one of the canvassing 
board; he is charged with the regis- 
tration of motor vehicles, and of 


645 


Securities Commission 


brands and marks; he is ex-officio a 
member of many boards and commis- 
sions. His salary is $1,800 and he re- 
ceives an addition of $1200 for his ex- 
penses in removing to and living at 
the capital. 

The secretaries of Dakota Territory 
were: 


John Hutchinson, 1861-65. 

S. L. Spink, 1865-69. 

Turney M. Wilkins, 1869-70. 

G. A. Batchelor, 1870-72. 

Edwin S. McCook, 1872-73. 
Oscar Whitney, 1873-74. 

George A. Hand, 1874-83. 

James A. Teller, 1883-86. 
Michael L. McCormack, 1886-89. 
L. B. Richardson, 1889. 


The secretaries of State of South 
Dakota have been: 


Amund O. Ringsrud, 1889-1893. 
Thomas Thorson, 1893-1897. 
William H. Roddle, 1897-1901. 
Otto C. Berg, 1901-1905. 

David D. Wipf, 1905-1909. 
Samuel C. Polley, 1909-13. 
Frank Glasner, 1913-15. 

Frank M. Rood, 1915-19. 
Charles A. Burkhart, 1919-22. 
Clarence E. Coyne, 1922-. 


Securities Commission. See Blue 
Sky Lav. 
Sedat? Eo. aloe. ~eDOtn” “aL 


Linnville, Illinois, June 22nd; located 
at St. Lawrence in 1882; engaged in 
the general merchandise business at 
Wessington, Beadle Co.; legislator, 
L900: 


Sedgewick is a post office in north- 
ern Hyde County. 


See, Bert A., 1876- : 
Story County, Iowa, January 30th; 
came to White Rock, Roberts Co., in 
1897 and engaged in insurance, real 
estate and collection business; author 
of the bill limiting the number o* sa- 
loons on a population basis; legisla- 
tor, 1907. 


born in 


Serpents 


Seim is a post office in northeastern 
Perkins County. 


Selby is the county seat of Wal- 
worth County. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Walworth County Record,” 
established in 1890 is its newspaper. 


Senators, U. S. The following per- 
sons have been United States Sena- 
tors from South Dakota: — 

Gideon C. Moody, 1889-1891. 

Richard F. Pettigrew, 1889-1901. 

James H. Kyle, 1891-1901. 

Robert J. Gamble, 1901-1913. 

Alfred B. Kittredge, 1901-1909. 

Coe I. Crawford, 1909-1915. 

Thomas Sterling, 1913-1925. 

Ed S. Johnson, 1915-1921. 

Peter Norbeck, 1921. 

William H. McMaster, 1925-. 


Seneca is a town in western Faulk 
County. Founded by the Pioneer 
Town Site Co. in 1887. Named for 
Seneca Falls, a village in New York. 
Population, see census. “The Jour- 
nal,” established in 1902, is its news- 
paper. 


Seney, J. W., 1851- ; born at Port 
Hope, Ontario, Jan. 31st; came to 
Howard in 1893 and engaged in lum- 
ber business; State senator from Min- 
er county in 1903. 


Senn, August, 1859- ; born at 
Kewaskum, Wisconsin, November 
21st; came to Frederick, Brown Co., 


in 1883 and engaged in farming; was 
county commissioner and held several 
township offices; legislator, 1907, 1909. 


Searles, Earl R., 1890- ; born at 
Salem, Nov. 18; State College, Ph. G., 
1911; M. S., 1917; dean of division of 
pharmacy State College. 


Serpents. 
tiles. . 


See Amphibians and Rep- 


646 


Several 


Several. The word several, in law, 
“means two or more.” 





Code, 19. 

Severin, Harry C., 1885- : born 
at Milwaukee March 28; A. B., U. of 
Wis.; A. M., Ohio State U.; head of 
department of zoology and entomol- 
ogy State College; exofficio State en- 
tomologist. 


Severson, Jacob B., 1870- ; born 
in Norway, July 23rd; came to Da- 
kota in 1887 and located near Valley 
Springs, Minnehaha County; engaged 
in farming and banking; held various 
township offices; president, Minne- 
haha County Farm Bureau, 1920-22; 
State Senator in 1925. 





Kingsbury, IV, 1221. 


Seward, Charles X., 1856- ; born 
at Marengo, Illinois, January 11th; 
came to Watertown in 1880; engaged 
in practice of law; mayor of Water- 
town in 1890; speaker of the legisla- 
ture in 1891; member, House in 1901 


and State Senator in 1909; circuit 
judge, 1911-12. 
Seymour, Arthur H., 1868- ; born 


at New Milford, Ohio, Aug. 15; A. B., 
Ohio Northern U.; A. M., 1898; D. 
Ped., 1922; prof. American history and 
political science, Northern Normal; 
president S. D. E. A., 1924. 


Shale. With the exception of small 
sections in the eastern part of the 
State, all of South Dakota is under- 
laid with shales to a vast depth— 
sedimentary deposits made by old 
Ocean. These vary from 500 to 2000 
feet in depth. The Missouri Valley, 
above the Niobrara river, is eroded 
through these shales and consequent- 
ly they are exposed for the greater 
portion of the valley... The original 


Sharpe, Mrs. Abbie Gardner 


material was perhaps washed down 
from the western mountains and they 
are therefore a conglomerate of all 
the materials which composed the 
mountains. See Aluminum. 


Shanafelt, Rev. Thomas M., 1840-1909; 
Missionary Superintendent of the Bap- 
tist churches of North and South Da- 
kota, 1888-1907. President, State His- 
torical Society, 1905; Commissioner 
of the Soldiers Home; Civil War vet- 
eran; author, “Baptist History | of 
Michigan,” “‘Baptist History of South 
Dakota,” “Baptist History of North 
Dakota.” 





Hist, V, 104: 

Shannon County. Created in 1875, 
unorganized; named for Peter C. 
Shannon (q. v.); bounded on north 
by north line of township 38; on the 
east by 5th guide meridian, on the 
south by Nebraska; on the west by 
103d meridian; population chiefly 
Indian; area, 616,960 acres. 





Code, p. 150. 


Shannon, Peter C., 1821-1899; born, 
in Pennsylvania; chief justice, Dakota 
supreme court, 1873-1881. 


Sharp, Sigel D., 1867- ; born in 
Davis County, Iowa, April 5th; came 
to South Dakota in 1898; mayor and 
police judge of city of Bloomfield, 
Iowa, for two years; labor is his pro- 
fession; State Senator in 1917, from 
Bonesteel, Gregory Co. 


Sharpe, Mrs. Abbie Gardner, 1842- 
1920; Mrs. Sharpe was the youngest 
of the Spirit Lake captives, a girl of 
14 (1857). After her rescue by John 
Otherday, at the instance of Agent 
Flandrau and Rev. S. R. Riggs, she 
was returned to relatives in the east 
and soon afterward married Mr. 


647 


Shaw, A. M. 


Sharpe. The marriage proved un- 
happy and they separated; she re- 
turned to her father’s homestead at 
Spirit Lake, where her entire family 
had been massacred, and built herself 
a home in which she spent the re- 
mainder of her life. She wrote a book 
in which she recited her experiences, 
“The Spirit Lake Massacre,” 1885. 


Shaw, A. M., 1876- ; born in Joe 
Davis County, Illinois, February 3rd; 
came to South Dakota in 1886; engag- 
ed in banking business in Delmont, 
Douglas Co.; State Senator, 1909. 


Shaw, Archibald, 1843- ; born in 
Massachusetts, October 17th; arrived 
in Deadwood in 1877 and engaged in 


contracting and building; legislator, 
1905, 1907, 
Shaw, Frederick Lonsdale, 1880- 


; born in Stafford, England; edu- 
cated, Queen Elizabeth College, Ip- 
swich and Emmanuel College, Cam- 
bridge Univ.; came to South Dakota, 
1900; taught school and _ county 
superintendent of schools, Beadle 
County, 1911-1913; State superintend- 
ent, public instruction, South Dakota 
from September, 1918, to January, 
1925; member of legislature from 
Beadle County, 1925. | 


Sheafe, Gen. Mark W., 1844- ; 
veteran Civil War; settled in Elk 
Point, Union County, 1872; member, 
territorial legislature, 1874; register, 
Watertown land office, 1885, living in 
Watertown since; brigadier general 
of volunteers in Spanish* War (1898); 
State Senator, 1891. 


Robinson, 704; Kingsbury, IV, 8. 

Sheafe, Mark W., Jr., 1883- : 
Watertown; born in Elk Point, S. D., 
March 25th; engaged in practice of 
law; state’s attorney of Codington 


Sheldon, Charles H. 


County from 1909 to 1912; State Sen- 
ator in 1915. 


Sheep. See Agriculture, 11%. 


Sheets, Horace H., 1837- ; born 
in Hrie County, Pennsylvania; educat- 
ed at Rock River Seminary; came to 
Esmond 1882; farmer; member, con- 
stitutional convention of 1885; mem- 
ber, territorial legislature, 1889. 


Sheffield is a post office in north- 


eastern Beadle County. 


Sheldon, Charles H., 1840-1898; sec- 
ond governor of South Dakota (1893- 


97;) born in Vermont, September 
12th. He had only common school 
educational advantages and passed 


his early years in commercial pur- 
suits; he entered the Civil War in the 
spring of 1861 and served four and 
one-half years, rising to the rank of 
captain. He came to Dakota in 1881 
and the next year settled upon a 
homestead in Day County near Pier- 
pont, where he spent the remainder 
of his life. In 1886 he was chosen a 
member of the territorial council and 
acquitted himself with credit. He be- 
came a popular speaker upon political 
topics and in 1892 he was nominated 
and elected governor by the Republi- 
can party. He served for four years, 
during the period of the great depres- 
sion of 1893; at the beginning of his 
second term W. W. Taylor, State 
treasurer, defaulted and absconded 
with all of the State funds, leaving 
the treasury empty. From every 
viewpoint it was a difficult time; the 
constitutional provision for a local 
board of trustees for each education- 
al institution, subject to the general 
control of the board of regents of edu- 
cation, was in practice a source of 
constant friction and during Sheldon’s 


648 


Sheldon, Rev. Charles Monroe 


second term reached a point where it 
well-nigh wrecked the _ institutions, 
adding tremendously to the perplex- 
ities and responsibilities of the gover- 
nor. At the conclusion of his term in 
1895 he returned to his farm. In the 
campaign of 1898, volunteering his 
services, he was assigned to the Black 
Hills and while speaking there was 
attacked with penumonia and died at 
Deadwood. October 15th. 


Sheldon, Rev. Charles Monroe, 1857- 
came to South Dakota with his 
uncle, Joseph Ward, of Yankton. Got 
his classical training in Yankton 
Academy. His way through Brown 
University and Andover Theological 
Seminary was largely defrayed by a 
weekly collection taken’ by the Yank- 
ton Congregational Sunday School; 
pastor, Central Congregational 
Church, Topeka, Kansas, 1889-1912; 
editor, “Christian Herald,” N. Y. City, 
since 1920; author of “In His Steps,” 
and many other books. 


Sheps Canyon is in central Fall Riv- 
er County. 


Sheridan is a discontinued post of- 
fice in southern Pennington County. 


Sherin, Arthur L., 1883- ; Water- 
town; born at Big Stone City, S. D., 
November 27th; engaged in practice 
of law; state’s attorney of Codington 
County from 1913 to 1915 and city at- 
torney of Watertown since May l, 
1916; State Senator, 1921. 


Sherman is a town in northeastern 
Minnehaha County. 


Sherman, Edwin A., 1844-1916; a na- 
tive of Massachusetts; capitalist; 
pioneer of Sioux Falls, 1873; territor- 
ial treasurer, 1877-8; territorial audi- 
tor, 1879-80; president, trustees, 
School for Deaf, 1884; legislator, 1913. 


Shetak Captives 


Sherrard, Elizabeth Hazelton, 1829- 
1908; wife of William B. (q. v.) who 
with him established the South Da- 
kota Children’s Home. A bronze tab- 
let to her memory occupies a niche 
in the capitol. 


Sherrard, William B., 1837-19 ; 
born in Ireland; located in Clark 
County, 1879, and began caring for 
homeless children; this service grew 


into the State Childrens’ Home at 
Sioux Falls. 
Sherrill, Albert, 1880- ; Camp 


Crook; born in North Carolina, Febru- 
ary 9th; came to South Dakota in 
1901; engaged in the practice of medi- 
cine; legislator, 1917. 


Sherwood, Judge Carl G., 1855- : 
born on a farm near Whitney Point, 
NwYs Jane sthj-cametto:S2D! in. 1881, 
locating at Clark; practiced law from 
1881 to 1912; register of deeds of 
Clark County, 1882-86; State Senator, 
1889; Circuit Judge, 1912-18; judge, 
State supreme court since 1923. 


Shetak Captives. August 20, 1862, 
the band of White Lodge, a Santee 
chief, fell upon a settlement of about 
a dozen families and massacred them 
indiscriminately. Some escaped to 
the settlements on the Minnesota Riv- 
er. Mrs. John Wright and two chil- 
dren, Mrs. William J. Duly and three 
children, Lillie Everett and two little 
daughters of Thomas Ireland were 
carried away by White Lodge. They 
had stolen some oxen and wagons in 
the settlement and traveled slowly, 
first going to a Sisseton hunting camp 
about where Ligerwood, North Dakota, 
now is, being unwelcome there they 
went west and reached the Missouri 
River in Emmons County, North Da- 
kota, Oct. 18. About November 11th 


349 


Shetak Captives 


they were discovered there by Maj. 
Galpin, who carried the news to Fort 
Pierre, where a party of young Sioux, 
known as the Crazy Band, or Fool 
Soldiers, were fitted out and started 
to rescue the captive white women 
and children (Nov. 13). They came 


upon them on the east side of the 


river (Nov. 15) near the present city 
of Mobridge, and with difficulty effect- 
ed their release and delivered them 
at Fort Pierre Nov. 20, whence they 
were conveyed by way of Fort Ran- 
dall (Nov. 30) back to such relatives 
as had survived. The names of the 
Fool Soldiers were Martin Charger, 
Kills Game and Comes Home, Swift 
Bird, Four Bears, Mad Bear, Pretty Bear, 
Sitting Bear, One Rib, Strikes Fire, 
Red Dog, and Charging Dog. 

The following is Chief Charger’s ac- 
count of the rescue recited to the 
author June 4, 1900: 

On that awful August day of 1862 
when the Santee band of Sioux In- 
dians fell with pitiless knife and torch 
upon the frontier settlements of Min- 
nesota the most western and the most 
exposed of all these settlements was 
a little community of a dozen home- 
steaders and the families gathered 
about Lake Shetak(in what is now Mur- 
ray County. The attack upon this set- 
tlement, the massacre of many of its 
inhabitants, and the captivity of oth- 
ers are stories with which all readers 
of the history of Indian warfare are 
familiar, but the manner of the ran- 
som of some of these captives has not 
been written, and it is that feature of 
the history with which this article has 
to do. 

As a result of that attack Mrs. John 
Wright and two children, a boy of 6 
and an infant in arms; Mrs. William 
J. Duly and two little girls, the eldest 
of whom was 12 years of age; Lillie 
Everett, a girl of 8 years, and two 
other little girls, daughters of Thomas 
Ireland, became captives in the band 
of White Lodge, a subsidiary chief 


Shetak Captives 


of the Santee, whose home before the 
outbreak was in the Lynn woods, on 
the Redwood River, just west of the 
present town of Marshall, Minn. White 
Lodge and his band, consisting of 
about 180 persons, at once departed 
with their captives for the Dakota 
country, and by November 1, after be- 
ing sent along from one Indian camp 
to another by the headmen, who did 
not care to incur the vengeance of the 
soldiers by being found with white 
captives on their premises, arrived on 
the Missouri River at about the line 
now dividing North and South Dakota. 

The Teton Sioux at this period lived 
on the Missouri in the vicinity of Fort 
Pierre, and when the news of the 
Santee attack upon the whites in Min- 
nesota came to their attention a coun- 
cil was held at which they resolved 
as a tribe to remain neutral. There 
were, however, some _ progressive 
young Teton who advocated active in- 
terference in behalf of the whites, but 
they were outvoted in the council. 
Two of these young men, Charger and 
Kills and Comes, a few days later sat 
down on the bank of the river in front 
of Primeau’s trading house, at a point 
6 miles above Fort Pierre, and after 
a long discussion of the situation de- 
cided to attempt to organize the young 
men of the tribe into an association 
for the purpose of rendering the 
whites such assistance as they could 
without involving the Teton in war 
with the Santee. Their proposition, 
however, was received with so much 
derision by the older chiefs that they 
were able to induce buf nine others to 
join them. These eleven boys, the eld- 
est of whom was but 20 years of age, 
with that grave formality character- 
istic of the Indian in his native state, 
solemnly pledged themselves to with- 
hold nothing in comfort, effort, life, or 
property which it might be necessary 
to sacrifice to serve the white people. 
They called their society by a term 
which is best translated “The Young 
Men’s Association,” but by their own 
people they were known as the “Crazy 
Band.” The young men thus banded 
together were Charger, Kills and 
Comes, Four Bear, Swift Bear, Mad 


650 


Shetak Captives 


Bear, Pretty Bear, One Rib, Strikes 
Fire, Sitting Bear, Red Dog, and 
Charging Dog. 

They were not prompted to this ac- 
tion by any sinister or mercenary Mo- 
tives, but from sentiments of human- 
ity which would have been creditable 
to men of the highest civilization; nor 
was their action in thus organizing 
suggested to them by white men, but 
was wholly original with the young 
Sioux participants. Early in Novem- 
ber, 1862, Major Galpin, a trader at 
the mouth of the Yellowstone, com- 
ing down the river with a small party 
of miners from Montana in a Macki- 
naw boat, was hailed by a band of 
Santee encamped near Standing Rock 
and invited to land. 

They were about to do so when a 
white woman come to the river bank 
and frantically warned them to keep 
away to save their lives. The Santees 
at once fired upon the boatmen, who 
threw themselves in the bottom of 
the boat, and as the current set strong- 
ly to the west shore they were soon 
out of danger. They learned from 
the woman that the captives from 
Lake Shetak were in the camp, and 
as they passed down the river they 
gave information of this discovery at 
every opportunity. The Crazy Band 
learned of this incident and knew the 
time had come for them to put their 
professions into practice. The boys 


gathered up their robes and other | 


peltry, and taking them to Primeau’s 
store exchanged them for food, es- 
pecially sugar and delicacies which 
they conceived would be grateful to 
the Santee palate, and with these sup- 
plies moved the horses across the riv- 
er and camped on the Okaboji. (it is 
said Primeau furnished the supplies 
and in every way encouraged the boys 
to go. See Barbier’s reminiscences in 
Hist. X, 232.) The third day out they 
arrived at the mouth of Swan Creek, 
where the village of Le Beau now is, 
and there they found a small party of 
friendly Yanktonaise Sioux, who .in- 
formed them that. a party of Santees, 
having white captives, were encamped 
on the east side of the Missouri, in 
the bend below the mouth of Grand 


Shetak Captives 


River, within what is now Walworth 
County, S. Dak. 

The boys pushed on and _ pitched 
their camp about 100 yards from the 
camp of the hostiles and indicated a 
desire for a council. White Lodge 
and his head men came out, each with 
his gun cached under his blanket, and 
a council was held. Charger opened 
the conference with a typical Indian 
talk about the good heart which had 
impelled them to the enterprise to 
ransom the captives, and concluding: 
“You see us here. We are only young 
boys. Our people call us crazy, but 
we want to do something good. If a 
man owns anything he likes it, and he 
will not part with it for nothing. We 
have come here to buy the white cap- 
tives and give them back to their 


friends. 


“We will give our own horses for 
them, all the horses we have. That 
proves that we want the captives very 
much, because our hearts are good 
and we want to do a good thing.” 
Then with that dreary monotony 
which only an Indian could tolerate 
each of the other ten boys repeated 
his words. To this White Lodge re- 
sponded: 

“We come from the east where the 
sky is made red by the fires that 
burns the homes of the whites and 
the ground is red with the blood of 
whites which the Santees are killing. 
These white captives we have taken 
after killing many of their people. We 
will not again be friends of the whites. 
We have done a bad thing, and now 
we will keep on doing bad things. We 
will not give up the captives. We will 
fight till we drop dead.” 


Then the boys changed their tac- 
tics, hoping to reach the _ hostiles 
through their stomachs. They spread 
a feast, and Charger extended the in- 
vitation to partake in these words: 
“Here is food; eat what you want and 
go home, and we will take the captives 
and go home.” White Lodge and his 
braves accepted the hospitality, but 
when the feast was concluded he 
was still obdurate and insultingly re- 
sented the attempts of the Tetons to 
interfere in his affairs. They became 


651 


Shetak Captives 


much excited and trouble seemed im- 
minent. Then another formal council 
was arranged, and Charger and the 
boys gravely reiterated the talk made 
at the first sitting, to which White 
Lodge replied in the same way as be- 
fore. 

A third time the boys repeated their 
original proposition to trade the 
horses for the captives, only to be 
met by a more determined refusal. 
But the boys had still another card 
in reserve, and the time had come to 


play it. Charger spoke: “White 
Lodge, you talk brave. You kill white 
men who have no guns, and you 


steal women and children and run 
away where there are no soldiers. If 
you are brave, why did you not stay 
and fight soldiers who had guns? 
Three times we have offered our 
horses for the captives. Now we shall 
take the captives and put them on the 
horses and take them home. If you 
make us trouble, ‘the soldiers, with 
guns, will come against you from the 
east and the . Tetons will come 
against you from the “west, and we 
shall see if you are brave.” 

At this a brave from the outside, 
who did not sit in the council, cried 
out to Black Hawk, the eldest son of 
White Lodge: ‘Black Hawk, why do 
you not speak? Why sit so still?” 
Black Hawk spoke: “You young peo- 
ple have done right. Your grub tastes 
good. You are straight young men, 
respected among your own people. I 
know some of you, but my father, 
White Lodge does not know you. We 
are starving. I havé one white child, 
which I will give up. Let the others 
do as I have done and give up their 
captives.” 


After much parleying it was finally 
agreed that the captives should be ex- 
changed for the horses, and the San- 
tees returned to their camp to pre- 
pare the captives for the exchange. 
At length the boys were invited to 
bring their horses and come into the 
village. A large lodge had been erect- 
ed in the center of the camp, to which 
they were directed. They tied the 
horses nearby and entered. They 
found Mrs. Duly and the six children 


Shetak Captives 


(Mrs. Wright’s baby had been wanton-, 
ly murdered by a young savage before 
they reached the Missouri) sitting in 
a row on one side of the lodge. They 
were almost naked and in a condi- 
tion so pitiable that even the young 
savages were moved by their grief. 
An unexpected obstacle was here en- 
countered. Each captive was claimed 
as the individual property of some 
brave, and no proposition looking to 
a wholesale exchange of horses for 
captives would be considered. 

Each proprietor was bent upon driv- 
ing the best possible bargain for his 
chattel. The youngest child was first 
offered, and after a protracted parley 
a bargain was made for it, and it was 
removed to the opposite side of the 
lodge; and so, in turn, after all the 
bluffing, bullying, and jockeying of 
which the Indian is capable has been 
indulged in, the seven captives were 
ransomed, but not until the boys had 
traded themselves out of all their 
property except one horse and four 
guns; and Mrs. Wright, whom White 
Lodge claimed, was still to be secur- 
ed. White Lodge, who had given but 
grudging consent to the proceeding 
thus far, now absolutely refused to 
surrender Mrs. Wright upon any 
terms, and the boys were equally as 
determined to procure possession of 
her. After another period of intense 
excitement, in which the lives of both 
the boys and the captives appeared 
to be in peril, another formal council 
was arranged, and again the threat of 
crushing the Santees between the Te- 
tons and the soldiers brought the 
tribe to their senses, although White 
Lodge remained obstinate. 

Black Hawk and his younger broth- 
er, Chased by the Ree, proposed to take 
the woman from their father and give 
her up to the boys in consideration 
of the one remaining horse. The prop- 
osition was accepted, and Red Dog 
and Strike Fire were intrusted with 
the negotiations. They soon return- 
ed with the woman, and the rescuing 
party struck camp and moved a few 
miles down the river, when night came 
on and they stopped. Their situation 
was truly desperate. They were more 


652 


Shetak Captives 


than 100 miles from home in a north- 
ern winter, without horses or food. 
The captives were without clothing, 
and the boys gave them their blan- 
kets, leaving their own bodies serious- 
ly exposed. Moreover, White Lodge 
was hostile and threatened to take 
the captives from the rescuers. That 
night was one never to be forgotten 
by any who participated in its terrors. 
The captives were housed in the small 
lodge, and the boys, illy protected 
against the blizzard which was in pro- 
gress, spent the night in an unceasing 
march around the tent. They broke 
camp at daylight, and shortly after, to 
their very great relief, a friendly Yank- 
tonaise appeared on horseback, and to 
him they gave two of their remaining 
guns for the horse. They hastily rig- 
ged a travoix, upon which five of the 
children were placed. Pretty Bear 
carried the youngest child on his back 
and the women walked. Mrs. Duly had 
no moccasins, and Charger gave her 
his own, himself going barefoot 
through that winter day until the 
. Yanktonaise camp was reached at Le- 
Beau. Early that morning, as they 
were slowly making their way down 
the river, the expected happened and 
White Lodge appeared, accompanied 
by five warriors, and demanded the re- 
turn of Mrs. Wright; but after a lore 
parley the boys bluffed him out, and 
he gave up the pursuit. Of the Yank- 
tonaise in exchange for one gun they 
procured an old cart, to which the 
horse was attached, the children plac- 
ed in.it, and Mrs. Duly mounted on the 
animal’s back. From the Yanktonaise 
they also procured a little food and 
some moccasins. That day they trav- 
eled 34 miles, it being necessary most 
of the way for the boys to assist the 
pony with the load by pushing on the 
cart. 


They camped that night on the pres- 
ent site of the village of Forest City. 
The next morning they climbed the 
river bluffs and cut directly across the 
oxbow in the direction of Primeau’s 
trading house, and that night they did 
not camp at all, but kept up the weary 
tramp until daybreak, when they were 
on the east side of the river, opposite 


Shindler 


their home. The river was slightly 
frozen, making the crossing most hkaz- 
ardous, but their relatives, securing 
the assistance of Primeau, Dupree, 
and La Plant, traders, residing in the 
vicinity, managed to get the party 
over, and Primeau clothed the cap- 
tives as best he could from the flan- 
nels and calicos he kept in stock and 
Dupree took them to his home, where 
they were allowed to rest for three 
days, when Dupree and La Plant took 
them in their wagons to the nearest 
military post, Fort Randall, where the 
commandant, Col. John Pattee, of the 
Forty-first Iowa Cavalry, tock them in- 
to his quarters with his wife and 
daughter and entertained them for 
twenty days, until notice of their re- 
covery reached their friends, and rela- 
tives came to take them home. 

It is a just reproach to the General 
Government that the services render- 
ed by these men in the rescue of the 
Lake Shetak captives have never been 
recognized, nor have they been paid 
for the horses and property which 
they expended in ransoming the pris- 
oners. 

When the circumstances surround- 
ing this case are considered; when 
the Dakota country as it was in 1862 
is taken into account; when the condi- 
tion and environment of these young 
Teton, unschooled, beyond the influ- 
ence of the missionaries, unprompted 
to the heroic action which they per- 
formed except by the instincts of hu- 
manity, unrewarded, and without the 
hope of reward, are reckoned with, I 
submit the record of the world’s his- 
tory will be searched in vain for a par- 
allel. 





Hist. ell, weoUOn lose Veo -eS0= ie wOOOs ml 
233-6; Dakotan, V, 101 (Aug., 1902); Rob- 
inson, .. 2105 Kinesbury, I. 252) “256e% 
“McClure’s Magazine,’’ Aug., 1903: ‘‘Con- 
gressional Record,’’ vol. 39, part 4, p. 
3613. 

Shiloh is a post office in northwest- 


ern Sully County. 
Shiloh. See Battle of Shiloh. 


Shindler is a post office in north- 
eastern Lincoln County. 


653 


" Shipwreck 


Shipwreck. See Steamboats. 


Shirey, J. R., 1887- ; McLaugh- 


lin; born at Red Cloud, Nebraska, 
April 8th; came to South Dakota in 
1904; engaged in banking business; 


county treasurer for two years and 
chairman of county board of Corson 
County; legislator, 1917. 


Shirkville is a discontinued post of- 
fice in southeastern Fall River Coun- 
ty. 

Shitepoke. See Bittern. 


Shober, Howard C., 1859- ; born 
Tipton, Iowa, Dec. 24; educated, 
Carthage College (Illinois); settled at 
Highmore, 1882; published “Hyde 
County Bulletin;” State Insurance 
Commissioner, 1901-3; state senator, 
1905 ; lieutenant governor, 1907-11; 
since engaged in business at Huron. 


Shober, John H., 1833-1916; native 
of Virginia; came to Dakota, 1859; 
president, first legislative council, 
1862; lawyer; Democrat; removed to 
Montana, 1865. 





Hist., X, 430. 

Shoemaker is a discontinued post 
post office in southwestern Tripp 
County. 


Short Bull was a Brule Sioux, very 
prominent in the Messiah Craze of 
1890, who arrived at the conclusion 
that he was himself the Messiah. 

Shriner, William, 1822- ; native 
of Pennsylvania; member, legislature, 
1863 and 1865; county treasurer, Clay 
County, 1884. 


Shult; (O.2 A-.0.18i70- ; Doland; 
born at Lynn Center, IIll., Nov. 16; 
came to Doland in 1907; engaged in 
farming and stock raising; held sev- 


eral township and school offices; leg- 
islator, 1925. 


Silos. and Silage 


Sibley, Gen. Henry H., 1816-1891; 
Governor of Minnesota (1858-9); com- 
mander of the forces who punished 
the Sioux for the Massacre of 1862 
and released the captives. Member 


of the treaty commission of 1865 that 


negotiated the peace treaty at old 
Fort Sully (Pierre). 





Hist., I, 125; X, 362 n. 
Sichmeller, Joseph F., 1878- x 
born in German Poland, November 
18th; came to Greenville, Day Co., 
South Dakota in 1888; engaged in 


farming and real estate; town clerk 


from 1901-3; justice of the peace, 
1901-6, also school clerk; legislator, 
1911. 


Sidney is a discontinued post office 
in western Perkins County. 


Siege of Fort Manuel. Fort Manuel 
was in a virtual state of siege from 
Feb. 22d to March 5th, 1813, when it 
fell before the onslaught of the Yank- 
tonais and their Indian allies support- 
ing the British. See Fort Manuel. 





FLISt. e LL, ous mo oe 

Sieverson, Andrew, 1860- ; Mil- 
bank; born in Manitowoc County, 
Wisconsin, November 25th; came to 
Grant Co., Dakota in 1883; engaged 
in farming and stock raising; held 
several township and school offices; 
legislator, 1923. 


Signal Butte is a discontinued post 
office in southern Perkins County. 


Silica is an important element in 
all of our rock and soils. See Alumi- 
num. 


Silos and Silage. With the develop- 
ment of diversified farming there has 
been an increase in the number of 
silos. In 1923, 3,012 were reported to 
the Tax Commission. Corn cut just 


654 


Silsby, George A. 


before maturity is the chief silage 


crop. 


Silsby, George A., 1847-1917; native 
of Illinois; veteran of the Civil War; 
postmaster at Mitchell, 1882-5; adju- 
tant general, S. D., 1891-1895; national 
bank examiner, 1899-1905. 


Silver. * See Metals; Galena. 


Silver City is a mining town in 
northwestern Pennington County. 


Silver Craze in Minnehaha County. 
In 1886 C. W. Patton announced that 
he had discovered extensive silver 
ores upon the farm of A. J. Cooley 
at the palisades, near Garretson, and 
for a few days the excitement was at 
fever. heat; many claims were staked 
upon private lands and patented by 
the government. Some of these 
claims are on file in the register of 
deeds office at Sioux Falls. The 
theory abounded that the quartzite 
was rich in silver and the Dells, at 
Dell Rapids, were soon covered with 
locations. The name of John D. Cam- 
eron creeps into the record and 
arouses a suspicion that it was one 
of his unique promotions; but at any 
rate the boom very soon flattened. 


Simoneaus Island was on the east 
side of the Missouri River, opposite 
Fort George; is now incorporated with 
the mainland of Hughes County. 


Simons, Leonard M,, 1874- ; born 
near Fulton, Oswego Co., N. Y., Jan. 
22; came to Redfield, South Dakota 
18933 °G.Ls' B.;°U.'S. D., 1904; lawyer; 
treasurer, S. Dak. Bar Ass’n, since 
1907; city attorney, Belle Fourche; 
secretary, S. D. Senate, 1905, 1907, 
1909; State Senator, 1925. 


Sioux Calendars 


Simpson, James, 1855- ‘3; born in 
Michigan; Superintendent, School for 
Deaf, Sioux Falls, 1882-. 





Hist.) Minn: .Coz, +700; 
Simpson Lake is a small lake in 
Grandview township, Douglas County. 


Simpson Park is a summer resort 
on Bigstone Lake, 1 mile north of 
Bigstone City, in northeastern Grant 
County. Post office is Bigstone City. 


Simpson, Ritchie, 1856- ; Dell 
Rapids; born in Aberdeenshire, Scot- 
land, February 3rd; came to Sioux 
Falls in 1883 and a year later moved 
to Dell Rapids; engaged in the work 
of stone cutter; legislator, 1907. 


Simonson, Severt, 1862- ; born 
in Norway, March 24th; came_ to 
Brookings Co., South Dakota in 1879; 
engaged in farming; held various 
township offices; legislator, 1907, 
1909, 1911; post office, Sinai. 


Sinai is a village in southwestern 


Brookings County. Population, see 
census. 
Sinai Lake is in southwestern 


Brookings County. 


Sioux. See Dakota Indians. See 


following articles. 


Sioux Bands. See Sioux Tribes. 


Sioux Calendars. The Sioux kept 
account of time by a system of pic- 
tographs showing the outstanding 
event of each winter. These were 
painted upon skins, especially upon 
the tanned side of buffalo robes, and 
in the ancient days were very com- 
mon; indeed many of the robes sold 
commercially had these calendars 
painted on them, but they were not 
understood or appreciated by white 
purchasers. Some of these which are 


655 


Sioux Discovery and Occupancy of 
South Dakota 


still in existence tell the story year 
by year very completely back to 
about 1750, and the accuracy can be 
checked by recorded historic events 
in many years, as for instance 1833, 
“the year the stars fell.” For a full 
account see “Fourth Annual Report, 
Bureau of American Ethnology,” p. 89. 


Sioux Discovery and Occupancy of 
South Dakota. All the probabilities 
point to a comparatively recent oc- 
cupancy of South Dakota by the Sioux. 
Delsle’s map, presumed to have been 
dictated by LeSeuer, 1701, shows 
only some bands of Sioux about Big- 
stone Lake. In 1743 the Verendrye 
Brothers, soon after leaving Fort 
Pierre -for the Mandan, on the east 
side of the Missouri, came upon a 
band which they call the Gens de la 
Fleche Collee, or Sioux of the Prairie; 
who were doubtless the Sans Arcs, 
the only band that used spears, and 
not bows and arrows. The Yankton 
told Lewis and Clark that they form- 
erly resided on the Mississippi and 
were a part of the people of Spirit 
Lake. The Winter Counts of the 
Teton show that they discovered the 
Black Hills in 1775. Dr. Stephen R. 
Riggs first visited Fort Pierre in 1840 
and includes this statement in his re- 
port: “The first band of Teton to 
pass west of the Missouri was the 
Oglala. The Teton speak now of it 
as a thing which happened not long 
since. Their fathers, they say, used 
to sit in council with chiefs of the 
Santee bands, in which name they in- 
clude all the bands of the Mississippi.” 
This quite supports the statement of 
Swift Bird that his grandfather often 
told him that he took part in a forty 
year war in which the Arickara were 
dislodged from central South Dakota 


Sioux Falls 


by the Sioux. We know historically 
that the Arickara actually maintain- 
ed a hold in the central part of the 
State as late as 1794. From all of 
this it may be assumed that in 1743 
the Sioux were beginning to feel their 
way out to the Missouri River; that 
within a few years thereafter they 
began to dispute the command of the 
Missouri with the Rees; and that by 
the end of the eighteenth century 
had won complete control of this sec- 
tion. That occupancy of the Missouri 
Valley and beyond must have come 
later than 1750. 





Hist., III, 271, 285, footnotes. 


Sioux, Estimates of Number. The 
number of Sioux in a camp or village 
varied according to circumstances. 
Rev. Thomas L. Riggs says that a 
stationary camp usually contained 
about six inmates in a lodge or tepee: 
a camp during a war or hunt contain- 
ed more inmates per tepee. But he 
thinks that his father’s estimate of 
ten is too large. During a hunt or 
war there would be seven or eight 
inmates to a tepee, from one-fourth 
to one-fifth of them warriors. This 
was about the estimate of Lieut G. 
K. Warren in 1858. 





Hist., XI, 207. 
Dries. SiR: GRhice st 
(5). 

Sioux Falls. Named for the falls 
of the Big Sioux River; founded in 
1857; settlement abandoned, 1862, and 
re-established, 1865; Fort Dakota was 
located there; Sioux Falls College, 
Augustana College, Columbus - Col- 
lege, All Saints School for girls, Cath- 
olic and Episcopal bishops, State Chil- 
drens’ Home, State School for the 
Deaf, State Penitentiary and several 
hospitals are located here. Has 


‘Dakota Dictionary,” 
1852,¢ (Introd? aipsravale: 


656 


Sioux Falls Junction 


Northwestern, Milwaukee, Great 
Northern, Illinois Central and Cedar 
Rapids railways; nine railway lines 
radiate from the city; it has extensive 
wholesale and distribution business, 
the John Morrell Meat Packing plant, 


and extensive stockyards. “The 
Daily Argus-Leader” and “Daily 
Press” have statewide circulation. 


Numerous class papers are published 
here. Population, see census. 


Sioux Falls Junction is a railroad 
station in southern Moody County. 


Sioux Games. Dr. James R. Walker, 
long physician at Pine Ridge, made a 
careful study of the games played by 
the Sioux. He describes 22 different 
games, eight of which are gambling 
devices and 14 for amusement. They 
cannot be described in limited space; 
but in general these games include 
ball playing, shinney, javelin throwing, 
pop-guns, tops, whirlers, bowls, wind- 
wheels, dice, and bows and arrows. 
For each of these they have devised 
special paraphernalia. See Sports. 





Hist., IX, 486. 


Sioux, Grant’s Church Policy. Pre- 
sident Grant, hoping to raise the Ind- 
ian problem above partisan politics, 
assigned the Indians of the various 
tribes in a general way to the domi- 
nation of various churches. The Sioux 
were chiefly placed under the Episco- 
palians; with the exception of those 
at Devils Lake and at Grand River, 
who were assigned to the Catholics. 
Absolute religious tolerance was en- 
forced; but the general administrative 
policy for the respective tribes and 
bands was determined by the advice 
of these churches. It undoubtedly im- 
proved the administration, but was 
soon abandoned. 


Sioux Indian Courts 


Sioux Hostilities. See Indian Hos- 
tilities. 


Sioux Indian Courts. In their prim: 
itive life the Sioux government was in 
the hands of the tribal council, in 
which the worthy men sat. Most mat- 
ters of administration and adjudication 
were determined by the council; in 
times of war or other movement of 
great importance a_e special court 
known as the Soldier’s Lodge was 
chosen from the men of first import- 
ance, who had absolute power. 

The following written in 1912 for 
the State Bar Association outlines 
the organization and practice of the 
native and modern courts of the 
Sioux: 


It is not an easy thing to determine 
the laws and practices of an unletter- 
ed people who have abandoned the 
primitive life to live under regulations 
prescribed by their conquerors, and 
who must depend upon tradition and 
recollection for the practices of the 
old life; but fortunately intelligent 
observers have, from time to time, 
during the past two and one-half cen- 
turies set down their observation and 
these, supplemented by the recollec- 
tions of the older men now living give 
to us a fairly clear understanding of 
the courts and the legal practices of 
these people. ; 

Primarily the Sioux government 
was by clans, patriarchal, but within 
the clan it very nearly approached the 
representative, republican form. The 
council was the representative body 
that gave expression to the will of 
the people. True the council was se- 
lected by the chief of the clan, but 
his very tenure of office depended 
upon his using the nicest discrimina- 
tion in inviting into his cabinet the 


7 


Sioux Indian Courts 


men of character and valor and in- 
fluence so that the body was almost 
invariably representative of popular 
views and interests. Caste cut a con- 
siderable figure. When a matter was 
to be considered the chief’s crier went 
out and announced to the camp that 
a matter was to be considered and 
the head men at once assembled and 
seated themselves in the _ council 
circle as of right. The chief, unques- 
tionably a man of courage, was an 
executive officer who rarely asserted 
arbitrary rule, particularly in civil af- 
fairs. Usually he was suave, diplo- 
matic and tolerant and enjoyed the af- 
fection and veneration of his people. 
Most public affairs were determined 
in the general council, including many 
subjects naturally falling within the 
jurisdiction of courts of justice, but 
aside from the council were two dis- 
tinct courts, one exercising jurisdic- 
tion in matters civil and criminal in 
times of peace; the other taking the 
broadest and most comprehensive jur- 
isdiction of all things military and in 
time of war assuming jurisdiction in 
all the affairs of the people, arbitrar- 
ily placing the camp under martial 
law. 


The judges of these courts were usu- 
ally twelve in number and held their 
places by hereditary right, though oc- 
casionally some low caste man, 
through some brilliant exploit would 
break into this exclusive and aristo- 
cratic circle. Ordinarily from seven to 
twelve judges sat for the trial of a 
case but sometimes even a greater 
number were permitted. The civil 
court in time of peace took cogniz- 
ance of civil and criminal matters 
arising within the band. Civil mat- 
ters were usually disputes about the 
ownership of specific property and the 


Sioux Indian Courts 


court listened patiently to the testi- 
mony of witnesses; a majority of the 
court determined the judgment and 
the property was forthwith delivered 
to the successful litigant. From the 
judgment of the court there was no 
appeal. 


Criminal matters were almost whol- 
ly crimes against persons as assaults, 
rapes, larcenies, and murders, and if 
committed against a member of the 
tribe were severely dealt with. Test- 
imony was taken if necessary but 
rarely were witnesses summoned for it 
was a point of honor for the accused 
to admit the offense and take the con- 
sequences. The great responsibility 
resting upon the court in most cases 
was to determine the penalty. Usual- 
ly a severe penalty would be imposed 
which might be satisfied by deliver- 
ing to the injured party a certain num- 
ber of horses or other specific prop- 
erty. If the offense was peculiarly re- 
pellent to the better sentiment of the 
camp the court might insist upon sum- 
mary infliction of the penalty, which 
might be death, exile or whipping, or 
it might be destruction of the prop- 
ery of the convict. The most humil- 
iating penalty that could be imposed 
was to sentence the convict, if a man 
to wear the garb of a squaw and to 
become a camp drudge. One of the 
most serious public offenses was vio- 
lation of the hunting laws, and the vio- 
lator could hope for little mercy. The 
reasonableness of this practice will be 
understood where a people were de- 
pendent for living upon the preserva- 
tion of wild game. For some offenses 
the convict was exiled from the camp, 
given an old tepee and a blanket, but 
no arms and allowed to make a liv- 
ing if he could. Some times he would 
go off and join some other band but 


658 


Sioux Indian Courts 


such conduct was not deemed good 
form. Ordinarily he set up his tepee 
‘near the home camp and if he conduct- 
ed himself properly was soon forgiven. 
If he went off to another people he 
lost all standing among the Sioux and 
was treated as an outlaw and rene- 
gade. ‘ 

The camp policeman was the most 
important officer of the court and he 
frequently took upon himself the ad- 
judication of petty quarrels and the 
summary punishment of small offenses 
committed within his view. He was 
appointed by the chief for one or 
more days service and he made the 
most of his brief span of authority. 
He was always on the watch to pre- 
serve the tranquility of the camp. 
When ordered to do a thing it was 
a point of honor to accomplish it or 
die in the attempt. 

While the civil court was composed 
of the elder statesman, the military 
court was composed of the war chief 
and his most distinguished braves and 
was known as the Soldiers’ Lodge. It 
exercised unlimited power in time of 
war and was implicitly obeyed. Its 
power was absolute in affairs of every 
character and its punishments sum- 
mary. Among the duties of the court 
was to determine the limits of each 
days march and to regulate the camp- 
ing places. This was an important 
function for the army subsisted off 
the country and unless the utmost 
care was exercised “the base of sup- 
ply,’ would be frightened away and 
the band subjected to starvation. A 
similar court regulated each hunting 
expedition. 

Modern Sioux Courts 


The modern Sioux Courts, organiz- 
ed under the authority of federal law 
and in accordance with the rules of 


Sioux Indian Courts 


the. Indian Department, are perhaps 
of more interest to lawyers than the 
courts of the primitive tribes. The 
modern courts were first proposed by 
General William §S. Harney, in 1856, 
and were provided for in the treaty 
made at Fort Pierre in March of that 
year, which unfortunately was not rati- 
fied by the senate. It can scarcely be 
doubted that had Harney’s scheme for 
making the Sioux responsible to the 
government for the conduct of their 
own people been adopted, much blood- 
shed and treasure would have been 
saved. 


It was not until after the Red Cloud 
War ended in 1868 that the courts for 
Indian offenses, equipped by the In- 
dians themselves, began to be tried at 
some of the agencies in a small way. 
The Sissetons and Santees were first 
to give them a trial and eventually 
they were supplied to all the Reserva- 
tions except the Rosebud, which, for 
some reason of which I have been un- 
able to secure information, has never 
had them. 

The following general rules govern- 
ing courts of Indian offenses pursuant 
to the statute have been adopted by 
the Indian department: 

First: When authorized by the 
Department there shall be established 
at each agency a tribunal consisting 
ordinarily of three Indians, to be 
known as “the Court of Indian Of- 
fenses,’”’ and the members of said 
court shall each be styled “judge of 
the Court of Indian Offenses.” 

Agents may select from among the 
members of the tribe persons of 
intelligence and good moral character 
and integrity and recommend them to 
the Indian Office for appointment as 
judges; provided, however, that no 


659 


Sioux Indian Courts 


person shall be eligible to such an ap- 
pointment who is a polygamist. 

Second: The court of Indian Of- 
fenses shall hold at least two regular 
sessions in each and every month, the 
time and place for holding said ses- 
sions to be agreed upon by the judges, 
or a majority of them, and approved 
by the agent; and special sessions of 
the court may be held when requested 
by three reputable members of the 
tribe and approved by the agent. 

Third: The court shall hear and 
pass judgment upon all such ques- 
tions aS may be presented to it for 
consideration by the agent, or by his 
approval and shall have original juris- 
diction over all ‘Indian offenses” des- 
ignated as such by rules 4, 5, 6, 7 and 
8 of these rules. The judgment of the 
court may be by two judges; and that 
the several orders of the court may 
be carried into full effect, the agent 
is hereby authorized and empowered 
to compel the attendance of wit- 
nesses at any session of the court, 
and to enforce, with the aid of the 
police, if necessary, all orders that 
may be passed by the court or a ma- 
jority thereof; but all orders, decrees, 
or judgments of the court shall be sub- 
ject to approval or disapproval by the 
agent, and an appeal to and final re- 
vision by the Indian Office; Provided, 
that when an appeal is taken to the 
Indian Office, the appellant shall fur- 
nish security satisfactory to the court, 
and approved by the agent for good 
and peaceful behavior pending final 
decision. 

Fourth: The “sun dance,” and all 
other similar dances and so-called re- 
ligious ceremonies, shall be consider- 
ed “Indian offenses” and any Indian 
found guilty of being a participant in 
one or more of these offenses shall, for 


Sioux Indian Courts 


the first offense committed, be punish- 
ed by withholding from him his ra- 
tions for a period not exceeding ten 
days; and if found guilty of any sub- 
sequent offense under this rule, shall 
be punished by withholding his ra- 
tions for a period of not less than fif- 
teen days ‘nor more than thirty days, 
or by incarceration in the agency pris- 
on for a period not exceeding thirty 
days. 

Fifth: Any plural marriage here- 
after contracted or entered into by 
any member of an Indian tribe under 
the supervision of a United States In- 
dian Agent shall be considered an “In- 
dian offense” cognizable by the court 
of Indian offenses; and upon trial and 
conviction thereof by said court the 
offender shall pay a fine of not less 
than twenty dollars, or work at hard 
labor for a period of twenty days, or 
both, at the discretion of the court, 
the proceeds thereof to be devoted to 
the benefit of the tribe to which the 
offender may at the time belong; and 
so long as the Indian shall continue in 
this unlawful relation he shall forfeit 
all right to receive rations from the 
government. And whenever it shall 
be proven to the satisfaction of the 
court that any member of the tribe 
fails, without proper cause, to support 
his wife and children, no rations shall 
be issued to him until such time as 
satisfactory assurance is given to the 
court, approved by the agent, that the 
offender will provide his family to 
the best of his ability. 


Sixth: The usual practices of so- 
called “medicine men” shall be con- 
sidered an “Indian offense” cognizable 
by the court of Indian offenses, and 
whenever it shall be proven to the 
satisfaction of the court that the in- 
fluence of a so-called “medicine man” 


660 


Sioux Indian Courts 


operates as a hindrance to civilization 
of a tribe, or that said “medicine man” 
resorts to any artifice or device to 


keep the Indians under his influence, 


or shall adopt any means to prevent 
the attendance of children at the 
agency schools, or shall use any of the 
arts of the conjurer to prevent the 
Indians from abandoning their heath- 
enish rites and customs, he shall be 
adjudged guilty of an “Indian offense,” 
and upon conviction of any one or 
more of these specified practices, or 
any other, in the opinion of the court, 
of an equally anti-progressive nature 
shall be confined in the agency guard- 
house for a term not less than ten 
days, or until such time as he shall 
produce evidence satisfactory to the 
court, and approved by the agent, that 


he will forever abandon all practices* 


styled 
rule. 


“Indian offenses” under this 


Seventh: Any Indian who shall wil- 
fully destroy or with intent to steal 
or destroy, shall take and carry away 
any property of any value or descrip- 
tion, being the property free from 
tribal interference, of any other Indian 
or Indians, shall, without reference to 
the value thereof, be deemed guilty 
of an “Indian offense,’ and, upon trial 
and conviction thereof, by the court 
of “Indian offenses,’ shall be compel- 
led to return the stolen property to 
the owner, or, in case the property 
shall have been lost or destroyed, the 
estimated full value thereof, and in 
any event the party. or parties so 
found guilty shall be confined in the 
agency guardhouse for a term not ex- 
ceeding thirty days; and it shall not 
be considered a _ sufficient or satis- 
factory answer to any of the offenses 
set forth in this rule that the party 
charged was at the time a “mourner,” 


Sioux Indian Courts 


and thereby justified in taking or de- 
stroying the property in accordance 
with the customs or rites of the tribe. 


Highth: Any Indian or mixed blood 
who shall pay or offer to pay any 
money or other valuable consideration 
to the friends or relatives of any In- 
dian girl or woman, for the purpose 
of cohabiting with said girl or woman, 
shall be deemed guilty of an “Indian 
offense,’ and upon conviction thereof 
shall forfeit all right to government 
rations for a period at the discretion 
of the agent, or be imprisoned in 
the agency guardhouse for a _ period 
not exceeding sixty days; and any 
Indian or mixed blood who shall re- 
ceive or offer to receive any consider- 
ation for the purposes hereinbefore 
specified shall be punished in a simi- 
lar manner as provided for the party 
paying or offering to pay the said con- 
sideration; and if any white man 
shall be found guilty of any of the 
offenses herein mentioned he shall be 
immediately removed from the reser- 
vation and not allowed to return 
thereto. 


Ninth: In addition to the “offenses” 
hereinbefore enumerated, the court of 
“Indian offenses” shall also have jur- 
isdiction (subject to the provisions of 
rule 3) of misdemeanors committed 
by Indians belonging to the reserva- 
tion, and of civil suits where Indians 
are parties thereto; and any Indian 
who shall be found intoxicated, or who 
shall sell, exchange, give, barter or 
dispose of any spirituous, vinous, or 
fermented liquors to any other Indian, 
or who shall introduce or attempt to 
introduce under any pretense what- 
ever any spirituous, vinous, or fer- 
mented liquors on the reservation, 
shall be punishable by imprisonment 
for not less than thirty days nor more 


661 


Sioux Indian Courts 


than ninety days or by withholding 
of government rations, therefrom, at 
the discretion of the court and ap- 
proval of the agent. 


The civil jurisdiction of such court 
shall be the same as that of a justice 
of the peace in the State or Territory 
where such court is located, and the 
practice in such civil cases shall con- 
form as nearly as practicable to the 
rules governing the practice of jus- 
tices of the peace in such State or 
Territory, and it shall also be the 
duty of the court to instruct, advise 
and inform either or both parties to 
any suit in regard to the requirements 
of these rules.” . 

Under these rules the courts are or- 
ganized and hold their sittings at 
such times and places as will be most 
convenient for the people, as for il- 
lustration, upon the Cheyenne Indian 
Reservation one judge sits at each 
substation at each semi-monthly ra- 
tion issue, and if for any reason a 
party is dissatisfied with his decision, 
he has a right to appeal his case to 
the entire bench which sits for the 
purpose at the agency at regular in- 
tervals. 

Persons convicted of such offenses 
as come within the jurisdiction of the 
court are committed to the guard- 
house for a stated period, and are re- 
quired to work in keeping up the 
ground about the agency or substa- 
tion, as the case may be. They make 
very little trouble and rarely does one 
attempt to escape, though they work 
without guard. 

The Indian people generally have 
great respect for the judges of their 
courts and the latter show much wis- 
dom and discretion in their decisions, 
though they do not always place the 


Sioux Reservation 


white man’s estimate upon the rela- 
tive enormity of offenses. 


Formerly the judges were not com- 
pensated, but now they receive a nom- 
inal salary—from five to ten dollars 
per month—and their board while sit- 
ting. It is regarded as a great dis- 
tinction to be chosen to the bench and 
the courts administer the law, as they 
understand it, with dignity and firm- 
ness. There are no lawyers upon the 
reservations but a friend may appear 
for a party to an action, or one ac- 
cused of an offense and the trials are 
conducted with much formality and 
the pleas are frequently shrewd and. 
eloquent. Every Indian is an orator 
by nature, and the courts afford the 
best modern opportunities to display 


their gifts. 


The police force upon all of the res- 
ervations is composed of the natives 
and they are highly efficient and ren- 
der great assistance to the courts in 
preserving the peace and in bringing 
offenders to justice. It is a point of 
honor for a Sioux policeman to do 
his whole duty regardless of obstacles 
and neither kin nor friend can expect 
leniency if he stands in the way of 
duty, and this is equally true of the 
courts. It is not an infrequent thing 
for the judge to try his son or near 
relative and in such cases the accused 
is sure to get the limit of the law. 

Without exception the Indian 
authorities commend the native courts 
and policemen for fidelity and effect- 
ive administration of justice. 


Hist .V54 74025 alt OO: 
Sioux Place is a railroad station in 
northern Pennington County. 


Sioux Reservation. See Indian 


Treaties. 


662 


Sioux River 


» 


Sioux River rises in the coteau 
lakes of Day and Roberts counties and 
flows southerly to the Missouri and is 
more: than 200 miles in length; it is 
the outlet of Lakes Kampeska, Peli- 
can and Poinsett which form natural 
reservoirs to conserve the flood waters 
to maintain the flow in times of 
drought. Its most picturesque _ fea- 
ture is the rapids and falls at Sioux 
Falls where the stream passing over 
red granite exposure has a fall of 90 
feet within about one mile. The val- 
ley was the route of the Selkirk colon- 
ists of Winnipeg to St. Louis. We 
have no account of its exploration prior 
to the visit of Nicollet and Fremont 
in 1838; the first account of the falls 
is given by Capt. J. J. Allen, U. S. 
Army, 1845, although Pierre Dorian 
told Lewis and Clark of the existence 
of the falls as they passed up stream 
in 1804. The Sioux name’was Can-Ka- 
sda-ta, the C having the ch sound. It 
probably means the river where-they- 
paddled-up-softly-by-the-woods, but the 
term is susceptible of other transla- 
tions, and may mean, according to 
Elias Jacobson, an authority, the Slug- 
gish Firesteel. Perrin du Lac 1801 
called it “the Second River of the 
Sioux,” and in all white writings the 
Sioux or the Big Sioux have been 
applied to it. It drains an extensive 
territory, and is navigable by small 
craft to the falls. There are power 
plants upon it at Flandreau, Sioux 
Falls and formerly were at Beloit and 
Calliope. 


Sioux Tribes. Three important pa- 
pers pertaining to the Sioux Tribes 
have been published by Congress, as 
follows: 

Executive Document No. 96, 42nd 
Congress, 3rd Session, January 15, 1873, 
“Teton Sioux Indians.” 


Sisseton Claims Case 


Senate Document No. 67, 55th Con- 
gress, 2nd Session, January 17, 1898, 
“Santee Sioux of Nebraska and Flan- 
dreau Sioux of South Dakota.” 


Senate Document No. 68, 55th Con- 
gress, 2nd Session, January 17, 1898, 
“Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands of Da- 
kota or Sioux Indians.” 


These three documents state very 
fully the history and organization of 
these tribes in their relations to each 
other and to the government. 


Sioux Valley Junction is a railroad 
station in central Brookings County. 


Sipple, Leslie B., 1880- - born in 
Missouri, September 19; B. Ped. Miss- 
ouri Teachers’ College, B. S. in Edu- 
cation, Kansas State College; director 
department of rural education North- 
ern Normal since 1919. 


Sisseton is the county seat in cen- 
tral Roberts County. Population, see 
Census. “The Standard,’ established 
in 1892, and. “The Indian Farmer,” es- 
tablished in 1916, are its newspapers. 


Sisston Agency is a discontinued 
postoffice in southern Roberts County. 


Sisseton Claims Case was an action 
in the U. S. Court of Claims to deter- 
mine the rights of the Sisseton and 
Wahpeton bands of Sioux to the money 
provided by the treaty of 1851, which 
was abrogated by act of Congress af- 
ter the Outbreak of 1862. The case 
turned upon the conduct of the Sisse- 
tons and Wahpetons (“the upper 
bands’) during the Outbreak, it being 
contended that the responsible lead- 
ers of the bands remained loyal, obser- 
ved their treaty obligations and did 
all that they could to aid the whites. 
The testimony in the case is volumi- 
nous and is of the greatest historical 


663 


Sisseton Land Opening and Lands 


value. 
served. 


It has been printed and pre- 


Sisseton Land Opening and Lands. 
See Indian Treaties, 3 and 7. 


Sisseton Reservation. See Indian 


Treaties, 3. 


Sitka is a railroad station 4 miles 
east of Glenham its banking point and 
postoffice in northern Walworth Coun- 
Lye 


Sitting Bull, 1838-1890, was the high 
priest of the heathen religion of the 
Hunkpapa Sioux and a strenuous op- 
ponent of the white man’s religion 
and civilization. He was eloquent and 
resourceful and was largely respons- 
ible for the hostile attitude of the 
Sioux from 1868 to 1876. He was pre- 
sent at the battle of Little Bighorn, 
but spent the time in prayer and took 
no part in the actual battle. After 
the battle he went into Canada, and 
remained there until 1880, when he 
came down to Fort Buford, where he 
surrendered Christmas eve. He was 
taken a prisoner to Fort Randall, 
where he was kept for more than 
a year when he _ was_ returned 
with his people to Grand River 
to spend the rest of his life 
there. In the autumn of 1890 he em- 
braced the Ghost Dance religion, and 
excited his people into a religious 
frenzy. [It was thought wise to take 
him into custody until the excitement 
was over, and a party of Indian police 
attempted to effect his arrest on the 
morning of December 15. A fight en- 
sued in which Sitting Bull and his son 
Crowfoot and 6 others of his followers 
were killed. The police lost six men 
including the leaders, Bullhead and 
Shavehead. See Messiah War. 

Perhaps the character of no other 
American who has achieved so great 


Sitting Bull 


ec 


fame has been so generally mis-appre- 
hended by the public as has that of 
Sitting Bull. In the popular mind 
Sitting Bull was a great warrior lead- 
ing his people in bloody conflicts with 
the whites with whom they were at 
war in the days of his middle life. 
On the contrary he never achieved 
fame as a fighting man, among his 
own people and after he had establish- 
ed himself as a man of power never 
personally took part in a battle. 

He came of low caste parentage. 
Thus he was handicapped in his am- 
bitions for distinction. He first came 
to the notice of white men when as a 
boy of 18 he attended the Harney treaty 
council at Fort Pierre in March 1856. 
He was employed by Chief Swan to 
herd his horses, but his position was 
so menial that Swan would not permit 
him to associate with his family, and 
his meals were placed upon a platter 
and slipped out to him from under 
the skirts of the chief’s tepee. When 
the council broke up and the people 
were returning to their homes Sitting 
Bull borrowed a horse of Swan and 
struck off alone for the South, whence 
he returned in a few days with a re- 
respectable drove of horses he had 
stolen from the Pawnee in Nebraska. 
This enterprise was his first passport 
to respectability and the considera- 
tion of his neighbors; the recital of 
this experience his first public attempt 
at oratory. He was not slow to dis- 
cover he possessed unusual gifts as a 
horse thief and as an orator. He ac- 
cumulated horses and astonished his 
elders with the fervor of the impas- 
sioned addresses he made at the 
dances, but he was sternly denied a 
seat in the council. At that time he 
was a blustering, overgrown boy, with 


664 


Sitting Bull 


a cunning, effeminate face, not at all 
in keeping with his sturdy body. 

With a persistence which character- 
ized him throughout his career he de- 
termined to win distinction despite 
the prejudice of the upper caste men. 
There were two ways open to him. 
He must acquire fame as a brave, or 
as a medicine man. He engaged in 
some forays against enemies, but with 
indifferent success; he had no stom- 
ach for real warfare. His native craft 
turned him more and more to the 
tricks of the conjuror. From the be- 
ginning he was successful in this di- 
rection. He developed his subtle tal- 
ents and soon began to acquire fame 
as a prophet; astuteness, luck and 
some advance information assisted 
him to prognosticate certain events 
with a precision which confounded the 
big chiefs who had so profoundedly ig- 
nored him. They were compelled to 
recognize his medicine. 


All this did not come at once but 
as the result of years of persistent 
plotting. His oratory also increased 
in fervor and impressiveness and aid- 
ed by his conjuror’s tricks he acquired 
almost supreme influence with his na- 
tion. He hated the white men and 
their ways while he clung to the prac- 
tices of his ancestors. Half dema- 
gogue, half patriot he harangued his 
friends upon their duty to drive the 
white invaders from the prairies. He 
accompanied war parties and incited 
them to valorous deeds, suggested ef- 
fective plans for campaigns but when 
the fighting began invariably with- 
drew to make medicine. The old chiefs 
sneered at him and charged him with 
cowardice, but he met the sneer with 
some trick of medicine or oratory 
which won the braves and compelled 
the old men to admit him to the coun- 


Sitting Bull 


cil. As he grew older he became 
more and more imbued with heathen 
religion, most proficient in its rites 
and avowed himself, and was accept- 
ed as the chosen prophet of the god 
of the Sioux from whom he frequent- 
ly proclaimed divine revelation. For 
this native religion he seemed to have 
real veneration. 


When he returned from his captiv- 
ity at Fort Randall he settled down 
at his former home on Grand River, 
well convinced that open rebellion 
against the whites would prove futile. 
He found that many of his relatives 
had come a good deal under the in- 
fluence of Christian missionaries and 
he set about to re-establish them in 
the religion of his fathers. 


He set up in his own home an or. 
phan asylum and reared as his own 
eleven orphan children and perhaps 
the highest encomium which can be 
paid to his memory and character is 
to recite the fact that every one of 
these orphans, still living, regards the 
memory of this foster-father with af- 
fection and reverence. In his dia- 
tribes against the whites he was fierce 
and terrible, indulging in dreadful in- 
vective and withering irony but in 
his home life, surrounded by his wives 
and children and intimate friends he 
was as gentle as a refined woman. He 
spent two seasons as an attraction 
with Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show 
and there came in contact with the 
seamy side of white life, and was 
thrown into contact with people of 
low propensities and all of his pre- — 
conceived notions of the inferiority 
of the white race were confirmed. Re- 
turning to his home he recited many 
incidents that shocked his sense of 
propriety and decency and concluded 
with the emphatic declaration: “I 


re 


3) 


Sitting Bull, Life of 


would rather die a Dakota than to 
live a white man.” 





Histo. dL 477s Vi 7 83 ev eo] a4 
VI, 231, 270; IX, 475. McLaughlin, ‘“‘My 
Friend, the Indian,’’ 65, 133, 140-1. Ind., 


1883, 48-9. 


Sitting Bull, Life of, together with 
a history of the Indian War of 1890-1, 
by W. Fletcher Johnson. The work 
was compiled to sell, with no regard 
for accurate statement, 1891. 


Six Mile Creek runs down to the Big 
Sioux River from the east Coteau, 
through the city of Brookings. 


Skinner, Tristam, 1854- ; born in 
Chester County, Pennsylvania; reared 
in Mississippi; settled in Deadwood, 
1882; attorney general of Dakota Ter- 
ritory, 1888-1889. 


Skinner, William Nixon, 1870- 4 
born in Poweshiek Co., Iowa, January 
20; educated in Iowa State Normal 
School and Iowa College of Law; lo- 
cated at Castlewood, Hamlin Co., in 
1900; county attorney, 1903-1909; Cir- 


cuit judge since 1917; lives at Water- 
town. 


Skunk. This mammal is found gen- 
erally throughout the State. 


Skunk Creek is a stream rising in 
the lakes at Madison, Lake County; 
flowing southeast it enters the Big 
Sioux River at Sioux Falls. 


Skutt, Roy, 1875- ; born at Union 
City, Michigan, October 3rd; came to 
South Dakota in 1896; engaged in 
ranching; legislator, 1919; P. O., Stur- 
gis. 

Slade, Walter, 1864- ; Fulton; 
born in Hamshire, England, May 17th; 
came to Hanson Co., Dakota in 1885; 
engaged in general farming and stock 
breeding; legislator, 1911, 1913. 


Slifer, Earle R. 


Slag is the abundant residue from 
mining operations that accumulates 
about the mills and is used to a limit- 
ed extent for road-metal. 


Slagle, Robert Linco!n, A. M., Ph. D., 
CL Us, Loo ; born in Hanover, 
Pennsylvania, March 17; educated, La- 
Fayette College; came to Dakota Ter- 
ritory, 1887; has spent his life in edu- 
cational work; professor, chemistry, 
State College, 1895-7, and school of 
Mines, 1897-9; president, School of 
Mines, 1899-1905; president, State Col- 
lege, 1906-1913; president, State Uni- 
verstiy since 1914. 





Kingsbury, IV, 582. 

Slander. In South Dakota slander 
is a false, unprivileged communication 
by word of mouth, charging any per- 
son with crime or of having been in- 
dicted, convicted or punished for 
crime; or that imputes to him the pre- 
sent existence of an infectious, con- 
tagious or loathsome disease; or that 
tends to injure him in respect to his 
occupation in any way, tending to les- 
sen his renumeration or profit; or that 
imputes to him impotence or want of 
chastity; or which by natural conse- 
quence causes actual damage. Sland- 
er is not a criminal offense, but the 
slanderer may be held in civil dam- 
ages. 





Code, 98. | 
Slate. See Rocks. 


Sletten, George O., 1886- ; born 
at Wilmar, Minnesota, April 8th; came 
to South Dakota in 1909, locating near 
Buffalo, Harding County; engaged in 
farming and sheep raising and stock 
ranching; county treasurer, 1917 to 
1921; State Senator, 1921, 1923. 


Slifer, Earle R., 1888- ; born at 
Oregon, Illinois, March 17th; came to 


666 


Slim Butte 


South Dakota in 1909; in Chamberlain 
since 1911; attorney; state’s attorney 
of Brule County from 1914 to 1918; leg- 
islator, 1919. 


Slim Butte is located in the south- 
west corner of Shannon County. 


Slim Buttes, a range of rugged, 
wooded hills about 25 miles long and 
six miles wide in eastern Harding 
County, set aside as a government 
forest reserve. The Battle of Slim 
Buttes, September, 1876, was fought 
by General Crook against the band of 
American Horse, near the northeast 
shoulder of these buttes. The South 
Dakota Antelope Park is located in 
these buttes. 


Slim Buttes is a postoffice in north- 
ern Harding County. 


Slim Buttes, Battle of. See under 
War, TY. 


Slim Butte Creek rises in southeast 
Fall River Co. and flows into White 
River. 


Slip Up Creek is a very small creek 
(notable only for its name) in north- 
eastern Minnehaha Co., it is a tribu- 
tary of Pipestone Creek. 


Sloan, See Ballads of the 


Plains. 


Emily. 


Slocum, Edward C., 1873- ; Glen- 
ham; born at Vernon, Michigan, June 
13th; came to Dakota in 1883; engaged 
in farming in Campbell Co. since 1884; 
county superintendent of schools for 
eight years; legislator, 1921; State 
Senator in 1925. 


Slocum, Richard Miller, 1844- : 
born in Michigan; clerk of courts, 
Campbell Co.; State regent of edu- 
cation; editor, ‘Prairie Picayune,” 
now “Herreid Picayune”; author, 


Smith, Ellison G. 


“From Nebula to Man and Beyond,” an 
interesting account of evolution. 


Slumps. See Landslides and 
Slumps. 
Small Pox. This virulent disease 


has been present with the Indians from 
earliest historic times. It is claimed 
by some writers that it was introduced 
by white men, but the evidence ap- 
pears to be to the contrary. 


Emall Pox. See Vaccination. 


Smith is a postoffice in northwest 
Haakon County. 


Smith, Byron M., 1834- ; pioneer 
of Sioux Falls, 1857; active promoter 
of Dakota interests. 


Smith Creek, a stream rising in 
northern Jerauld County, runs south 
and then west across northern Brule 
Co. and enters Crow Creek in south- 
ern Buffalo Co. 


Smith, D. H., ; born in Mar- 
quette County, Wis.; moved to Blunt, 
S. D., in 1883 and 1884 accepted.a po- 
sition as agent with a grain company 
at Harrold; engaged in grocery busi- 
ness at Miller in connection with grain 
business, 1890; in 1895 he accepted a 
position as lease clerk in the Depart- 
ment of School and Public Lands; 
held several municipal and county of- 
fices; Railroad Commissioner, 1903-9. 


Smith, Ellison G., 1854- ; born in 
Nobles County, Ohio, December 5th; 
graduate, Lennox College and Law 
School, Iowa University; located at 
Yankton, 1876; reporter, Territorial 
Supreme Court, 1877-87; district attor- 
ney, first Judicial District, 1878-1882; 
assistant U. S. attorney, 1877-1884; 
member, territorial council, 1887; cir- 
cuit judge, 1889-1909; supreme court 
judge, 1909-1923; professor of judicial 


667 


Smith, F. M. 


practice, State University Law School, 
1923: 


Smith, F. M., 1857- ort 41 nt 
Eldora, Iowa, March 31st; came 
to Woonsocket, Dakota, in 1883; 
engaged in the drug business; later 
entered banking business; member, 
city council for eight years; State Sen- 


ator, 1889, 1913. 


Smith, Frank B., 1861- ; born in 
Kansas, March 6th; graduated from 
Michigan University in 1885; located 
at Alexandria, Hanson Co., S. D.; Cir- 
cuit Judge since 1896; home, Mitchell. 


Smith, Fred W., 1876- ; born Ft. 
Ridgely, Minnesota, May 28; graduate 
Mankato Normal, B. S. Minnesota Uni- 
versity, M. S. Chicago University; 
head department of biology and agri- 
ulture Northern Normal, 1902-13; head 
department of science since 1919. 


Smith, Dr. George Martin, 1847-1918; 
educator; professor, State University 
from 1891 to death. 


Smith, Henry W., 1844- ; born in 
Germany; farmer of Wayne, Minne- 
haha County, 1872; legislator, 1885; 
condidate for congress, 1891; county 
auditor, 1897-1901. 


Smith, Hugh, 1858- ; Howard; 
born:in Milwaukee, Wis., April 18th; 
came to Miner County in 1880, locat- 
ing on a farm and taught school; held 
various county and town positions; 
was first assistant secretary of the 
Senate in 1896; interested in real es- 
tate and breeder of Percheron and 
standard bred horses and shorthorn 


cattle; legislator, 1907, 1925; State 
Tax Commission, 1913-1921. 
Smith, James, 1860- :  bornisat 


Boscobel, Wisconsin, December 12th; 
came to Dakota in 1886 and settled 
near Bridgewater, McCook Co.; engag- 


Smith, Jedediah S. 


ed in hardware and farm implement 
business; State Senator, 1907. 


Smith, John, 1844- ; Kimball; 
born in Monaghan County, Ireland, . 
March 3rd; located in Brule County in 
1882 and engaged in farming and stock 
raising; has held several township of- 
ficial positions; State Senator, 1907. 


Smith, Jedediah S., 1799-1831; born 
in St. Lawrence County, New York. 
When 23 years of age came west and 
joined Gen. -Ashley’s party for the | 
Yellowstone River and spent the re- 
mainder of his short life in the fur 
trade. After the massacre of Ashley’s 
men by the Rees, June 2, 1823, he 
volunteered to go across country by 
the Grand River route to the post 
at the mouth of the Bighorn River to 
notify Major Andrew Henry (Ashley’s 
partner) of the disaster; before leav- 
ing upon the hazardous enterprise he 
knelt among the dead and dying men 
upon the deck of the little trading 
vessel, the “Yellowstone” and “made a 
powerful prayer that moved us all 
greatly.” The first recorded act of 
Christian worship in South Dakota. 
He reached Henry safely and at once 
took a small boat for St. Louis, where 
he arrived July 10 and by August 10 
he was back at Ashley Island in com- 
mand of Ashley’s 80 men, and rend- 
ered important aid to Col. Leaven- 
worth in reducing the Arickara. In 
1827 he became the head of the not- 
able firm of Smith, Sublette & Jack- 
son, who took over Ashley’s’ vast 
trade when he determined to go to 
Congress. He soon after explored the 
region from South Pass to Los An- 
geles, discovering most of the great 
interior landmarks. In 1881 he was 
opening the afterward famous Santa 
Fe trail when he was killed by a Com- 
anche on the Cimmaron in southern 


668 


Smith, Manning 


Kansas. He was one of the strongest 
characters the West has known; a de- 
vout. Christian who practiced his re- 
ligion at all times; he was a close ob- 
server and his diaries of his trips are 
filled with observations pertaining to 
the natural history and resources of 
the West that are amazing for their 
accuracy, considering the conditions 
of his times. He consistently opposed 
giving or selling liquor to the Indians 
and the act of June 9, 1832, prohibit- 
ing traffic in intoxicants in the Indian 
country, was enacted in his memory. 


Smith, Manning, 1861- 7 Kidder, 
born August 17th; resided in Mar- 
shall County since 1882 and engaged 
in farming; member, school board for 
fourteen years; member of a cooper- 
‘ative creamery company; legislator, 
£907,.1909. 


Smith, Miles F., representative from 
Custer County in legislature, 1903. 


Smith, Rev. Henry Weston, (Preach- 
er Smith). Preacher Smith was the 
first Christian minister to enter the 
Black Hills after the gold discovery. 
He was earnest and self sacrificing. 
He located in Deadwood in 1876, built 
himself a cabin and worked at mining 
for a livelihood, preaching upon the 
streets and in saloons whenever oc- 
casion offered. He went to the out- 
lying camps upon Sundays to preach 
there. In a great mining camp where 
little regard was given to Christian 
living he won the respect of every one. 
Sunday morning, August 20, 1876 he 
preached in Deadwood and then start- 
ed to Crook City to preach there. The 
country was overrun with hostile Indi- 
ans returning from the Little Big 
horn River to their homes upon the 
reservations. While he was upon the 
ridge three or four miles northeast of 


Smith, Rev. Henry Weston 


Deadwood he was shot from ambush 
by an Indian and killed. His body 
was found, an undelivered sermon in 
his pocket. The people of Deadwood 
have erected a suitable monument at 
or near the place of his death to com- 
memorate his worthy life. August 17, 
1924, a commemorative ceremony in 
his honor was held in Deadwood, in 
which many pioneers participated. 
Those present resolved to make such 
Memorial Service an annual event. 


Henry Weston Smith was born in 
Ellington, Connecticut, January 10, 
1827. At the age of 23 he entered the 
Methodist ministry. He served in the 
Civil War and lived a life of unusual 
usefulness in every direction. He re- 
poses in Mount Moriah Cemetary at 
Deadwood and a lifesized statue stands 
over his grave. 


The following is the undelivered 
sermon found upon the dead body of 
Preacher Smith: 


exicehtomancgul. >. 


The Apostles, next to Christ, may 
be considered as the most proper pat- 
tern for imitation by Christians of the 
present day. 


Of all the disciples of the Lord, none 
seem to unite more of the graces of 
the Spirit of Paul. 

Peter was zealous and impetuous, a 
son of thunder. 

James was called “The Just.” 

John was full of gentleness and 
love. 

Apollos was an eloquent speaker, 
and Barnabas was a son of consola- 
tion. 

But it was Paul alone who was able 
to become all things to all men. 
Among the excellencies of his char- 
acter, none appear more prominent 
than his self-sacrificing spirit and his 
devotion to the Gospel of Christ. 

At the time of writing the language 
of the text he had already suffered se- 
verely in defense of the doctrines of 
Jesus of Nazareth; but still while con- 


669 


Smith, Rev. Henry Weston 


templating his journey to the very 
center of idolatry, to a city of luxury 
and pride, for the purpose of preach- 
ing the gospel of purity, temperance 
and humility, and although he knew 
that he should in all probability be 
called to pass through as great trials 
as he already had, perhaps to suffer 
death, he was still willing to serve God 
in any way at any time or place, and 
under any circumstances whatsoever, 
and declared “So as much as in me 
lies, I am ready to preach the gospel 
to you that are at Rome.” 

Now while we endeavor to gain in- 
struction from the example of Paul, 
let us consider: 


1—Why he was willing to do this. 


2—Some of the ways in which we 
all may engage in this great work. 


1. Why was he willing to do this? 
Answer, he loved God. 

Before he embraced the religion of 
Jesus Christ, he was zealous for God, 
and zealous of the honor of his relig- 
ion. He believed that Christ would 
overthrow the work of God, and he 
persecuted this way unto death. But 
when his mind was illuminated by the 
Holy Ghost, he saw that the honor of 
the gospel was the cause of God; he 
saw that this was the way that God 
had determined to display the glories 
of His character. Paul saw in Christ 
brightness of the Father’s glory and 
the express image of His person. Him 
of whom Moses and the prophets did 
write, the chief among ten thousand, 
and altogether lovely. He saw dis- 
played in characters of fire the holi- 
ness of God’s law which had declared 
“The soul that sinneth it shall die.” 
Also His glorious justice which sternly 
demanded the blood of the sinner and 
declared, ““Without shedding of blood 
there is no remission.” 


He saw the glory of His wisdom in 
devising a plan by which He might 
be just and justifieth the sinner that 
God by wicked works, he might be 
brought nigh by the blood of Christ; 
were he in darkness, Christ was a 
physician; would he return to God, 
Christ was the way; did he need 
gracious influences to lift him from 


Smith, Rev. Henry Weston 


the horrible pit of miry clay, Christ 
had promised that whatsoever he 
should ask in His name it should be 
given. “If ye then believe evil, etc.” 


Although Paul verily thought that 
he ought to do many things contrary 
to the will of Jesus of Nazareth, and 
while he was hating men and women 
and persecuting them, etc., he verily 
thought he was doing God’s service; 
yet when he found that there was 
no other name given under heaven 
whereby men might be saved, and 
that through Him men might have 
everlasting life, Paul could say to all 
“Would to God that not only thou, 
but all that hear me this day were 
such as I am except these bonds.” 

And sometimes he did so long for 
the salvation of men that he could 
most wish himself accursed from 
Christ cut off from all the blessings 
of the Gospel, for their salvation. 

That men might take the blessings 
of the Gospel, he endured hunger and 
thirst and cold and nakedness, leas 
and buffetings. 

Ill. Some of the ways in -which we 
can engage in the great work of 
preaching. 

When our Saviour said, “Go ye into 
all the world,’ He evidently intend- 
ed the use of all means by which men 
may be brought to the knowledge of 
the truth. All men are not called to 
stand up and preach as professed min- 
isters of the word. There are many 
ways for a Christian to follow Paul as 
he followed Christ. Many ways in 
which we may assist in spreading 
abroad the story of the Cross. 

First. Without money, Christ sent 
His disciples forth without purse or 
script, but he did not intend that 
they should live without food. 

Second. By sustaining the social 
needs of Grace. 

All can do something here, and are 
required to do something, every man 
according to his ability. 

Third. The Sabbath School. 

Fourth. By personal efforts to lead 
men to the Savior. 


670 


Smith, Richard L. 


Fifth. By holding up the life of a 
consistent God as a guide to our own 
lives. 

Smith, Richard L., 1833- ; born in 
Jennings County, Indiana, April 26th; 
Civil War veteran; superintendent of 
Indian schools among the far western 
tribes from 1869 to 1872; came to S. 
D. in 1882 and assisted in organizing 
Hand County; first county super- 
intendent of schools; legislator from 
Hand County, 1903, 1905. 


Smithsonian Institution. This insti- 

tution has published the following 
material of special interest to South 
Dakota: 
Dakota Grammer and Dictionary, by 
Dr. S. R. Riggs, 1852. Revised edition, 
1890. Indian Mounds near Fort Wads- 
worth, Dr. A. J. Comfort, in Report, 
1871. Haystack Mound in Lincoln 
County, by A. Barrandt, in Report for 
1872. Dakota or Sioux Indians, A. G. 
Brackett, Report for 1876. Language 
of Dakota or Sioux Indians, by F. L. 
O. Roehrig, Report, 1871. 


Smith, Sublette and Jackson, a firm 
consisting of Jedediah S. Smith, Wil- 
liam L. Sublette and David E. Jack- 
son, who took over the fur business of 
General Ashley in 1827, when the lat- 
ter returned to St. Louis to run for 
Congress. The transfer was made at 
Jackson’s Hole, Wyoming. 


Smith, Wilbur F., -1914; native 
of : first State treasurer; banker 
of Madison. 


Smith, William Gardner, 1853- : 
born in Northfield, Maine, August 
16th educated in Medical Department 
of Columbia College, New York; came 
to South Dakota in 1887 and practiced 
medicine and surgery at Sturgis; pres- 
ident of Black Hills Medical Society, 
president of §S. D. Medical Ass’n; in 


“called Nixon. 


Snow, George W. 


1905 was elected President of National 


Ass’n of Railroad Commissioners; 
State Railroad Commissioner, 1897- 
1916. 


Smithwick is a village in southern 
Fall River Co. Was named for the R. 
R. engineer who was in charge of the 
construction. 


Smoked Yank. A story of the Civil 
War, relating chiefly to his own experi- 
ence in Andersonville Prison, by Col. 
Melvin Grigsby (1888) once attorney 
general of South Dakota and the col- 
onel of “Grigsby’s Cowboys” in the 
Spanish War, 1898. 


Snake Butte is the high butte which 
approaches the Missouri River three 
miles above Pierre. A Sioux tradition 
has it that a mighty serpent, perhaps 
a cyclone, reached out from this butte 
and destroyed an entire village of 
Indians. The Pierre Chapter, D. A. R., 
has placed a bronze marker on the 
Butte. 


Snakes. See Fauna. 


Snake Creek rises in the Missouri 
Coteau in western Faulk County and 
running east reaches the James River 
below Ashton. In Faulk County it is 
A north branch rises in 
northern Edmunds County and run- 
ning south joins the main stream near 
Athol, Spink Co. 


Snatch Creek is a small creek rising 
in northern Bon Homme Co. and en- 
tering the Missouri River a short dis- 
tance above Bon Homme village. 


Snow. See Climate. 


Snow, George W., 1842- ; native 
of Indiana; pioneer of Springfield and 
Black Hills; veteran, Civil War; came 
to Bon Homme Co., 1869; member, 
constitutional convention, 1885; State 


671 


Soderberg, Carl A. 


senator, 1889, 1899; lieutenant-govern- 
or, 1901-5; banker, Springfield. 


Soderberg, Carl A., 1852- ; born 
in Sweden; settled in Minnehaha 
County, 1876; was active in Farmers 
Alliance movement and was its secre- 
tary for three years; member, terri- 
torial council, 1889. 


Sod Fort. A fortified encampment 
made by the settlers at Sioux Falls in 
May, 1858, for defense against the Ind- 
ians. The Indians finding the settlers 
well prepared did not attack, if in- 
deed it was their intention to do so. 





Hist. Minn. Co.; Robinson. 


Softwater Creek is in southwestern 
Fall River County. 


Soil. There has been no compre- 
hensive soil-survey of South Dakota. 
In a general sense the soil east of the 
Missouri is glacial clay, overlaid with 
vegetable mould. It is very uniformly 
fertile and productive. It is generally 
gently rolling, with a few ravines or 
deeply eroded valleys. The Missouri 
River is at an average altitude of 
about 1400 feet above sea level. West 
of that stream the surfaces rises rap- 
idly until it is 3200 feet at the foot 
of the Black Hills. Consequently 
streams running down from the west in- 
to the Missouri have eroded deep chan- 
nels as they have fallen into the main 
stream and have eroded valleys run- 
ning back to their sources; lateral 
streams and water courses have like- 
wise cut down the soil to the lower le- 
vels; in consequence the entire region 
is drained through a comprehensive 
system of deep ravines and valleys, 
between which are extensive tables 
of level lands. The soils west of the 
Missouri are of three general classes, 
all fertile and productive. North of 


Solberg, Charles Orrin 


White River and extending back about 
sixty miles from the Missouri is the 
Fort Pierre (see Gumbo); south of the 
White River is the lighter, sand loam 
of the Niobrara; and west of the Fort 
Pierre is the Laramie. These classi- 
fications are only general; each of 
these and some less important ones 
appearing in the regions where the 
others predominate. There is much 
Fort Pierre in the Belle Fourche Val- 
ley. The topographic folios of the U. 
S. Geologic Survey, each covering 
about 30 townships (1080 square 
miles) give detailed soil conditions so 
far as they extend. The following 
quadrangles have been examined and 
mapped: 





Folio No. 85. Oelrichs 

Folio No. 96. Olivet 

Folio No. 97. Parker 

Folio No. 98. Mitchell 

Folio No. 100. Alexandria 

Folio No. 107. New Castle 

Folio No. 108. Edgemont 

Folio No. 113. Huron 

Folio No. 114. DeSmet 

Folio No. 128. Aladin 

Folio No. 156. Elkpoint 

Folio No. 164. Belle Fourche 

_ Folio No. 165. Aberdeen and _  Red- 
field 

Folio No. 209. Newell 


The U. 8S. and South Dakota are co- 
operating in certain areas in the study 
of the soils and thus far maps have 
been published with discriptive notes 
for Beadle, McCook and Union coun- 
ties. 


Solberg, Charles Orrin, 1868- ; 
born in Rushford, Minnesota, Decem- 
ber 24th; A. B., Beloit College, 1893; 
A. M., 1898; B. D., Chicago Lutheran, 
1896; D. D., 1917; president, August- 
ana College, 1920; author, “From 
Fjord to Prairie.” 


672 


Solberg, Halvor C. - 


Solberg, Halvor C., 1861- ; born 
Brottum, Norway, March 5th; B. S. 
State College; B. M. E. Purdue, 1895, 
M. E., 1896; professor of engineering 
State College since 1892; head of de- 
partment since 1902. 


Solberg, L. C., 1864- ; born in 
Norway, January 10th; came to Amer- 
ica in 1887 and settled near Gary, 
Deuel Co., in South Dakota in 1892; 
engaged in dairying and stock raising; 
held township and county offices; leg- 
islature, 1923, 1925. 


Soldier Creek rises in northwest 
Buffalo Co. and runs to the Missouri 
River at Fort Thompson. 


“Soldiering in Dakota,” by Frank 
Myers, Company B, Sixth Iowa Caval- 
ry, which served in Dakota in 1863-5. 
Mr. Myers was a pioneer of Hand 
County, where he resided for nearly 
forty years. His story throws much 
light upon the operations of the mili- 
tary against the Indians. 


Soldier’s Creek is an eastern tribu- 
tary to the Little White River in 
Mellette County. 


Soldier’s Home. The State _ Sol- 
dier’s Home of South Dakota is locat- 
ed at Hot Springs. It was established in 
1885 and is managed by a special com- 
mission of three members, who until 
recently were required to be veterans 
of the Civil War; but the rule has 
been changed to veterans of any war 
in which the United States has engag- 
ed. The home is free to any veteran 
soldier residing in the State who sub- 
mits himself to the rules of the insti- 
tution. The wives of veterans may re- 
side in cottages provided by the State, 
adjacent to the home. The State also 
provides to give soldiers who are not 
able to be transported to the Home 


“Songs of the Sioux” 


assistance where they reside. The 
population of the Home at the last re- 
port (1924) was 134 men and 50 wo- 
men. See Tubercular Sanitarium. 


Soldier’s Lodge. See Sioux Indian 


Courts. 


Solem, H. G., 1853- ; Baltic; born 
in Norway, November 9th; came to 
Dakota in 1872; engaged in banking 
and farming; held numerous’ town- 
ship offices; legislator, 1915. 


Somers, James M. or “Jim.” See 


Somers, Marvin H. 


Somers, Marvin H., 1839-1880; born 
in Maine; member, territorial legis- 
lature; a desperate character; killed 
in family feud. 





Hist., X, 446. 


Sons of the American Revolution. 
See Patriotic Societies. 


Song, State. South Dakota has no 
official state song but by common con- 
sent the song and music written by 
Willis E. Johnson is accepted as such. 
The words are given: 7 


South Dakota, land of sunshine, under 
God the people rule; 

Thee we love and all thy blessings, 
home and state and church and 
school. 

South Dakota, land of plenty, to health 
and wealth the open door; 

Land of fertile plain and prairie, moun- 
tains filled with gems and ore. 

South Dakota, land of virtue, may this 
noblest title crown, 

That the lavish gifts of Nature, meas- 
ure manhood’s true renown. 


The words of another song much 
used in “Pep” meetings have been set 


to music by Mr. D. O. Jones: 


South Dakota is the sunshine state 

All her people are feeling great. 

Sunshine and smiles are her stock in 
trade; 

Sunshine and smiles of the very best 
grade; 

South Dakota, South Dakota, that is 
the sunshine state. 


“Songs of the Sioux” is a book of 
verse by Will Chamberlain (q. v.). 


673 


Sons and Daughters of South Dakota 


Sons and Daughters of South Da- 
kota. See South Dakotans of Note. 


Sons of Veterans. See Patriotic 


Societies. 


Sorghum. Sorghum thrives and is 
especially recommended for the drier 
sections. It is used to a limited ex- 
tent for the production of syrup, but 
its chief value is as forage for live 
stock. 


Sorum is a village in western Per- 
kins Co. “The Journal,’ established 
in 1911, is its newspaper. 


“Soul of the Indian, The,” is a study 
of the spiritual life of the aboriginal 
Indian, illustrated by many incidents, 
by Charles A. Eastman (q.vV.). 


Sour, David, 1860- - Hayti; born 
in Monroe County, Wisconsin, January 
10th; came to Dakota in 1879; engag- 
ed in farming; county commissioner 
for 12 years; legislator, 1919, 1921. 


South Dakota Academy of Science. 
See Academy of Science. 


South Dakota, Admission of. South 
Dakota and North Dakota, twin States, 
were admitted at the same moment 
and no one knows which proclamation 
was first signed. On November 2, 1889, 
President Benjamin MHarrison was 
ready to sign the proclamation ad- 
mitting North and South Dakota to 
the Union. He called in Secretary of 
State James G. Blaine and a number 
of gentlemen of North and South Da- 
kota who were in Washington, togeth- 
er with the correspondents of the 
newspapers who report White House 
doings. Mr. Halford, private secretary 
took. the two proclamations placed 
them under a newspaper and shuffled 
them back and forth until he could 
not tell which was first and then, 


South Dakota Armored Cruiser 


keeping them covered, exposed just 
enough of each to permit the president 
to sign at the bottom. Again shuffl- 
ing them he turned them over to Sec- 
retary Blaine, who at once telegraph- 
ed the governors of North and South 
Dakota: 

“The last act in the admission 
of the two Dakotas as States 
in the Union was completed at the 
White House at three o’clock and 
forty minutes this afternoon by 
the President signing at that mo- 
ment the two Proclamations re- 
quired by the Law for the admis- 
sion of the two States.” The arti- 
cle upon ‘Prohibition,’ was sub- 
mitted separately in each State, 
was adopted in both. The article 
providing for Minority Represent- 
ation in South Dakota was reject- 
ed by the people. This is the first 
instance in the history of the Na- 
tional Government of Twin States. 
North and South Dakota entered 
the Union at the same moment.” 


There were 38 states previously in 
the Union; North Dakota and South 
Dakota are the thirty-ninth and for- 
tieth, but which takes precedence can 
never be known. 


South Dakota and the War of 1812. 
See War, 2. 


South Dakota Armored Cruiser. 
This vessel was authorized by Act of 
Congress, June 7, 1900. The New 
York, Maryland and Colorado were au- 
thorized by the same act and were 
built upon identical plans. The South 
Dakota was 502 feet long, 69.5 feet 
in extreme breadth, had 24 feet draft 
and a displacement of 13,680 tons. It 
was equipped with two twin-screw 
vertical triple expansion water-tube 
engines. It had a complement of 45 
officers and 777 men; its speed was 
22 knots per hour; it had 23,000 horse 
power and carried 900 tons of coal and 


674 


South Dakota 


2,000 tons of supplies; it was equipped 
with four eight inch and 14 six inch 
breech-loading rifles, 18 three inch 
rapid fire guns, 12 three pounders, 8 
one pounders, 2 three inch field guns; 
2 machine guns and 6 automatics. It 
had 2 submerged torpedo tubes, two 
turrets and 6 barbettes. The contract 
for its construction was let to the 
Union Iron Works, San Francisco, 
January 10, 1901, for $3,750,000. The 
launching of the vessel was a notable 
event in State history. Governor 
Charles N. Herried and his staff trav- 
eled to San Francisco to participate 
in the ceremony; the vessel was chris- 
tened by the governor’s daughter, 
Miss Grace Herried, (Mrs. D. H. Light- 
ner) on July 30, 1904. It was placed 
in commission September 1, 1906. By 
chapter 45, laws of 1903, the State pro- 
vided a full silver service for the crui- 
ser, at a cost of $5,000. The silver 
was of special design, made to order 
and each piece bore the protrait of 
Chief Gall, the notable warchief of the 
Hunkpapa. The vessel rendered ef- 
ficient service during the World War. 

It has been renamed “The Huron,” 
and is still in service. A New Battle- 
ship “South Dakota” was provided but 
work upon it suspended pursuant to 
the Armament treaty. 


South Dakota. See under additional 
part of title, as Press Association, etc. 

South Dakota Manual. See Blue- 
Book. 

South Dakota Monthly. See Dako- 
tan, etc. 

South Dakota Press. 
sociation. 

South Dakotans of Note. The fol- 
lowing is a list of some native sons 
and daughters of South Dakota, (or 
as noted, persons who spent their 
youth here and were educated in our 


See Press As- 


South Dakotans of Note 


schools) who have attained national 
prominence in some worthy way: 


_ Artists. 

Harvey Dunn, illustrator, born at 
Manchester, studied at State College. 
Frances (Cranmer) Greenman, por- 
trait artists, born at Aberdeen and 
studied at Northern Normal. Hubert 
James Mathews, (Mathieu) illustrator, 
born at Brookings, graduate of State 
College, studied under Harvey Dunn. 
Louis Janousek; in Yankton from boy- 
hood; developed into high class por- 
trait painter in advanced years. 


Musicians. 

Amy Ellerman, born at Yankton, 
studied in Yankton College, continued 
in voice training in New York and 
Berlin. Contralto of international im- 
portance. Cordelia (Lee) Beattie, vio- 
linist of first rank, born in Aberdeen 
and studied at Northern Normal. Mina 
Hager, contralto, born in Mitchell, stu- 
died at Huron College. Margary Max- 
well, soprano prima dona, Chicago 
Grand Opera; born at Dell Rapids, 
Orville Rennie, born at Sioux Falls, 
notable tenor. Leonard Snyder, born 
at Watertown, tenor of fame. Sybil 
Sammis McDermond, childhood at 
Pierre; contralto of importance. 


Professions. 

Granville Gaylord Bennett, Bishop, 
born at Deadwood. George Gleason 
Bogart, dean Cornell College of Law, 
born at Scotland. Hamlin Garland, 
author, came to McPherson county in 
youth and homesteaded there; early 
stories have Brown county setting. 
Eleanor Gates Moore, spent childhood 
on farm in Minnehaha county; early 
stories upon which fame was founded, 
“Autobiography of a Prairie Girl’ and 
“The Plow Woman,’ have South Dako- 
ta setting. Kennett Harris, author; 


675 


South Dakota State Songs 


located at Hot Springs and did first 
literary work there. His best work 
still is of the Black Hills. Cyril Hop- 
kins, premier soil expert, boyhood at 
Estelline, graduate State College. 
Stewart Edward White, author; set- 
tled in Rapid River Canyon 1884 and 
his first stories, “The Westerners” 
and “Claim Jumpers” grew out of that 
experience. 


Badger Clark, poet, came to South 
Dakota in infancy; graduate Dakota 
Wesleyan. Fred Smith, international 
- gecretary Y. M. C. A. spent boyhood in 
Charles Mix county, studied at Ward 
Academy and Dakota Wesleyan. Gil- 
bert Riswold, Sculptor, born at Baltic. 
Charles M. Sheldon, minister and au- 
thor of “In His Steps.” Boyhood at 
Yankton; student Yankton College. 


Business. 

Carroll Owen Bicklehaupt, born at 
Roscoe December 15, 1888, educated 
Northern Normal and Wisconsin Uni- 
versity, Vice President Bell Telephone 
and Telegraph Company, in charge of 
operations. Fred W. Sargeant, edu- 
cated at State University, president 
Chicago and Northwestern Railway. 
Alexander C. Johnson, early settler 
Spink County, long active in business 
and politics in South Dakota, vice 
president Chicago & Northwestern 
Railway. Robert W. Stewart, long 
resident of Pierre, member of legis- 
lature, chairman board of directors, 
Standard Oil Company. 


South Dakota State Songs. See 
_Song, State. 


South Shore is a village in northern 
Codington County. Population, see 
Census. 


South Sioux Falls is a village in 
southern Minnehaha Co. . Banking 


Spearfish Canyon 


point and postoffice is Sioux Falls, 
4 miles north. 


Southern Hills. The term relates 
to the mining region on French, 
Spring, and Rapid Creeks in the Black 
Hills, as distinguished from the North- 
ern Hills, meaning the mining region 
about Deadwood and Lead. 


Southern State Normal School. See 
Education, 16. 

Southwick, J. C. 1866- ; born at 
Waukegan, Illinois, June 28th; came 


to Dakota in 1883; in title abstract 
business at Watertown; State Senator 
1917, 1919: 


Spain, War With. See War, 9. 
Spanish War. See War, 9. 
Spargo, C. M., 1886- “porn in 


Lead; S. D., June 10th; employed by 
the Homestake Mining Company, 
Lead; legislator, 1917. 


Sparrow. See Birds. 


Spearfish is a city in northwest Law- 
rence Co. State Normal school is lo- 
cated here. Cyanide plant and mines 
in vicinity. A fish hatchery located 
here. Population, see Census. “The 
Queen City Mail,” established in 1889, 
is its newspaper. 


Spearfish Canyon. This canyon 
makes down from the central north- 
ern Black Hills and opens out to the 
plains of the Belle Fourche River at 
Spearfish city. It is a place of un- 
usual scenic splendor. Albert Joseph 
Russell, a writer of national note, 
wrote of it: 

“Only in dreams have I ever seen 
anything like it and I had dreamed of 
nothing quite so glorious and stupen- 
dous. Words and cameras fall down 
utterly in Spearfish Canyon. Discrip- 


676 


Spearfish Creek 


tion has a game leg; imagination is 
blinded by reality and the camera be- 
comes deadwood. You must see it or 
you will never guess it. You are only 
getting hints and ‘faint indirections’ of 
all the glory and beauty spread out 
around the Spearfish Canyon. I should 
guess that some Almighty Power had 
a vast eosmical hogshead of wild ut- 
ter beauty and of human emotion and 
appreciation and knocked the head 
out some millions of years ago and 
spilled it around freely and generously 
along the Spearfish.” 

Naturally a place of such charm is 
much sought out and many have plac- 
ed summer homes there. Tourists 
throng the canyon in season and those 
who stay for the snow of winter as- 
sert that to be the most delightful 
portion of the year. The Burlington 
railroad creeps over Bald Mountain 
’ from Deadwood and winds down by 
devious ways into the depths of the 
great crevasse which is Spearfish Can- 
yon. 


Spearfish Creek is a fine stream ris- 
ing in central Lawrence County and 
running north to Redwater River. Its 
canyon is one of the most picturesque 
in the West and is a favorite summer 
resort. The Burlington railroad from 
Deadwood to Spearfish threads down 
this canyon (q.Vv.). 


Spearfish State and Normal School. 
See Education, 17. 


Spearfish Peak is a prominent peak 
six miles south of Spearfish. 


Special Legislative Sessions. There 
was but one special session of the Da- 
kota. territorial legislature, held April 
18, 1871, upon the call of G. A. Bach- 
elder, secretary and acting governor 
in the absence of Gov. John A. Bur- 
bank. The session enacted legislation 


Speeches 


permitting Yankton County to bond in 
aid of the Dakota Southern Railroad. 
The attorney general of the United 
States held the session unauthorized 
by the enabling act and its law of no 
effect. 


Four special sessions of the State 
legislature have been held as follows: 


1916, February 8-11, called by Gov- 
ernor Byrne to amend the Richards 
primary law to eliminate one state- 
wide primary in presidential years. 
The amendment provided one primary 
in March, at which presidential dele- 
gates and all State and federal candi- 
dates are nominated. Its acts are 
bound in with laws of 1917. 


1918, March 18-23, called by Govern- 
or Norbeck to enact legislation neces- 
sary to the prosecution of war-activi- 
ties and to make appropriations to cov- 
er defiicits due to the increased costs 
entailed by war conditions. This ses- 
sion gave the Council of Defense legal 
standing and provided a moratorium 
in favor.of the soldiers. The acts of 
this sesion are bound in with the laws 
of 1919. 


1919, December 2-4, called by Gov. 
Norbeck in connection with the State 
proposal meeting to ratify the nine- 
teenth (equal suffrage) amendment to 
the constitution of the United States. 
No other legislation was attempted. 
Members served without compensa- 
tion and at their own expense. 


1920, June 21-29, called by Governor 
Norbeck for general legislation neces- 
sary to adjust State affairs to the con- 
ditions resulting from the war. Nine- 
ty-two acts were passed. The acts 
of the special sessions of 1919 and 1920 
are bound in with the laws of 1921. 


Speeches. See Literature of South 


Dakota, VIII. 


677 


Spencer 


Spencer is a town in northwest Mc- 
Cook Co. Population, see Census. 
“The News,” established in 1889, is its 
newspaper. 


Spiers, J. R., 1856- ; Ree Heights; 
born in Jefferson County, Iowa, Nov- 
ember 25th; came to Hand Co., S. D., 
in 1902; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; legislator, 1913. 


Spink is a discontinued postoffice 
in western Union Co. 


Spink County, created in 1873; or- 
ganized, 1879; named for S. L. Spink 
(q.v.); consists of townships 114, 115, 
116, 117, 118, 119 and 120 north, of ran- 
ges 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, and 65, west 5th 
P. M.; settled in 1878 by Samuel W. 
Bowman and Harlan P. Packard at 
Ashton. There had been a previous 
fur settlement at Armadale on James 
River. County seat, Redfield. Area, 
967,040 acres. The county seat, first 
at old Ashton, east of James River, 
was removed to Ashton in 1882 and in 





1884, in an exciting campaign, was 
voted to Redfield. See Spink County 
War. 

Code, p. 150. 


Spink County War. In 1884 trouble 
arose in Spink County over the re- 
moval of the county records from Ash- 
ton to Redfield, pursuant to a vote at 
the November election. Redfield se- 
cured the records by stealth and Ash- 


ton men organized to recover them.. 


Governor Pierce ordered companies 
B & C of the Territorial militia to go 
down from Fargo to preserve the 
peace. The troops were absent from 
their station seven days. 


Spink, Solomon L., 1830-1881; second 
secretary of Dakota Territory, 1865- 
1869, and third delegate in Congress, 
1869-1871; born in Whitehall, New 


6 


( 


Spodumene 


York, March 20; lawyer and editor; 
appointed secretary by President 
Johnson from Illinois; practiced law 
at Yankton after retiring from Con- 


gress, and died there. 





Kingsbury, I, 431, 444. 


Spinning and Weaving. In the ear- 
ly days of Dakota Territory many 
families raised sheep and spun and 
wove their own garments. In modern 
times the practice has been abandon- 
ed. 

Spirit Lake is 
Kingsbury County. 


Spirit Mound is a mound or hill 
seven miles north of Vermillion, form- 
ed of Niobrara chalk thinly covered 
with soil; notable for the Indian tra- 
dition of its being the habitation of 
spirits in the form of very small men, 
no larger that snow-birds. Lewis and 
Clark visited it in 1804 and LeRaye 
had seen and discribed it two years 
earlier. 


in north central 





Hist., IV, 162: [X, 527: LewissandsG@lanke 
Aug. 25, 1804. 

Split Rock Creek, a stream taking 
its rise at the Pipestone quarries in 
western Minnesota runs down to the 
Big Sioux River below Sioux Falls. 
Pipestone Creek and West Pipestone 
Creek flow into it. 


Spodumene. The world comes to 
South Dakota for its stock of spodu- 
mene, used in the production of lith- 
ium products. Spodumene is widely 
distributed throughout the earth; in 
some places being of a beautiful and 
very hard character, from which semi- 
precious ornaments are cut, but the 
sort found in the Black Hills is 
best calculated for commercial uses 
and has practically monopolized the 
world market. The demand is of 


8 


Sports in South Dakota 


course not large in quantity. While 
the mineral is found quite generally 
in the northern section of the Mount 
Harney region the only commercial 
producer is the Etta Mine. This mine 
has had a unique history. It was open- 
ed as a tin mine in 1889 and produc- 
ed a good quality of tin, but was 
abandoned for that purpose when the 
English syndicate failed, in the plant 
at Hill City. More than 60 minerals 
have been found in the mine. It oc- 
curs in large spars distributed irregu- 
larly in the quartz formation of the 
Etta Mine and for years was not rec- 
ognized; a large dump of waste mater- 
ial had formed below the mine and 
when the true character of the spod- 
umene was discovered this dump was 
hand-picked and large quantities of 
the ore recovered. 

For a number of years the product 
has been regularly one carload of 
fifty thousand pounds per week; 


which is shipped to a laboratory at ~ 


Maywood, New Jersey. The ore at 
this time is worth $50 per ton f. o. b. 
‘Keystone. A dozen men are given 
employment. Arsenic is also a pro- 
duct of the Etta mine, and was for a 
long time profitably recovered, but 
the price has fallen to a point where 
its production is no longer profitable 
and the extensive works at Keystone 
have been closed. 


Sports in South Dakota. 
ational sports are a large element in 
the life of any people. It has been 
the desire to collect here a statement 
of the various sports that have inter- 
ested Dakotans from the _ earliest 
times. Dr. J. R. Walker, long physic- 
ian at Pine Ridge has contributed the 
following story about the sports of 
the Sioux. Following that will be 


Recre- 


Sports in South Dakota 


found some account of the sports that 
have interested the white population: 


Sioux Games 

According to the information given 
by the older men among the Lakota 
the games described in the following 
pages have been played among them 
as far back as the memory of man 
goes. They all believe them to be 
very ancient. These games are played 
but little now, as they have been re- 
placed by others, most of which have 
been introduced by the white people. 
Owing to the paucity of their language 
it is difficult for these Indians to give 
a differential description, and to Sse- 
cure full and accurate information 
from them in regard to any matter 
that is complex is a tedious process. 
It was necessary, in order to get the 
correct rules of these games, to see 
them played, and to question the play- 
ers in regard to every step relative 
to them, for no Indian was able to 
give the rules completely. But after 
they were secured and written, all 
who were questioned about them, or 
to whom they were read, agreed that 
they were correct. 

The writer has used the word ‘La- 
kota” instead of “Dakota,” because it 
represents the Teton dialect, while 
“Dakota” represents the Santee and 
Yankton dialect, and because the in- 
formation relative to these games was 
gathered among the Tetons. The 
spelling of the Lakota words herein 
given is that adopted in the ‘‘Dakota- 
English Dictionary, North American 
Ethnology, U. S. Geographical and 
Geological Survey,” vol. vii. 

Apparently the original Sioux lan- 
guage was composed entirely of words 
of a single syllable, and the vocabu- 
lary was very limited. Things, condi- 
tions and actions, not named in the 


679 


Sports in South Dakota 


original language, were described by 
phrases composed of the _ original 
words. These phrases became agglut- 
inated, and formed compound words, 
and the language as spoken at the 
present time is largely composed of 
these compound or phrase words. Be- 
cause of the primitive ideas expressed 


LAKOTA WOSKATE EMANA 


A. Wayekiyapi Woskate Wiscasa. 

Painyankapi 

Takapsice 

Canwiyusna 

Hehaka 
B. Wayekiyapi Woskate Winyan 

Tawinkapsice 

Tasiha 

Tanpan 

Icaslohe 
C. Woimagaga Woskata Wicasa 

Tahuka Cangleska 

Hutanacute ° 

Pteheste 

Canpaslohanpi 

Ogle Cekutepi 
D. Woimaga Woskate Hoksila 

Paslohanpi 

Canwacikiyapi 

Titazipi Hoksila 

Hohu Yourmonpi 

Tate Yourmonpi 

Ipahotonpi 
EK. Woimagaga Woskate Wicincala 

Hepaslohanpi 

Hosingagapi 

Tipi Cikala 

Some of the Sioux dances could 
be included in a list of their games, 
but as they are all accompanied with 
more or less ceremony, they more 
properly belong in a list of their en- 
tertainments and ceremonies. In de- 
scribing the various implements used 
in the games the measurements given 
are vague, because these Indians had 
no fixed standard, and could give ap- 
proximate measures only. 
The only previous account of Sioux 

games is by Louis L. Meeker, publish- 
ed in the “Bulletin of the Free Mus- 


Sports in South Dakota 


by the elements of these compound 
words it is difficult to make an exact 
translation of them into English, and 
for this reason the translations here- 
in given are liberal. 


The following is a list of the games 
in Lakota and English: 


SIOUX GAMES, ANCIENT 


Gambling Games for Men 
Wands and Hoop 
Shinney 
Odd Sticks 
Elk 

Gambling Games for Women 
Women’s Shinney 
Foot Bones 
Dice 
Bowls 

Amusement Games for Men 
Webbed Hoops 
Winged Bones 
Young Cow 
Throwing Sticks 
Coat Shooting 

Amusement Games for Boys 
Javelins 
Tops 
Boy’s Bow 
Bone Whirler 
Wind Whirler 
Popgun 

Amusement Games for Girls 

Horned Javelins 
Dolls 
Little Tipi 


eum of Science and Arts,” University 
of Pennsylvania, Vol. III, No. 1. In 
this publication the author gives most 
of his attention to the objects used in 
playing the games without giving very 
full information as to the rules for 
playing. As the games played by the 
Sioux are known to all of the Indians 
of the Plains, it seems advisable to 
have a complete account of the rules 
governing them, for comparative pur- 
poses. As the illustrations in the pa- 
per by Mr. Meeker are quite satis- 


680 


Sports in South Dakota 


factory, the writer will dispense with 
illustrations of his own. 


1. Woskate Painyankapi 
(Game of Wands and Hoop) 
Painyankapi is an ancient gambling 
game played by men. The Indians 
took great interest in this game, and 
some became very skilful at it. Some- 
times a band of Indians would go a 
long distance, taking with them their 
families and all their possessions, to 
gamble on a game between expert 
players. Such games were watched 
by interested crowds, and as they of- 
fer many opportunities for trickery, 
fierce contests arose over disputed 
points, which sometimes ended in 
bloodshed and feuds. 


The implements used in the game 
are: congleska, the hoop; cansakala, 
the wands. 


The cangleska. ois made from one 
piece, as long as the tallest man, taken 
from an ash sapling in the spring, 
while the sap is flowing. This is held 
in the fire, with the bark on, until 
it becomes pliable, when it is bent 
into the form of a hoop. It is then 
trimmed to a uniform diameter of 
about one inch, the ends lapped about 
three inches, and fastened together 
with thongs of rawhide. 


Beginning near the lap, on each side 
of the hoop, four shallow spaces are 
cut so as to divide the hoop into quad- 
rants. These spaces are about two 
inches long and half an inch wide, and 
those on one side are exactly opposite 
those on the other. Three transverse 
grooves are cut in each of the spaces 
nearest the lap, and these are called 
canhuta, or the stump. Two oblique 
grooves crossing each other at right 
angles are cut on each of the two 
spaces next the lap, and these are 


called okajaya, 


Sports in South Dakota 


or the _ fork. Six 
transverse grooves are cut on each of 
the two spaces opposite the stump, 
and these are called wagopi, or the 
stripes. The two remaining spaces 
are blackened, and are called sapa, 
or black. 


The cansakala are made of ash or 
choke-cherry wood, about four feet in 
length and three-fourths of an inch in 
diameter. One end is flattened, or 
squared, for about ten inches. From 
the flattened portion to within about 
eight inches of the other end they are 
wrapped with a rawhide or buck skin 
thong, applied in a spiral manner. 
They are held together in pairs by a 
buckskin thong about eight inches 
long, fastened to each about one-third 
of the length from their rounded ends. 

Any one may make these wands, 
but it is believed by these Indians 
that certain men can make them of 
superior excellence, and give to them 
magic powers which may be exercised 
in favor of the one who plays with 
them. It is also believed that certain 
medicine men can make medicine 
over the wands, which, if carried when 
playing with the wands, will give the 
player supernatural powers in play- 
ing the game. But if an opposing 
player has ‘the same medicine, they 
counteract each other, or if an oppos- 
ing player has a more powerful medi- 
cine, this will prevail in the game. It 
is also believed by these Indians that 
if a player in any game has a talis- 
man, properly prepared by ceremony 
and incantation, it will protect him 
against the evil effects of any kind of 
medicine or form of magic. 


The rules governing the game are: 
Before beginning the game the play- 
ers must choose an umpire, a hoop, 


681 


Sports in South Dakota 


and the wands, and agree upon the 
number of points in the count. 

The umpire must watch the game, 
decide all contested points, and call 
aloud all counts when made. 

One hoop must be used during the 
entire game. 

Each player must use his own pair 
of wands during the entire game. 

If a hoop or a wand becomes unfit 
for use during a game, the game is 
declared off, and a new game must 
be played. 

If a player persistently breaks the 
rules of the game, the game is de- 
clared off. 

The players roll the hoop alternate- 
ly. 

To roll the hoop, the players stand 
side by side.. One of them grasps the 
hoop between the thumb and the sec- 
ond, third and fourth fingers, with his 
first finger extended along the cir- 
cumference, with the hoop directed 
forward, and by swinging his hand 
below his hips, he rolls the hoop on 
the ground in front of the players. 

If a player rolls the hoop improp- 
erly, or fails to roll it when he should, 
his opponent counts one, and rolls the 
hoop. 

After the hoop leaves the hand of 
the player it must not be touched or 
interfered with in any manner until 
after the umpire has called the count. 

After the hoop’ is rolled the players 
follow it and attempt to throw their 
wands upon the ground so that the 
hoop will lie upon them when it falls. 

After the hoop has fallen the um- 
pire must examine it and call the 
count aloud. 

The count is as follows: 

To count at all one of the marked 
spaces on the hoop must lie directly 
over the wand. 


Go 


Sports in South Dakota 


One marked space lying over one 
wand counts one. 

One space lying over two wands 
counts two. 


Two spaces lying over one wand 
counts two. 

Two spaces lying over two wands 
counts two. 


Three spaces lying over two wands 
counts three. 

Four spaces lying over two wands 
counts the game. 

The first who counts the number 
agreed upon wins the game. 

If at the end of a play both players 
count the number agreed upon, the 
game is a draw, and a new game must 
be played. 

Since this game seems to have im- 
portant ceremonial associations, the 
following narrative is added: 


Hoop Game 

A band of Sioux Indians were trav- 
eling in the lake country of Minne- 
sota. Game was very scarce, and they 
had little to eat for a long time. When 
they were nearly exhausted their chief 
decided to camp. One of his young 
men requested that he be allowed to 
fast for four days. Permission being 
given, he went to the top of a high 
hill in full view of the camp. After 
two days and two nights the watch- 
ers from the camp saw a buffalo ap- 
proach the man on the hill. The buf- 
falo circled around him, and then dis- 
appeared on the opposite side. At 
midday the young man returned to 
the camp. He stopped and sat down 
on the top of a small hill, and his 
younger brother went out to him. The 
young man told his brother to stand 
back and not approach him. He said, 
“T have a message for you to deliver 
to my father. Tell my father to place 
a tent in the middle of the camp 


) 


a 


Sports in South Dakota 


circle. Tell him to scatter sage grass 
around the inside, and that he must 
select four good men to enter the tent 
and await me.” Then the younger 
brother returned to the camp and de- 
livered this message to his father. 
Every one knew that the young man 
had something important to tell his 
people. 

The father did as requested. He be- 
lieved the young man because the 
people of the camp had seen the buf- 
falo on the hill with him. When the 
tent was ready and the four good men 
had entered, the younger brother was 
sent to notify the young man. The 
young man approached, walking slow- 
ly. He stopped near the entrance of 
the tent, and after a few moments he 
moved still nearer and paused. He 
then approached the door, walked en- 
tirely around the tent, and entered. 
He produced a large pipe wrapped in 
sage grass. He sat down at the back 
of the lodge and asked the four good 
men to send for a good young man to 
act as his assistant. When the assist- 
ant came, the young man said to him, 
“Go out and cut a stick for me.” When 
the assistant returned with the stick 
the young man ordered him to peel it. 
When this was done, the young man 
asked the four good men to make a 
sweat house. 


When this was ready, the young 
man and the four good men entered 
the sweat house, while the assistant 
waited outside. When the ceremony 
in the sweat house ended, the party 
returned to the tent. Then the young 
man told them that a buffalo had 
come to him on the hill, had given 
him a pipe, instructions, and a mes- 
sage to deliver to his people. He or- 
dered his assistant to bring a coal of 
fire. With this he made incense with 


Sports in South Dakota 


Sage grass, held his hands in the 
smoke four times, took up the bundle 
containing the pipe, unwrapped it, and 
took out the pipe. The stem of the 
pipe was red, and the bowl was of 
black stone. “This pipe,’ said the 
young man, “was given me by the buf- 
falo that you saw upon the hill, and 
he also instructed me as to its use.” 
The young man ordered his assist- 
ant to go out and cut an ash sapling 
and four cherry sticks. When these 
were brought, he gave a cherry stick 
to each of the four good men for them 
to peel. He, himself, took the ash 
stick, and began to remove the bark. 
This done he bent it into a hoop and 
tied the ends with sinew threads and 
buckskin strings. He held the hoop in 
the smoke from the sage grass, then 
took red paint in his hands, held his 
hands over the smoke as before and 
painted the hoop. Then he placed his 
assistant at the door of the lodge, him- 
self at the rear, and two of the good 
men on each side. He instructed the 
four good men to paint their cherry 
sticks red in the same way that he 
painted the hoop. The assistant then 
smoothed -the floor of the tent, while 
the young man sang four songs. The 
words of the songs were as follows: 
1. I have passed by the holy floor 
(earth, smooth and level like the floor 
of a tipi.) 
2. I have passed by the holy robe. 
3. I have passed by the holy shell. 
4. I have passed by an eagle feath- 
er, it is good. 


Then the young man said, “Now, I 
shall roll the hoop. It will circle the 
tent. You are to watch the tracks 
made by it. You will see that it 
leaves buffalo tracks, returns to me, 
and lies down.” So the young man 
sang the four songs again and rolled 


683 


Sports in South Dakota 


the hoop. The hoop circled the tent 
and returned to the young man as he 
had said. The four good men saw in 
the trail left by the hoop the tracks 
of buffalo. The young man said that, 
on the fourth day from this time, there 
would be many buffalo. Then he took 
strips of raw hide and wrapped them 
around the cherry sticks. He tied red 
cloth around one and blue around the 
other. Then he put on a buffalo robe 
and asked the men to follow him. The 
young man passed out of the door, and 
the four good men took the hoop and 
the sticks and played the hoop game, 
as they walked behind the young man. 
The people of the camp watched them, 
and wherever the hoop rolled, buffalo 
tracks appeared. 

The young man requested his as- 
sistant to call a good old man. The 
people of the camp were in a state 
of famine. When the assistant brought 
the old man to the tent, the young 
man requested him to harangue the 
camp, as follows: ‘Ho, Ho, Ho, this 
young man wishes the people to make 
arrows, to sharpen them, and to sharp- 
en their knives. He says that four 
buffalo will be here tomorrow morn- 
ing. Let no one bother them, let no 
dogs chase them, let them go through 
the camp in peace. The four buffalo 
will come from the west.” 


Early the next morning the four 
buffalo came as predicted. They pass- 
ed slowly through the north side of 
the camp and disappeared in the east. 
Then the chief of the camp sent a 
sentinel to stand upon the hill where 
the four buffalo were first seen. The 
sentinel looked down into the valley 
on the other side of the hill, where 
he saw vast herds of buffalo moving 
toward the camp. The chief had in- 
structed the sentinel to run back and 


Sports in South Dakota 


forth when buffalo were visible. The 
people of the camp who were watch- 
ing saw him run back and forth upon 
the hill, and began to prepare for the 
hunt. The young man, who was still 
in his tent, sent out his assistant to 
call the people to his door. He re- 
quested that they stand around and 
keep quiet. The sentinel who had re- 
turned now addressed the people, tell- 
ing them of the buffalo he had seen, 
the direction in which they were moy- 
ing, etc. The young man then ad- 
dressed the people, giving them per- 
mission to chase the buffalo. 

‘They had a great hunt. Buffalo 
were everywhere. They even ran 
through the camp, and were shot 
down at the doors of the tents. The 
people had meat in great abundance. 

When the hunt was over the young 
man requested the four good men to 
keep and care for the hoop and the 
sticks with which they had played. A 
tent was always kept in the middle of 
the camp circle, and the four good 
men spent most of their time in it. 
Whenever the people wished to hunt 
buffalo, the four men played the hoop 
game, and the buffalo appeared as 
before. In the course of time all these 
men died except one. This last man 
made the four marks we now see upon 
the hoop. After his death, the game 
was played by ail the people, and be- 
came a great gambhHng game. 

From this narrative it appears that 
the origin of the game was ceremonial 
and that the hoop used here is the 
same as the sacred hoop or ring so 
often used by the Sioux. 


2. Woskate Takapsice 
(Game of Shinney) 
fakapsice is an ancient gambling 
game played by men, and is their 
roughest and most athletic game. They 


684 


Sports in South Dakota 


often received serious wounds, or had 
their bones broken while playing it, 
but serious quarrels seldom resulted. 

It may be played by a few or by 
hundreds, and formerly was played for 
a wager. The wager on important 
games was often very large; men, 
women and children betting, some- 
times all they possessed, or a band of 
Indians contributing to a bet to make 
it equal to that offered by another 
band. 

In former times one band of Indians 
would challenge another to play this 
game. If the challenge was accepted 
they would camp together, and play 
for days at a time, making a gala 
time of it, giving feasts, dancing, and 
having a good time generally. 

The implements used in the game 
are: cantakapsice, the club; tapatalap- 
sice, the ball. 

The club was made of an ash or a 
choke-cherry sapling, taken in the 
spring when the sap was running, and 
heated in the fire until it was pliable, 
when the lower end was bent until it 
stood at right angles to the rest of 
the stick, or into a semicircular crook, 
about six inches across. 

The shape of this crook varied to 
suit the fancy of the maker. 

After the crook was made the stick 
was trimmed down to a uniform diam- 
eter of about one and a half inches, 
and cut of such a length that the play- 
er could strike on the ground with it 
while standing erect. 

Any one might make a club, but cer- 
tain persons were supposed to make 
clubs of superior excellence, and some 
persons were supposed to be able to 
confer magical powers on clubs, caus- 
ing the possessor to exercise unusual 
skill in playing. These magic clubs 
were supposed to be potent, not only 


Sports in South Dakota 


in games, but to work enchantment 
in all kinds of affairs, for or against 
a person, as the possessor chose. The 
medicine-men sometimes included 
such clubs among their paraphernalia, 
and invoked their magic powers in 
their incantations over the sick. 


Certain medicine-men were suppos- 
ed to have the power to make medi- 
cine over clubs, so that any one in 
whose favor this medicine was made, 
by carrying it and the club during the 
game for which the medicine was 
made, would be on the winning side. 

One possessing a magic club boasted 
of it, and the matter was generally 
known, but one who had medicine 
made over a club must keep the mat- 
ter secret, for general knowledge of 
the existence of the medicine would 
either destroy its potency, or others 
knowing of the medicine might have a 
more powerful medicine made against, 
or the magic of a talisman could be 
exercised especially against it, and de- 
feat its power. 

A player who possessed a magic 
club was feared by those who did not, 
and the latter tried to avoid coming 
in contact with such a club while 
playing the game. This gave the pos- 
sessors of such clubs decided advant- 
ages over others, and they were eag- 
erly sought as players, and heavy wag- 
ers laid on their playing. 

The clubs were generally without 
ornament, but they were sometimes 
ornamented by pyrographic figures on 
the handle or body. Certain clubs 
were highly prized by their owners, 
who took great care of them, frequent- 
ly oiling and polishing them. 

When a club was held for its magic 
power alone, as by the medicine-men, 
it was often highly ornamented with 


685 


Sports in South Dakota 


feathers, bead work, porcupine quills, 
or tufts of hair. 

The ball was made by winding some 
material into a ball, and covering it 
it with buckskin or rawhide, or of 
wood. It was from two and a half to 
three inches in diameter. 

The game is played where two goals 
can be set up with a level tract of 
land between them. 

The rules of the game are: 

Any number of men may play, but 
there must be an equal number on 
the opposing sides. 

In a series of games the same per- 
sons must play in each game of the 
series. 


After the game begins, if any play- 


er stops playing, a player from the. 


opposing party must stop playing also. 


The players of a game must fix the 
goals before beginning to play. 


Each of the two goals must consist 
of two stakes set about fifty to one 
hundred feet apart, and a line drawn 
from one stake to the other, which 
must be nearly parallel to the line 
drawn at the other goal. 


The goals must be from three hun- 
dred yards to one mile apart, as may 
be agreed upon between the players, 
for each game. 


After the goals are fixed the play- 
ers choose their goals, either by agree- 
ment or by lot. 


After the goals are chosen the play- 
ers arrange themselves in two lines, 
about half way between the goals, all 
the players on one side standing in 
one line, and each side facing the 
goal it has chosen, the lines being 
about thirty feet apart. 

After the players are in line the 
ball is placed as nearly as can be half 
way between them. 


Sports in South Dakota 


After the ball is placed on the 
ground it must not be touched by the 
hand or foot of any one until the 
game is ended. 

If at any time during the play the 
ball becomes so damaged that it is 
unfit for use, the game is called off, 
and another game must be played to 
decide the contest. 

The club may be used in any man- 
ner to make a play, or prevent an op- 
ponent from making a play. 

After the ball is placed on the 
ground, at a given signal, each side 
attempts to put the ball across its 
goal in a direction opposite from the 
other goal. 

The side that first puts the ball 
across its goal in the proper direction 
wins the game. 


3. Woskate Canwiyusna 
(Guessing the Old Stick) 

Sanwiyusna is an ancient gambling 
game played by the Sioux men. 

It may be played at any time, but 
was generally played during the win- 
ter, and at night. 

The wagers on the game were gen- 
erally small. 

The implements used in the game 
were canwiyawa, counting sticks. 

These are a large number of rods 
of wood, about the size of an ordinary 
lead pencil. They are of an odd num- 
ber, and generally ninety-nine. They 
may be plain, but they are generally 
colored, and when so the color on all 
is the same, but applied differently, as 
some may be colored all over, others 
half colored, or striped, streaked, or 
spotted. 

The rules of the game are: 

The game may be played by two or 
more men. 

Before beginning the game the play- 
ers must agree upon the number of 


686 


Sports in South Dakota 


counts that will constitute the game. 

One player must manipulate the 
sticks during the entire game. 

The one who manipulates the sticks 
must keep his counts with each of the 
other players separate from that of 
all the others. . 

To play, the player who manipulates 
the sticks hides them from the other 
players, and divides them into two 
portions, .and then exposes them to 
view of the other players. 

After the portions are exposed to 
the view of the players they must not 
be touched by any one until each has 
made his guess. 

Each player may make one guess 
as to which portion contains the odd 
number of sticks. 

If a player guesses the portion that 
has the odd number of sticks in it he 
counts one point, but if he does not 
the manipulator counts one. 

The one who counts the number of 
points agreed upon wins the wager. 


4. Woskate Hehaka 
(Game of Elk) 

Hehaka is an ancient gambling 
game played by the Sioux men. 

It was usually played while hunting 
for elk, and was supposed to give suc- 
cess in the quest for game. 

The wagers were usually small, and 
but little interest- was taken in the 
game by others than the players. 

The implements used in the game 
are: hehaka, the elk; cangleska, the 
hoop. 

The hehaka is made of a round rod 
of wood about four feet long and 
three-quarters of an inch in diameter, 
one end of which is squared or flat- 
tened for about ten inches. A small 
rod of wood about eighteen inches 
long and one-half an inch in diameter 
at the middle, and tapering towards 


Sports in South Dakota 


both ends, is fastened to the round 
end, and bent and held in a semi- 
circle by a string of twisted sinew 
or leather, curving towards the other 
end of the longer rod. This string 
is fastened at or near the ends of the 
curved rod and to the longer rod on 
about the level of the tips of the curv- 
ed rod. : 

About eighteen inches from this two 
other rods are fastened crosswise on 
the longer rod, on a plane parallel 
with the plane of the curved rod at 
the end. One of these rods is similar 
to, but smaller than, the curved rod at 
the end, but it curves at a right angle 
to the longer rod. 

The other is square or flattened, 
and about half an inch wide at its 
middle, tapering towards both ends. 

About eighteen inches from these, 
towards the flattened end of the long- 
er rod, two other rods like those above 
described are fastened in the same 
manner. 

The longer rod is then wrapped with 
a buckskin or rawhide thong applied 
in a spiral manner from the curved 
rod at the round end to beyond where 
the cross rods are fastened to it, and 
all the curved and cross rods are 
wrapped in the same manner. 

A banner about two by four inches 
in size, made of buckskin or cloth, and 
colored, is attached to the end where 
the curved rod is fastened. 

The ring is about six inches in diam- 
eter, made of rawhide or sinews, and 
wrapped with a thong of rawhide. 

The rules of the game are: 

Two persons play the game. 

Before beginning the game they 
must agree upon the number of points 
that shall constitute the game. 

EKach player must have one hehaka. 

One hoop must be used in a game. 


687 


Sports in South Dakota 


The players must toss the hoop al- 
ternately. 

The hoop must be tossed up in the 
air. 

After the hoop is tossed and begins 
to descend the players may attempt 
to catch it on the hehaka. 

The hoop must be caught on the he- 
haka, before it touches the ground. If 
so caught after it touches the ground 
no count is made. 

After it is caught on the hehaka, 
the hehaka must be laid on the ground 
with the hoop on the point where 
caught, before a count can be made. 

An opposing player may, with his 
hehaka, take the hoop from a hehaka 
at any time before the hehaka is laid 
on the ground. 

After a hehaka is laid on the ground 
no one must touch the hoop, either 
to remove or replace it. 

If the hoop is caught on a hehaka, 
and the hehaka is placed on the 
ground, the count is as follows: 

If the hoop is on the flattened end 
of the longer rod, nothing is counted. 

If the hoop is on one of the 
cross rods, one is counted. 

If the hoop is on two of the cross 
rods, two are counted. 

If the hoop is on the curved rod at 
the end of the hehaka, three are 
counted. 

If the hoop falls off the hehaka and 
strikes the ground it cannot be re- 
placed, and nothing is counted. 

The count is made for the player 
whose hehaka holds the hoop. 

The player who first counts the 
number of points agreed upon wins the 
game. 


5. Woskate Tawinkapsice 
(Game of Woman’s Shinney) 


Tawinkapsice is an ancient gambl- 


ing game played by the Sioux women. 


Sports in South Dakota | 


The implements used and the rules 
of the game are precisely the same 
as those for takapsice, except that 
women only play at this game. 

The women play the game with as 
much vigor as the men, and in former 
times at the meetings for playing tak- 
apsice the tawinkapsice was _ inter- 
spersed with the other games. 


6. Woskate Tasihe 
(Game with Foot Bones) 

Tasihe is an ancient gambling game 
played by the Sioux women. 

Men, boys and girls practiced at 
manipulating the implement of the 
game so that many of them became 
expert, but it was considered beneath 
the dignity of men or boys to play the 
game in a contest for a given num- 
ber of points, or for stakes. 

The game was played by two or 
more women who sat, after the fash- 
ion of the Sioux women, on the 
ground. 

Some women became very expert 
at the game, and others, men and 
women, would bet heavily on their 
play. 

The implement used in this game 
are: tasiha, foot bones; tahinspa, bod- . 
kin. 

The tasiha are made from the short 
bones from the foot of a deer or ante- 
lope. There are from four to six in_ 
a set, which are worked into the form 
of a hollow cone, so that one will fit 
over the top bone. From four to six 
small holes are drilled through the 
projecting points at the wider ends of 
the cones. 

A hole is drilled through the articu- 
lating surface of the top bone, and all 
are strung on a pliable thong, which 
should be two and one-half times the 
length of the bones when they are fit- 
ted together. The bones are strung on 


688 


Sports in South Dakota 


this thong with the top bone at one 
end, and each with the apex of its 
cone towards the base of the cone next 
to its® 

The apex of each cone should fit 
loosely into the hollow of the cone 
next above it so that they will not 
jam, but will fall apart easily. 

Four loops about one-half an inch 
in diameter, made of some pliable 
material, are fastened to the end of 
the thong next to the top bone. 

The tahinspa was formerly made of 
bone, and should be of the same length 
as the tasiha when they are fitted to- 
gether. At one end a hole is drilled, 
or a notch cut, for the purpose of 
fastening it to the thong. 


The opposite end is shaped into a. 


slender point, so that it will pass read- 
ily into the holes drilled about the 
lower borders of the tasiha. 

Latterly the tahinspa is made of 
wire of the same length as that made 
of bone, and with one end looped and 
the other pointed. 

The tahinspa 
thongs at the 
loops. 

Formerly the implement was with- 
out ornament, but latterly the loops 
are made of thread strung with beads. 


is fastened to the 
end opposite the 


The rules of the game are: 

Only women may play in a game. 

Before beginning to play the play- 
ers must agree upon the number that 
shall constitute a game. 


No players shall make more than 
one play at a time. 


A player must hold the tahinspa in 
one hand and toss the tasiha with the 
other. 


The tasiha must be caught ‘on the 


point of the tahinspa after they have 
been tossed into the air. 


Sports in South Dakota 


-If one tasiha is caught on the ta- 
hinspa this counts one. 

If one or more tasiha remain on the 
one that is caught this counts as many 
as there are tasiha so remaining. 

If all the tasiha remain on top of 
the one that is caught, this counts the 
game. 

If a tasiha is caught so that the 
tahinspa is through one of the holes 
at its lower border, this counts two. 

If, when a play is made, the tahin- 
spa passes through a loop, this 
counts one. If through two loops, 
this counts two. If through three 
loops, this counts three. If through 
four loops, this counts four. 


7. Woskate Tanpan 
(Game of Dice) 


Tanpan is an ancient gambling 
game played by the older Sioux wom- 
en. 

This is an absorbing game, on 
which some women became inveterate 
gamblers, sometimes playing all day 
and all night at a single sitting. 

The implements used in the game 
are tanpan, basket; kansu, dice; can- 
Wiyawa, counting-sticks. 

The tanpan is made of willow twigs, 
or some similar material, woven into 
a basket about three inches in diam- 
eter at the bottom and flaring to the 
top, like a pannikin, and about two 
and a half inches deep. 

The kansu are made of plumstones, 
one side of which is left plain and the 
other carved with some figure, or with 
straight marks. 

The figures usually represent some 
animal or part of an animal, though 
they may represent anything that 
the maker pleases to put on them. 

There are six stones in each set, 
and usually some of these have only 


689 


Sports in South Dakota 


plain marks, and other figures on 
them. 

The canwayawa are rods of wood 
about the size of a lead pencil and 
may be any number, but there were 
generally one hundred in a set. 

The rules of the game are: 

The game may be played by two, 
four, or six old women, who must be 
divided into two opposing sides, with 
an equal number on each side. 

Before beginning the game the play- 
ers must agree upon how much each 
figure of the plumstones shall count, 
how many counting-sticks shall be 
played for, and place the counting- 
sticks in a pile between them. 

After the game begins, no one must 
touch the counting sticks, except to 
take the number won at a play. No 
one shall play more than once at a 
time. To play, the player must put 
all the kansu in the tanpan, and cover 
it with the hand, shake it about, and 
then pour or throw out the kKansu. 

After the kansu are thrown out of 
the tanpan, no one may touch them 
until after the count is made and 
agreed upon. 

If the plain side of the kansu lies 
uppermost, this counts nothing. 


If the carved side of a kansu lies 
uppermost, this counts what has been 
agreed upon. 

When a player has played, and her 
count is made and agreed upon, she 
takes from the pile of counting-sticks 
as many as her count amounts to. 

When the counting-sticks are all 
taken, the side which has the greater 
number of sticks wins the game. 


8. Woskate Icaslohe 
(Game of Bowls) 
Icaslohe is an ancient gambling 
game played by the Sioux women. 


Sports in South Dakota 


The implements used in the game 
are: tapainyan, stone ball, canmibi, 
wooden cylinder. 

The tapainyan are balls made of 
any kind of stone, from one to two 
and a half inches in diameter. 

The canmibi are cylinders made of 
any kind of wood, from an inch and 
a half to two and a half inches in 
diameter, and from an inch and a 
half to three inches long. 

The rules of the game are: 

The game is generally played on 
the ice, but may be played on the 
ground. 

Two women play at the game. 

Each player must have a tapainyan 


and a canmibi. 


Before beginning the game the play- 
ers must agree upon the number they 
are to play for, and they must draw 
two parallel lines on the ice from 
ten to thirty feet apart. 

The players must take their posi- 
tions opposite each other outside the 
parallel lines, and must not be be- 
tween the lines when they play. 


Each player must place her can- 
mibi on the line nearest her. 


The players must bowl the tapain- 
yan alternately, at the canmibi on 
the line fartherest from them. 


When the tapainyan is bowled it 
must. strike the surface before it 
crosses the line nearest the one who 
bowled it; if it does not the play 
counts nothing. 

If the canmibi bowled at is knock- 
ed away from the line it counts one 
for the player, otherwise nothing. 


9. Woskate Tahuka Cangleska 


(Game of the Webbed Hoop) 
Tahuka cangleska is an ancient 
game played for amusement by the 
Sioux men. 


690 


Sports in South Dakota 


This is an exciting game in which 
the Indians took great interest, gath- 
ering in large numbers to witness 
the play. 

The implements used in the game 
are: tahuka cangleska, webbed hoop; 
wahukeza, spear. 

The tahuka cangleska is made of a 
rod of wood from one-half to one inch 
in diameter, which is bent so as to 
form a hoop from one to three feet 
in diameter. A web of rawhide is 
woven across the entire hoop, with 
interstices of from one-half to three- 
quarters of an inch, that in the center 
being somewhat larger and called the 
heart. 

The wahukeza is made of the sprout 
of a tree, or a young willow, and is 
from four to five and a half feet long, 
and about one-half inch in diameter 
at the larger end, which is bluntly 
pointed. The smaller end may be 
either straight or forked, and some- 
times is ornamented with feathers, 
bead-work, or in any other manner 
according to the fancy. 


The rules of the game are: 


Any number of persons may play 
‘in a game, but they should be equally 
divided into two opposing sides. 


Each player may have as many 
spears as he wishes. 


Before beginning the game _ the 
players must agree, upon how many 
innings will constitute the game. 


Two parallel lines, about fifty yards 
long, and about fifty yards apart, are 
drawn. 


The players take their positions 
opposite each other, outside these 
lines, choosing them either by agree- 
ment or by lot. 


Any number of hoops may be used 
in a game, but there should never be 


Sports in South Dakota 


less than four, and they should be of 
various sizes. 

One player on 
throw all the hoops. 

The hoops must be thrown alter- 
nately, from one side to the other. 

The thrower must not have either 
foot between the lines when he 
throws the hoops. 

The hoop when thrown must cross 
both lines, and it may do so, either 
in the air or rolling on the ground; 
it may cross one line in the air, and 
roll across the other, or it may be 
thrown across one line, and strike 
between the lines and bound across 
the other. : 

After the hoop has crossed both 
lines, the players towards whom it 
was thrown, throw their spears at it. 

If, while the hoop is in the air, 
it is speared through the heart, the 
count is five; if through any other 
interstice, the count is two. 

If, while the hoop is rolling on the 
ground, it is speared through the 
heart, the count is three; if through 
any other interstice, the count is one. 

If speared while the spear is held 
in the hand the count is nothing. 

If speared after the hoop has stop- 
ped, nothing. 

When the number of innings that 
have been agreed upon have been 
played, the side that has the most 
counts wins the game. 

Another method of playing with 
these implements is: 


each side must 


The sides line up as in the former 
game, and the hoops are all thrown 
from one side towards the _ other, 
which keeps all the hoops they have 
speared, and returns all they have not, 
which are again thrown to them. 


When all the hoops have been 
speared, the side that spears them 


691 


Sports in South Dakota 


chases the oposite side, and throws 
the hoops at them, and, if any one of 
the side is chased spears a hoop 
while it is in the air, the chase stops. 


Then the opposite side throws the 
hoops, and the game is repeated. 


10. Woskate Hutanacute 


(Game with Winged Bones) 

Hutanacute is an ancient game play- 
ed for amusement by the Sioux men 
during the winter, on the snow or ice. 

The implement used is hutanacute, 
winged bone. 

The hutanacute is made from the 
rib of one of the larger ruminating 
animals. A piece about four to eight 
inches long is taken from the rib 
where it begins to narrow and thick- 
en, and the wider end is cut square 
across, and the narrower end round- 
ed up from the convex side. 

Two holes are drilled in the wider 
end, lengthwise to the rib, and at such 
an angle that when the rods are in 
them their free ends will be about ten 
to twelve inches apart. 


Two rods are made of plum sprouts, 
about one-fourth of an inch in diam- 
eter, and about fourteen inches long. 
The smaller end of each of these is 
feathered like an arrow, and the other 
end is inserted into the hole in the 
bone. 

The rules of the game are: 

Any number may play. 

Each player may have from two to 
four winged bones, but each player 
should have the same number. 

A mark is made from which the 
bones are thrown. 

The bones are thrown so that they 
may strike and slide on the ice or 
snow. 

The players throw alternately until 
all the bones are thrown. 


Sports in South Dakota 


When all the bones are thrown, the 
player whose bone lies the farthest 
from the mark wins the game. 


11. Woskate Pteheste 


(Game of the Young Cow) 

Pteheste is an ancient game played 
for amusement by the Sioux men dur- 
ing the winter, on the ice or snow. 

The implement used in this game 
is pteheste, young cow. 

The pteheste is made of the tip of 
a cow or buffalo horn, from three to 
four inches long. This is trimmed so 
as to make it as nearly straight as 
possible, and a feather-tipped arrow 
securely fastened into its base, so that 
it. has the appearance of a horn-point- 
ed arrow. 

Any number of persons may play. 

Each player may have any number 
of arrows, but all players should have 
the same number. 

Two parallel lines are drawn from 
twenty to thirty feet apart. 

The players take their position on 
one side of these lines. 

A player must throw his horned 
arrow so that it may strike between _ 
the two lines and slide beyond them. 

The players throw alternately until 
all the arrows are thrown. 

At the end the player whose arrow 
lies farthest from the line wins the 
game. 

12. Woskate Canpaslohanpi 
(Game with Throwing Sticks) 

Canpaslohanpi is an ancient game 
played for amusement by the Sioux 
men in the winter on the snow or 
ice. 

The implement used in this game 
is canpaslohanpi, throwing stick. 

The canpaslohanpi is made of ash, 
and is about four feet long. 


692 


Sports in South Dakota 


It is cylindrical on one side, and 
flat on the other. About five inches 
from one end it is about two inches 
wide, and an inch and a half thick. 
From this place it is rounded up to 
a blunt point on the flat side and 
tapers to the farthest end, which is 
about an inch wide and half an inch 
thick. 

Each player has but one throwing 
stick. 

Any humber of persons may play. 

The game is played by grasping the 
stick at the smaller end, between the 
thumb and second, third, and fourth 
fingers, with the first finger across 
the smaller end, the flat side of the 
stick held uppermost. 

Then by swinging the hand below 


the hips the javelin is shot forward. 


so that it will slide on the snow or 
ice. 

The game is to see who can slide 
the stick the farthest. 


13. Woskate Ogle Cekutepi 
(Game of Coat Shooting) 

Ogle Cekutepi is an ancient game 
played for amusement by the Sioux 
men. 

The implements used in the game 
are: Ogle, coat; itazipe, bow; wan- 
hinkpe, arrows. 

The ogle is an arrow that is either 
painted black or wrapped with a black 
strip of buckskin, or has a tag at- 
tached to it, (sometimes it is a plain 
arrow). 


The itazipe and wanhinpe are the 
ordinary bow and arrows. 


The game is played by shooting the 
ogle high in the air so that it will 
fall from fifty to seventy-five yards 
away. Then the players stand where 
it was shot from, and shoot at it with 
the bows and arrows. 


Sports in South Dakota 


This is merely a game of skill, and 
not for points. 

14. Woskate Paslohanpi 
(Game of Javelins) 

Paslohanpi is an ancient game play- 
ed for amusement by the Sioux boys 
in the springtime. 

The implement used is wahukezala, 
javelin. 

The wahukezala is made of willow. 
It is from three to six feet long, and 
from three-eights to three-quarters of 
an inch in diameter at the larger end, 
and tapers to the smaller end. 

The bark is peeled from it and 
wrapped about in a spiral manner, 
leaving an exposed space about a half 
an inch wide. It-is then held in 
smoke until the exposed part is black- 
ened, when the bark is removed. 

This marks the javelin with spiral 
stripes of black and white. 

Each one who plays may have-as 
many javelins as he chooses. 

There are two ways of throwing the 
javelin. One is to lay it across some- 
thing, aS the arm, or the foot, or an- 
other javelin, or a stump of log, or a 
small mound of earth, or anything 
that is convenient, and grasping it at 
the smaller end, shoot it forward. 

The other way is to grasp the jave- 
line near the middle and throw it 
from the hand. 

In throwing, the contest may be 
for distance, or to throw at a mark. 

The game is merely a contest of 
skill in throwing the javelin. 


15. Woskate Canwacikiyapi 
(Game of Tops) 
Canwacikiyapi is an ancient game 
played for amusement by the Sioux 


boys. 

The implements used in this game 
are: canwacikipapi, tops; icapsin- 
tepi, whips. 


693 


Sports in South Dakota 


The canwacikiyapi is a wooden cyl- 
inder with a conical point. The cyl- 
inders are from an inch to two inches 
in thickness, and from a half to an 
inch and a half in length, and the 
conical point is from an inch to two 
inches in length. 

The icapsinte has a handle and from 
one to four lashes. The handle is 
made of wood, and is from fifteen 
inches to two feet long, and about 
half an inch thick at its thicker end, 
and tapers to the other end. 

The lashes are made of pliable 
thongs or strings, about twelve to 
fifteen inches long, and are fastened 
to the smaller end of the handle. 

The tops are spun in the same man- 
ner aS whip tops are spun by white 
boys. A game is played by marking 
a square about five feet across. 


On three sides of this square bar- 
riers are placed, and the fourth side 
left open. 


The players spin their tops outside 
of the square, and while they are 
spinning they drive them into the 
open side of the square. 


After the tops cross the open side 
of the square they must not be touch- 
ed. 


After the tops stop spinning, the 
one that lies nearest the side of the 
square opposite the opening wins the 
game. 

Another game is played by marking 
a circle about six feet in diameter 
and near its center making four holes 
a little larger than the tops and about 
six inches apart. 

The players spin their tops outside 
the circle, and while they are spinning 
drive them into it. 


After a top enters the circle it 
must not be touched. 


Sports in South Dakota 


The player whose top lies in one 
of the holes when it has stopped spin- 
ning wins the game. 

If two or more tops lie in the holes 
when they stop spinning, those who 
spun them must spin them again until 
one player’s top lies in the holes more 
often than any other. 


16. Woskate Titazipi Hoksila 


(Game with Boys’ Bows) 

The Sioux boys have, from ancient 
times, indulged in amusement with 
the bow and arrow. 

They play at various games, mim- 
icking battles, hunting, and similar 
things. 

They also shoot at a target, and for 
distance, but there appears to be no 
formal game or rules governing their 


‘play. 


The boys’ bow is like the bows for 
the men, except that it is smaller. 

The boys’ arrows are like those for 
the men, except that they are made 
with heads large and blunt. 


17. Hohu Yourmonpi 


(Bone Whirler) 

The hohu yourmonpi is a toy that 
has been played with by the Sioux 
boys from ancient times. 

It is made from the short bone of 
the foot of one of the larger ruminat- 
ing animals, and is fastened to the 
middle of a string of sinews about 
twelve to eighteen inches long. At 
each end of the sinew string a short 
stick is fastened to serve asa hand 
hold. 


These sticks are taken, one in each 
hand, and the bone whirled about so 
as to twist the string. The string is 
then drawn taut, which rapidly un- 
twists it, and rapidly whirls the bone 
so that its motion will twist the string 
in the opposite direction. This pro- 


694 


Sports in South Dakota . 


cess is repeated indefinitely, the mo- 
tion of the bone making a buzzing 
noise. 

The object of playing with the toy 
' is to make the buzzing noise. 


A game called ‘buffaloes fighting” 


is played with this toy, as follows: 

A number of boys, each with a bone 
whirler, set them to buzzing, and imi- 
tate actions of bulls fighting, the buzz- 
ing of the bones is supposed to repre- 
sent the bellowing of the bulls. They 
approach each other and strike the 
bones together, and if the bone of a 
player is stopped from buzzing, he 
is defeated. 


18. Tate Yourmonpi 
(Wind Whirler) 

The tate yourmonpi is a toy that 
has been played with by the Sioux 
boys from ancient time. 

It consists of a blade of wood, us- 
ually red cedar, about one-eighth of 
an inch thick, two inches wide, and 
twelve inches long. One end of this 
is fastened to a wooden handle by a 
pliable thong about twelve to eighteen 
inches long. 

The handle is from two to three feet 
long, and about one-half to one inch 
in diameter. 

By holding the handle above the 
head and swinging it rapidly with a 
circular motion, the blade is whirled 
rapidly and makes a buzzing noise. 

The object of playing with the toy 
is to make the buzzing noise, and 
sometimes a number of boys contest 
to see who can keep it continually 
buzzing for the longest time. 


19. Ipahotonpi 
(Pop-gun) 

The ipahotonpi is a toy that has 
been played with by the Sioux boys 


from ancient times. 


Jd 


Sports in South Dakota 


tancan, the body; 
Iyopuhdi, the 


It consists of: 
wibopan, the ramrod; 
wadding. 

The tancan was formerly made from 
a piece of ash sprout, about six to 
ten inches long, from which the: pith 
was removed, but since the Indians 
have obtained wire, they burn a hole 
through a piece of ash from eight to 
fifteen inches long, and from one and 
a half to two inches in diameter. 

It is generally ornamented by pyro- 
graphic figures or markings. 

The wibopan is made of some tough 
wood, a little longer than the tancan, 
and of such size as to pass readily 
through the bore. 

The iyopuhdi is made by chewing 
the inner bark of the elm, and using 
it while wet. 

A wad is packed tightly into one 
end of the bore, and a closely fitting 
wad is forced from the other end, 
rapidly through the bore by means of 
the ramrod, when the first wad flies 
out with an explosive noise. 

The object of playing with the toy 
is to make the report. 

Sometimes the boys play at mimic 
battle with the pop-guns, or they 
mimic hunting, when one or more 
boys imitate the game, and the others 
try to hit them with the wads from 
the pop-guns. 


20. Woskate Hepaslohanpi 
(Game of Horned Javelins) 

Hepaslohanpi is an ancient game 
played for amusement by the Sioux 
girls in the winter on the ice or snow. 

The implement used in the game is 
hewahukezala, horned javelin. 

The hewahukezala is made of a 
wooden javelin, about four to five feet 
long and from three-quarters to an 
inch thick at the thicker end, taper- 
ing to a diameter of three-eights to 


> 


Sports in South Dakota 


one-half an inch at the smaller end. 

A tip of elk horn, about four to 
eight inches long, is fastened on the 
larger end. 

The game is played by throwing 
the javelin so that it will strike and 
slide on the snow or ice, and the one 
whose javelin slides the farthest wins 
the game. 

As many girls may play at the game 
as wish to do so. 


21. Hoksinkagapi 
(Dolls) 

From ancient times the Sioux girls 
have played with dolls. 

The dolls were rude effigies, some- 
times carved from wood, but gener- 
ally made of buckskin, and stuffed 
with hair, with their features made 
’ by marking or painting. 

The dolls were dressed with both 
male and female attire, which was 
adorned with all the ornaments worn 
by the Indians. 

The girls would often have doll 
baby carriers, like those used for the 
Indian babies, and would carry the 
dolls on their backs, as their mothers 
carried their babies. 


22. Tipi Cikala 
(Toy Tipis) 

From ancient times the Sioux girls 
have played with toy tipis varying in 
size from a miniature tipi of a foot or 
so in height to one large enough for 
a child to enter. 

They played with these toy topis in 
much the same way as white children 
play with toy houses. 

—J. R. Walker. 


Coursing 
April 7, 1871 a sporting club was 
organized at Fort Sully, by General 
D. S. Stanley, Capt. J. B. Irvine and 
other officers of the 22d Infantry. 


-fornia were 


Sports in South Dakota 


They assembled a kennel of pure- 
bred, smooth haired English grey- 
hounds, perhaps the fastest dogs in 
America. They also had some Scotch 
greyhounds, not so fast as the Eng- 
lish. Some of the latter had wide 
fame, especially Gipsy and her pups, 
Given, Harry, Sweep and Maulsie; 
and Drew and her pups, Burster and 
Diamond. When General Custer and 
the Seventh Cavalry moved up the 
Missouri in the spring of 1873 he had 
with him some noted rough-haired 
Scotch greyhounds. When he reach- 
ed Sully there was a coursing meet 
that has become historic. On May 
29th a race occurred in pursuit of 
jack-rabbits and Gipsy and Harry and 
the other Dakota dogs carried off the 
honors. In the winter of 1872-3 the 
hounds at Fort Sully caught a red 
fox, 33 jack rabbits, 56 wolves and 36 
antelope; the following winter the 
catch was 5 red foxes, 32 wolves and 
54 jack-rabbits, all taken in fair chase, 
in the presence of the officers of the 
club. 


There was a revival of interest in 
coursing in 1891 and coursing clubs 
were thereafter organized at Pierre, 
Aberdeen, Huron, Flandreau and Mad- 
ison. The great unoccupied tracts of 
prairie made the field especially in- 
viting and soon the attention of loy- 
ers of the sport throughout the nation 
was attracted to us. The first state 
meet was held at Aberdeen in 1893. 
Aberdeen and Huron were centers 
where the sport was carried farthest; 
October 8, 1895 the national meet was 
held at Huron and kennels from all 
neighboring states, Canada, and Cali- 
represented and _ the 
Waterloo Cup, the most important 
national trophy was lifted. At Aber- 
deen in 1897 the national meet was 


696 


Sports in South Dakota 


again held and representatives were 
present from all parts of America and 
from Australia. The citizens of Aber- 
deen this year posted a new trophy, 
known as the Aberdeen Palace Stakes. 
The Waterloo Cup was also again lift- 
ed. The rapid occupation and fencing 
of the farm lands after that militated 
against the game and interest sub- 
sided. 





Record book of Fort Sully Sporting 
Club, in Department of History. Hanson’s 
“Conquest of the Missouri,’ 176-7 is in 
error; Given was pure-bred, bought from 
the kennel of John Given, Dubuque. 
Scrap book of T. C. Gage, Aberdeen. 


Chicken Trials 

The All American and Great West- 
ern Chicken Trials, is an organiza- 
tion of sportsmen, national in extent, 
in which bird dogs are tried out in 
the field, and rated according to points 
in birdwork, speed, range and class. 
For several years the annual compe- 
tition was held at Wetonka, not far 
from Aberdeen. These trials were 
continued on this range until 1914 
when the extension of agriculture and 
fencing made the ground impractical. 
and a new field west of the Missouri, 
opposite Mobridge, was used in 1915 
and 1916, when again advancing agri- 
culture interfered and the trials are 
now held in Western Canada. In the 
last named year, Mr. Moses T. Bantz, 
of Aberdeen was president of the na- 
tional organization. Dogs from all of 
the states and Canada competed and 
the sport had many enthusiastic de- 
votees. 


Trap Shooting 
Gun Clubs. are general in the larg- 
er places and trap shooting is a well 
organized amusement. Annual tourn- 
aments are held. 


Sports in South Dakota 


Polo 


Polo has been played for a long 
time by officers of the U. S. Army sta- 
tioned at Fort Meade but no attempts 
to play the game elsewhere were 
made until 1922 when the Pierre polo 
club was formed, through the promo- 
tion of H. I. Lawrence. This club 
consisting of civilians and members 
of Battery “C” 147th F. A.—about ten 
members, playing locally throughout 
the years 1922 and 1923 and in the 
later year played a special match 
game at the District Meeting of the 
Kiwanis Club at Watertown. In 1923 
civilians and members of Hq. Co. 
147th F. A. stationed at Aberdeen 
organized and in 1924 at the Annual 
encampment of the National Guard 
at Rapid City this team competed in 
two match games against the Battery 
“C” team of Pierre and the Battery 
“Cc” team competed against the 4th 
Cavalry team from Ft. Meade. With 
the occupation of Ft. Meade by cav- 
alry units again in 1924 polo received 
a considerable impetus and on Aug- 
ust 30th the first polo tournament in 
South Dakota was commenced with 
the Battery “C’ 147th F. A. and Civil- 
ian teams representing the Pierre 
Polo Club and the team of the 4th 
Cavalry from Ft. Meade the other en- 
try. The latter team was an easy 
winner after three fast games. In 
the year 1925 teams were organized 
at Hot Springs and Canton, South Da- 
kota and the main event in Polo for 
1925 is the Sturgis Tournament in 
which teams from Fort Meade. Fort 
D. A. Russel, Ft. Robinson and Bat- 
tery “C” of Pierre competed. Because 
of the large number of quick active 
range horses available in South Da- 
kota at reasonable figures it has been 
possible to popularize the game and 


697 


Sports in South Dakota 


with the strong organization of the 
Pierre Polo Club it may be said to be 
a permanent institution among the 
sports of South Dakota. 


Horse Racing 


Horseracing was a favorite sport 
with the Indians from time immemor- 
ial and white men in Dakota contin- 
ued the recreation without abatement. 
A few horses of great speed have 
been developed in this field, but chief- 
ly the low records have been made 
by animals brought in from other lo- 
calities. Since the advent of the auto- 
mobile horse racing has declined, but 
is still a feature of the state fair and 
other gatherings. 


‘Base Ball 


Base ball is the most popular sport 
and is pursued in every locality. 
There have been several efforts to 
maintain a South Dakota League, but 
it has rarely survived a season. Local 
leagues are popular. It is impossible 
to organize results into a compre- 
hensive showing of championships. 


Golf 


The national game of Scotland is 
of Dutch origin but was early intro- 
duced in Scotland and for four hun- 
dred years has been the chief out door 
recreation there. It was not intro- 
duced into the United States until 
Nov. 18, 1888, when St. Andrews Club, 
New York City was organized by a 
party of gentlemen, chiefly Scotch- 
men. The game soon became popular. 
Seven years later, (September 1895) 
the first club was organized in South 
Dakota at Yankton by George Wilson 
and Robert McGregor, Scotchmen, 
Harry Eller an Englishman and Ed- 
mund Bruce of Scotch ancestry. It liv- 


Sports in South Dakota 


ed for several years. In 1897 Hon. J. 
W. Campbell promoted a golf club in 
Huron and Mr. E. S. Vance of Huron 
organized one in Pierre. About the 
same time Jack Wilson organized 
clubs in Brookings and Miller. July 
30, 1903 the South Dakota State Golf 
Association was formed at Huron, with 
E. S. Vance, president and Harry Free- 
man of Pierre, secretary. A tourna- 
ment was held at that date in which 
all the clubs in the state were repre- 
sented. Vance won the first, Harry 
Freeman the second and “Gov.” War- 
ner, private secretary to Governor 
Herreid, third prize. Pierre won the 
club trophy. The game has become 
very popular and almost every town 
of consequence in South Dakota pat- 
ronizes the sport and has provided 
links. There have not been tourna- 
ments every year. 


The records until 


have been lost. 


quite recently 


A western South Dakota Golf As- 
sociation has been formed by the 
clubs of Pierre and the Black Hills. 


Lawn Tennis 


Lawn Tennis is one of the oldest 
among the sports engaged in by South 
Dakotans. It was played upon the 
campuses of the several educational 
institutions from the first. Private 
courts were established at Sioux Falls, 
Aberdeen, Watertown and elsewhere 
at least as early as 1890. Records for 
the state championship are incom- 
plete. Mr. Arthur J. Kieth, of Sioux 
Falls held the record in some of the 
earliest meets. The following records 
are supplied by Mr. John Barton, of 
Sioux Falls, for the state tournaments 
which were open to the world: 


698 


Sports in South Dakota 


Singles 
1905 and 6, John H. Wheeler, Brook- 
ings. 
1907, 8 and 9, John Barton, Sioux 
Falls. 
1910, 11 and 12, Ray L. Branson, Mit- 
chell. 


1913, John Barton. 

1914 and 15, Ray L. Branson. 

1916, 17 and 18, John Barton. 
1919 and 20, no tournaments. 

1921 and 22, John Barton. 

1923, E. R. McCormick, Sioux City. 
1924, John Barton. 

1925, Horace Barton. 


Doubles 


1903, B. C. Dow and Fred Phillips, 
Sioux Falls. 

1904, 1905 and 1906, same champions. 

1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 
1914, John Barton and Fred E. 
Phillips. 

1916, no record. 


1917 and 18, John Barton and Ken- 
neth Buck. 


1919 and 1920, no tournament. 


1921, Clark Stone and Carl Stucke- 
man, Sioux Falls. 


1922, John Barton and Fred Hanson. 
1923, E. R. McCormick and Elmer 
Smeby, Sioux City. 


1924, John Barton and Horace Bar- 
ton, (father and son). 


High School Football 


While the record is by no means 
clear when the first High School foot- 
ball game was played in South Da- 
kota it is certain that at least two 
High Schools had recognized teams 
in the year 1898, both Sioux Falls and 
Yankton that year playing games with 
Yankton College. Until about 1904 
High School games with the various 
colleges and normal schools in the 
State -were frequent occurrences. 
Very few High Schools had teams and 
these teams played but scattering 
schedules with such competition as 


ing 


Sports in South Dakota 


they might find. The day after 
Thanksgiving 1899 Yankton High 
School and Tyndall High School play- 
ed a game at Yankton and as far as 
available records reveal this was the 
first High School game as such. In 
1900 Sioux Falls, Yankton and Mitch- 
ell were competing and in 1901 the 
Same teams again took the field with 
some few others reported. In 1902 
football took a decided impetus and 
that year Canton, Hurley, Beresford, 
Madison, Brookings, Groton, Aber- 
deen, Big Stone, Webster, Parker, 
Mitchell, Yankton, Deadwood and 
Sioux Falls had teams. Big Stone 
particularly from the records appear- 
ing to be strong while Beresford High 
in the Southern section was a fast 
aggregation. The untimely injury of 
Harry W. Jordan in a game at Sioux 
Falls on September 28th, 1902 result- 
in his death a few days later 
brought down a storm of criticism 
and an active attempt to legislate 
football out of existence. The effect 
of this is witnessed in 1903 when 
there were comparatively few teams 
entered in competition. During these 
years, with but few games played and 
the most meagre sort of reports 
thereon it is entirely out of the ques- 
tion to suggest which team or teams 
might be considered the champions.. 
Since that time there have been few 
years when an undisputed champion 
could be selected, but the teams as 
set out below either went through ‘a 
season undefeated and played such 
teams as to give large credit to their 
claims, or were universally recognized 
as the State High School champions. 
This table is prepared from newspa- 
per articles and comments while in 
the majority of years there may have 
been other undefeated teams in the 


699 


Sports in South Dakota 


state, their claims, because of the 

calibre of teams played are subordi- 

nated. The best claimant or claim- 

ants to the State Championships for 

the years after 1904 are as follows: 

1904—Britton, Madison. 

1905—Sioux Falls. 

1906—Aberdeen, Sioux Falls. 

1907—Mitchell. 

1908—Lead. 

1909—Pierre. 

1910-—Sioux Falls. 

1911—-Sioux Falls. 

1912—Sioux Falls. 

1913—Sioux Falls. 

1914—Pierre. 

1915—Yankton. 

1916—Sioux Falls, Pierre, Platte. 

1917—-Sioux Falls, Brookings, 
Springs. 

1918—No games. 

1919—Madison, Sioux Falls. 

1920—-Mitchell. 

1921—Sioux Falls. 

1922—Sioux Falls, Rapid City. 

1923—-Sioux Falls, Rapid City, Platte. 

1924—-Sioux Falls. 

There have been since 1919 ap- 
proximately 85 High School teams 
playing football in South Dakota High 
School circles with each year a few 
more schools entering the game. 
There has been a tendency during the 
past few years (1925) for schedules 
to be drafted in such a way as to 
leave an opportunity for a more clear 
cut decision upon the High School 
championship, but the great inter- 
vening distance between the schools 
of the Black Hills and eastern South 
Dakota has made a complete carrying 
out of such an idea impossible. How- 
ard Wood, Coach of the Sioux Falls 
High School team is the dean of High 
School coaches. Various smaller 
schools in the state have acquired 
reputation as football towns far be- 
yond their population and among 
these teams are to be mentioned Elk 


Hot 


1029). 


Sports in South Dakota 


Point, Tyndall, Platte, Dallas, Ipswich 
and Clark where high class teams are 
uniformly turned out. Practically all 
of the teams in high school competi- 
tion are governed by the rules of 
the S. D. H. S. Athletic Association 
and games are more and more being 
officiated by members of an Associa- 
tion of Football Officials, both of 
which, are tending to elevate the 
game and produce the highest re- 
sults from football as a physical, men- 
tal and moral stimulant. 


Attempted Football Legislation 


House Bill No. 190 Session of 1905 
was introduced by the committee on 
education to modify and regulate foot- 
ball. The bill provided for the sus- 
pension of any player who accidental- 
ly or intentionally injured another 
and made it a misdemeanor for such 
suspended player to engage in a game 
during suspension. A captain or 
coach who knowingly permitted a sus- 
pended player to engage in a game, 
either for practice or in a match game 
was likewise guilty of a misdemeanor. 
Any player who enrolled in any school 
or institution, not in good faith, but 
only to play football and any princi- 
pal, coach or other school or institu- 
tional head who permitted such bad 
faith enrollment was likewise guilty 
of a misdemeanor. The bill passed 
the house on Feb. 27 (House Journal 
p. 914) by a vote of 53 to 26 but was 
defeated in the senate by an adverse 
committee report. (Senate Journal p. 
—Will G. Robinson. 


High School Basketball 


While basketball has been played 
since 1901 or ’02 by High Schools in 
South Dakota it was not taken up 
until about 1908 among the larger 
schools and records are very scanty 


700 


Sports in South Dakota 


before that date. There was compe- 
tition of a sort, but no possible meth- 
od of judging from the various rec- 
ords.as to the superiority of the com- 
peting teams. Schedules were almost 
uniformly of a local character and it 
was not until 1912 when the South 
Dakota High School Athletic Associ- 
ation started to conduct an annual 
tournament that anything like a com- 
prehensive survey of that sport is 
possible. The winners and runners-up 
in these various tournaments follow: 


1912 
CHAMPION RUNNER-UP 
Redfield— Lake Preston— 
Hopkins . Dahl 
Craig Oppendahl 
Worrilaw Dehoff 
Packard Patterson 
Walsh Archer 
Crain 
Boub 
Hinman R. 
1913 
Aberdeen— Montrose— 
Maloney Eno 
Koch Knox 
Bosley Beach 
Cummins Amburn 
Erbe Gage ° 
Murphy 
1914 
Salem— Aberdeen— 
Carey Koch 
Bruhn Maloney 
_Ewens Bosley 
Heying Cummins 
Anderson Boucher 
Nye Erbe 
Gardner 
1915 
Elkton— Salem— 
Kearney Carey 
Timm Hazen, H. 
Dillman Hazen, W. 
Main McNeil 
Alberts Cornwall 
Bairy Leuthi 
Stillman Sahs 
Lander 


Sports in South Dakota 


CHAMPION 


Sioux Falls— 


Swancutt, C. 
Swancutt, L. 


McKinnon 
Jacobson 
Livingston 
Stewart 
Olson 
Jones 


Huron— 


Joseph 
Randall 
Gascoigne 
Voss 
Reilly 


Lead— 


Brooks 
Morthland 
Halloran 
Bowen 
Cotton 


Elkton— 


701 


Smith 
Petschow 
Hartwig 
Lovely 
Trautman 


Elkton— 


Lovely 
Trautman 
Smith 
Timm 
Hartwig 


RUNNER-UP 
Redfield— 


Ewing, H. 
Ewing, D. 
Hinman 
Robbins 
McAnulty 
Harlow 
Hasse 
Runnings 


1917 


Aberdeen— 


Wolter 
Lynch, S. 
Coleman 
Westman 
Lynch, E. 
Welch 
Morrow 


1918 
Mitchell— 


Riley 
Harmon 
Coughlin 
Smith 
Darling 
Kalmer 
Derr 
Hamiel 


1919 
Mitchell— 


Harmon, L. 
Harmon, D. 
Blair 
Hamiel 
Smith 
Kinport 
Derr 

Giles 


1920 


Madison— 


Welch 
Lowe 
Harvey 
Rensvold 
Crow 
Olsbo 
Welling 


Sports in South Dakota 


1921 
CHAMPION RUNNER-UP 
Madison— Mitchell— 
Swenson Blair 
Crow Harmon 
Ouim Smith 
Jenson Scharnweber 
Welch, E. Sweet 
McLeod Funston 
Welch, F. 
1922 
Yankton— Rapid City— 
Dunn Uecker 
Seeley Bridge 
Jencks Roush 
Anderson Heacock 
McDonough DeWitt 
McMurtry Hughes 
Durand Madsen 
Prall 
1923 
Yankton— Mitchell— 
Anderson Qually 
Jencks Rozum 
Jacobsen Barnhart 
Letich Griffith 
McDonough Hunt 
Reedy Williams 
Weiger Giles 
Warden Crowningshield 
1924 
Yankton— Madison— 
McDonough Stilson 
Letich Syverson 
Jacobsen Baillie 
MacGregor Whealy 
Reedy Lusk 
Steinback Harling 
Weiger Krug, A. 
Warden Krug. 
1925 
Yankton— Salem— 


The first of these tournaments were 
not restricted as to entries and teams 
with creditable records were admit- 
ted; however the tournament soon be- 
came top heavy and it became neces- 


sary to stage preliminary tournaments © 


Sports in South Dakota 


in several districts. The districts 
are so arranged as to facilitate play 
therein and thus in the later years 
every South Dakota team desiring to 
enter, has taken part in an elimina- 
tory contest towards the State Cham- 
pionship. There are at present six- 
teen districts the winners in each dis- 
trict competing in the State Tourna- 
ment. The record of Yankton High 
School in winning the tournaments of 
1922-23-24-25 is very unusual and in 
1924 this team representing South 
Dakota at the Chicago University All- 
American tournament succeeding in 
going through to the finals being de- 
feated by the Windsor, Colorado, 
High School in the final game. In 
1925 a High School conference con- 
sisting of Yankton, Mitchell, Sioux 
Falls, Madison, Brookings, Watertown, 
Aberdeen and Huron High Schools 
was organized, this is known as the 
Big Eight High School conference. 
Madison High School was the winner 
in the Big Eight conference in 1925. 


—Will G. Robinson. 


High School Track 


As far as newspaper or other rec- 
ords afford information the first High 
School Track Meet ever held in the 
State was at Yankton on May 8th, 
1903. It was held under the auspices 
of Yankton College and Tyndall won 
scoring 54 points, Vermillion, Pierre, 
Dell Rapids and Yankton High 
Schools followed in that order and 
were the only schools to place, some 
eleven schools competed. Tyndall 
High School probably competed in 
the first dual track meet a week lat- 
er against Springfield Normal and 
1903 was certainly the first year that 
track as a sport had any prominent 


702 


Sports in South Dakota 


Place in High School athletics al- 
though there had been some compe- 
tition in High School Bicycle racing 
prior thereto. In 1905 the South Da- 
kota High School Athletic Association 
was formed and since 1906 when its 
first meet was held at Coat’s Driving 
Park in Sioux Falls a yearly meet 
has been conducted. The Yankton 
College Invitation Meet continued 
through 1906 when the S. D. H. S. A. 
A. meet took its place as the High 
School Track classic. Winners of the 
State High School Track Meets have 
been as follows: 


1903—Tyndall. 
1904—Dell Rapids. 
1905—Dell Rapids. 
1906—Sioux Falls. 
1907—Sioux Falls. 
1908—Mitchell. 
1909—Flandreau. 
1910—Huron. 
1911—Huron. 
1912—-Sioux Falls. 
1913—Sioux Falls. 
1914—-Sioux Falls. 
1915—Watertown, S. D. S. C. 
1916—Watertown. 
1917-18—No meet—world war. 
1919—Pierre. 
1920—Brookings. 
1921—Brookings. 
1922—Tyndall. 
1923—Tyndall. 
1924—Tyndall. 
1925—Parkston. 


The State High School Official 
Meets have been conducted as _ fol- 
lows: 1903 to 1905 at Yankton Col- 
lege; 1906, Sioux Falls; 1907 to 1914, 
University of South Dakota; 1915 to 


Sports in South Dakota 


1925, South Dakota State College. 
Other High School Meets of import- 
ance in the State are the Tri-state In- 
terscholastic Invitation Meet under 
the auspices of the University of 
South Dakota, the N. N. I. S. Inter- 
scholastic under the auspices of 
Northern State Teachers College at 
Aberdeen. Black Hills Interscholas- 
tic Meet for western South Dakota 
under the auspices of South Dakota 
State School of Mines at Rapid City, 
Huron College Invitation Meet under 
auspices of Huron College at Huron, 
Platte Legion Track Meet for schools 
of the south central part of South 
Dakota conducted by the Platte Post 
of the American Legion at Platte, 
Rosebud Track Meet including the 
towns situated in Gregory and Tripp 
Counties, various county meets 
throughout the State and the Pierre- 
Legion Relays, a statewide meet for 
High School Relay teams only. In 
addition South Dakota High School 
teams yearly compete at the Dakota 
Relays and the Drake Relays in the 
high school sections and the winners 
of individual events in the S. D. H. S. 
A. A. meet each year are sent to the 
Chicago University All-American 
Meet (Stagg Meet) each year. The 
South Dakota High School marks in 
the various events are uniformly good 
and in some cases are unusual. Most 
of the marks it will be noted are of 
very recent date and would indicate 
a steady advance in the quality of 
this branch of High School athletics: 


TRACK EVENTS 


Name Year 
Event Record Holder School Time made 
OMS ie ocie-s. vie, «as Marsh's llita, a. se 5.6.5 Mobridgessvin hea. TORSO CIF EAT Mea rie, 1925 
Ae0TEashos ss. IMGTGCTER ee tae: NICD. sek ccua eaehar acts Dhan SC Goud h ohtaa leas cuetvhen 1925 
ANOLE SID cons « oauspeuene TLODDSaeteiecses dees osikavsys BerestOrd tet s . wens Die ieSOC. Maake Tia aye checctete 1925 
SSUPETIIUR Tt. ss tee et CArPGNTEE? tas cients se. WLOURIM HAMS madd we... ouelte AININ AeA SOC. Grek 1914 
DUES GATT ch sic ieatenes Sela eave ty Ay ven “Eee oe CGhamberiaing + eect AAMT oO. 4S Cra sy 1923 
POTITIG were, ss sche les EIR LITO Teese setae ee, eee Dell Rapids... ses il min 475) S6Gs,..c seen 1904 
120 -Eurdiles,, 2.02%. Wwielelicoomts .emt ee kis saee Rarkstonew wer eut EDTOU SSC. obi gee sad aeons 1925 
ADE EAAILOILGS ssie ace. WViGlGlimredtretactel a. anerars Park SlO iced setskccce ks ZA Se SC Cully ec atisette al cones 1925 


70 


9 
vo 


Sports in South Dakota 


Sports in South Dakota 


FIELD EVENTS 


Distance 
High jump........ Hiutehendorfge:. a+.) Brooking Sac-s meee bo ft. OsTtiniveeee . eee 1923 
Broad suum Denes laiete Marsh sl Ae scene ee Mobridseme maine 21 ft. Sl4eiri ocr 1925 
Pole’ vault® 3.232... ReEdfielaes oe te ces hee STOUxXa Malis). peste tens 12) ft) Go bin eee ae 1923 
ShHopeputi th. «ere Fishers hei wetesn W atértow ig ser. are 43. ft. bins eee eee 1915 
IDISCUSI ise chee SchiwetntiGter mics cee IM ODRIdS ee eae ieee 127, feet: ic e2ene cee 1924 
A Rigeys bela ay SA Alas Bees s Derbys «Rarer a. ce RapidnGityscaas ee 156° ft. 9oinkee, eee 1925 
EPS mmer eis. s\c)< ete INO CLA etree ns ces lark ie. sea 153 ft. 6.inwe eee eee 1914 
RELAY RECORDS A 
Talfiemile: ake hae TWWeri Gall aise tac neest sie State, Meets. se 1:34.24) pashan 1923 
NETTIE SEOs eae eet eee Colome. ts. aE. Dakota Relays...... 3143836. Ite es ee 1924 
Se MMO Fast ute >» webs be SiGUX pC AIS « iste: toners Drake Relays....... 8:29.41, . sels bela, 0's arepenee. 1925 
Medley? dtiate oc ; Pat gst waepet es { Dakota Relays...... 315214. ae ate ee 1924 
Outs lon we Lea, SMitehell Se. uceto es Pierre Legion....... :44 53.000 Ri eee 1925 


* Event discontinued in High School meets. 
yj Made at School of Mines meet 1925. 


It is interesting to note that the High School records for South Dakota 
are in three instances better than the University and College records in like 


events. 
Inter-Collegiate Sports 


South Dakota collegiate athletics 
have included football, basketball, 
track, baseball and tennis at different 
times. Because of the _ relatively 
‘small student bodies no effort has 
been made at any time to indulge in 
the minor sports affected by larger in- 
stitutions. 


At this time the institutions of the 
state are divided into two conferences 
or governing bodies. The University 
and State College are members of the 
North Central Conference, with six 
other schools of like size from North 
Dakota, Nebraska and Iowa. The re- 
maining istitutions of collegiate grade 
are all in the South Dakota Collegiate 


Conference. These include Dakota 
Wesleyan University, The State 
School of Mines, Redfield, Huron, 


Yankton, Sioux Falls, Columbus and 
Augustana colleges, and Aberdeen, 
Madison, Spearfish and Springfield 
Teacher’s Colleges. Both conferences 
attempt to maintain high standards of 
athletic eligibility, emphasizing schol- 
arship as a prerequisite. The North 
Central Conference plays under a 
freshman rule. 


—Will G. Robinson. 


The first effort to organize athletics 
was made in 1889, when a state meet 
was held at Sioux Falls. The original 
entrants were U. S. D., State, Sioux 
Falls and Yankton. Other institutions 
joined this conference which contin- 
ued through 1912, when it was suc- 
ceeded by the Minnesota-Dakota Con- 
ference consisting of the South Da- 
kota schools with like institutions of 
Minnesota and North Dakota. Huron, 
Wesleyan and Yankton withdrew in 
1917 to form the South Dakota Confer- 
ence while South Dakota and State 
remained nominal members until 1922 
when they withdrew to enter the 
North Central aggregation. 


At the present time these two in- 
stitutions have such a preponderance 
of strength as to make their mutual 
contests generally determinative of 
the state championship in all sports.. 
In the State Conference through the 
years Huron has had a preponderance 
in basketball, Wesleyan in football, 
Yankton in track; with Columbus 
looming a dangerous competitor in 
all three sports the past two years. 


The first football game played in 
the state was at the Old Depot 


704 


Sports in South Dakota 


grounds at Yankton, sometime in the 
fall of 1889, by the University of 
South Dakota and Yankton College, 
the former team winning 12-0. The 
first football team at Dakota Wesley- 
an was in the fall of 1897; at State 
College in the fall of 1898; at Huron 
College 1902; School of Mines 1902; 
University 1889; Yankton 1889; North- 


Sports in South Dakota 


present time the University, State Col- 
lege and with the exception of Red- 
field, all .of the colleges of the state 
conference put out teams. 

A development of late years is the 
Homecoming Day idea, first inaugurat- 
ed at State College with Hobo Day; 
and rapidly gaining in favor with 
most of the other schools. Pet names 


ern Normal, Aberdeen 1902. At the have also been largely adopted. 
Institution Pet Name Homecoming Day 
University of South Dakota.......... RSV Ge ety ed thas wratd c's ee Dakota Day 
EE OLOLS MS Peete ts Ol le be eee ee Jack *Rapiitay . 2. ees i. eek Hobo Day 
PemeererneNOrnmial fo a. eek 2 we BRN OLY GS cattle toni eet. oc: tite ce ea: Gypsy Day 
RECOM BO) AU, Doc Ad sm We bingeiornia® S{GIN J elo Bot Mak eetaag, are tM, cot Roe Re Aa age AC 
Tamers, Wesleyan’ 2... 6. sae i ise ess PLiMereienest chet S4ste. Blue and White Day 
BOTT COME L Or. 6 cers eres wees wa icie WVU IRT SLUCT Cet cc/t Us 2 haha Fee cose hiss eretene le or 
MEISE ATED, MOOUCE OE , on. alate ore doen © oceis os LV RIVER ener catonte air 2t,4c er, knees tik ane eae 
Pee PCL INOTINAL Se oe a See ae thes POINCSRE Aye Meee Sila rae aes letras tee 


Spearfish Normal 
School of Mines 
Sioux Falls College 
Yankton College 


oeeevereee eee eee ee ee @ 
ou wa a) a @ & [oe (6 wee a eee @ /e-¢ 
ao « @ 0 6 @) 6,3 16 ‘6 6 w axe ‘0, 016 


52 2 6 CL be @ Cla 0 © C6 9: 8..076 d © 


Baseball was the leading intercol- 
legiate sport from the _ nineties 
through about the year 1915. The first 
intercollegiate teams appeared at the 
University, at Yankton and at Sioux 
Falls in the spring of 1896. State Col- 
lege came in in 1897 as did Dakota 
Wesleyan. At this time there is no 
college ball played in Sonth Dakota, 
due largely to the encroachment of 
basketball upon the time of student 
bodies. 

Basketball was first played at State 
College, Madison Normal and Yankton 
Colleges in 1902; at Redfield and Ab- 
eraoen: 1903; at U. 8S. D. in 1907; at 
Huron in 1909; and Dakota Wesleyan 
in 1910. Generally speaking the Uni- 
versity and State College lead the 
state in quality, but frequently one or 
more of the college conference teams 
have approximated the state schools. 
Since its organization the South Da- 
kota Conference has annually had a 
red hot race for Conference honors. 


0: © 8) 6. © 6/0 © @ 6, 658) &) 6.0 6 6 _ 0,8, 8, Oe el 


Sits (8° 4) ee 2 eo 8 C6." Ss 0 O56 o 816 tae a 8:3 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 @ 8 


Tepee Day 
Pioneer Day 


oe @ © 66 OC 8 Ge me 6 6 


S26 O16, 0.0 © @ 6) 6. B08 6 6 


Tennis has been the only minor 
sport to gain any hold in South Da- 
kota schools. Annually, as long as 
the Old State Meet continued, as an 
adjunct thereto was a State Intercol- 
legiate Tennis Tourney in both singles 
and doubles. This has lapsed since 
1914, when the last match was held 
at the Interstate Meet at Huron. 


Track is the oldest continuous sport. 
The first meet was held in 1889, since 
which time with the exception of the 
war years of 1917-18, there has been 
a regular State Track Meet. In the 
years 1913, 1914 and 1916 it was sup- 
erseded by the Minnesota-Dakota 
Conference Meet in which the South 
Dakota Schools competed. In 1916 
a State Meet was held. Since 1921, 
the University and State College have 
competed in the North Central Con- 
ference Meet, and the. State Confer- 
ence Schools have met at Sioux Falls. 
The year by year scores follow: 


705 


Sports in South Dakota 


SOUTH DAKOTA STATE MEET RECORDS 



































Sports in South Dakota 


Year + Q s 
Q MN ® 
A) P pH a 
TER ets ey ate 5 2 0 1889 
LSSOe Mae Ne. 2 14 2 1890 
ASO Sek eeme ttt 0 6 Re RE 1894 
ASG Stes 0 20 7 1895 
TL S9\6 cee. s. memes a 0 53 T7 1896 
1 BSW (see Aten ae 1 68 83 1897 
LSOSERIM isk 4 79 59 1888 
8 OG one tecets rs isa Relics 28 64 1899 | 
TO OO setae. 50) 2a 49 1900 
EY CN ee Cb2.) eee 66 1/3 | 1901 
1SUZe awe eee 103. | s22e= 16 1902 
LOOSE, Hoe ae L163 0" | eee a 1903 
1OQ4S 3 Aavek ie TOU eee 10 1904 
LO Octet acct acs fam fo RMR! 38 1905 
SOG: cence SOR St es ee 23 1906 
TOOTS ek ok 57 43 0 1907 
1908. cit yee 59 40 8 1908 
1 O09 cae ieee, 60 5S: s}e aoe 1909 
L9LOARE At Parl 81 4 1910 
LOL een ae 26 68 uth 1911 
LO eee ee ee 24 58 23 1912 
LOTS ares © 9 54 10 1913 
a eo ae Ay oe 18% 22% 11 1914 
OLD cee se mises 56 4416 16 1915 
IB WOE, eel RR 29 uh 6 1916 
A OAT Seat. Re NO MEET 1917 
LOLS Sees NO MEET 1918 
LOT SFE ae | eee LA a er eee a ae ee ee 108 12 1919 
LOZOSEAE. co REET Dee Sees, OH, et SESS Soe oe ee 38 76 29 1920 
Ibs Pl PS sane | ane Ea Ie: rile, Oy Loe ee | eee 40 5814 27% 1921 
STATE CONFERENCE MEET 
fl rue. i 
Year D OD Als SA Pes ca] ma faa fp Z 
Bee to) ae a Bn oe 
la 2 Foy oh. a ay hice ee SA Oe n Ly aek a 
1 ODDIE he yr PG aie Pewee.) eee, 14 20 Liao 149/720 8 eee BC kee ee 2a eee eae 54 
1923 Cates c ORS ee pe Pee 3 Tt iL a eee 33 2|14] 18% 8 | 10 | 34% 
LOBES cis. s CR ke tits Gated eee 13% | 18 1 5 9 0 Tan 28 25/718 | 4536 
LO 2S Merch aia aetehiets 6 ok eee 3 9 12 0 Oy etl! 0 | 16 ai 23 | 241 27 
STATE RECORDS 
Year Event Athlete Place . Record 
1898 oO UL Vil ctee ste loonie EL OWING rece pretarcccrehs te Yankton en Broolkines'y crs. evcreus! aietenele 5.4 sec. 
1912 Bere LOO VaArdey . wire et ASDIN Wa llignn pases Wa Steers baer IMOrniIne SIG 6 suis sie etemotene 9.8 sec. 
19 2D etre 00 VATOG uetaleysts IM ERO se me seas OnidatHa..© - Brookings iti siete eteretote 21.7 sec. 
$40 870 2s re os TIAyterr a ee ore tate oa. Le: #0 haa 50.6 sec 
1900. Halttim3lea ie ELoOard . setae . eee Man ktom.rtse Mitchell rio. ta. eee 2 min 
Mile ene. rete ecetete SAW ects nore States2eee 4 min. 35.4 sec 
2-Mile vets. 2 8 Cram Geet. eee. Statecwts coe 10 min. 1.2 sec 
Rayon GVA ohbe toe os Tre WO) Oye. sera. crea aeeer Statetneee: Sioux Balls. tm, eee 15.2 sec. 
L925e eae On UT aeee eve ener Welchtece ss Parkston..2.. brookings, 2...) eee 24.8 sec. 
LO Ods ee cL Ge br uS hot. wastes Lauritz Miller... esleyan.. . bProokine’ ss. .*.) 2. see AT’-G 2 
OZ earen OTS S saecwctermeay WAT OTe ee eaateresene eae U. -Sa Dee eet SiouxFalls. tae Soo eee 130’ 61%4" 
19Z6eh -davelin: . 0f.c ae Dunkakse Aas eet ELS. OL) pee cia: DPlOUxX CIty..h.. ... eee 177’ 6%” 
LST ob. namimer.. GOoddar dine. eects U.S. ere, Huron Fissil ache he oe 139° 4 ” 
1924...-High jump..... Ryauesovse se. es Li bape BPS Sioux.City... a.) .¢.0eneee 6’ 04%” 
1922 Sethroad. J. oe ea Patrickemis as tea LER Brae F bopeg Vermilion. ..7:... +. ee 23’ 014" 
Pole*Vault.....% Stouts, “Fok anes Statesineeta: ~ one Bete 11269 reer? 
1925....Half mile relay.Jaquith, Harney, : 
: Clark rand Clark. cess: Sent eee Sioux Falls. . =... 1. Smine 20nieser 
1922....Mile relay S netare as : dll wes abl) eevee 0 JNiNe 2ie4eeoe 
1925....2 mile relay....Sioux Falls High.U. S.°D...... Drake Relays....8 min. 29.2 sec. 


—Harry A. Robinson. 


706 


Spotted Bear Creek 


Spotted Bear Creek is a little creek 


in northwestern Haakon Co., falling 
into the Cheyenne River. 


Spotted Tail, 18 -1881, was a chief 
of the Brule Sioux and a friend of 
the whites. He possessed a command- 
ing personality and acquired great in- 
fluence with his people. With broad 
vision he saw that the fight for Ind- 
ian supremacy was futile and used all 
his power to make the relations of his 
people with the whites advantageous 
to both parties. In 1876 in midwinter, 
he’ went to Powder River and induced 
his nephew, Crazy Horse, with his 
hostile followers, to come in to the 
agency and make peace. He was kill- 
ed by a jealous member of his tribe. 





HMist.al, 45>, Kingsbury, I, 770. 
Spottswood is a railroad station 5 


miles north of Bonilla its banking 
point and _ postoffice in southwest 
Spink Co. 

Sprick, William, 1850- ;. White 


Lake; born in Westphalen, Germany, 
September 21st, came to Dakota in 
1883 and located in Aurora County; 
engaged in farming; interested in co- 
Operative companies; held numerous 


township and county offices; legis- 
lator, 1905. 
Spring Break Up of Ice. See Miss- 


ouri River, 5. 

Spring Creek (the Stone Idol Creek 
of Lewis and Clark) rises in the north 
central portion and runs west through 
Campbell County to the Missouri Riv- 
er. 

Spring Creek is a small tributary 
to the Missouri River, in northwest 
Hughes County. 


Spring Creek is a small tributary 
to the Big Sioux River in northeast- 
ern Moody County. 


Stalactites 


Spring Creek rises in the western 
part of Pennington County and run- 
ning easterly enters the Cheyenne 
River in northeastern Custer Co. 

Springfield is a city in southwest 
Bon Homme Co. Normal ‘school and 
a U. 8S. school for Indian girls are lo- 
cated htre. Population, see Census. 
“The Times,” established in 1889, is 
its newspaper. 

Springfield School. See 
Education, 16. 

Spring Gulch is a short affluent of 
Rapid River, at Hisega, Pennington 
County. 

Spring Gulch is a postoffice in north- 
west Pennington County. 


Normal 


Spring Valley is a_ discontinued 
postoffice in southeast Turner County. 


Spruce is a railroad station one 
mile west of Nemo (its postoffice) in 
southeast Lawrence County. 


Squaw Creek is a south branch of 
Battle Creek. This is the stream that 
runs by the Game Lodge, Custer State 
Park. 

Squirrel. See Mammals. 


Stablein, O. K., 1862- ssborm in 
Bavaria, Germany, May 27th; came to 
S. D. in 1883, filing on a claim in Wal- 
worth County; general mercantile 
business, 1884, at Bangor; moved to 
Alexandria, Hanson Co., 1891; State 
manager for Royal Union Mutual 
Life Insurance. Company of Des 
Moines for six years; State Insurance 
Commissioner, 1913-17. 


Stafford, Charles W., -1916; na- 
tive of ; editor of Waubay; oil in- 
spector under Governor Sheldon (1893- 
tds 

Stalactites. Precipitate from lime 
water forming beautiful “icicles” are 
found in the caves of the Black Hills. 


707 


Stamford 


Stamford is a railroad station in 
eastern Jackson County. 


Stanage, John, 1829-1905; born in 
Ireland, settled in Yankton County, 
1859; member, first legislature, 1862. 





Hist., X, 408, 487, Kingsbury, IV, 284. 

Standard Time. Eastern South Da- 
kota lies in Central Time, and the 
western portion in Mountain Time. 
The Missouri River is the dividing 
line from the north boundry of South 
Dakota to Pierre; thence the line goes 
direct to Murdo and thence to Long 
Pine, Nebraska. 


Standing Rock and Cheyenne Trea- 
ty. See Indian Treaties, 11. 


Standing Rock Indian Reservation 
is in Corson County, and the adja- 
cent part of North Dakota. 


Standing Rock Lands. See Chey- 
enne Rock Lands and Standing Rock 
Lands. 


Stanley Island, named for General 
D. S. Stanley, is in the Missouri River 
just above Fort Sully (west of Oko- 
bojo postoffice). 


Stanley County was created in 1873; 
organized, 1890; named for Gen. 
David S. Stanley (q.v.); bounded on 
the north by the center of the main 
channel of the Cheyenne River; on the 
east by the center of the main chan- 
nel of the Missouri River; on the south 
by a line ten miles north of the 44th 
parallel; on the west by the 6th guide 
meridan. Settled by Joseph La Fram- 
boise, 1817, at mouth of Bad River. 
County seat, Fort Pierre. Area, 973, 
440 acres. 





Code, p. 150. 

Star, Sol., 1840-1917; born in , 
veteran of the Civil War; member, 
first session, State legislature, 1889; 


State Library 


‘long clerk of courts, Lawrence Coun- 


ty. 


Starbright is a village in western 
Washabaugh County. Population, see 
Census. 


State. See next word of the title, 
as Building Fund, Capitol, Fair, etc. 
But notice exceptions immediately 
following. 


“State and Nation” (book) is a 
brief outline of State and National 
Government, prepared by Prof. Clark 
M. Young and Prof. George M. Smith, 
of the State University, 1895. 


State Auditor. See Auditor, State. 


State Board. 
title. 


See next word of its 


State Board of Charities and Cor- — 
rections. See Charities, ete. 


State Board of Health. See Public 
Health. 


State Bonding Department. See Of- 


ficial Bonds. 


State Capitol. 
chosen: Capitol. 


See Capitol, location 
State College (Brookings). See 
Education, 19. 


State Flower. See Anemone. 


State Game Park. See Black Hills, 
5% 

State Geological Survey. See Geo- 
logical and Natural History Survey 
of South Dakota. 


State Hospital. See Art in the S. 
H.: Insane, Hospital for the. 


State Institutions. See Charitable 
Institutions. 


State Law Library, see Library, Su- 
preme Court. 


State Library. See Library, State. 


708 


State Lodge 


.State Lodge. See Black Hills, 3 
(Game Lodge). 
State Park. See Black Hills, 3. 


State Song. See Song, State. 


State Spring Draw is a little creek 
on the south side of the Cheyenne 
River in eastern Fall River County. 


State University. 
18 (University). 


See Education, 


Statehood, Harrison’s Report on. 
Senate Report No. 15, 49th Congress, 
1st session, 75 pages, is the report of 
Senator Benjamin Harrison, Chairman 
of the committee on Territories, pre- 
sented January 11, 1886, pertaining to 
the bill admitting “The State of Da- 
kota,” under the constitution of 1885. 
It contains a complete history of the 
movement for the division of Dakota 
Territory and the admission of the 
South half up to that date. 


State Treasurer. In South Dakota 
the State treasurer is custodian of 
all public money, which he is required 
to deposite in such banks as directed 
by the State board of finance 
and to account for all interest re- 
ceived. He is bonded by a _ surety 
bond purchased with State funds. He 
is ex-officio a member of the board 
of finance and of other boards; his 
salary is $1,800 and he is provided in 
addition $100 per month for expenses 
incident to removing to and living 
at the capital. | 


The treasurers of Dakota territory 
were: 


Silas G. Irish, 1861-63 

John O. Taylor, 1863-64 
Moses K. Armstrong, 1865-8 
T. K. Hovey, 1868-70 
Thomas W. Hammon, 1870-72 
G. C. Maynard, 1872-74 

John Clementson, 1874-76 
Edwin A. Sherman, 1876-79 


Steamboats 


William H. McVay, 1879-83. 
John W. Raymond, 1883-1887 
John D. Lawler, 1887-89 
Joseph W. Bailey, 1889 

The State treasurers of South Dako- 
ta have been: 
Wilbur F. Smith, 1889-91 
W. W. Taylor, 1891-95 
Kirk G. Phillips, 1895-99 
John Schamber, 1899-1903 
Charles B. Collins, 1903-07 
Charles H. Cassill, 1907-09 
George G. Johnson, 1909-13 
Adolph W. Ewart, 1913-17 
G. H. Helgerson, 1817-21 
W. H. O’Brien, 1921-23 
James L. Driscoll, 1923- 


Code, 5353-63. 





Statistics, Census. See ¢ Agricul- 
ture, 12: Census. 
Steamboats. Steamboating upon 


the Missouri River was an important 
element in the development of the 
west. The first steamboat, to come 
within South Dakota was the Yellow- 
stone, a flat bottomed boat drawing 
but three feet of water, built in Pitts- 
burg, especially for the Missouri River 
trade. It reached Fort Pierre in June 
1831 and resulted in complete revolu- 
tion of the fur trade. The business 
grew with the expansion of trade and 
after the discovery of gold in Mon- 
tana employed many boats. The 
Northern Pacific reached the Missouri 
at Bismarck in 1872 and established 
a new base for river operations, and 
cut off much of the business from 
this region but the discovery of gold 
in the Black Hills revived it and the 


‘business was at its peak from 1876 to 


1881. At the close of the season of 
1880 fifteen steamboats were placed 
upon the ways at Yankton for the win- 
ter. The great flood and ice gorge 
of the next March destroyed prac- 
tically all if these... In the autumn 
of 1880 the railroads had _ reached 


709 


Steamboat Wrecks 


Chamberlain | and Pierre. Therefore 
steamboat traffic to a material ex- 
tent was never restored. 


Steamboat Wrecks. Captain Chit- 
tenden, Report of Missouri River com- 
mission, 1897, gives the following list 
of steamboats wrecked in South Da- 
kota:: 

“Kate Swinney,’ between Vermilion 
and Elkpoint, Aug. 1, 1855. 
“Peoria Belle,’ above 
Cheyenne at Little Bend, 

1864. 

“Tempest,” at Bon Homme Island, 

above Yankton, 1865. 


mouth of 
October, 


“Pocahontas 2,’ opposite Academy, 


Aug. 10, 1866 

“Imperial,” destroyed by ice at Bon 
Homme Island, winter of 1867 

“Livingston,” sunk by ice at Run- 
ning Water, 1868. 

“Helena No. 1,” snagged at 
Homme Island, Oct. 31, 1868 

“Antelope,” burned at Bon Homme 
Island, April 12, 1869 

“Urilda,’ between Vermillion and 
Elkpoint, April 24, 1869 

“Bachelor,” at Fort Pierre, Novem- 
ber, 1869 

“North Alabama,” snagged near Ver- 
million, Oct. 27, 1870 

“Ida Reese,’ mouth of White River, 
June 20, 1871 

“Sioux City No. 2,” cut down by ice, 
March 19, 1877 

“Carroll, No. 2,” at Hot Springs Is- 
land, April 19, 1877 

“Western,” cut down by ice at Yank- 
ton, March 29, 1881 

“General Meade,’ at Pease Island, 
March 27, 1881 

“Mollie Moore,’ caught by falling 
bank at Chamberlain, 1881 


Bon 


“Senator,” ferryboat burned at 
Yankton, 1888 

“New Ella,” sunk at Fort Pierre, 
1881 


Stenning, John A. 


Steadman, Floyd D., 1885- . 
born at Beresford, South Dakota, 
March 13th; engaged in farming; city 
assessor, Beresford, from 1912 to 1915, 
city alderman in 1919 and 1920; train 
dispatcher from 1903 to 1911; legisla- 
LOTSA te Toe, 


Steckler, Casper, 1878- ; Avon; 
born in Russia, February 12th; came to 
Dakota in 1890; engaged in the grain 
and elevator business; legislator, 1915. 


Stedronsky, John, 1872- ; born at 
Lakeport, S. D., May 4th; taught 
school and farmed for a number of 
years; engaged in mercantile busi- 
ness; held various township and school 
offices; mayor of Wagner, four years; 
legislator, 1915, 1917. 


Steele, Geo. M., 1875- © ; MHigh- 
more; born at Idaville, Indiana, Sep- 
tember 2nd; came to South Dakota in 
1906; engaged in ranching and auc- 
tioneering; legislator, 1915, 1917. 


Stevens, Aaron, was an employee 
of General William H. Ashley, killed 
in the Ree town above Ashley Island 
the night of June 1-2, 1823. 


Stein, J. C., 1868- ; Watertown; 
born in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, Oct- 
ober 17th; came to Dakota in 1882; 
engaged in farming and stock raising; 
held various township offices for a 
number of years; legislator, 1915, 1917. 

Steiner, Jacob D., 1861- ; born 
at Lomira, Wisconsin, June; moved 
to Grant County, S. D. in 1891 and en- 
gaged in farming; president of the 
Evangelical Mutual Insurance com- 
pany of Milbank; legislator, 1903, 1905. 


Stenning, John A., 1857- ; Ray- 
mond; born in Sweden, January 12th; 
came to Clark Co., Dakota in 1882; 
engaged in farming and banking; held 
various township and school offices; 
legislator, 1919, 1921, 1923 and 1925. — 


710 


Stephan 


Stephan is a post office in southern 
Hyde County. 


Stephens, James H., 1850- ; born 
in Jo Daviess County, Illinois; came 
to South Dakota in 1872; in Spring- 


field, Bon Homme County, since 1873; 
engaged in farming; member, Terri- 
torial legislature, 1879; U. S. Indian 
Agent, Crow Creek, 1897-8; State Sen- 
ator, 1895, 1897, 1905, 1917, 1919. 





Robinson, II, 1846. 


Sterling, Thomas, 1851- AbOrn “in, 
Amande, Fairfield County, Ohio, Feb- 
ruary 21st; educated, Illinois Wesleyan 
University; came to South Dakota in 
1882 locating at Northville, Spink 
County and engaged in practice of law; 
senator, first State legislature, 1889; 
city attorney of Springfield, Illinois; 
district attorney of Spink County; 
practiced law at Redfield until 1901; 
Dean of the College of Law of the 


State University until 1911; United 
States Senator, 1913 to 1925. 
Stevens, Elbert M., 1867- ; born 


Ringwood, Illinois, April 12th; A. A. U. 
eee i604, J.D. 1917,'A. M. Yale; 
Chicago and Cornell; Prof. philosophy, 
S. D. E. A, 1918-23; prof. psychology 
1823. 


Stewart, Manson A., 1874- ; born 
at Elba, Michigan, January 3; grad- 
uate Michigan State Normal; A. B. 


Michigan U, 1903, A. M. 1904; Ph. D. 
1904; studied in American Academy, 
Rome; prof. Latin and Greek, Yank- 
ton College. 


Stick Creek is a western branch of 
the Little Missouri River in Harding 
County. 


Stickney is a town in southeast Au- 
rora County. Population, see Census. 
“The Aurora County Argus,” estab- 
lished in 1906, is its newspaper. 


Stoddard, William H. 


Stiles, Fred B., 1877- ; born 
in Cherokee, Iowa, March 4th; 
educated, Univs. of Iowa and Wiscon- 
sin; came to Owanka, South Dakota 
in 1909; engaged in the banking busi- 
ness; State Senator, 1915; in Water- 
town since 1915. 


Stillwell, Victor K., 1867-1917; na- 
tive of ; banker of Alexandria, 
Hanson County; State Senator, 1901. 


Stink Creek is a northern affluent 
of the Grand River in Corson County. 


Stites, Albert H., 1858- ; born in 
Pennsylvania; druggist, Sioux Falls 
from 1881; mayor of Sioux Falls, 1896; 
State Senator, 1898 and 1901. 


Stock. See Agriculture, 11, Live 
Stock. 
Stockholm is a village in central 


Grant County. 


Stoddard, George, 1859- ; Sum- 
mit; born at Zumbrota, Minn., May 
20th; came to Grant County, Dakota 
in 1880; engaged in farming; held 
numerous township and county offic- 
es; legislator, 1911, 19133. 


Stoddard, George H., 1854- ; born 
in Wisconsin; civil engineer; one of 
the first two settlers in Codington 
County. 


Stoddard, L. E., 1879- ; Hurley; 
born on a farm in Turney County, 
December 22nd; engaged in farming; 


held various township offices; legis- 
lator, 1911, 1913, 1919. 

Stoddard, William H., ; born 
in Rutland County, Vermont; came 


to Dakota in 1865; engaged in farming, 
stock raising and dealing in livestock 
in Turner County, since 1871; held 
several township and town offices; 
legislator, 1898; State Senator, 1901, 
19038, 1905. 


711 


Stokes, Don. G. 


Stokes, Don. G., 1859- ; born in 
Buffalo, Wright County, Minnesota, 
January 8th; purchased a saw-mill 
and pursued that business for six or 
seven years; moved to Britton, Mar- 
shall County, S. D. in 1888 and engaged 
in the mercantile business; legislator, 
1903, 1905. 


Stokes, 
in Canada, 
to Flandreau, 


Hugh H., 1881- ; born 
October 13th; came 
South Dakota in 


1894; held various township offices; 
engaged in farming; legislator, 1923, 
1925. 


Stokes, O. O., 1845- ; Harding; 
born in Van Buren County, Iowa, Aug- 
ust 27th; came to Harding County, S. 
D. in 1887; legislator, 1905, 1907, 1913; 
State Senator in 1909. 


Stoller, Henry, 1858- ; born in 
South Russia; came to Dakota, 1873; 
filed on a homestead in Yankton Coun- 
ty and engaged in farming; legislator, 
1901, 1908. 


Stoller, John, 1862- *) DoTnR. An 
South Russia, June 24th; came to Da- 
kota in 1873; in McPherson County 
since 1885; engaged in farming and 
later engaged in hardware business 
and general merchandise in 1896; 
member, city council and school board 
of Eureka; State Senator, 1903. 


Stone. See Rocks. 


“Stone Idol, The,’ is a poetical de- 
velopment of the myth of the Stone 
Idol, related by Lewis and Clark, as 
pertaining to Spring Creek in Camp- 
bell County, by Dr. W. P. Jones, some- 
time president of Northwestern Uni- 
versity, Evanston, Ill. It was publish- 
ed in 1876. 


“Stone Creek.” See Spring 


Creek. 


Idol 


Strandburg 


Stoner, C. W., 1884- ; born in De- 
catur, Michigan; engaged in lumber 
and grain business in Iroquois, Kings- 
bury County, since 1884, and held of- 
fice of county commissoner several 
terms; legislator, 1907, 1909. 


Stoner, John C., 1881- ; born at 
Bethany, Missouri, February 6th; 
came to Hyde County, S. D., 1883; de- 
puty county auditor of Hyde County, 
1900-4; police justice of Lemmon, Per- 
kins County, 1914; successful news- 
paper publisher; State Senator, 1915. 


Stoner, Theorus’ R.,. 1857- 
born at Mifflintown, Pennsylvania, 
October 28th; came to Lead, South Da- 
kota in 1888; engaged in mercantile 
business; legislator, 1915; State Se- 
nator, ASlTeaSigeis2 


Stoneville is a post office in north- 
ern Meade County. 


Storla is a discontinued post office 
in northeast Aurora County. 


Storms. See Disasters. 


Stout, Levi A., 1857- ; born Law- 
rence County, Illinois, November Ist; 
A. B. Adrian, Michigan College, A. M. 
Upper Iowa; also U. of Chicago; head 
department of mathematics, and reg- 
istrar, Dakota Wesleyan since 1898. 


Straighthead Creek is a_ short 
stream running into the Cheyenne 
River in northwestern Haakon County. 


Strand, Arne, 1857- ; Selby; born 
near Stenkjer, Norway, February 6th; 
came to Walworth County, Dakota in 
1884; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; county commissioner for four 
years; legislator, 1915, 1917. 


Strandburg is a village in southern 
Grant County. “The Grant County 
Tribune,” established in 1915, is its 
newspaper. 


712 


Stratford 


Stratford is a village in southern 
Brown County. Population, see Cen- 
sus. “The News,” established in 1908, 
is its newspaper. 


Stratigraphy. See Geology. 


Stratton is a railroad station 3 miles 
southeast of Wakpala its banking 
point and post office in southeast Cor- 
son County. 


Straw. No systematic method of 
preserving the fertilizer value of the 
vast quantity of straw produced has 
been pursued. Generally the straw is 
burned. 


Strawberry. Strawberries are eas- 
ily cultivated and are prolific. There 
are wild strawberries in the Black 
Hills. 


Stray Horse Creek is an eastern af- 
fluent of the Big Sioux River, falling 
into it shortly below Castlewood. 


Streeter, N. B., 1855- ; born 
in East Waterloo, Iowa, October 29th; 
came to Custer County, Dakota in 
1887; engaged in banking at Buffalo 
Gap; treasurer of Custer County for 
four years; legislator, 1913, 1915. 


Strikes. There being but few manu- 
facturing industries in South Dakota 
there have been but few strikes. In 
1909 the miners of the Black Hills, 
more particularly of the Homestake 
Mine, struck; but the management im- 
mediately shut down the mine. After 
it was reopened as an open shop mine. 
There has been no other strike there. 

A strike occurred in the packing 
industry at Sioux Falls in 1919, but 
the differences were adjusted within 
a few hours. 

The strike of the mechanics and 
roundhouse men upon the railways 
in the autumn of 1921 greatly interfer- 
ed with traffic and caused great loss 


71 


Stuart, T. McKendrick 


to the farmers because of inability to 
move their crops seasonably. The 
strike continued from Aug. 1 to Nov. 
ie 


Strohbehn, Frank S., 1873- ; born 
at Alcester, S. D., May 23rd; engaged 
in banking business in Wagner, Chas. 
Mix County; was county commissoner 
from 1899 to 1902; State Senator, 1909. 


Strool is a village in northwest Per- 
kins County. “The Perkins County 
Leader,” established in 1908, is fits 
newspaper. 


Stroup, F. J., . ; born in New 
York State; came to South Dakota in 
1880; engaged in farming near South 
Shore, Codington County; legislator in 
1911. 


Strouston is a discontinued post 
office in northwest Grant County. 


Struck by the Ree (Old Strike) 
was born near Yankton about Septem- 
ber 1, 1804, while Lewis and Clark 
were encamped at Calumet Bluff, and 
they made an American citizen of him 
with due ceremony. The tradition of 
his christening clung to him all his 
life and he took great pride in his 
loyalty to the government. He be- 
came head chief of the Yankton band 
of Sioux. During the war following the 
Minnesota uprising of 1862 he render- 
ed great service in keeping the Yank- 
tons friendly and in protecting the 
white settlement from the invasion 
of hostile Indians. He died at Yank- 
ton Agency in 1887. The Indians have 
built a monument surmounted by a 
statue to his memory. 





EES tia mets ay Oi ile 70) 
Kingsbury, I, 115-18. 

Stuart, T. McKendrick, Methodist 
minister and territorial superinten- 
dent of public instruction in 1869. 


457;° VI, 278. 


9 
o 


Sturgis, Gen. Samuel Davis 


Sturgis, Gen. Samuel Davis, born in 
Missouri, 1861; son of Col. S. D. Stur- 
gis, 7th U. S. Cavalry, who when com- 
manding Fort Meade named the town 
of Sturgis after his son “Jack” (killed 
in Custer Massacre, 1876); at Fort 
Meade, Dak. Ter., 1880; lieut., U. S. 
Army, 1884; lt.-colonel, 1900; colonel, 
1912; brig.-general and maj.-gen., 1917; 
maj.-gen, regular army, 1921. 


Sturgis, town, county seat, Meade 
County; named by Col. S. D. Sturgis 
(when commanding Fort Meade) after 
his son ‘Jack,’ who was killed with 
Custer in Battle of Little Big Horn, 
1876; altitude, 3450 feet; population, 
see Census. The newspapers are the 
“Record,” 1883, and “Press,” 1896. 


Stutenroth, C. E., 1870- : born in 
Naperville, Illinois, August 16th; came 
to South Dakota in 1883; engaged in 
practice of dentistry at Redfield; leg- 
islature, 1913; State Senator in 1915. 


Stutenroth, Dr. Charles W., 1842- 
1921; native of Indiana; veteran, Civil 
War; president, State dental society; 
pioneer of Watertown. 


Stutsman, Enos, 1826-1874; born in 
Indiana; settled in Yankton, 1858; 
lawyer; member first, third, fourth and 
fifth legislative councils; while serv- 
ing in the last he was appointed Fed- 
eral Revenue Agent with head quar- 
ters at Pembina, and resigning he re- 
moved to Pembina early in 1866; was 
still in government service at his death 
in 1874; he was a bachelor and con- 
genitally deformed, having but one 
leg, and that a stub not more than one 
foot in length; he propelled himself 
easily with crutches; his head was 
large and he was a man of exceptional 
intelligence and courage and, despite 
his affliction, was a leader in every 
civic enterprise; in the defense of 


Suffrage 


Yankton in 1862 he was one of the most 
active, courageous and sensible; he 
was an expert pistol shot. Stutsman 
County, North Dakota, was named for 
him. He was buried at Zion City, III- 
inois. 





Hist.,.X, 404: Kingsbury, E212; 

Stuverud, G. H., 1846- ; Water- 
town; born in Norway, January 5th; 
located in Codington County, S. D. in 
1880; retired farmer; held many coun- 
ty offices; legislator, 1911. 


Sublette, William L., 1799-1845; 
best known of six brothers who came 
to St. Charles, Missouri, from Ken- 


tucky in 1818. They were of distin- 
guished stock, their mother a daughter 
of Col. William Whitley, the probable 
killer of Tecumseh. He was with 
Ashley in 1823 and took part in the 
Ree conquest. He amassed great 
wealth and having political ambitions 
was enroute to Washington to accept 
the Indian commissionership, secured 
for him by Thomas H. Benton, when 
he died at Pittsburg. 


Substance. “The law respects form 
less than substance.” 





Code, 60. 

Suffer. It is the genius of the law 
that “no one should suffer by the act 
of another.” 





Code, 52. 

Suffrage. The battle for Woman’s 
Suffrage in South Dakota was a pro- 
tracted and persistent one. The terri- 
torial legislature of 1885 passed a bill 
giving equal suffrage, but it was ve- 
toed by Governor Pierce. 


After statehood the question of 
amending the constitution to _ per- 
mit equal suffrage was submitted 
seven times, with the results given 
in the table: 


14 


‘Sugar Beet 


LO age on 22,792 for 45,682 against 
1894......17,010 for 22,682 against 
DN Ss 5 19,698 for 22,983 against 
23 aa as 35,290 for 57,709 against 
19te 27... 39,605 for 51,519 against 
6% Ah euly elghae 52,933 for 57,867 against 
bh i 49,318 for 28,934 against 


The federal suffrage amendment to 
the constitution of the United States 
was ratified by a special session of the 
legislature held December 4th, 1919 
and passed both houses by unanimous 
vote. 


See Beet. 


Sugar Loaf is a mountain three 
miles south of Lead, and is 6048 feet 
high. 

Sully, General Alfred, 1821-1879; 
born in Philadelphia of Irish parent- 
age; graduated from West Point in 
1841; rendered important service in 
the Mexican, Civil and Indian Wars. 
He first came into Dakota topograph- 
er to Colonel Abercrombie’s battal- 
ion, which marched from Ft. Ridgely, 
Minnesota, to Fort Pierre, in 1856. In 
the spring of 1863 he was placed in 


Sugar Beet. 


command of the column of troops — 


moving up the Missouri River against 


the hostile Sioux; and on September > 


3rd, fought the battle of Whitestone 
Hill; he made another expedition in 
1864, and fought the battle of Killdeer 
Mountain, July 28; again in 1865 he 
took an army to the upper Missouri. 
(See Indian War.) Sully County bears 
his name. In addition to his military 
talent he was an artist of some parts, 
as was his father and his son, both 
of whom bore his name, Alfred. See 
War, 5 (of the Outbreak). 





ELiSte, ell 20; etl ol6, 0020, o50-6;, VILL, 
120, 360, 491; LX, 273, 281-9; X, 132-3; XI, 
58, 354-7. Robnison, 154, 215, 218-9. 

Sully County. Created, 1873; organ- 


ized, 1883; named for Gen. Alfred 


Sumners Expedition 


Sully (q.v.); bounded on north by 4th 
standard parallel; on east by line be- 
tween ranges 73 and 74 west P. M.; on 
south by 3rd standard parallel, on the 
west by the center of the main chan- 
nel of the Missouri River. County 
seat, Onida; Area, 677,120 acres. The 
county seat was first at Clifton, but 
voted to Onida in 1884. 





Code, p. 50. 
Sully, Fort. See Fort Sully. 
Sulphur. Sulphur is always present 


in un-oxadized ores, and is found in 
the rocks of the Niobrara formation. 
It is diffused with other materials 
and has not been commercially recov- 
ered. 

Sulphur is a post office in north- 
west Meade County. 

Sulphur Creek, rising in Butte Coun- 
ty, flows southeast through Meade 
County to become Cherry Creek in 
its lower course. 

Several varieties abound. 

Summit is a town in southern Rob- 
erts County. Population, see cen- 
sus. “The Independent,’ established 
in 1913, is its newspaper. 

Sumner’s Expedition. In 1845 Capt. 
Edwin V. Sumner, of the First U. S. 
dragoons, made a military reconnoiss- 
ance into Dakota, chiefly to recover 
some horses Capt. Allen had lost the 
previous year, and to punish as thieves 
those who had them in _ possession. 
He went up the Des Moines and across 
to the Minnesota at Traverse’ des 
Sioux (St. Peter) and thence up 
the Minnesota to Big Stone Lake. 
There the Sissetons promptly surren- 
dered to him three men who had been 
implicated in the killing of Watson, 
a beef contractor, the previous year. 
He sent these prisoners to Dubuque 
and turned them over to the civil au- 
thorities. After repeated “talks” with 


Sumach. 


715 


“Sun and Saddle Leather” 


the Sisseton and Wahpeton, he went 
on to Devil’s Lake and returning to 
the Minnesota River by the same 
route, went down to Fort Snelling. 
The enterprise seems to have served 
a good purpose in impressing’ the 
Sioux with the power of the United 
States. Sumner does not report any 
observations of importance. 





Hist., "1X, 363. 


“Sun and Saddle Leather” is a book 
of verse by Badger Clark (q.v.). 


Sunday. See Sabbath. 


Sunday School. The first regular 
Sunday School to be organized in Da- 
kota was at Vermillion, June 14, 1861. 
It was organized by Charles D. Martin, 
of the Presbyterian Church. He was 
not an ordained minister, but did 
preach at times and was a faithful 
worker at all times. From a very 
humble beginning the work has grown 
to embrace more than 168 schools 
and 11,005 pupils in 1924. 


Sunde, James L., 1873- ; Madi- 
son; born in Norway, December 2nd; 
came to Lake County, Dakota in 1876; 
engaged in farming; held township 


and county ‘offices; legislator, 1919, 
£921 1928; and. 1925. 
Superfluity. In law, “superfluity 


does not vitiate.” That is, if enough 
exists to make a cause of action, more 
that is not actionable does not destroy 
such right as exists. 





Code, 69. 


Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
ion. The State superintendent of 
Public Instruction is required to 
keep an office at’ ‘the capital; 
to hold at least annually a _ con- 
vention of county superintendents of 
schools; to inspect high schools; to 


Lad 


( 


Supreme Courts 


render written opinions upon the con- 
struction and administration of school 
law; to determine the forms of blanks 
to be used in conducting school busi- 
ness; to hold examinations of persons 
applying for State teacher’s certifi- 
cates; to prepare questions for teach- 
ers examinations and to determine 
the acuracy of the answers of appli- 
cants; to keep a record of all certifi- 
cates granted; to issue certificates to 
all successful applicants; to supervise 
county institutes and approve the con- 
ductors of the same; he may validate 
certificates of other States upon a re- 
ciprocal basis. See Education. 


The territorial superintendents of 


public instruction were: 


James S. Foster, 1864-68 

T. McKendrick Stuart, 1869 
James S. Foster, 1869-70 

J. W. Turner, 1870-71 

Ezra W. Miller, 1871-74 

J. J. McIntyre, 1874-77 

W. E. Caton, 1877-79 

W.-H. H. Beadle, 1879-85 
A. Sheridan Jones, 1885-87 


* Eugene A. Dye, 1887-89 


Leonard A. Rose, 1889 


The State 
been: 


Gilbert L. Pinkham, 1889-91 
Cortez Salmon, 1891-95 
Frank Crane, 1895-99 

EK. E. Collins, 1899-1903 
George W. Nash, 1903-06 
Milton M. Ramer, 1906-07 
Hans A. Ustrud, 1907-11 
Carl G. Lawrence, 1911-15 
Charles H. Lugg, 1915-18 
Fred L. Shaw, 1918-25 
Charles G. St. John, 1925- 


superintendents have 





Code. 7385-8. 


Supreme Courts. See Courts, 5-7. 


16 


Supreme Court Library 


Supreme Court Library. See Libra- 
hi grel = ee Os 


Surety. A surety under South Da- 
kota law “is one who, at the request 
of another, and for the purpose of se- 
curing to him a benefit, becomes re- 
sponsible for the: performance of the 
latter of some act in favor of a third 
person;” a surety cannot be held be- 
yond the express terms of his con- 
tract; a surety may require proceed- 
ings against his principal; may compel 
his principal to perform; he may de- 
mand that the property of the princi- 
pal be first resorted to and he is sub- 
rogated to the rights of the creditor, 
for any payments he makes on behalf 
of his suretyship. 





Code, 1498-1511. 

“Surveying, Typographic.” A _ text 
book upon topographic surveying by 
Samuel H. Lea, former State engineer 
(q.v.). 

Surveyor-General. With the organi- 
zation of Dakota Territory a Surveyor- 
General’s office was maintained by the 
government, at first at Yankton, but 
since statehood at Huron until 1920, 
when the surveys of the public lands 
being essentially completed the office 
was abandoned and the voluminous 
records transferred to the Secretary 
of State at Pierre. 


Surveys. The surveys of South Da- 
kota are based upon certain base lines 
and guide meridians. The townships 
in the region east of the Missouri and 
in a portion of the west river region 
‘are numbered from a baseline estab- 
lished across Arkansas, which is the 
primary base line. One hundred rows 
of townships, extending from east to 
west, rest upon this baseline south 
of the north line of Iowa, where a sec- 
ondary base line is established which 


Surveys 


_is projected west to the Missouri Riv- 


er; however, we continue our numbers 
unbroken from the primary base line 
in Arkansas. The ranges are number- 
ed west from the 5th Principal Meri- © 
dian, which runs north and south 
through western Wisconsin; forty 
seven ranges of townships have been 
reached at the east boundary of the 
State. This system, too, is followed 
west of the Missouri River as far as 
a line running directly south from 
Pierre to the Nebraska boundry. For 
the region west of the river the west 
boundary line of the State is generally 
made the Principal or Black Hills 
Meridian and the ranges are counted 
east from that Meridian: there are 31 
ranges east of the Black Hills before 
the Missouri River is reached at some 
points. A Black Hills Base Line was 
also established on the 44th parallel 
of north latitude and the townships 
in that region are numbered north and 
south of that base-line. There are 23 
rows of townships north of the Black 
Hills Base-line in South Dakota and 
twelve tiers south of it. 


Still another Meridian has’ been 
used for the survey of Mellette, Ben- 
nett, Shannon, Todd, Washabaugh and 
Washington Counties and is known as 
the Sixth Meridian Base. This Meridi- 
an runs directly south from Yank- 
ton to the Red River, and the Base 
Line is the north line of Kansas. The 
ranges in that portion of South Dakota 
run from 25 to 48 west of the 6th P. 
M. and the townships from 35 to 45 
north of the 6th Principal Meridian 
Base. Standard parallels are 18 miles 
apart; guide meridians are usually 
about 24 miles apart, but these are 
not so regular as the parallels because 
of the convergence of the meridians 
as the survey proceeds northward. 


717 


Sutherland, John 


The survey of the Sisseton and Wah- 
peton Indian Reservation in the north- 
eastern part of the State was made in 
advance of the survey of the remain- 
der of the State in that region and it 
was intended to base the survey upon 
the 5th Principal Meridian base; but 
through a slight miscalculation it does 
not quite relate, a given line being 
about two miles further south within 
the reservation than without it. 





Hist... V js0lpoli. 


Sutherland, John, 1858- ; born in 
Charlotte County, Province of New 
Brunswick, February 18th; moved to 
Wisconsin and studied in University 
of Chicago and Brown University, 
Rhode Island; instructor in Greek and 
Latin in Wayland University, Wiscon- 
sin, 1880-4; came to Pierre, Dakota in 
1884 and engaged in the practice of 
law; held numerous school offices; 
legislator, 1905. 





Kingsbury, IV, 1170. 


Sutherland, W. H., - ; Belle 
Fourche; born at Dubuque, Iowa; 
lived in western South Dakota since 
1884; engaged 
ranching; legislator, 1909. 


Sutley, Zack T., i1848- pyrene a 
Pierre; born at Cherry Tree, Pennsyl- 
vania, May ist; came to Dakota in 
1870; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; postmaster at Roscoe, Ed- 
munds Co. and prominently identified 
with Democratic Party in this State; 
legislator, 1911. 


Swan Lake is an attractive lake, 
about one-half section in area, lying 
in the center of Swan Lake township, 
Turner County. The first settlement 
in Turner County was made in 1869 
about this lake and a village grew up 


in sheep and horse - 


Sweeney, William E. 


on it where the county seat was lo- 
cated It is a local summer resort. 

Swan Lake Creek rises in the north- 
east corner of Walworth County and 
flowing southwest passes. through 
Swan Lake and thence to the Missouri 
at LeBeau. The village of Bone Neck- 
lace, an important chief of the Yank- 
tonais, was upon the lower portion 
of this stream. 





Hist.72x Lez3oemote: 

Swanson, Charles E., 18 -1921; edu- 
cator; pioneer of Kingsbury County; 
county superintendent of schools, dep- 
uty State superintendent; member, 
State educational survey commisson. 


Swanson, O. A., 1858- ;  Aber- 
deen; born at Malmo, Sweden, March 
18th; came to Brown County, Dakota 
in 1881; has large interests in Aber- 
deen; legislator, 1907, 1909, 1911, 1913, 
1915; 1917? and 1921; 


Swanson, R. A., 1879- ; Mont- 
rose; born at Worthington, Minne- 
sota, August 18th; came to McCook 
County in 1881; engaged in farming 
and stock raising; held various school, 
township and cooperative association’s 
offices; legislator, 1925. 


Sweeney is a postoffice in south- 
west Lyman County. 


Sweeney, Thomas, 1856-1917; born in 
Boonville, New York, Oct. 20; came 
to Dakota territory in 1878, and after 
a short residence in Fort Pierre, set- 
tled in mercantile business in Rapid 
City, where he continued throughout 
his life, and developed a very notable 
and important establishment. He was 
killed accidentally in the autumn of 
1917 while engaged in selling Liberty 
bonds in support of the war. 


Sweeney, William E., 1877- ; Pre- 
sho; born at Lucan, Ontario, Canada, 


718 


Sweet Betsey Gulch 


May 28th; came to Lyman County, in 
1902 and engaged in real estate, gen- 
eral merchandising and stock-raising; 
held public offices in Nebraska before 
coming to S. D.; chairman, Republi- 
can central committee; legislator, 
1905; State Senator in 1907. 


Sweet Betsey Gulch, southwest of 
Lead, opens into upper Spearfish Can- 
yon. . 

Swenson, Joseph, 1873- ; Viborg; 
born on a farm in Turner County; 
engaged in banking; county superin- 
tendent of schools, 1908 to 1912; city 
auditor and president of Viborg Com- 
mercial Club; State Senator in 1921. 


Swenson, Ole S., 1845-1916; native 
of Norway; miller; settled in Sioux 
Falls, 1880; hardware merchant; war- 
den, penitentiary, 1901-5, 1909-16. 





Kingsbury, IV, 57. 

Swift Bird (‘‘Lachapelle’) was a 
mixed blood, two Kettle Sioux, whose 
camp was on the Moreau River, in 
Dewey County. He was born at the 
mouth of Chapelle Creek, the son of 


Sylvia 


David La Chapelle, in 1829. He was 
a member of the notable “Fool Soldier 
Band” who rescued the Lake Shetax 


captives. He was always humane and 
sensible. His death occurred August 
27, 1900. 





Hists coo, Note: Lr Sie. 
Brief Hist., 129. 


Swift Bird Creek is a short tributary 
of the Missouri River in eastern Dewey 
County. 


Robinson, 211. 


Swimming. See Boynton’s Voyage. 


Swine. See Agriculture, 11 (Live 


Stock). 


Sylvan Lake is an artificial lake 
made by impounding the waters of a 
small affluent of Spring Creek in 
north central Custer County, in a most 
picturesque locality at the foot of Har- 
ney Peak. There is an excellent ho- 
tel and the place is a popular summer 
resort. It is within the State Game 
Park and under control of the Park 
Board. See Black Hills, 3. 


’ Sylvia is a discontinued post office 
in southern Lyman County. 


719 


Tables 


Tables. Throughout the Bad Lands 
there are extensive areas of level and 
fertile lands, having deep soil, located 
upon the tops of the hills, being the 
ancient surface strata before erosion 
reduced the general altitude of the re- 
gion. These tables are about three 
hundred feet higher than the general 
level; they appear to be less subject 
to or affected by drought than the low- 
er lands and are used for farms and 
ranches. Cube Table and Sheep 
Mountain are illustrations. 


Tablets. See Monuments and Mark- 
ers. 

Tabor is a town in southeast Bon 
Homme County. Population, see Cen- 
sus. “The Independent,” established 


in 1904, is its newspaper. 


Tacoma Park is a post office in cen- 
tral Brown County. 


Taft, William Howard. See Presi- 
dential Vists. 
Tagg, Rev. L. R., 1899- 7eDOrLLIn 


Waco, Nebraska, January 10th; came 
to Sully county 1895; educated in 
School of Theology, Cincinnati; is a 
Methodist Episcopal minister at White 
Lake; legislator, 1923-1925. 


Talmo is a railroad station in east- 
ern Yankton County. 


Tama is a post office in central 


Meade County. 


Tamaha, also known as the Rising 
Moose, 1775-1860, a Wapheton Sioux 
of Wapasha’s (Wabasha’s) band on 
the Mississippi River, who abandoned 
his band and remained loyal to the 
Americans in 1812. He went to St. 
Louis and offered his services to Gen-: 
eral Clark, who sent him up the Mis- 
souri to Manuel Lisa, who used him to 
carry alarming messages to the Sioux 


Tax 


of the Mississippi and so disturbed 
them that they rendered no useful 
service to the English. 





Hist., XII, 85. 
Tamahaw Peak is a peak in Pen- 
nington County, near Hisega. 


Tamarack is a railroad station in 
northwest Pennington County. 


Tank, Carl F., 1879- ; born in 
Copenhagen, Denmark, July 30; came 
to South Dakota in 1883; mayor of 
Canton, 1910 to 1915; volunteer in 
Spanish-American War, spent sixteen 
months in Philippine Islands; volun- 
teer World War, 1918; engaged in 
farming; State Senator, 1923. 


Tarantula (Aname hentzii) the larg- 
est spider of the tarantula group, is 
indigenous to South Dakota. Its bite 
is painful but not fatally poisonous. 
It is nocturnal in its habits, hiding 
during the day in long silken tubes in 
crevices of the earth. 


Tatanka is a railroad station in 
northern Corson County. The Sioux 
word means “buffalo bull.” 


Tax. Under the State Constitution 
as at first formulated all taxes were 
uniform and based upon the value of 
the property of the State. In 1918, 
however, the constitution was amend- 
ed, the legislature being empowered 
to divide all property into classes and 
providing that the taxation of each 
class shall be uniform. The revenues 
of the State are now derived form the 
following sources: 

State Taxes 

Money and Credits tax 

Inheritance tax 

Mortgage and Mortgage registry tax 
Corporation tax 

Insurance tax 

Game fund 


720 


Tax Commission 


Fees and earnings of State offices 

Motor Vehicle licenses 

Cigarette tax 

Gasoline tax 

Revenues derived from school 
public lands. 

Interest and premiums on State money 


and 


The largest single producer of re- 
venue is the State property tax. 


Tax Commission is a commission of 
three members appointed by the gov- 
ernor which has general supervision 
of assessment and taxation in the 
State. It is the board of equalization 
and has very broad powers. It was 
created by S. L., 1913, chap. 352; the 
members of it have been Claude M. 
Henry, Hugh Smith, H. C. Preston, H. 
L. Eveland, B. W. Baer, Charles J. 
Carlson. — 





Code, 6581-6871. 

Tax Dollar, The. The average dol- 
lar paid for public taxes in South Da- 
kota for the past year was divided ap- 
proximately as follows:: 


PRATER SLADE Oe one OG dewiac e 11 cents 
To the “county Ee OC E ere 27 cents 
To the township and city .. 18 cents 
For school purposes ....... 44 cents 


Tax Levies. Statement of tax le- 
vies for all purposes for taxing year 
OS AR 


Approximate 

per cent 

Bearer tax feats $ 3,608,318.68 11 
Comntyy tax se. is): 8,724,148.46 27 
SECTLOOLAL AS uss ais 14,252,655.19 44 


2,054,961.47 06 
3,928,839.46 12 


Township. tax: .... 
Municipal tax ... 





#2 gg Wi Sar $32,568,923.26 100 

The foregoing is for the tax levied 

in the autumn of 1923 and collected in 
1924. 


Taylor, Alva E., 1859- ; born in 
Rock Island, Illinois, March 28th; edu- 


Taylor, E. W. 


cated in Chicago Law School, Illinois 
College of Law; came to Huron in 
1882 and practiced law until 1892; 
went to Chicago as attorney for the 
North American Loan and Trust Com- 
pany; taught in law schools and took 
post graduate courses in law and jur- 
isprudence; returned to S. D. in 1889; 
Circuit Judge since 1908; home, Hur- 
on. 

Taylor Defalcation. William Wal- 
ter Taylor, State treasurer, 1891-5, at 
the end of his term defaulted in the 
sum of $367,020.59 and absconded, in 
the hope of effecting a settlement 
with the State. Failing to effect a set- 
tlement he returned to the _ State, 
pleaded guilty and was sentenced to a 
term in the penitentiary, which he 
served. His bondsmen were John T. 
McChesney, Charles H. Vinton, Will- 
iam Taylor, A. Kemmerer, James T. 
Kiser, C. T. Howard, W. C. Kiser, Jr., 
J. O. Powers, R. M. Howard, R. H. Me- 
Caughey, W. A. Beebe, F. S. Meyers, 
F. W. Brooks, Frank Beard, S. E. Mor- 
Tikva. Labrie» Jr4andwArthurac 
Mellette. Judgment was taken 
against these bondsmen and Taylor 
made restitution of as much of the 
funds as remained. His estate also 
contributed to a certain extent and 
Gevernor Mellette turned his property 
over to the State without reservation. 
From all sources, however, insufficient 
was secured to cover the loss. The 
State treasurer still carries an account 
with the “Taylor Lands” from which 
a small annual revenue is received. 
The legislature of 1905 made an ex- 
haustive investigation of the case and 
the testimony and findings were. pub- 
lished as an appendix to the legisla- 
tive journals of that session. 


Taylor, E. W., 1868-1909; born in 
Melrose, Minnesota, January 3rd; en- 


721 


Taylor, Franklin 


gaged in the practice of law at Web- 
ster and Aberdeen since 1893; county 
attorney of Day County for four years 
and alderman in Aberdeen for several 
years; legislator, 1909 and died short- 
ly after close of the session. 


Taylor, Franklin, 1827-1912; pioneer 
of Clay County, 1859, and its historian; 
member, five territorial legislatures, 
1863-6, 1877. ' 





Biog., 1897, 113. 

Tea is a village in northeast Lin- 
coln County. “The Signal,” establish- 
ed in 1915, is its newspaper. 


Teachers College. Each of the four 
normal schools,—Aberdeen, Madison, 
Spearfish and Springfield, is now or- 
ganized as a teacher’s college offer- 
ing courses leading to degree of Bach- 
elor of Science in Education. See 
Education, 14-17 (Normal Schools). 


Teachers Salaries, The average 


annual (9 months) salary of teachers. 


in South Dakota is as follows (1924): 


Rural ‘schools. eae $ 861.65 
TnGePemade nt, cece eecceccsecceecteceneeees 1095.03 
Consolidated ..i. 2. “feu ad, 1926.72 
OVA Oe. a Mei ee ee he 1027.66 
High Schools, 

RUT Oral Hert ei ear ee 861.25 

bd GDGNAGNEY ptatte, ae sibs Dae 1352.85 
PONS OUAALEU. parc i. wees ee 1393.07 
SEV CLAP OM ee ee re ee 930.15 


Teare, John, 1850- ; born on Aug. 
21st at Caledonia, New York; held 
various county and school offices in 
Wisconsin prior to coming to South 
Dakota; located in Roberts County, S. 
D. in 1893; held several town and 
school offices; engaged in farming; 
legislator, 1903. | 


Technological School. See Educa- 
tion, 19 (State College of Mechanic 
Arts). 

Tecumseh. The propaganda of Te- 
cumseh, the Shawnee Chief, to unite 


Teller, James M. 


all of the Indian Tribes in a war of ex- 
termination of the Americans was far 
reaching. In 1811 Manuel Lisa found 
his emisaries working with the Sioux 
and other tribes upon the Missouri 
River, endeavoring to enlist them in 
the movement. 


Hist: .XL) 86: 


Tecumseh Fort. See Fort Tecum- 


seh. 


Teets, Harry C., 1868- ; born at 
Centralia, Illinois, February 28th; 
came to South Dakota in 1883; engag- 
ed in farming; later, in the hotel and 
livery business at Cavour, Beadle 
County; legislator, 1911. 


Teigen, K. O., 1872- ; Grenville; 
born in Norway, May 30th; came to 
Day County, S. D. in 1901; engaged in 
general farming; held different town- 
ship offices; legislator, 1915. 


Telegraph. The first telegraph line 
to enter the South Dakota region cross- 
ed the Sioux River, at Sioux City, Nov- 
ember 11, 1870 and was constructed 
to Yankton as a commercial enter- 
prise, reaching there November 29. 
From Yankton the U. S. government 
continued it up the river to Forts Ran- 
dall, Sully and Rice. 


Teller, James M., was a brother of 
Henry M. Teller, Secretary of the 
Interior under President Arthur, and 
who previously and subsequently 
thereto was a U. S. senator from Colo- 
rado. James M. Teller had previously 
been a member of the Edmunds Trea- 
ty commission of 1883 to open lands be- 
tween the Missouri and the Black Hills. 
The treaty was successfully negoti- 
ated, but Congress refused to ratify it. 
Mr. Teller’s home was at Xenia, Ohio. 
He was Secretary of Dakota Territory, 
1883-86. During his term of office the 


122 


Temmey, James E. 


capital was removed from Yankton to 
Bismarck, but Teller firmly refused 
to follow the capital to its new loca- 
tion until the legality of the removal 
act was determined. Teller removed 
from Dakota to Colorado and became 
chief justice of the supreme court of 
that State. 


Temmey, James E., 1886- ; Onida; 
born at Onida, S. D., October 26th; 
educated University of South Dakota; 
engaged in practice of law and real 
estate; publisher of “Onida Watch- 
man” for 7 years; county judge of Sul- 
ly County, four years; legislator, 1917. 





minesbury.. V. 1041. 


Temperature. See Climate. 


Templeton is a discontinued post 
office in northern Jerauld County. 


Tender. An_ obligation, in South 
Dakota, may be extinguished by a tend- 
er of performance made by or upon 
the authority of the debtor. Such of- 


fer must be free from any condition. 


and the person making it must be able 
and willing to perform according to 
offer. The offer to perform may be 
made at any place appointed by the 
creditor, or wherever the person to 
whom it ought to be made can be 
found. If the obligation fixes a time 
when it is to be performed, the tend- 
er of performance must be made at 
that time. The tender must be in 
good faith and in such manner as is 
most likely to benefit the creditor. 





Code, 758-779. 


Tennis is a post office in northern 
Hand County. 


Tense. In law, “words used in the 
present tense include the future as 
well as the present.” 





Code, 33. 


72 


Thermometer 


Tepee is a post office in northwest 
Pennington County. 


Tepee Creek is a small stream en- 
tering the Cheyenne River from the 
south in central Fall River County. 


Term of Hiring or Service. See 


Hiring. 
Terraville is a post office in central 
Lawrence County. 


Territorial Court. See Courts, 1-3. 


Territorial Political Conventions. 
See Conventions, Territorial, Political. 


Terry is a village in central Law- 
rence County. Named for the nearby 
mountain, Terry’s Peak. Population, 
see Census. 


Terry’s Peak, four miles southwest 
of Lead, is 7069 feet high. 


Teton is a railroad station in south- 
ern Stanley County. 


Teton See Dakota (Ind- 
ians). 


Indians. 


Teton River. See Bad River. 


Tetonka Lake is a beautiful wooded 
lake in northwestern Brookings Coun- 
ty. It is a summer resort. 


Texam is a post office in northwest 
Mellette County. 


“That Dakota Girl.” 
Stella Gilman (q.v.). 


Thermometer. The first  thermo- 
meter brought into Dakota was made 
by Dr. Saugrain, of St. Louis, for Lewis 
and Clark. He scraped the quick- 
silver from his wife’s French mirror, 
and then melted the glass and form- 
ed the thermometer, using the quick- 
silver he had recovered from_ the 
mirror for the index. The explorers 
lost track of it when they embarked at 
the mouth of the Missouri River; but 


A romance by 


9 
2) 


Thielman, Vale P. 


stopping at Oacoma to reship their 
outfit they came upon it and there- 
after kept a daily record of temper- 
atures. Judging by modern records, 
the instrument must have been ap- 
proximately correct. 





FTISEs, BX 

Thielman, Vale P., 1843- ; born 
in Germany; one of the first white 
settlers in Turner County, 1869; vet- 
eran of the Civil War; member of leg- 
islature; held many county offices; 
State Senator, 1889. 


557. 


Thomas is a village in northern 


Hamlin County. 


Thomas’s Brigade. See Minnesota 


Brigade (commanded by Col. M. T. 
Thomas, 1864). 
Thomas, David C., 1846- ; native 


of Wisconsin; graduate of Michigan 
University; lawyer, pioneer of Water- 
town, 1878; member, board of chari- 
ties and corrections at time of death. 


Thomas, Elias M., 1847-1916; native 
of Illinois; veteran-of Civil War; ear- 
ly resident of Huron, 1883; treasurer, 
Beadle County, 1897; commissioner of 
Soldier’s Home, 1913-16. 





Biog., 1899, 599. 

Thomas, William R., 1853-1919; born 
in Wisconsin; graduate, Iowa Law 
School; pioneer of Watertown; mayor, 
1885; State Senator, 1889. 


Thompson, D. R., 1857- ; Spear- 
fish; born at Galena, Illinois, Novem- 


ber 12th; came to Dakota in 1878; en- 
gaged in farming and stock raising; 


held several local offices; legislator, 
1915, 1917. 
Thompson, Edwin R., 1842- : 


born July 1st, in the Province of Que- 
bec, Canada; came to Waubay, Day 
County, in 1886; engaged in general 


ment broker; 


- Thompson, Orville W. 


merchandizing and banking; Senator, 
1903. 
Thompson, H. D., 1885- ; born in 


Hanson County, S. D., November 8th; 
engaged in farming near Fulton, Han- 
son County; township treasurer in 
1910 and member of school board in 
1911; legislator, 1917. 


Thompson, John, 1865- ; Tabor; 
born in Minnesota, November 13th; 
came to Bon Homme County, Dakota 
in 1878; engaged in farming; legis- 
lator, 1909, 1911. 


Thompson, John, 1841- ; the pio- 
neer farmer of Minnehaha County, 
member, legislature, 1873, 1877, 1883; 
veteran, Civil War. 


Thompson, Lake, was a large lake, 
now drained, in north central Kings- 
bury County. It was here the battle 
occurred in 1858 between Little Crow 
and Inkpaduta. See Inkpaduta. 


Thompson, Louis J., 1876- ; Letch- 
er; born in Norway, April 15th; 
came to Sanborn County, S. D. in 1887; 
engaged in farming; legislator, 1919. 


Thompson, Martin Lewis, 1879- : 
born at Vermillion, S. D., November, 
26th; graduate U. S. D., 1901; invest- 
mayor of Vermillion, 
1922; served in World War; legislator, 
1923. 


Thompson, Olymphious S., 1875- ; 
Baltic; born in Minnehaha County, S. 
D., February 18th; farmer and stock 
raiser; interested in Farmer’s Co-oper- 
ative movement in Minnehaha Coun- 
ty; legislator, 1913, 1915. 


—_— 


Kingsbury, V, 264. 

Thompson, Orville W., 1871- : 
born in Vermillion, November 13th; 
graduate, U. S. D., 1893; engaged in 
banking in Vermillion and interested 


724 


Thompson, S. R. 


in ranching business; 
1907. 


State Senator, 





Robinson, II, 1427. 


Thompson, S. R., 1881- ; Aber- 
deen; born at Grenville, Michigan, 
June 13th; came to Brown County, S. 
D., 1884; locomotive engineer; legis- 
lator, 1923. 

Thoms, Craig S., 1860- i Dor 
Elgin, Illinois December 20; A. B. 


Northern U. 1888, A. M. 1892; B. D. 
U. of Chicago; Ph. D. Shurtleff Col- 
lege, Prof. Sociology, U. S. D. since 
1915; Ornithologist of note. 


Thomson, James S., 1860- ; born 
in Strathmiglo, Fife County, Scotland, 
November 12th; came to Centerville, 
Turner County, S. D. in 1888; engag- 
ed in banking business and has been 
city treasurer and alderman; State 
Senator, 1907. 


Thoreson, Gilbert, 1861-1913; 
Rapids; born in’ Goodhue 
Minnesota, March 28th; came to 
Minnehaha County, S. D., in 1885; 
held numerous county and township 
offices; legislator, 1905; State Sena- 
tor in 1909. 


County, 


Thorgrimson, Rev. Hans B., 1853- 
; born in Iceland, graduate, Lu- 
ther College, Decorah, Iowa; pastor, 
Lutheran churches at Springdale and 


Brandon, 1886; founder, Lutheran 
Normal, Sioux Falls, 1889. 
Thorne, Albion, 1836- ; born in 


Maine; lawyer; pioneer of Dell Rap- 
ids, Minnehaha County, 1871; coun- 
ty superintendent of schools, 1873-5; 
legislature, 1881; later published 
“Hartford Herald.” 





Hist., Minn. Co., 1008. 


Thorson, Thomas, 1849-1915; native 
of Norway; early settler of Canton, 


Dell - 


Three Sisters Islands 


Lincoln County banker; Seceretary of 
State, 1893-7. 


“Thoughts Afield” a _ collection 
of addresses and essays by Charles E. 
DeLand (q.v.), embracing history, edu- 
cation, biography and politics. There 
are 24 numbers in the book, 1911. 


Thrall, Rev. William Herbert, D. D., 
1854- ; born at Kewanee, Illinois, 
February 25th; educated at Knox, Am- 
herst and Yale Colleges and came to 
Dakota Territory in 1881 as one of the 
famous ‘Yale Band” of missionaries, 
and spent one year at Chamberlain; 
he served churches at Armour and 
Redfield later and in May, 1893 was 
made superintendent of the South Da- 
kota field for the Congregational 
Churches. He served in this position 
for thirty years, voluntarily retiring 
in 1923. In 1924 he accepted the pas- 
torate of the church at Brentford, 
Spink County. 


Thrasher. See Birds. 


“Threads of Gold” is a book § of 
verse by Rev. James Davies (q.v.). 


“Threat of Sitting Bull, The,” is a 
historic novel by Prof. D. Lange, of 
the St. Paul City Schools (1920). It 
relates with fair accuracy many 
of the more graphic incidents of the 
life of Sitting Bull. 


Three Rivers of the Sioux Pass are 
three small streams entering the Mis- 
souri River from the east in Buffalo 
County; so named by Lewis and Clark. 
They are now known as Wall Creek, 
Campbell Creek and Soldier Creek. 


Three Sisters Islands are the first 
three islands in the Missouri River 
above the Big Bend, known as Dorian 
Island No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3, and 
more frequently as the Three Cedar 
Islands. Fort Aux Cedras may have 


725 


“Three Years Among the Indians in 
Dakota” 


been located on Dorian No. 2, oppo- 
site the line dividing Stanley and Ly- 
man Counties. 





HEIStaL, 326; leloe GLoisalisueosts 

“Three Years among the Indians in 
Dakota,” by J. H. Drips, sergeant, 
Company L, Sixth Iowa cavalry, who 
was engaged in the Sioux War of 
1862-5. This is chiefly a diary of the 
years spent in Dakota. It contains 
the most graphic, original account of 
the Battle of Whitestone Hill and of 
the battle of Killdeer Mountain. Con- 
tains a roster of Company L, 1894. 


Thunder Butte. A very prominent 
butte in northern Ziebach County. 


Thunder Butte Creek is an impor- 
tant tributary of the Moreau River 
rising north of Bison; running south- 
east by Thunder Butte it joins the 
Moreau in northern Ziebach County. 


Thunder Creek is a small tributary 
of Dogs Ear Creek near Winner. 

Thunder Creek is a small stream 
in eastern Tripp County flowing north 
‘into the White River: 


Thunder Hawk is a village in north- 
west Corson County. 


See Bittern. 


Thurow, C. H., 1869- ; Ramona; 
born in Germany, September 18th; 
came to Lake County, S. D., in 1882; 
engaged in farming; register of deeds, 
1896-8; legislator, 1911. 


Thunder Pump. 


Thurston, W. A., 1871- ; Red Owl; 
born in Waushara County, Wisconsin, 
September 23rd; came to South Da- 
kota in 1908; engaged in mercantile 
business; legislator, 1919, 1921, 1925. 

Tidbloom, Charles A., 1867-  ;Mont- 
rose; born in Sweden, December 9th; 
came to McCook County, Dakota in 
1882; engaged in farming and stock 


Tilton’s Digest 


raising; township clerk for over twen- 
ty years; legislator, 1913, 1915. 


Tie Creek is a western branch of 
the Little Missouri River in Harding 
County. 


Tiernon, Gen. John Luke, 1840-1902; 
native of Indiana; came to Dakota a 
private in Harney’s troops, 1855; 
elected to first legislature (1862) from 
Fort Randall; chosen speaker after 
Pinney resigned; at close of session 
entered regular army as a lieutenant 
of artillery, rising to the rank of Colo- 
nel (1901); retired as brigadier gen- 
eral. , 


Tiffany, Burton Ellsworth, 1882- : 
born Hamilton, Indiana, September 
22nd; B. S. Greenville College; A. M. 
U. S. D. assistant professor commerce 
and finance, U. S. D. 


Tiffany. W. J., 1873- ; Aberdeen; 
born at Northfield, Minnesota, July 
4th; came to Aberdeen, S. D. in 1901; 
proprietor of Aberdeen Steam Laun- 
dry; legislator, 1913. 


Tilden, Rev. Horace W., 1840-1916; 
native of Maine; distinguished minis- 
ter of the Baptist Church; long pastor 
of First Baptist Church of Des Moines; 
pastor in Pierre and Brookings. Vet- 
eran of the Civil War. 


Tilford is a post office in southwest 
Meade County. Founded by the Pio- 
neer Town Site Company in 1888. 
Named for Col. J. G. Tilford, of the 
ith .uas. Cavalry, 


Tilton’s Digest is an index digest of 
the reports of cases decided by the 
supreme courts of Dakota Territory 
and the States of North and South 
Dakota, with a table of cases, em- 
bracing all cases decided by these 
courts to April, 1897, by Horace G. 
Tilton (q.v.). A supplement covers 


26 


Timber Creek 


the cases down to the 15th South 
Dakota Report. 


Timber Creek rises in eastern Spink 
County and runs southwest into the 
James River 8 miles south of Frank- 
fore" 


Timber Lake is a fine lake of clear 
water located in northern central Dew- 
ey County. It is the largest body of 
water west of the Missouri River in 
South Dakota and is about three miles 
long, having more than two square 
miles of area. 


Timber Lake is the county seat of 
Dewey County and is located on a 
fine lake (q.v.). Population, see Cen- 
sus. “The Topic,’ established in 1910, 
is its newspaper. 


Tin. There are extensive deposits 
of tin in the vicinity of Harney Peak. 
A large mill was built there in 1889 
by English interests; but it fell im- 
mediately into litigation and has not 
been operated. 


Tinton is a post office in northwest 
Lawrence County. 


Tisdal, Lars K., 1810-1915; native 
of Norway; pioneer of Lead; in spite 
of exaggerated reports to the con- 
trary, so advanced age is exceedingly 
rare. 4 


Titanothere was a monster beast of 
the early cretaceous. See Fossils. 


Titland, G. C., 1860- ; Mound 
City; born in Norway, September 9th; 
came to Dakota in 1882; engaged in 
farming in Campbell County; held 
various township and county offices; 
legislator, 1913, 1915, 1917. 


Title Deeds. “Instruments essential 
to the title of real property, and which 
are not kept in an office of public re- 
cords pursuant, to law belong to the 


Todd, Gen. John Blair Smith 


person in whom, for the time being, 


‘such title may be vested, and pass 


with the title.” 





Code, 498. 


Title Springs is a railroad station 
in central Pennington County. 


Titvis is a post office in southern 
Meade County. 


Tobin, Michael L., 1857- ; born 
at Chetshire, Massachusetts, January 
22nd; came to Huron, S. D. in 1883; 
owner of machine shop and carriage 
store; alderman of Huron, many 
years; president, State board of Agri- 
culture; State Senator in 1907 and 
1909. 


Todd County was created, 1909; un- 
organized. Rosebud Indian Reserva- 
tion and agency is in this county; 
bounded on the north by north line 
of township 39 north; on the east by 
3rd guide meridian; on the south by 
Nebraska and on the west by the 
west line of the Rosebud Indian re- 
servation; population, chiefly Indian, 
area, 894,080 acres. 





OGG. Dato. 

Todd, Dr. James Edward, 1846-1923; 
born in Ohio; geologist; graduate of 
Oberlin College, Scientific School, 
Yale University and Harvard. Vet- 
eran of the Civil War; professor of 
science and geology in Tabor College, 
Iowa, Beloit College, Wisconsin, South 
Dakota University, (1892-1903) and 
Kansas University. He was _ ex-offi- 
cio state geologist of South Dakota 
and prepared four bulletins on State 
geology and numerous monographs. 


Todd, Gen. John Blair Smith, 1814- 
1872. General Todd was a cousin of 
the wife of Abraham Lincoln. He 
graduated at West Point in 1837 and 
came into Dakota as a captain under 


727 


Todd vs. Jaynes 


Gen. Harney in 1855 and was topo- 
grapher of the expedition. In 1856 
he resigned his commision to enter 
business as Indian post trader at Fort 
Randall, in company with Capt. D. S. 
Frost, of St. Louis, also a West Point 
man, Todd was active in promoting 
the creation of Dakota Territory and 
the location of the capital at Yankton. 
He was elected first delegate to Con- 
gress (1861); was given a brigadier 
general’s commission by Lincoln and 
‘was sent to southwestern Missouri. 
Frost, his partner, had in the mean- 
time joined the southern forces and 
was also sent into southwestern Mis- 
souri; though Frost and Todd did not 
meet in battle they were closely in 
contact several times. Because of 
his relations. to Congress the Senate 
refused to confirm his general’s com- 
mission. In the next campaign Todd 
was opposed for reelection by Gov- 
ernor William Jayne, and the latter se- 
cured the certificate of election; but 
Todd contested and was seated by a 
republican Congress (1864). He set- 
tled in Yankton and was a member 
of the legislature in 1867-8. He was 
the leading citizen of his period, a 
man of education and fine address. A 
portion of his library is preserved 
in the State library and indicates his 
discriminating taste in literature. 





PUSte V1 e403 KEL bOanGte: 

Todd, vs. Jaynes. The testimony 
and findings in the contest of John 
B. S. Todd, against William Jaynes, 
in the House of Representatives, in- 
volving the seat of delegate in Con- 
gress from Dakota. Published as 
House Report No. 1, 38th Congress, 
1st Session. Jaynes held the certi- 
ficate of election, but Todd was seat- 
ed. See Todd, J. B. S. 


Tourists and Tourist Camps 


“Told Again.” <A religious romance 
by Rev. W. D. Atwater, of Sturgis. 
A story of the life of Jesus. 


Toledo is a discontinued post oflice 
in southern Lyman County. 


Tolstoy is a village in northern Pot- 
ter County. 

Tonnage Tables is a desk-book com- 
piled by Jesse Bean, of Columbia, 
Brown County, 8S. D. 


Topbar is a discontinued post office 
in northern Haakon County. 


Topographic. See Surveying, Topo- 


graphic. 


Tornado. See Wind. 


Toronto is a town in southern Deuel 
County. Population, see Census. 
“The Herald,” established in 1897, is 
its newspaper. 


Torrence, C. C., 1873- ; born in 
Olin, Iowa, April 13th; came to Bon 
Homme County, Dakota in 1884; en- 
gaged in farming and extensive live- 
stock feeding; postmaster of Tabor 
from 1901 to 1907; held various other 
minor offices; legislator, 1917. 


Tourists and Tourist Camps. The 
automobile has developed a national 
tourist movement in the summer 
months in which. South Dakota parti- 
cipates. This movement has. been 
greatly accelerated by the good roads 
programme of State and nation. In 
the great continental movement from 
east to west, which sets in early in 
the summer and continues until au- 
tumn, the first mountains of impor- 
tance encountered are the Black Hills, 
and a large portion of summer tour- 
ists route through them; so that, to a 
considerable extent, the national trails 
concentrate in the Black Hills. As 
an incident, tourist camps for the ac- 


728 


Tower, I. D. 


commodation of campers are provided 
in most towns, where many conven- 
iences are provided. Hitherto these 
have been free; but a movement is 
growing to place a nominal charge up- 
on the use of them—a usage that is 
promising to become general. 


Tower, |. D., 1869- owe bor at 
Hamilton, Fillmore County, Minn., 
November 14th; moved to Ferney, 
Brown County, S. D. in 1887; engaged 
in farming and stock raising; legisla- 
tor, 1903, 1905. 


Tower, The, is a very notable land- 
mark upon the Missouri River near 
the Nebraska-South Dakota line. It 
is a prominent butte which was noted 
and described by all of the early 
explorers. 





Hist., VII, 411-14. 


Towhead Island is in the Missouri 
River midway between Lecompte and 
Platte Creeks. 


Towns. See under their names: al- 


so Census. 


Townsend, Dr. Justus, first physi- 
cian to locate in Yankton, 1859; the 
people were so healthy that there was 
little medical work for him; Gov. 
Jayne made him territorial auditor, 
salary, $50 a year; there was no 
money to pay it. 





Robinson, 478. 


POV &.. C.,, 180 (5 ; born in Ohio, 
December 18th; arrived in Andover, 
Day County, in 1885 and engaged in 
the general merchandise business; held 
several township and county offices; 
State Senator, 1889, 1905. 


“Track’s End,” is a romance of the 
historic winter of 1880 in the then 
primitive village of lEstelline. By 
Hayden Carruth (q.v.). 


Trader’s Store 


Trade and _ Intercourse’ Treaties 
(1825). The British traders from 
western Canada continued to trade 
with the Indians of the Missouri River 
throughout the first quarter of the 
nineteenth century, and the Ameri- 
cans firmly believed that the Arickara 
were incited to the attack upon Gen. 
Ashley’s men in 1823 by English in- 
fluence. Consequently it was deter- 
mined to send a commission to treat 
with all the Missouri River Indian 
tribes, to the end that their trade be 
held exclusively to the American 
traders. Gen. Henry Atkinson, U. S. 
Army, and Major Benjamin O’Fallon 
(q.v.) were selected to negotiate the 
business. They outfitted at Fort At- 
kinson (Council Bluffs) and with 476 
men fully equipped reached Fort Look- 
out and on June 21st, 1825 signed a 
treaty with the bands of Yankton and 
Teton assembled there, by which the 
Indians acknowledged American sov- 
ereignty and agreed to trade only 
with American citizens. The identi- 
cal treaty was signed by all other 
bands along the Missouri River. 


Trademarks. In South Dakota one 
who produces or deals in a particular 
thing or conducts a particular busi- 
ness may adopt and use as a trade- 
mark, any symbol not previously ap- 
propriated by another; but he cannot 
adopt exclusively any designation or 
part of a designation which relates 
only to the name, quality, or discrip- 
tion of the thing or business, or place 
where the thing is produced or the 
business is carried on. 





Code, 490. 
Trader’s, an abbreviation for Trad- 
er’s Store (q.v.). 


Trader’s Store was the name often 
given to the sutler’s store at army 


729 


Trading House 


forts. Most of them along the Mis- 
souri River after 1865 or ’66 were own- 
ed by the Durfee & Peck Transpor- 
tation & Trading Co., which also own- 
ed several steamboats. 


Trading House, an unfortified fur- 
trading post. See Fur-Posts. 


Trading Property. See Sales. 





Code, 967. 


“Tragedy of the White Medicine, 
The,” is a historical remance by 
Charles E. DeLand, based upon an 
incident of Catlin’s visit to Fort Pierre 
in 1832; published in 1913. 


Trail City is a post office in north- 
ern Dewey County. 


“Trail to El Dorado, The,” is a ro- 
mantic story for boys of a trip from 
Minnesota across the Dakotas and 
Montana to Washington, by Joseph 
Mills Hanson (q.v.), 1913. 


Trails. The following are the prin- 
cipal named trails across the State 
that are marked and which follow en- 
tirely or throughout most of their 
length, one or more of the State Trunk 
highways. 


Atlantic, Yellowstone, Pacific 
Proposed terminals New York City 
and Portland, Oregon. South Dakota 
stations and mileage. 


Between 

Read down Town : Towns 
0. SlLOUXSE alls .a\S-pD. 0. 
20. Wellington 20. 
40. Bridgewater 20. 
50. Emery 10. 
61. Alexandria Led ips 
ite Mitchell 16. 
89. Mt. Vernon 12. 
101. Plankinton 12. 
114. White Lake 13. 
oe Kimball lice 
140. Pukwana Af 
150. Chamberlain 10. 
154. Oacoma 4, 
72. Reliance 18. 
186. Kennebec 14. 
198. Presho 2s 
210. Vivian 12. 
226. Draper 16. 


237. 


Trails 


Murdo 
Okaton 
Stamford 
Belvidere 
Kadoka 
Cottonwood 
Quinn 

Wall 

Wasta 

New Underwood 
Rapid City 
Hermosa 
Custer 
Pringle 

Hot Springs 
Hot Springs 
Edgemont 


Yellowstone Trail 


Milbank 


a 


Summit 


— 


Webster 
Bristol 


oo 


Mina 


ry 
CI COMO RM DONATO HAL WUOAONHUAHAWYOCAWHO 


— 


Glenham 
*Mobridge 
Moreau Jct. 
Wakpala 
30 McLaughlin 


Keldron 
Lemmon 


*Change time. 
Black and Yellow Trail 


Minn. St. Line cst). . sheers 


0 
2 Elkton 
4 


8 Brookings 
7 Volga 

13 Arlington 
5 Hetland 


10 DeSmet 


10°) Manchester/!: . <2. aise eee 
LO ep: CAVOUMD ¥.ks0.s.» wosieeuets ore 


7 Iroquois 
8 Huron 


14.7 Wessineton®? 0.2 seo oe 


Minn: St.» Laine sie eee 
Bigstoneé. City 7. ae eres 
Twin Brooks , ; ‘ aha iy 
MarvViniG SAtis..  ttehe eee eens 
Ortley , HAGE “TGS 
Wadubay <4 eest:. Sotureeeerenae 
Holmquist 4). . eMapeiee 


2 © 6 eo es «¢ ¢é © Sie ele i is ee 


eeoeen tes 6 6 6 S UR BESS 


Baths 2 << ul ee oi eee 
Aberdeen*! .OH/2. other 
Craven CPS OCTIG | YE DS 


Beebe s « o Seycle ce x0 sbukerete nee 


evew ele, pyieie’ e.eue @ 6 eC Gee 
eunew cee « e 0 @€ 0 6 ee sone 


o 0 «we ele Seige ee seal 

ae ae 3) ¢ 61e) 2 e @ 667m 
Pe ee ee 
oe fee © ee te ferntete mvs 


52 @ © ove ee. S ae e 


12- Buttle: Ties. AS EAS: . SIRE eae 
16. MGIntosh. © cc. eee 
10° Watatiea:!. so .5 eee 

9 Morristown 7.7). 4h ces 
6: Keldron : 120.334 0stene eee 
$ “Thunder. Hawkee eee 
8 
8 


eee @€ 6 s © 06 eee we © 


State Line; Ni Dia Lee 


AUTOPa HM ona ee ee 


iwwLake.Preston’s..2) ato 


a 0 0 © 6 «6 & 66 6 @ @ anaes S 


cute @ 6 ¢@ 6 % @ a's, @ Or © 


a 2 96} ofd ote 6 4 Bee Gre 


16°\Wolsey 5 f.5 ak see seen 


Trails Trails 











139 Ba Ae LAI eee were tide «9. otek 341 161 lee AIG RENOP IES yo he ity ok ee 398 
147 Sian Gey LUNGS, Fiat. ok... v0 oe 333 177 Lome VOC Clie shen se yee eee 382 
150 ee UCI are beeen Een eS) sce, ct, i 330 189 ARV tem VOLT Oat icr. es eee 370 
160 IN Ree weigh tamtaae). cee. . hc 320 86201 AZ Ean KINO. 2 oF cst. ee ee 358 
172 VAs ELIS hn Monomer «tides kk <o.« abe 308 214 LS ee Wed Cesise heated et ee 345 
181 OMA Ola binds pees pics eo Ok, caus. ete 299 227 GReTL TIT er eer ee ee ea ee 332 
Ree AL ALLArPOld eb. clits. 9. % 0 ate 288 250 rim Clue Recdtl i hich igs) ee ro 309 
201 list PAIBShe rahe phe ees © Oe eee ae 279 254 Ae OLCOM AEE Te ee ee ea. 305 
230 ZULEETOTTE se enh Eh RS oc are 250 294 AQZEPreShos sweet wate. cee 265 
232 PRMRIUL SUPIOTT SC) eae Pes 660.0 occ. 0% 248 333 BO SVE TOOL rere ena, Stee ee 226 
253 OL OY Na ae ae een > eae a ane BO tment CD AOE ACA OM ae ree eee tee 184 
269 IDET AY.OS We ite 0 the ebeg Sis AB ne coc 210 402 LEA OOCCONWOOCT ees co cisin ton eta use 
293 AIM COUT Al. ae scewl ee SS ws ee 187 478 (AGS, SI BTN) YO b BO I Cacia ee air hen nee i 81 
322 rt) CAE T Nts Gea ge eee es ee ee 5 Sea 2006 Zoe CLIPS TS tet eRe ee een Tytler. teres 53 
338 RGEC OLCOUMW OO: crecs as steles vvsce.s avele 142 526 20 SES DEAT Shige weet ee toca s cee Ra rOReE: 33 
351 NSM CIIITIT ete se ete. G 129 559 Sore IDO ANCOn penlat oP Acke Naso, os rat 0 
360 OR VV re bei. ed, OSA eh ls te 120 *Change time. 
368 Dame VV US CRA Git eotIS I. o Sieeee.k os 112 
vn 4 aot eee Ss On Cee 90 Black Hills Sioux Trail 
RCI OT Hue as tats inhel+ so» dre 76 0 
Wee SPER ApIA Citye ss galas c. soa SOS (oS alpen rematmenrriainitin Co aaa Mala Hs 
419 ee LCs EL ANY Karin ee ee omy Fd, ccha 61 74 88 West Point aL ae S See 589 
427. 8 Piedmont ............-.++. Bre erate Nar inl Sen do... i ticdeb 4h 
432 5 Tilford .......e essere eens SEY Coo Creighton. sae bist fe 492 
442006 10 “Sturgis ..........-...006-. emer san Ore SU oO Brighéw: 900 wre . ela... haae 433 
459 4 Lead ..........-. ponerse ET GB ALOT ARS reg ei. sige a ae 407 
480 21 Wyoming State Line 
445 Let DGAG WOO" fee. eet Re 6 eu 25 Hot 
*Change time. a : Lead. Spgs. 
Custer Battlefield Highway di Bib raiearuine ic ona 3h BLA 1 
0 JD). SSO ee € 2 Osi is eee ts eae cee 559 Se Otar VOLINILIO Masa a adit ese ees 535 
56 HOMME LUG SON. (ec Deters vee oo 3, te 503 Oke ooee tN LOT we. 5 oat OAT eee. eae 507 498 
76 MEE CCATEL OIG: 7c Selene ie aia be« suede. +e O03 483 Sermo T) CLA Lhe aes ec ania eee. oe 477 
100 EME SS LOU SS © PS aerteienree = eb evcueunis cane sbe 459 Loe Ole WVVALNOCT. 1. s- peeleee rakes Sah 449 
140 Z0m DPid PE Wateler.isutd ~~ cb.) -.etete Ae Vale vine Lathe p- ANCES Mecreee seth. se 431 322 
—From— —From— 
Slouxe Bast Hot 
Gnraniaee. City.» Piace.: Lead. Spgs. 
141 POSEY RES Cs PERSE RE Fe -2 n  e aae e e e e e 431 322 
160 te PE ORCC me SPICE © Lviintn iwah ig hsibs inicte s 4s bkeeveaeame Ge SaEis 412 
a yal PMS OUI CH LOGIT mits cS cea bia So «Shee sre aie oo) eee e ik ee als pace e401 
288 141 a CMA TIC CSM rues ceri Oh eed oe ahah eaict  ceacas Bl, goa! WPawgeete ea 431 322 
281 148 ee mee Oe) Le OU Vis eta de coats eis ie oan 6 ale. so bUabagtteaotens ans 432 
256 Ass DMS UETE EL aR tes SR TERT. costes fara &, oo Galion ose s. <ihuld, oueusaahotene > » 407 298 
262 171 eves Cy Tere ee Ue eee Ne Poe Perea ce ei cie eG also s 6 Shecaper tas inden ae 401 
287 196 Ate TS Titre Beare ee Rem Ean e aortas ics a Mie areca Sac uan te dith'w 376 
297 206 ESTAS OM Ven WN eee tp Pee yack aie ol aha. cvs: c cgel cc ens Bt dmayd@¥a« a6 OOO 
302 201 life ADE Bec es > oy weet ton + OA tte OR a SO AE ee eae. aa Rn 361 
pie 222 Tie CU Ga aed ce 5 eet ners MIR etn co coats: oka) 0 dhs) a0, w: Gualere @lkc eg ehenehesel sa 350 
327 236 RUE NGL TASUC Vertes Si ten «ete Reka Pick ot acapoust o's. a. sleces oes. cele 40s ap alogetd 2 336 220 
345 255 * btayes A Loos 9g Way iP Ee eae eee |S pe na ie PETE L eR Arar 0s, MR ye eRe ON 318 
356 265 decree ChAT Ch CLEIVVG )) wate a's 5 tose bod eeaig wile oe <tafbud veartie Uk 
Sid 280 Pi OAVETSSIO Te O28. ket ets aes, othe Re ees ae) SR, 2h Ses 292 
384 293 POMEED CLS CLT L] Clearance ca hc saiturh ie « Start ede, oy cake: auiieped® whasane Meio us 279 170 
396 305 ip en LRTI TO OCCME eG eta ae eC Aat wii ah jsaec arnt c\ielaieh onoe 6 ote al nite wie ®. 8 267 
441 350 Dey I UL Te tee ao ara MEH <a, art eee ee) ae remade WE. ar onele dusk sca, ths 222 That's} 
475 384 Ey AMS TCCLTUR DS) TIMMY Se eee eee em choi arc, Cash choo eeu, c's nau? slabs atel.e: ey ains,e wha 188 : 
489 398 ARPES INLOMNE CLG eee Tan Tc Ab Pee tee pene cee eae eo: ince eae 174 65 
506 415 EME ETO FE Po EE ye ee See eI del fal J MES SP EY Sach APR EE CY eRe eT savy 
536 445 Shu Sage gyda ye 8 ie oh sae a ap ae a oe Sal a a eee vie ama 127 
554 463 ee LL) eee ct Tee cine ket: scatman cic. waits» Teste, wel cine sctc Tate antaate 109 0 
568 477 EME TT tred)] Chen CL 1)! eer erate eon ea Meroe ny ae ree tt Gah 9 eel danas ce ate inet 95 
583 492 Ue OL eke ba el ORDA ge Es esha: CRA Reid cee eee erie eel aairrar pee oaberatir a re 80 
592 501 ee AAT: INDO) SUR he ete tena s cs nen wee Cees al leu eeed ob Fe, arte Gee ceval niet atmege: i 71 
609 518 ET C1 lee Cy ae ee Mee cae eos sh atc ae tae iomttie ep eclade. patie tect e camenel 54 55 
639 548 SAD SRW Tear ESP AI, Ba MA EP eg eee MeN Sel tire eer cs eae an cS Pa 24 
649 558 RAN EDEL CVC) CCL be Berrececkt nae Aopen a other Sete Res pana ak State gnaw < 14 
659 568 INS JB etVelZeYera’ 2 én 0 BUN. Re duet arr Anarene ict asia Sa 4 105 
663 St CET DI SVG le Aa RO Ay aptly ae ati ee aa nie rae oe ae Bee Peet ae 109 


0 

12 
20 
53 
87 
122 
147 
183 
222 
235 
237 
311 


35 


52 

70 
102 
131 
171 
228 
268 
347 


| 
vo 


90 
124 
192 
233 
256 
270 


6 
40 


92 
113 
154 
189 
202 
220 
244 
283 
305 
328 
362 
413 
440 
458 


450 
480 
493 


Trails 


King of Trails 


Sioux City. tlaveetee eee ee 310 
IZ- Jelrersons aS. Dae oa 299 
§ Hk Pointe. tt...fome tec Sete kt 291 
Oo: “HS OTeSt OF dashed cea ee ee eee 258 
Bi SURORD be ASE BNI PO a! Sawn e 5 224 
35° GCOlMaN 2.6.) Se tipapckt tee melee womens 189 
25  -Brookin eS a. kee iee eee 164 
30°. ‘@lear Lake Matte ae a eee 128 
39. Milbank gad <a. ward maureen te 89 
13 Bigstone, CiLye coum ameecr ct 76 
Zo Oreonville, Vuln eee ees cians 74 
(4. Walpeton, auntie elchercisne 0 
Meridian Highway 
0 aa ATUKCON Marceau emer eters 347 
Spe ECO MIAN sete Tae tees ae ten 312 
Li we Bridee wea tet eimeeterent tice 295 
AL Sie SAILS eae peer eee eee aa 201 
32) -MIAGISONS gee tec eee 245 
29 ALINE COM: ctr ee eens ane 216 
40 SWiatertownyer a. ee eee 176 
SLES SSGCON GU ala sens cee ieee ets aes 119 
A) Ge VV AGEs TOCK, IS melee tee eae ee 79 
(RM tel MEW eee in NBR peers s cuelin  G ig & 0 
Sunshine Highway 

VD RYaANKton oo ete oe eee ee 270 
34 pO COLLANOC tester ieee ae 236 
LS; LErippor ysis ce oe 218 
38. MECHEL Caetano eee ee 180 
a4. LB WOOnSOCKEE Meee nee ie ae 146 
GS -Redfield.* 2S. See eee tone 78 
41, A berd@enwaeee.- Scien acter eee si 
20 Hrederi¢ck wists). oe ae 14 
tin llendaléw iN Daas nce 0 
Short Cut West Highway 

OPSNIINT ers CAC Ll neers tee 458 
GAS ReEvillon See eee eee 452 
D4) VV AOD EOW I Skee ccc eee 418 
Go) GIA Re eee eer eee 385 
19s Dolandit ©. 4.4. &2 ak eee 369 
Ze OU tLe lCi ae Pere neh ee ere 345 
418 Hani k tony: tae. nae hohe 304 
30: LeDAN OTe et en ee 269 
US. Getty SDUre hy - cme te or eee 256 
Use & ODES t? OT YN ete aoe: eee ee 238 
Dae Li 1a te eee at ee eee eee 214 
BO) Sua SlewEhuttesetie ee. ee IEG 
Ag. IJUPTCE UL es eae eee oe 
DOLE MAIN Ree? fo eRe 130 
DA. BCCOATC CAN Y Ose tome eee 96 
DIP e NEWElILE Oe Ra ee eee a eae 45 
Dien Belle Fourches 4.4 ee eee 18 
LS WY Onata te. laine ieee 0 

Scenic Loop Highway 

(2 clowar State: Lines... a.n eee 910 
ee CILer SOD eerie ee ee 903 
Se PHIKRPOINt tae co ere he oe 895 
Oe VELITULLLIONY caches ce eee berets 876 
Zo oY QUKtOMe U4 oe ren On eee 848 
OO) Pe YNG AL 2232 eer meen ee eee 818 
ASME Kk earANIGCES Sao. nye iasicke aii eles 
DO PE LACE Pee eg oe ere oe re 740 
ayy Ga see eal exer el Few el un, Bas By Gehan A. 688 
BA ok PPREGHO Wiss oiete ls talssararedehe o atiaeee 644 
SIE IY Bh bide ow. Meteo As sures ape ree ee 605 
4 ZA IC ROOKS ae ero cere 563 
SLL CLIOV. eae oes nine, metre ee 532 
Sot HO CONIG,, Jisuccs hone Pino ieue site ene 499 
SOL RADICAL Viren A ee eee ree 460 
SOP Stureis oye. .on woes eee 430 
13; “Deadwood wetretrie. eeeeee e 417 


497 
535 
558 


-584 


611 
680 
728 
785 
798 
842 
877 
908 
910 


Trails 


4 Juead. ti 2.0 ok net eee 413 
38. Hill City... Jee ee eee 375 

3. GCuster® 027%. eee sree 352 
26. Hot: Springs''se.- eee 326 
at * Oelrichs =. ae ee Oa ota 299 
69.--Pine Ridge "205 0hht.. 15 cere 230 
48-.-Martin- 2.6.4. Beer eee 182 
57 « Rosebud: .% . ob itetetecleeuene mea 25 
13°. Mission -2i 7s ae eee eee 112 
44. Winner... 2... ote ela ene 68 
35 Burke, ..%.% me) pein eee 33 
31; Fairfax... foe eee 2 

2° Nebr: State Dine =. eee 0 

Metigoshe-Black Hills Highway 

0. N..D:. State Tamer. eit 206 

2: Mcintosh... o:fecnte oe cients 204 
40 - Isabel” -s bere. SRF eee 164 
30° Dupree) Selah Sei eis ces eee 134 
23> Waith -. 45s c0. eae eee ALE: 
16: Avance’! Pii.)5. Feeeeks cate enema 95 
20 Marcus: .. 03a. eee eee 75 
12> White: Owl) =iiteen se eee 63 
20 ..Glough, . .4% ceeHenert eis) ieee 43 
43 ~ Sturgis *. os\<ieohemetens celta eee 0 

Black Hills-Devils Lake Highway 

0 N. DroState Lines... eee 352 

1 QWemmon. 94 Sefer vanes 351 
40. Chanc@ wo. 6 oc con ceteaatene sis aan 311 
28 -Bixby +. Sst. hohe, ae eee 283 
13 ..Fox- Ridge 2203.0 270 
30~-Red- Owl 2.20 2.1. ite ieee 240 
58s - Sturgis "09 4. As4s emcee 182 
13. Deadwood Friis. sche cst ene 169 

4° Thread... s.. 4 «6 <5 6) see 165 
78 Hill’ City"... .:.3 ee 87 
23° Custer’. . ou. os. 2's Sere cree 64 
26. Hot Springs, «.4. 0 iene eieiste teen 38 
26 ° Edgemont’ %.. 2... asi creme 12 
12° Wyo.4 State” Lineie.... iat 0 

Mid-State Highway 

0. IN: D. State Line te. eee 244 
14+ -EBureka “:-...4s-teie eee 230 
54° Ipswich ©... 2. ae es see eee 176 
34° Maulkton 5 ae ree ee 142 
41) > Miller® <2... 22. eee 101 
34 Gann Valley 2. ees cites 67 
20*5"Kimball? .< 7cs. 2 eee ne ce eee 47 
32. Platte. 4.0: oe Bee eee ass 
15° sWheelerwt . oi. aes ee 0 

Rainbow Trail 

0“ Jowa State. Liinese. as. eee 126 

8 .Alcestersese.- ee a a 118 
247 Centerville ..caem ces sane 94 
26°.; Parker <2). o<:< se nerene eee 68 
30 .Bridgéewater’ ...< cine cneorennee 38 
22. Alexandria... seb peeks nen 16 
16. Mitchell... << ..s.< cuteuenerceteeeneee 0 

North and South Pike 

0... Nebr. State Line 22. eee 266 

2. Wewela. <2. «'s sori ee 264 
33. [Winner «....¢ <6 «% wee eee 231. 

9° -Jordan. <2. fo. sce eee 222 
$38 "Presho. |........ 01:2 tee 184 
13, Wivian. Sis... so sep ee abe 
33 Ot Pierre. 20s ca mst 138 

2 Pierre cies ole os nets ee 136 
39 7Onida. 2. . ch .c ets paar ee 97 
27 “Gettysburg i. 2. es sete 70 
39. Selby. sci. s.00.c sash Se 31 
16. ‘Mound City ~..2...5-e eee 15 

% ~Herried: ... J). 2. «ce see 8 

3 N. D. State Lines sae 0 


Training School, State 


Buffalo Trail 


Proposed terminals Chicago and Yellow- 
stone Park 


0 (ee Viinneewtatendsnee. s. wcnae. 460 

ba” PEM UMANGTOCH ies 5 3). ace 455 

ve TD ERTS lune, SE Ve ee Se tae C2) 448 

2 Len. ee UT CLION sum. so cas tele 446 

vi Eel oof GHW EROS Hal elgee Ain ais > Suey en ena 439 

8 PORE GI CV ODLN laren seecty Pia ee 431 

7 CUM ACHISOM 45 ciestant ceude ck 424 

fs A Ser LEN US anne ee. oct Hated. so tanbe Lee 419 

5 Est AM TOW OSG MY ee pe. eee ae yan Ry a 414 

8 DMOLLOWALO wes. Colo cu. Rests See eee 406 

4 (Ai TARA RCEOS  e s, Se  e e  ce ee 402 

ee COMET OS WiC Meee cee. seein cae sk en BOT 

D ROM OCOriw «ane nits Le ate 392 

5 Mie MPATEOSTAT) Poy sire, dest clen iks odor tdews 387 

10 Pi LOneS CDE Pie werd. ston st ce, t . saat 
11 CGV OONSOCKEGUMMsa. coh liens ek 366 
16 Mee VWCSSINE COM SDESS cick: wis lve ee 350 
21 Hwee Greritt “Valiey ois. os «oe fe one 329 
3 NG eee VLU ROT es on PS, eevee etic os hax Suara c 299 
10 rome TNG Cr ELCIO TUS ars < sen acces cays 4 289 
12 SOY Me TA OLE. ata cbeeaie.-cieh oicety nN Pat wi 
9 iS ae OLA DITO IN oe ca, ceases Pees ese 268 

ale E PANS ond G2 ik ero Uo Ne nce Bie eee Ee Re PAS 
9 PALS UTC ae oc oe eee ols ets 248 

29 “lel SBA ats? Gan oi keen, © Aen oe 219 
1 eee Ee BORIC. cirkc ce gear cst oe its x 218 

32 GREECE L OAT OS oka Meng eae te. cheacttis a4 cme 186 
26 SUE cin To EW GRC Ae, Se pte pe At aia ee RO 160 
ree re Gee TELL hc ccs ESE eA eA 133 
| By eG MEO OCLONAMOOlM aden rio ccehe.s sess) 116 
12 ee We QHD NR AH gOMENe NONE es het eee enn an 104 
6 SBS AVG ES 5 eR plea ty el let dea 98 

14 ew VAS tal LEOLICE hs teh) eras ore olete eb 84 
22 BUM MLINGerWOOGME. atk ccd Al eek 62 
i Is Aire OX MHlder. wee Meeps eee 50 
tt em mets Cont Vas whites vale dt vdieuely ius 39 
39 UR SANUMa oh ab ibaltes od Oi § ac ae eee a iene 0 
Training School, State. This insti- 


tution was provided for by the legis- 
lature of 1883 to be located at Plank- 
inton, but no appropriation was made 
for it until 1887 when $30,000 was pro- 
vided for buildings. These were erect- 
ed and the institution opened on Nov- 
vember 3, 1888. One year later it 
had 33 inmates. Cephas W. Aijins- 
worth was superintendent, continuing 
in the office 11 years, when he was 
succeeded by W. H. Tomkins on July 
1, 1899. Upon September 18, 1901, 
Tompkins was succeeded by Sutton EH. 
Young, who held the position until 
his death, April 23, 1911, and was fol- 
lowed by R. E. Schlosser who contin- 
ues in the position. On October 5, 
1897, 7 girls were cremated in the 
burning of the girls dormitory. The 
plant now consists of five buildings. 


73 


_ Treasurer, State 


There is an average of 90 boys and 
25 girls; but plans are now being made 
for a separate institution for girls 
at Mitchell. This institution was es- 
tablished as the Dakota Reform 
school, but the name was changed in 
1907. The attendants are children 
committed from the several counties 
for various misdemeaners and for in- 
corrigibility. The school is operated 
as a well conducted home, looking to 
the removal of the cause of delin- 
quency and preparing the children 
for usefulness. Since its establish- 
ment the institution has cost $151,778 
for permanent improvemen‘s ard $841, 
304.75 for maintenance. 


Traverse Lake, along the northeast 
border of the State, is the boundary 
for its entire length. It connects di- 
rectly with the Red River of the North. 


Traverse des Sioux, Treaty of. See 
Indian Treaties, 1. 
Travois (plural, travoix) is the 


French name of the Indian carriage. 
The Sioux call it Tosu kagapi, (what 
they make of the tent poles). Park- 
man in “The Oregon Trail” thus des- 
cribes it: “The long poles used in 
pitching the lodges are carried by the 
horses, fastened by the heavier end, 
two or three on each side, to a rude 
sort of pack saddle, while the other’ 
end drags on the ground. About a 
foot behind the horse, a kind of large 
basket, or pannier, is suspended be- 
tween the poles and firmly lashed in 
place. On the back of the horse are 
piled various articles of luggage; the 
basket is also well filled with domes- 
tic utensils, or quite as often with a 
litter of puppies, a brood of children 
or a superannuated old man.” 


Treasurer, State. See State Treas- 


urer. 


9 
vo 


Treaties 


Treaties. _See Indian Treaties, 
Black Hills Treaty, 1876. 
Treaty, Black Hills. See Black 


Hills Treaty. 


Treaty of 1889. 
ties, 6. 


See Indian Trea- 


Treber, John, ; Deadwood; 
born in Hochheim, Germany; came to 
Deadwood, Dakota in 1877; engaged 
in banking and other business; mem- 
ber and president of city council for 
many years; legislator, 1911. 


Tree Bounty. Any person in South 
Dakota who plants and cultivates suc- 
cessfully any area to trees, not ex- 
ceeding 12 acres, may draw from the 
county a bounty of $5 per acre per 
year for ten years. 





Code, 8045-8047. 


Trees. See Trees’ and 


Flora. 


Shrubs, 


Trent is a village in southern Moody 


County. 


Trial Practice. 
Practice,” ete. 


See DeLands “Trial 


Triceretops. A rhinosceros-like 
beast of the cretaceous. See Fossils. 


Trifles. 
fles.” 


“The law disregards  tri- 





Code, 65. 


Tripp is a town in southwest Hut- 
chinson County. Population, see Cen- 
sus. “The Ledger,’ established in 
1892, is its newspaper. 


Tripp, Bartlett, 1839-1911; resident 
of Yankton; lawyer; judge of terri- 
torial supreme court; United States 
Minister to Austria, 1893-1897; mem- 
ber, Samoan high joint commission, 
1902. Judge Tripp was South Dako- 
ta’s most distinquished citizen; saving 


Tripp, William 


a life tenure to his wife, he bequeath- 
ed his entire fortune to Yankton Col- 
lege. Author of “My Trip to Samoa” 
(see Samoa). 


Robnison, 917. 


Tripp County. Created, 1873;  or- 
ganized, 1909; named for’ Bartlett 
Tripp (q.v.); bounded on the north by 
main channel of White River; on the 
souch by Nebraska; on the east by the 
10th guide meridian, 5th P. M. sur- 
vey; on the west by 3rd guide merid- 
ian, 6th P. M. survey. County seat, 
Winner. Area, 1,042,560 acres. 





Code, p, 151. 


Tripp County Agreement. See Ind- 
ian Treaties, 10. 


Tripp County Lands. See Tripp 
County Opening. 
Tripp County Opening. The unal- 


lotted lands of Tripp County, upon the 
Rosebud Indian Reservation, were 
opened to settlement October 17, 1898. 
This caused a tremendous rush and 
114,769 persons registered to be eligi- 
ble to a chance in the drawing of said 
homesteads, of which there were four 
thousand. See Indian Treaties, 10. 


Tripp, John B., 1857- ; born in 
Brooklin, Connecticut, January 16th; 
came to White Lake, Aurora County, 
Dakota in 1883; engaged in general 
farming; in U. S. Indian service at 
Rosebud Agency, 8 years; legislator, 
1915, 1917; State Senator in 1919. 


Tripp, Robert B., ; born at 
Wapellow, Iowa; educated in Univer- 
sity of Utah; lawyer; located in Yank- 
ton, 1885: reporter, Territorial Su- 
preme Court, 1887-89; circuit judge 
since 1809; home, Yankton. 


Tripp, William, 1819-1878; lawyer; 
native of Maine; lieutenant governor 


734 


Trojan 


of that state; captain, Co. B. Dakota 


Cavalry, 1862; the first territorial leg- - 


islative council met in his pioneer 
home at Yankton; brother of Bartlett 
ee CONS) 





Pais, 5 2X57°'415; 611. 


Trojan is a mining camp in south- 
ern Lawrence County. 


Trout. Mountain trout are natives 
to the streams of the Black Hills. 
Lochlaven and salmon have been in- 
troduced and are abundant. See 
Game and Fish. 


Troy is a village in southwest Grant 
County. 


Trude, Charles J., 1856- ; born in 
Niagara, New York, January 8th; set-- 
tled at Vale, Butte County, 1882; mem- 
ber, territorial legislature, 1889. 


Trudeau’s Expedition. Jean Bap- 
tiste Trudeau, a native of Montreal and 
possessing a good education was the 
first school master in St. Louis. In 
1794 he led a trading enterprise into 
the Dakota region and spent a year 
upon our soil. He left the first co- 
herent account of the Dakota coun- 
try. His story is condensed into the 
following pages: 


On May 12, 1794 there was com- 
pleted in Saint Louis a commercial 
organization known as “The Commer- 
cial Company for the Discovery of 
Nations of the Upper Missouri.” 


There was no regular incorporation 
but the articles of agreement were 
signed by Laurent Durocher, Antoine 
Reihle, Joseph Robidou, Hyacinthe St. 
Cyr, Charles ' Sanguinet, Louis C. Du- 
breuil, Joseph Motard, Benito Vasquez 
and Jacques Clamorgan. The Span- 
ish Government at once granted this 
company the exclusive trade of the 
Upper Missouri, above the Poncas. 
Clamorgan seems to have been the 
chief promoter and was made man- 
aging director of the enterprise. Al- 


Trudeau’s Expedition 


ready the French were pretty well 
informed about the Upper Missouri 
region. As early as 1784 an adven- 
turous voyager had gone from New 
Orleans to the Arickaras, who were 
then settled about Pierre. In 1787 
Don. Avdres Fagot la Garciniere, of 
Saint Louis had sent Joseph Garreau, 
then a youth of 23 to the Upper Miss- 
ouri and he had settled and remained 
with the Aricaras in central South 
Dakota. In 1789 Jean Monier had 
discovered the Poncas, on the Niobra- 
ra, and at that time trade with the 
Omahas, near the mouth of the Sioux 
seems to have been well established. 

Ciamorgan selected Jean Baptiste 
Trudeau to conduct the enterprises 
of the company in the wilderness. 
Trudeau, or Truteau as he generally 
writes it, was born at Montreal on 
December 11, 1748 and was conse- 
quently 45 years of age at this time. 
He was the first school master of 
Saint Louis, but whether he had en- 
gaged in school mastering prior to 
this enterprise is not clear. He says 
in his journal that he had spent 26 
years in making trips, presumably 
among the Indians. He was distantly 
related to Lieut. Governor Zenon Tru- 
deau, the representative of the Span- 
ish government at St. Louis at 
that time. Eight men were employed 
to accompany him upon the voyage. 
They were Pierre Berger, second in 
command; Noel Charron, hunter; 
Joseph La de Route, Joseph Chorette, 
Quebec, Savoy, Le Coyer, 
and perhaps Francois Menard. 

No time was lost after the com- 
pletion of the organization of the Com- 
pany on May 12th for 25 days later, 
that is on June 7th, 1794 Trudeau and 
his party set out with a large pirogue, 
loaded with merchandize. It was pro- 
pelled with eight oars. Clamorgan 
instructed Trudeau to keep a daily 
journal of events and to this we are 
indebted for the illumination of an ex- 
tremely interesting period in South 
Dakota History. The journal is in two 
parts, the first covering the period 
from June 7th, 1794 to March 25th, 
1795. The second portion begins with 
May 24th, 1795 and ends with the 20th 
of July of that year. The second por- 











735 


Trudeau’s Expedition 


tion has long been in the Library of 
Congress, but the first portion was 
for many years lost sight of until Mr. 
Roscoe R. Hill, of the Carnegie Institu- 
tion, searching for the materials for 
American History in the Spanish 
“Archives of the Indies” came upon 
it recently at Seville. It was trans- 
cribed and published in French, with 
illuminating editorial notes, in the 
American Historical Review for Jan- 
uary 1914. We acknowledge our ob- 
ligation to the Missouri Historical 
Society and to the American Histori- 
cal Review for text and notes of 
which we have freely availed ourselves. 
The translation for the first part was 
made by Mr. C. Stanley Stevenson, 
with some assistance in rendering 
idiomatic expressions from _ Prof. 
Charles Gastine, a venerable French 
scholar of Fort Pierre. While the 
translation is generally literal, occa- 
sionally it has been necessary to re- 
sort to a free construction for the 
sake of clarity. 

Trudeau made fair progress and on 
August 6th being then a short dis- 
tance below the mouth of the Platte 
he was overtaken by Jacques D’Eg- 
lise a rival trader enroute to the 
Arickaras, who had not left St. Louis 
until June 30th or later. Clamorgan 
sent by him additional instructions, 
among other things telling him to 
turn over a lot of 26 guns which he 
had to Se. Quenneville who was trad- 
ing at the mouth of the Kansas. As 
Trudeau was already far above the 
Kansas he could not comply with 
this direction but entrusted the guns 
to D’Eglise to carry on as far as the 
Aricaras. D’Eglise accepted the 
guns with the stipulation that he 
should not be held responsible if they 
were lost. He passed Trudeau and 


going forward reached the Ponca vil-. 


lage near the mouth of the Niobrara, 
where the warriors stopped him, and 
dispossessed him of the guns and 
some powder and balls. It may be 
surmised that D’Eglise was not un- 
willing to buy his way through the 
hostile country with his rival’s guns. 

It was the purpose of the Clamor- 
gan people to extend the trade to St. 
Louis among the tribes yet unknown 


Trudeau’s Expedition 


near the headwaters of the Missouri 
and consequently Trudeau used every 
precaution to pass the lower bands 
without being discovered as each would 
be sure to levy tribute upon him if it 
discovered his passage. 

The expedition reached the mouth 
of the Big Sioux River on the evening 
of August 25th and the next morning, 
Tuesday, entered into South Dakota. 

There was no event of importance 
until the morning of the 30th day of 
September when they arrived at the 
present site of Crow Creek Agency 
and were compelled to land by a par- 
ty of Teton Sioux among whom were 
three families of Yanktons, whom he 
had previously known while so-journ- 
ing with that tribe upon the head- 
waters of the Des Moines river. They 
wished to trade with him but in his 
anxiety to preserve his wares for the 
tribes higher up he refused to accom- 
modate them, whereupon the tribes- 
men helped themselves and gave him 
a few skins in return. They detained 
him until the evening of the 2nd day 
on October when they allowed him to 
depart. Believing it would be impos- 
sible to pass with his goods that 
autumn, through the country of the 
Sioux, he crossed to the west side 
of the river that evening, and going 
up stream about six miles to a point 
where the rough river breaks came 
down close to the water, he unloaded 
his vessel, carried the goods back into 
the breaks and buried them. He then 
took the boat some further up stream 
and sunk it near the shore, determin- 
ing to go across country to the Aric- 
ara village at the mouth of the Chey- 
enne and secure assistance and re- 
turn and get the boat and goods and 
proceed with them to the Arickara 
town and spend the winter there. 
The party traveled nights, back a few 
miles from the river, across the east- 
ern end of Stanley County. The Te- 
tons at Crow Creek told Trudeau that 
the Aricara had recently abandoned 
their homes and flown, but he _ be- 
lieved it was a ruse to induce him to 
remain with them; however, when on 
the 9th of October they reached the 
mouth of the Cheyenne they found the 
report absolutely true. The Aricara 


736 


Trudeau’s Expedition 


had abandoned their homes so pre- 
cipitately that they had not waited 
to gather up their property but had 
left it to the enemy. Trudeau and his 
party turned about the next morning 
to return to the cache where the pro- 
perty was hidden. They reached the 
point on the 18th and found their pro- 
perty intact. They bailed out’ the 
boat, and loaded most of the property 
leaving some of the heavier articles 
in the cache to be recovered the next 
spring and set out down river to find 
a suitable place to spend the winter 
out of the usual hunting grounds of 
the tribes, their object being to get 
below the Sioux and still remain 
above the Poncas and Omahas. On 
the 4th of November they settled in a 
heavy wood, under a ledge of chalk- 
stone where a little creek ran down 
to the river, on the north side of the 
Missouri, in what is now Section 22 
township 95, Range 65 in Charles Mix 
County, South Dakota. First caching 
most of their goods and covering the 
earth over them with the chips hewed 
in making a cabin on November 11th. 
It was the purpose to bury the remain- 
der of the goods in the earthern floor 
of the cabin but the next day Noel 
Charron returned from his hunt, bring- 
ing with him an Omaha Indian, and 
their troubles were renewed. A day 
or two later The Rabbit, a very well 
known chief, called by the French Le 
Gros Lapin, came with his band and 
settled down near the establishment 
and on the 10th of December, Black- 


bird, the most famous chief of the . 


Omaha tribe arrived with the remain- 
der of his people. They wanted to 
trade and compelled Trudeau to give 
them some credit for goods to be paid 
for in skins. Trudeau had none of 
the tact of the successful trader and 
the Omahas were not slow to dis- 
cover his weakness and his life that 
winter was anything but enjoyable. 
Jean Monier, who had discovered 
the Poncas in 1789, and had secured 
from the Spanish government a mono- 
poly of the trade of the Poncas for the 
space of four years come up with goods 
in the autumn of 1794 after Trudeau. 
Another trader called Solomon Petit 
had also arrived with goods from 


Trudeau’s Expedition 


Saint Louis and was some where in 
the country, within communication 
distance of the Trudeau establishment 
but just where has not been deter- 
mined. It appears however that these 
boats had been stopped by Blackbird, 
at his village in eastern Nebraska, be- 
low the mouth of the Sioux and dis- 
possessed of their goods and that they 
were compelled to pass the winter 
near there. At any rate at midwin- 
ter six of Monier’s men appeared at 
Trudeau’s and stated that their pa- 
tron was left in his camp with out 
food. It may be assumed that after 
Blackbird had stopped Monier and de- 
prived him of his goods and compelled 
him to lay up for the winter, the wily 
savage had heard of the Trudeau es- 
tablishment and had _ slipped away 
leaving the marooned Frenchmen 
without the food which the Indian hunt- 
ers otherwise would have _ supplied. 
These men remained with Trudeau 
until February 16th when two of them, 
accompanied by two of Trudeau’s men 
set out to return to Monier’s camp, 
for Trudeau had been informed that 
Solomon carried a letter to him, from 
his wife, and he wanted it. 
Twenty-one days later, on March 
9th these courier’s returned with the 
letter and Solomon was with them. 
On the 8th of March Blackbird and 
his band, left Trudeau’s and that day 
a party of Poncas arrived. On the 
11th Rabbit and his people left. The 
Poncas brought a great quantity of 
dried meat with them which Solomon 
purchased and again they were opu- 
lent. It was an open winter, only 4 
inches of snow falling during the en- 
tire season. On the 21st of March 
the ice went out. Trudeau had first 
and last made up quite a pack of fur 
secured from the Sioux at Crow Creek 
and from the Omahas and Poncas in 
enforced trade, and he started off two 
men on the 23rd with this fur to 
carry it to Jean Monier who had 
through Solomon promised to take all 
of the fur secured to Saint Louis, but 
later having become alarmed lest Solo- 
mon and Monier should combine 
against his interests he sent another 
man with his large boat, to pick up 
the first two and transport their fur 


737 


Trudeau’s Expedition 


to Saint Louis independently. Tru- 
deau quit the house where he had 
spent the winter on Wednesday, 
March 25, 1795 and stopping for a sea- 
son in an unavailing endeavor to have 
the Poncas pay for the guns and am- 
munition they had got away from Jac- 
ques D’Eglise, quit them and evident- 
ly went at once to the Aricara which 
he found in their new home near the 
mouth of the Grand River. The first 
portion of the Jouurnal ends with 
March 25th, 1795. 

The second portion of the Trudeau 
journal begins abruptly on June 24th 
1795 at the Aricara villages near 
Grand River, where the remnants of 
the bands which, devastated by the 
Sioux and the smallpox in central 
South Dakota, had gathered after 
abandoning their hereditary homes 
the previous year. There is some evi- 
dence to make it appear that the first 
settlement near Grand River was made 
upon the east side of the Missouri 
north of Evarts in Walworth county, 
and it is possible thay Trudeau found 
them at that place. Jacques D’Eeglise 
had passed the winter there and he 
was a good trader who picked up all 
of the fur at good bargains, leaving 
none for Trudeau to obtain. The lat- 
ter however had somewhere upon his 
passage that spring obtained a small 
quantity of fur from the Cheyennes 
and as D’Eglise was returning to St. 
Louis, entrusted it to him to convey 
to the home company. It is to be 
hoped that D’Eglise did not find it 
necessary to pay it out to buy his 
passage through the hostile country, 
as he had done with Trudeau’s guns 
the previous year. D’Eglise started 
down river on May 24th. 

Having sent his big boat back to 
Saint Louis from the Pawnee house, 
in the early spring, and having made 
his way to the Aricaras in two small 
canoes which they had built during 
the winter, Trudeau found himself 
among the Aricara who had no fur 
for him and unable to go on to the 
Mandans for lack of transportation. 
Consequently he sent out Quebec and 
Savoy with two other men to find tim- 
ber to build a larger boat. They 
searched the river bank for a dis- 


Trudeau’s Expedition 


tance of 75 miles but found no suit- 
able timber. Therefore Trudeau set 
down patiently to wait the coming of 
the boat, which he understood his 
company would send up that season 
and he devoted his journal chiefly 
to a discussion of the character and 
habits of the Aricara in which his 
observations agree with those of other 
travelers as set out by Mr. DeLand. 
He very strongly condemns the morals 
of Joseph Garreau, a man named Lau- 
son who accompanied him, Jacques 
D’EKglise and other white men who had 
visited the tribe; but he as highly com- 
mends D’Eglise business methods. He 
informs his superiors that he must 
have liberty to pay higher prices, 
in barter, for furs to enable him to 
compete with the English traders from 
the North. Throughout the early sum- 
mer the Aricara were engaged in lit- 
tle forays against neighbors or pre- 
paring to defend themselves against 
threatened attacks. The newness of 
the settlement at that time is indicat- 
ed by the fact that it was not yet 
stockaded, but upon information that 
the Sioux of a village called Ta Coro- 
pa was preparing to attack them they 
went to work and built a_ strong 
stockade about the place. On the 10th 
of July one of the men, Joseph Chor- 
ette was drowned in the Missouri 
while bathing. 


The journal closes as abruptly as 
it began on July 20th. 

No records has been found of Tru- 
deau’s further operations on the Upper 
Missouri. It has been assumed that 
he remained with the Aricara in- 
the summer of 1795 until the boats 
from Saint Louis arrived, when he 
went to the Mandans and spent the 
winter with them, and in the autumn 
of, 1796 returned to the house in 
Charles Mix county, where he spent 
the winter of 1796-97. This, however 
is purely conjecture. Lewis and Clark 
say on September 8th, 1804. 

“N, 35 W. 7 mi. (from the tower) 


to a pt on. 1. s. opsd the house of Mr. 
Troodo where he wintered in 96 & 


738 : 


Trustee 


seven called the Pania hos., in a wood 
to the s. s.” 
Patrick Gass says, same date. 


“Captain Clark, who had been out 
hunting with some of the men, in- 
formed us he had passed a trading 
house built in 1796.” 

It must be remembered that the 


Captains, especially Capt. Lewis had 
spent much time in Saint Louis the 
previous winter, in conference with 
traders from up the Missouri, and had 
with them a copy, made by Jefferson 
of at least a portion of Trudeau’s jour- 
nal. It would seem probable’ that 
they consulted the school master and 
got all of the information possible 
from him and that Trudeau had told 
them where he spent the winter of 
1796-97. We only know that in 1798 
Trudeau was back at the school house 
in Saint Louis. j 


Trustee. In South Dakota law who- 
ever voluntarily assumes a relation 
of personal confidence with another 
is deemed a trustee. A trust is creat- 
ed by any words or acts indicating 
with reasonable certainity that he ac- 
cepts the trust; one who wrongfully 
detains a thing is automatically trus- 
tee thereof for the benefit of the own- 
er and so if he gains anything by 
fraud, accident, mistake or undue in- 
fluence; he must use good faith in 
administering the trust and cannot 
make personal profit from it, nor use 
the influence which his position as 
trustee gives him for his own advan- 
tage; nor shall he undertake any other 
trust adverse to the senior one with- 
out the consent of the senior trustor; 
every violation of these provisions 
is a fraud; and in any action all of 
the presumptions are against the trus- 
tee, which he must overcome with 
competent testimony. 


~ Code, 1185-1233. 


Tubercular Sanitarium 


Trumbo, Frank, 1850- ; Wagner; 
born at Breemer, Iowa, October 17th; 
came to South Dakota in 1862; engag- 
ed farming; U. S. farmer at Yankton 
Indian Agency, 1869, and employed 
occasionally by government since be- 
cause of his influence with the Ind- 
ians; legislator, 1909, 1911, 1925. 


Trumm, William, 1856- ; born in 
Ontario, Canada, February 17th; came 
to Hamlin County, S. D. in 1886 and 
engaged in farming; legislator from 
Hamlin county in 1901, 1903, 1905; 
P.O. atayti. 


Trygstad, Martin M., 1843- ; na- 
tive of Norway and member of King’s 
Guard; first resident of Brookings 
County, 1869; postmaster, Medary; 
county commissioner, 12 years; engag- 
ed in farming; legislator, 1873, 1879; 
State Senator, 1903. 


Tscharner, Peter J., 1878- ; Lem- 
mon; born at Alma, Wisconsin, Feb- 
ruary 8th; came to Lemmon, Perkins 
County, S. D. in 1907; engaged in 
in the practice of law; legislator, 1911, 


1913, 1915; speaker of House, 1913. 
Tschirley, Herman, 1880- ; born 
at Breslau, Germany, October 23rd; 


came to Edmunds County, Dakota in 
1880; educated, Brookings College; 
engaged in banking, real estate, and 
stock raising in Roscoe; held various 
town offices; legislator, 1919, 1921. 


Tubbs, Newton Seymour, : 
born in Western, Oneida County, New 
York; engaged in farming; came to 
South Dakota in 1879, settling in Cus- 
ter; legislator, 1905. 


Tubercular Sanitarium. This insti- 
tution was established at Sanitor, near 
Custer, by the legislature of 1909 and 
Dr. Rolla E. Woodworth has been sup- 
erintendent from the first. The lo- 
cation is 5500 feet above sea level in 


739 


Tuberculosis 


a beautiful forest of mountain pine 
and where every condition is con- 
ductive to healthfulness. The im- 
provement and cure of incipient cases 
of tuberculosis has been very satis- 
factory. In the early history of the in- 
stitution cases at all stages were ad- 
mitted and still are where there is the 
slightest hope of arresting the dis- 
ease. The table gives the _ results 
from the first: . 

Total patients admitted........... 830 


Disease arrested .......... 212 
Patients improved ........ 293 
NOt-IMpPToved %4an540ses ee 79 
Deaths <5 Kasicwed: 6 eee 186 830 


Those who have died were in the in- 
stitution upon an average of less than 
60 days and were in fact hopeless 
cases, far gone when admitted. Since 
foundation the institution has had for 
all purposes $957,000. 


Tuberculosis. This disease is pre- 
valent among the Indians, and to a 
considerable extent among the white 
population. Intelligent management 
is reducing it appreciably. Incipient 
cases are wholly restored to health. 
In 1922, in South Dakota, with an ap- 
proximate population of 750,000, there 
was a total, from all causes, of 5,112 
deaths, of which 303 were from tuber- 
culosis, or .404 per thousand popu- 
lation. See Tubercular Sanitarium. 


Tufts, Dr. Arthur H., 1856- ; born 
in Vermont; graduate, University of 
the City of New York; physician, 
Sioux Falls from 1874; city health of- 
ficer. 

Tulare is a town in southern Spink 
County. Population, see Census. “The 
Reporter,” established in 1915, is its 
newspaper. 

Tungsten. See Metals. 

Tunnell, G. G., 1887- ; born at 
Kiester, Minnesota, August 21st; en- 


Turner County 


gaged in mercantile business; came 
to Mobridge, S, D. in 1908; engaged 
in railroad work for ten years; served 


in World War for two years; legis- 
lator, 1923; postmaster, Mobridge, 
1923-. 


Turkey. The wild turkey was a 
native of the Missouri Valley as high 
as Little Bend, but has apparently 
been wholly destroyed. October 38rd, 
1804, Captain Clark entered in his 
journal, when just above Little Bend, 
in western Sully county: “At one 
o’clock an Indian came to the bank, 
on the starboard (east side) with a 
turkey on his back.’ Domestic tur- 
keys are an important feature of poul- 
try farming. The State census of 1915 
showed 203,000; U. S. census, 1920, 
83,866. - 


Turkey Creek. A stream rising in 
western Hutchinson County, flows 
through Childstown, Spring Valley and 
Swan Lake and enters the Vermillion 
River in Centerville, Turner County. 


Turkey Ridge is a ridge running 
parallel and south of Turkey Creek in 
Turner and Yankton Counties. 


Turnbull, John, 1831- . porn *in 
Scotland, December 31; settled in Cen- 
terville, Turner County, 1883; grain 
buyer; member, territorial legislature, 
1889. 


Turner County. Created, 1871; or- 
ganized, 1871; named for John W. 
Turner (q.v.); consists of township 
96 north, of ranges 52 and 53, west 
5th P. M.; also townships 97, 98, 99, 
and 100 north, of ranges 52, 53, 54 
and 55 west, 5th P. M. Settled in 
1869 by Gideon C. Moody and others 
at Swan Lake. County seat, Parker. 
Area, 394,880 acres. 


740 


Turner, Frank 


The county seat was first located 
at Swan Lake, and voted to Parker in 
1885 after the railroad came. 





Code, p. 151. 
Turner, Frank, ; born in 
Hennepin County, Illinois; came to 


Faulkton in 1883 and engaged in the 
practice of law; county judge and dis- 
trict attorney in territorial days; 
state’s attorney after statehood; leg- 
islator, 1905. 


Turner, John W., 1800- ; born in 
New York; settled in Clay County, 
1863; in territorial legislatve council, 
1865, 1866; legislator, 1872; territorial 
superintendent of public instruction, 
1870-71;; pioneer settler of Turner 
County. He built a mill at Turner 
City, four miles east of Swan Lake. 


Turner, L. C., Aberdeen; born in 
Penobscot County, Maine; came to Da- 
kota in 1878; settled in Sioux Falls 
and engaged in stock raising; later 
moved to Brown County; held several 


city and county offices; legislator, 
1905. 

Turtle. See Amphibians and Rep- 
tiles. 


Turtle Foot Lake is in eastern Mar- 
shall County. 


Turtle River rises in the Missouri 
Coteau in eastern Hyde County and 
running east, northeast passes through 
Hand County to fall into the James 
River at Redfield. 


Turton is a town in northeast Spink 


County. Founded in 1886 by _ the 
Western Town Lot Co. Was named 
for Turton in England. “The Trum- 


pet,” established in 1904, is its news- 
paper. 


Twelve Mile Creek is a creek rising 
in the northeast corner of Douglas 


Two Woods Lake 


County and running 
Hutchinson County 
River. 


east through 
into the James 


Twelve Mile Creek rises in the ex- 
treme southwest of Davison County 
and flows east into James River in 
northern Hutchinson County. 


“Twilight” is a book of verse by 
Gustave Melby (q.v.). 


Twilight is a post office in north- 
east Butte County. 


Twin Brooks is a village in north- 
ern Grant County. 


Twin Buttes is a discontinued post 
office in northern Perkins County. 


Twin Lakes are small lakes ten 
miles south of Redfield, in Tulare 
township, Spink County. 


Twine Plant. To provide labor for 
the inmates of the penitientiary and 
at the same time provide twine for 
binding grain to the farmers at a 
reasonable rate, the constitution was 
amended in 1906 (Const. XI, 1) to 
enable the State to establish a twine 
manufacturing plant in the State pri- 
son. Sisil is bought in the open mark- 
et and spun in the prison, on 150 
machines. The annual product is 
worth about $200,000. 


Two Kettle Band, (Oohenonpa) a 
band of Teton Sioux, who since the 
end of the 18th century have lived in 
central South Dakota. They have us- 
ually been friendly to the whites and 
at present reside upon the Cheyenne 
River Reservation. 


Two Top Butte is in northern Butte 
County. 


Two Woods Lake (Chanonpa) is in 
northwestern Deuel County. It was 
a famous resort for Indians. The 


741 


Tyler 


American Fur Company established 
a trading post there before 1836. 


Tyler is a railroad station in north- 
ern Minnehaha County. 


Tyler, George W., 1861- ; born at 
Decorah, Iowa, November 17th; came 
to South Dakota in 1884, locating at 
Crooks, Minnehaha County; engaged 
in farming; held several county and 
township offices; legislator, 1923; 
Post Office, Renner. 


Tyler, John G., 1852- ; Beresford; 
born in Green County, Wisconsin, 
June 6th; engaged in insurance busi- 
ness; justice of the peace and held 


Tyndall 


several township offices; legislator, 
1911. 

Tyler, Levi S., 1847- > born in 
Massachusetts; veteran of the Civil 


War; in Sioux Falls since 1894; agent 
American Express Company and book- 





keeper; State Senator, 1899 from 
Minnehaha County. 

Hist., Minn. -Co., 724. 

Tyndall is a city in central Bon 


Homme County. Population, see Cen- 
sus. “The Tribune,’ established in 
1881, and “The Register,” in 1885, 
are its newspapers. 


742 


Uline, Gust A. 


Uline, Gust. A., 1849-1912; native of 
Sweden; came to United States, 1867; 
pioneer business man of Dell Rapids; 
merchant and banker; member, State 


board of charities and _ corrections, 
1889-1893. 
Ullman, Roy, 1886- -« Dorn + at 


Paulina, Iowa, September 18th; came 
to Brookings County, S. D. in 1915; 
engaged in farming; legislator, 1923, 
1925; Post Office, Brookings. 


Ulmer, J. W., 1862- 7 DOr it 
South Russia, January 30th; came to 
Hutchinson County in 1874; legislator, 
1897, 1899; State Senator, 1903. 


“Underground Water.” See Water, 


Underground. 


Underwood is a railroad station in 
northeast Pennington County. Named 
for John Underwood of the Humphrey 
Cattle Ranch, near the village. 


Undine Region was a name applied 
in 1838 by Dr. Joseph N. Nicollet to 
the Coteau lake region of southwest- 
ern Minnesota and eastern South Da- 
kota. 


Union County. Created as Cole 
County, 1862; organized, 1862; named 
Union, 1863, for sentiment; bounded 
on the north by north line of town- 
ship 95, east by Big Sioux River; 
south by Missouri River; west, by 
west line of range 50 to the north- 
west corner of township 95, north, 
range 50, west of the 5th P. M.; thence 
east along said township line to the 
center of the main channel of the 
Big Sioux. Settled in 1859; county 
seat, Elkpoint. Area, 289,280 acres. 





Code, p. 151. 


Unityville is a village in northern 
McCook County. 


74 


University Museum 


Universtiy of S. D. See Education, 
18. 


University Museum. The museum 
of the State University has been as- 
sembled and arranged primarily for 
the use of the students in pursuing 
their studies and incidentally consid- 
erable material has been secured that 
interests the curious. The chief study 
classifications are: 


Birds. 

A very complete series of the skins 
of the birds of the State, properly 
mounted, with data as to their range 
and economic value. 


Mammals. 

Mounted specimens of practically 
all the mammals of the State, accom- 
panied by the economic data pertain- 
ing to them. 


Reptiles and Amphibians 
of South Dakota, properly mounted, 
with data. 


Rocks, minerals and ores 
of South Dakota, with illuminating 
memoranda. 


Land and Fresh Water Mollusca 
of South Dakota, with information. 
Bird’s Eggs and Nests. 

Eggs and nests of South Dakota 

birds. 


Fish. 
Mounted specimens of the fish of 
the State. 


Plants. 
A very comprehensive collection of 
the flora of South Dakota; there are 
about 10,000 specimens of these. 


Fossils. 
An extensive collection of South Da- 
kota fossils; giving visual information 
of ancient life. 


5) 
vo 


Upper Deep Creek 


Anthropology. 

More than 200 hundred skeletons of 
Indians, chiefly Arickara, afford op- 
portunity to study ancient man. 

In the curioso are an extensive col- 
lection of fire-arms; Indian saddles, 
artifacts, pipes, war clubs, and gar- 
ments. A collection of rare _ coins, 
currency and postage; old furniture 
and pioneer articles; also a totem pole 
and birch bark canoe from Alaska. 

The museum was organized and the 
collections made almost wholly by 
Prof. W. H. Over. 


Upper Deep Creek is in northern 
Haakon County, entering Cheyenne 
River. 

Urban is a railroad station in north- 
ern Custer County. 


Urban Population. See Census. 


Urdahl, Hans, 1867- ; Madison; 
born in Norway, February 20th; came 
to South Dakota in 1900; engaged in 
practice of law; state’s attorney for 
Lake County from 1909 to 1913; legis- 
lator, 1913; State Senator in 1915, 
1917 and 1919; 


Usage. Usage is a reasonable and 
lawful public custom concerning trans- 
actions of the same nature, existing 
at the place where the obligation is 
to be performed, and either known 
to-the parties or so well established, 
general and uniform that they must 
be presumed to have acted with refer- 
ence thereto. 





Code, 25. 

Ustrud, Hans A., native, Minnehaha 
County, 1871-; educated, Lutheran 
Normal School, Sioux Falls; educator; 
county superintendent, 1902-6; State 
superintendent, public instruction, 
1907-11. 


Ute Invasion 


Usury. Any contract for a rate of 
interest greater than twelve per cent 
per annum, is usurious. All interest 
may be forfeited upon any usurious 
contract. 


Code, 1040-44. 


Ute Invasion. In 1906 a band of ap- 
proximately 360 Ute Indians from 
Utah, who had taken their lands in 
severalty, determined to come out in-a 
body and settle upon the Rosebud Re- 
servation in South Dakota. They 
moved slowly across the country and 
created a good deal of uneasiness in 
Wyoming, where the governor called 
upon the government to furnish troops 
for the protection of the citizens. Ap- 
parently the Utes were peacefully in- 
clined and claimed to be exercising 
their rights as full citizens of the 


United States to ego where they 
pleased so long as they behaved 
themselves. False representations 


having been made to the president 
that they were guilty of depredations 
in Wyoming, a military force was 
sent out and brought them into Fort 
Meade, where they arrived Novem- 
ber 6, 1906. They steadfastly refused 
to return to Utah, and a reservation 
was leased for them from the Chey- 
enne River Reservation, embracing 
towns 16 and 17 in ranges 18 and 19, 
Black Hills meridian. The tract in- 
cluded Thunder Butte in northern 
Ziebach County and they removed to 
it. Their relations with the Sioux 
were somewhat strained and it was 
found necessary to provide a _ mili- 
tary camp in the vicinity. They paid 
an annual rental of 41% cents per 
acre for the land occupied. In the 
spring of 1908 they expressed a de- 
sire to return to their lands in Utah 
and the government conducted them 


744 


Ute Invasion 


back in the summer of that year at 
an expense of $10,000. 


Reports Commissioner of Indian Affairs 
1906, 1907, 1908. 


Utica | 


Utica is a village in southwest 
Yankton County. “The Times,” es- 
tablished in 1912, is its newspaper. 


745 


Vaccination 


Vaccination. As early as 18382 Dr. 
Martin, of St. Louis, was sent up the 
Missouri River to vaccinate all of the 
employees of the American Fur Com- 
pany. Many Indians were likewise 
vaccinated. From the first  settle- 
ment the practice has been followed 
and in consequence there has been 
no alarming epidemic of smallpox. 
Pupils of the public schools are re- 
quired to be vaccinated every five 
years; but no force may be employed 
by a health officer to compel vac- 
cination. 





Code, 7691-7698. 
Vale is a village in southern Butte 
County. , 


Vagen Church, Scandinavian, at 
Mission Hill, Yankton County, was 
the first Lutheran Church built in 


South Dakota and is probably the 
oldest church edifice in the State. 


Valle, John, a French fur trader 
whom Lewis and Clark found living 
at Little Bend in 1804. Valle was 
once governor of the settlement at 
Cape Girardeau, Missouri. He _ told 
Lewis and Clark (Oct. 1, 1804) that 
he had spent the previous winter 
three hundred leagues up the Chey- 
enne River, which is a long distance, 
to say the least. Perhaps it seemed 
that far. 





HISts  DXGeonano. 

Valley Springs is a town in south- 
east Minnehaha County Population, 
see Census. “The Vidette,” 
lished in 1901, is its newspaper. 


Valuable Consideration. See con- 
sideration. 

Valuation. See Assessed Valuation, 
Wealth. 


“Value and Distribution.” An _ ex- 
haustive book on political economy, 


estab- | 


Van Metre 


by Herbert Devenport, former superin- 


dent of the Sioux Falls public 
schools. University of Chicago Press. 
Van Camp, William Nelson, 1876- 


; born in Wilton, Iowa, February 
21st; came to Highmore in childhood; 
teacher; county superintendent of 
schools, 1905-9; member, legislature 
1911; secretary, senate, 1913-1917; in- 
surance commissioner, 1917-1925. 


Van Dan Acker, H., 1880- ; born 
in Dubuque County, Iowa, December 
30th; came to South Dakota in 1884; 
locating on homestead near Emery, 
Hanson County; is a carpenter and 
contractor; legislator, 1921, 1923. 


VanDeMark, Walter E., 1882-1916; 
born near Hartford, Minnehaha Coun- 
ty, S. D., January 1st; educated, Wes- 
leyan University, Mitchell, and U. S. 
D.; engaged in practice of law; in 
Alexandria since 1908; states attor- 
ney of Hanson County from 1908 to 
1912; State Senator, 1915. 


Van Etten, Orsamus R., 1834-1921; 
born in Cayuga County, New York, 
July 14th; settled in Hyde County, 
1883; veteran of Civil War; notable 
temperance lecturer; territorial leg- 
islator, 1889. 


Van Gerpen, H. W., ; born 
in Stephenson County, Illinois; came 
to South Dakota in 1888, locating at 
Avon, Bon Homme County; engaged 
in farming; legislator, 1923, 1925. 


Van Horn, L. A., 1881- ; Oe6cel- 
richs; born in Millersburg, Iowa, Aug- 
ust 22nd; came to Fall River County 
in 1910; engaged in the retail lumber 
and grain business; held _ several 
school and municipal offices; legis- 
lator, 1925. 


Van Metre is a village in northern 
Jones County. Named for Mr. Arthur 


46 


Vanneman, Harry W. 


C. Van Metre, who had large interests 
in this vicinity. 

Vanneman, Harry W., 1882- . 
born Sidell, Ill. July 23rd; A. B. U. of 


Illinois. LL. M. Yale; professor of 
flaw. D. U. 

Van Ornum, Leon C., 1875- = born 
in Chicago, Illinois, April 3rd; came 


to Spink County Dakota in 1882; en- 
gaged in practice of law; in Conde, 
Spink County, since 1907; legislator, 
1921. 


Van Osdel, Abraham Lincoln, 1845- 

; born in Jefferson county, Ind., 
May 28th; was in Minnesota Cavalry 
in the Indian War and served much 
in the Dakotas; settled in Yankton 
County in 1864; founder of Mission 
Hill; territorial legislator, 1864, 1881, 
1885; was a member of the legislature 
of “The State of Dakota,” 1885; in 
territorial council, 1889; state legis- 
lator 1905, 1907; member Soldier’s 
Home Board, 1903-04; Commandant of 
the G. A. R. 1923-4; Mr. Van Osdel 
was the candidate of the Independent 
party for lieutenant governor in 1890 
and for governor of South Dakota 1892 
and hence has since been affection- 
ately called “Governor Van Osdel.”’ 
His avocation is history and he has 
written extensively upon historic sub- 
jects and is the author of a volume en- 


titled “Historic Land Marks of the 
Northwest.” 

Van Ruschen, H., 1877- ; born at 
German Valley, Illinois, April 4th; 


located in Marion, Turner County in 
1878 and has held several school and 
city offices; engaged in real estate 
business and was admitted to practice 
law in 1906; legislator, 1909. 


Van Woert, Henry, 1837-1916; native 
of Holland; pioneer of McCook Coun- 


Veblen 


ty; Civil War veteran; State Senator, 
T1901. 


Van Zee, F. E., ; born at 
Pella, Marion County, Iowa, October 
10th; came to Douglas County, Dako- 
ta in 1883; engaged in banking, real 


estate and insurance in Corsica; held 


several township offices and member 
of Board of Education since 1912; 
State Senator, 1921. 


Vanderburgh, William Henry, a very 
notable employe of the American Fur 
Company, who was captain of the 
company of Pilcher’s men who assist- 
ed Col. Leavenworth in the Ree bat- 
tle, August, 1823. In 1832 he was 
killed by Indians in Montana. 





Piste b. 190; cao, 


Vandercook, Ralph, 1879- ; born 
at Springfield, Illinois, December 14th; 
came to Fort Pierre, S. D. in 1907; 
engaged in real estate and farming 
and practical civil engineering until 
1917; assistant State engineer in 1909 
and 1910; legislator, 1923, 1925. 


“Vanishing Prairie Hen, The,” is a 
book by Clate Tinan, of Kimball, 
an authority upon wild life. 


Vanocker Creek is a small creek 
south of Sturgis, Meade County. 


Variation. The variation or de- 
clination of the magnetic needle at 
Pierre is 13.2° east of north. It varies 
somewhat from this figure at different 
points, generally diverging more as 
the line proceeds south. 


Vayland is a village in eastern Hand 
County. 


Veblen is a town in northeast Mar- 
shall County. Population, see Census. 
“The Advance,” established in 1900, 
is its newspaper. 


747 


Vega 


Vega is a post office in northeast 
Brule County. 


Vera is a post office in northeast 
Jones County. 


Vercoe, Walter L., 1861- ; born 
in Australia, March 1st; came to Dead- 
wood, in 1900; practicing physician; 
member, State Board of Health in 
1909; expert examiner, eye and ear, 
Bureau of Pensions in 1900; instruc- 
tor in Diseases of the Eye at Chicago 
Policlinics from 1895 to 1900; legis- 
lator, 1911. 


Verdict. In all civil cases ten mem- 
bers of a common law jury can return 
a verdict. Laws, 1923, chap. 151. 


Verdon is a village in southern 
Brown County. Founded by the West- 
ern Town Lot Co. in 1886. Named 
from a river in France. ‘The Times,” 
established in 1888, is its newspaper. 


Verendrye Plate is a plate of lead, 
7 x 8 inches square, deposited by the 
Verendyre Brothers at Fort Pierre, 


March 30, 1743, to witness the taking | 


of the Northwest for France. In 1726 
France entered into an agreement 
with General Pierre Gaultier de la 
Verendyre by which the latter, in 
consideration of the monopoly of any 
trade he might develop, was to ex- 
plore Canada westward to the Pacific 
Coast, in the interest of the mother 
country. His policy was to go out in- 
to the wilderness for a hundred miles 
or such a matter, establish a post and 
secure the good will of the natives 
and their acknowledgment of the sov- 
ereignty of France; thence going on 
for another space to repeat the same 
process; thus he had proceeded, year 
by year, founding among other places 
en route, Winnipeg, and finally in 1738 
building Fort LaReine on the site of 


Verendrye Plate 


the present city of Portage La Prairie, 
Manitoba. From information secured 
from the Indians he believed he was 
near enough so that by one grand push 
he could reach the Pacific Ocean. 
With this effort in view he returned 
to Canada, and among other prepara- 
tions provided this plate, to be planted 
upon the shore of the Pacific Ocean 
when he reached it. He was delayed 
and it was the autumn of 1741 when 
he returned to Fort LaReine. There 
he was taken ill and when the spring 
of 1742 arrived he was unable to tra- 


vel. Consequently on April 29 he 
started off his two sons, Francois, 
called the chevalier, aged 27, and 


Louis-Joseph, aged 25, to undertake 
the important enterprise. Following 
Indian advice they came down to the 
Missouri River in northern North 
Dakota and crossing that stream spent 
the remainder of that season passing 
from one band of Indians to another, 
in western Dakota, looking for some 
one who could guide them to the 
Pacific. When February, 1843 arrived 
they found themselves at the eastern 
foot of the Black Hills and convinced 
that they were not likely to reach 
the Pacific. Consequently they turn- 
ed back and on March 19 reached 
the fortified post of a chief known as 
the Little Cherry, located upon the 
bank of the Missouri River. We now 
know that this was an Arickara living 
about four miles north of the mouth 
of Bad River. The young men had 
broken their astrolabe, and as the 
region was not charted the only land- 
mark they were able to set down de- 
finitely was the Missouri River. They 
waited at the fort of the Little Cherry 
until March 30, when they went down 
to the nearest eminence at the junc- 
tion of the Bad River with the Mis- 


748 


Verendrye Plate 


souri, where, with due ceremony, they 
claimed the region for France and 
planted the plate in the earth in evi- 
dence of the claim. Above it they 
piled a cairn. The plate upon the 
obverse contains an inscription in 
Latin, printed with die-punch type, as 
follows: 

“Anno XXVI Regni Ludovici XV 
ProReges Illustrissimo Domino — 
Domino Marchiones De Beauharnois 
MDCCXXXXI. Petrus Gaultier de la 
Verendyre Posuit.” 


This, freely translated,-reads: 

In the 26th year of the most illus- 
trous monarch, Louis XV, the Lord 
Marquis of Beauharnois being vice- 
roy, 1741, Pierre Gaultier de la Ver- 
endyre placed this. 


On the reverse of the plate the 
young men scratched with a sharp in- 
strument, in French, the names ot 
those present at the time of planting 
and the date, thus: 


“Poseparle Chevaly et de la V Lo 
Jt Louy la Londette A Miotte le 30 
de Mars 17438.” 


This inscription has been the sub- 
ject of careful study by a number of 
rench historians and scholars, among 
them M. Jusserand, the French am- 
bassador at Washington, and Benja- 
min Sulte, the Canadian archivist and 
authority upon the French Canadian 
people, and they are agreed upon the 
interpretation given by Dr. Louise 
Kellogg, of the Wisconsin Historical 
Society, that the inscription is: 


“Placed by the Chevalier de la 
Verendyre, Louis Joseph, (Veren- 
dyre) Louis la Londette, A Miotte, 
March 30, 1743.” 

The plate remained where it was 
placed by the explorers for 170 years. 
During the rush of gold seekers to the 


Verendrye Journal 


Black Hills in 1876 the wharf at Fort 
Pierre became impassable and had to 
be paved. The cairn on Verendyre 
Hill offered the nearest available 
stone and it was carried down, leaving 
the earth exposed. For nearly forty 
years thereafter cattle wandered over 
the ground, children played there and 
the winds and rains eroded the sur- 
face. On February 16, 1913, George 
O’Reilly and Harriet Foster, two pupils 
of the Fort Pierre high school were 
strolling over Verendyre Hill when 
Harriet observed a bit of metal pro- 
truding from the earth. Placing her 
toe under it she pried it out. One of 
them picked it up (which one is in 
dispute) and finding an inscription 
upon it which they could not read, 
carried it down the hill to the village, 
where they met Messrs. George W. 
White, of Kennebec, and Elmer W. 
Anderson, of Willow Lakes, two mem- 
bers of the legislature, and showed 
the plate to them. Mr. White at once 
recognized it and told them of its his- 
torical value. Instantly there was a 
dispute between the children as to 
right of possession, but O’Reilly had 
it. Ultimately the members of the 
State Historical Society contributed 
the funds and O’Reilly was paid five 
hundred dollars and Harriet two hun- 
dred dollars for such interests as they 
respectively had and the plate passed 
into the possession of South Dakota. 

It may be seen in the Department of 
History at Pierre. 





Hist., VII, 91 et seq. Margry, ‘‘Discou- 
vertes et establissments des Francais 
dans L’ouest et dans le sud de la Amer- 
ique septentrionale 1614-1654,’’ Vol. VI, p. 
598; Canadian Archives, 1899, p. 2; ‘‘Mis- 
sissippi Valley Historical Review,’’ Vol. 
III, 1438 and 148. 


The Verendrye Journal 
Following is the complete text of 
the Journal of Chevalier Verendrye 


749 


Verendrye Journal 


describing the journey of 1742-43 when 
the plate was buried. 
Sir: 

I take the liberty of writing for you 
this narrative of a trip that I made 
with one of my brothers and two 
Frenchmen sent by my father, charg- 
ed with the honor of your orders to 
discover the Sea of the West beyond 
the Mandans, acting on the report of 
the savages. 

We set out from Fort la Reine (Port- 
age La Prairie, Manitoba) the 29th 
of April and arrived at the Mandans’ 
(probably near Fort Berthold, North 
Dakota) the 19th of May. There we 
remained until the 23rd day of July, 
awaiting the arrival of the Gens des 
Chevaux which we expected from day 
to day. Seeing the season was ad- 
vancing and not wishing to give up 
absolutely, I sought two men among 
the Mandans to serve as guides to the 
land of the Horse Indians; in the hope 
of finding some village near the moun- 
tains or on our way; two offered them- 
Selves willingly, and we immediately 
set out. 

We marched twenty days west-south 
west, which to me did not seem the 
direction; we found no one, but many 
wild beasts. I noticed in many places 
soils of different colors, as azure, a 
sort of vermillion, grass green, and 
also the color of ochre. If I had seen 
that I would not be returning through 
this country I would have taken a 
piece of each with me. I did not want 
to burden myself, knowing that I had 
a long journey to make. We arrived, 
the 11th of August, at the Mountain 
of the Gens des Chevaux, (The Peo- 
ple of the Horse). Our guides not 
wishing to pass over, we set about 
constructing a small hut for ourselves, 
there to await the first savages whom 


Verendrye Journal 


we might discover. We built fires on 
all sides for signals, in order to attract 
someone to us, being resolved to join 
the first people that presented them- 
selves. 


The 10th of September there re- 
mained with us but one Mandan, his 
comrade having left, ten days before, 
to return to his lodges. I went or 
sent every day to the lookout on the 
heights. On the 14th of September 
our watches discovered a smoke to 
the south-south-west of us. I sent a 
Frenchman .with our Mandan who 
found a village of Beaux Hommes 
(Handsome Men) who received them 
well. They were made to understand 
by signs that there were yet three 
others of our party not far away. The 
next day the chief sent with ours two 


‘young men of his tribe to seek us. We 


came up with them on the 18th and 
were received with great demonstra- 
tions of joy. 

Our Mandan desired to return home, 
fearing we would meet a tribe inimi- 
cal to his people. I rewarded him 
generously and gave him that which 
would be useful and necessary to him 
on his return home, as I had previous- 
ly done to his companion. 

We remained with the Beaux Hom- 
mes twenty-one days. I made them 
understand to the best of my ability 
we wanted guides to lead us to a 
village of Gens des Chevaux. They re- 
plied that they had young men who 
would guide us to the next tribe that 
we should meet. I gave them pre- 
sents with which they appeared well 
satisfied. 

We took our departure the 9th of 
November. We soon understood them 
sufficiently for all our needs. Our 
guides conducted us south-south-west. 


750 


Verendrye Journal 


The second day we came across a 
village of the nation of Petite Renards, 
(Little Foxes), who exhibited great 
joy at seeing us. After giving them 
some presents I said’to them through 
our guides that I sought the Gens des 
Chevaux who would guide me to the 
Sea. That set the whole village on 
the move in the same direction. I 
well knew then that we would be able 
to find only a known sea. The second 
days march we ran across a very 
strong village of the same nation. 
They treated us_ very friendly. 
I gave them presents, which they re- 
garded as great novelties, and they 
appeared to me very sensible. They 
led us to a village of the Pioya, where 
we arrived the 15th. We were there 
well received. After having given 
them some presents I proposed to 
them that they guide us to some na- 
tion that was on its way to the Sea. 
We continued our route to the South- 
west. The 17th we came upon a large 
village of the same nation. I gave 
them some presents. All together we 
marched south until the 19th, when 
we arrived at a village of the Gens 
des Chevaux. They were in great dis- 
tress. There was tears and cursing 
for all their villages had been des- 
troyed by the Gens des Serpent, from 
whom very few of them had escaped. 
The people of this latter tribe were 
very brave. They were not content 
in a campaign, with simply destroying 
a village, as was the custom of the 
savages. They continued the war 
from spring to autumn. They were 
very numerous and woe _ to_ those 
whom they found in their way. 

They had not a single nation for 
friends. We were told that in 1741 
they had entirely destroyed seventeen 


Verendrye Journal 


Villages, had killed all the men and 
aged women, made captives of the 
young women and had sold them on 
the sea for horses and merchandise. — 

Here, at the home of the Gens des 
Chevaux, I inquired if they knew of 
a nation which lived by the sea. They 
replied that none of their nation had 
ever been there as the road was barred 
by the Gens des Serpent; that we 
might be able to see, in the course 
of time, some nation who traded with 
the Whites of the Sea by making a 
long trip. By presents I engaged them 
to march with me to show me the 
home of the Gens de 1l’Arc, the only 
nation which by their bravery did 
not fear the Gens des Serpent. These 
have made themselves feared for the 
wisdom and good judgment of the 
chief who is at their head. This gave 
me some hope that he would be able 
to give me some knowledge of the sea, 
being friendly to the nation which 
went there to trade. 

Having marched to the south-west, 
we found ourselves, on the 18th of 
November, in a village containing a 
great number of the Belle Riviere 
(probably the Cheyenne River) Ind- 
ians. They gave us information con- 
cerning the Gens de l’Arc, who were 
not far away. We marched together 
to the South-west. The 21st we dis- 
covered a village which appeared very 
large. All the people of this country 
have great numbers of horses, don- 
keys and-mules. They use them to 
carry their luggage and for riding, as 
much for the hunt as for their travels. 

Arrived at the village the chief took 
us to his lodge. They made their 
salutations to us after the manner of 
savages which was the only way they 


751 


Verendrye Journal 


knew. The chief had all our baggage, 
placed in his lodge, which was very 
large, and took good care of our hor- 
ses. 


Up to this time we had been very 
well received in all of the villages 
through which we had passed, but it 
was nothing to be compared with the 
manner of this great chief of the 
Bows. A man by no means self in- 
terested as were all the others, and 
who always took very good care of all 

that belonged to us. 


I became attached to this chief, who 
merited all our friendliness. I learn- 
ed a little of the language at this 
time, enough to make myself under- 
stand that which he desired to say to 
me, through the pains which he took 
to instruct me. 


I asked him if they knew the Whites 
of the Sea and if they were able to 
lead us there. -He replied to me, “We 
know them from what has been told 
us by the prisoners of the Gens des 
Serpent whom we ought to meet short- 
ly. Do not be surprised if you see all 
the villages assemble with us. Word 
has been sent on all sides for the 
tribes to join us. You will hear every 
day the war cry, which is not pur- 
poseless. We are going to march to 
the side of the great mountains which 
are near the sea, in order to seek the 
Gens des Serpent. Apprehend noth- 
ing in coming with us. We have noth- 
ing to fear. You will be able to see 
the Sea which you seek.” 

He continued his discourse thus: 
“The French who are on the sea,” 
he told me, “are numerous. They have 
a great quantity of captives which 
they establish on their lands in every 
nation. These have their own homes, 
are permitted to marry and are con- 


Verendrye Journal 


sidered free, which causes them to be 
satisfied with their lot and they do 
not seek to escape. They raise quan- 
tities of horses and other animals 
which they use ir working their land. 
They have a number of chiefs for 
their soldiers, and also have some 
priests.” He spoke for me some words 
of their language. I recognized that 
he spoke Spanish and that which com- 
pleted the confirmation of it for me 
was the story which he told me of the 
massacre of the Spanish who were 
going on an exploring trip to the Mis- 
souri, of which I had heard spoken. 
All this strengthened my own impres- 
sion of the known sea. In the mean- 
time I very much wished to proceed 
there if it were at all feasible. 


We continued our march, sometimes 
south-south-west, sometimes  north- 
west. Our troop was continually be- 
ing increased by meeting with many 
villages of different nations. The 
number of warriors passed two thou- 
sand, which with their families made 
a considerable company moving stead- 
ily over the great prairies where the 
wild game is in abundance. Every 
night there were only songs and yells, 
for no other reason than to persuade 
us to accompany them to the war. I 
resisted always by saying that we 
were there to pacify the country and 
not to stir it up. 

The chief of the Bows repeated of- 
ten that he was grieved on our ac- 
count, knowing what all of the nations 
desired of us, to see that we were un- 
decided about following them, and he 
asked us as a favor (being engaged 
with them and not being able to retire 
until the end of the war) to be willing 
to accompany him as spectators mere- 
ly, not asking us to expose ourselves; 


752 


Verendrye Journal 


that the Gens des Serpent were our 
enemies as well as theirs and that we 
ought to know that they had no one 
for friends. 


We had a consultation as to what 
we ought to do. We resolved to fol- 
low them, seeing the impossibility, 
situated as we were, of being able to 
take any other position, and also be- 
cause of the desire which I had of 
seeing the sea beyond the mountains. 
I informed the. chief of the Bows of 
what we had decided. He appeared 
well satisfied with this. They gather- 
ed together then a great council, to 
which we were called, as was the 
custom. The speeches were very long 
on the part of each nation. The chief 
of the Bows explained them to me. All 
talked over those measures which 
they had to take for the safety of 
their women and children during their 
absence, and on the manner of ap- 
proaching the enemy. Then they ad- 
dressed us in a speech asking us not 
to leave them. I replied to the chief 
of the Bows, which he repeated to 
the whole assembly, that the Great 
Chief of the French wished his child- 
ren to be peaceable and had given us 
orders to leave all nations in peace, 
desiring to see all nations in quiet 
and not at war; that knowing their 
hearts were justly troubled, I bowed 
my head and said that I would gladly 
accompany them as long as.they wish- 
ed, but only to aid them in their coun- 
cils when it was needed. They thank- 
ed us heartily and held long ceremon- 
ies with the calumet. 


We continued our march until the 
8th of January. The 9th we left the 
village, where I left my brother to 
guard our baggage; which was in the 
lodge of the chief. 


Verendrye Journal 


The greatest part of the people 
were on horseback, marching in good 
order. Finally, the twelfth day we 
arrived at the mountains. They were 
for the most part well wooded with all 
kinds of timber, and appeared very 
high. 

When not far away from the great- 
est of the villages of the Gens des Ser- 
pent the scouts returned, informing us — 
that the Gens des Serpent had escaped 
with great precipitation and had aban- 
doned their lodges and a great part of 
their equipage. This word terrorized 
our people, in the fear that the enemy, 
having discovered us would hurry on 
to our villages and arrive there before 
we could. The chief of the Bows did 
what he could to dissuade them and 
to engage them in pursuit. No one 
would listen to him. “It is too bad,” 
he said to me, “that I have brought 
you thus far and am not able to pass 
over.” 


I was very disappointed in not climb- 
ing the mountains as I had wished. 
We joined the party in turning back. 
We had come thus far in good order, 
but the return was very different, each 
fleeing his own way. Our horses, al- 
though fat, were very tired and not 
often fed. I marched in company with 
the chief of the Bows, my two French- 
men following us. I perceived, after 
having gone quite a bit on the road 
without looking behind me, that they 
were missing. I said to the chief of 
the Bows that I could not see my 
Frenchmen any more. He replied to 
me, “I was about to stop all the peo- 
ple who are with us.” I turned about 
at once and saw my men at a point of 
a wood, where they had stopped to 
feed their horses. Coming toward 
them I saw fifteen men who were ap- 


753 


Verendrye Journal 


proaching from the woods and were 
covering themselves with their shields. 
One was a little in advance of the 
others. With our guns half-raised we 
permitted them to approach. Seeing 
that they were about to attack us, I 
deemed it well to fire a few shots at 
them, which obliged them to retire 
promptly, fire arms being very much 
respected among all nations which 
did not use them, since their shields 
were not able to protect them from 
the bullets. We remained there all 
night, after which we marched as was 
the plan, in the hope of finding our 
Indians again. The prairie through 
which we were passing was hard and 
dry, the hoofs of the horses not leaving 
a mark. We continued our route in 
good luck, but not knowing that we 
were going correctly. Finally we ar- 
rived at the first of the villages of 
the Bows, the 9th of February, which 
was the second day of our retreat. 

The chief of the Bows had gone 
ahead in order to stop his band which 
had marched with us, but the terror 
was too much among them to stop 
in the country so near the enemy. 
The chief was troubled all that night, 
and the next day he made a great de- 
tour in the road. He did not cease 
to seek for his men but did not suc- 
ceed in finding them. He arrived fin- 
ally at the village, five days after us, 
more dead than alive, and in great 
disappointment, not knowing that we 
had arrived before. The first news 
that he received was that we had ar- 
rived happily on the eve of the storm, 
more than two feet of snow having 
fallen in veritable blizzard (uns temps 
affreux) the day after our arrival. 
His sorrow changed to joy; he was 
unable to give us caresses and atten- 
tion enough. 


Lad 


( 


Verendrye Journal 


What surprised them was that the 
chief of the Bows with many others 
had separated his people in order to 
encircle us to the end of being able 
to discover us. While doing this he 
had arrived «day after day at villages 
which were in gloom, believing us to 
be hopelessly lost. All the other na- 
tions had separated to march with the 
Gens des l’Arc until the first day of 
March, making always east-south-east. 

I sent one of my French men with a 
savage to the lodges of the Gens des 
la Petite Cerise, having learned that 
they were approaching. They took ten 
days on this trip and brought back 
word to us, inviting us to join them. 

I communicated our plans to the 
chief of the Bows, who was very visi- 
bly touched at seeing us resolved to 
leave him. We were not less so at 
at leaving him, for the good attitude 
which he always had had towards us. 
In order to console him, I promised 
to return to find him, supposing that 
he wished to go to establish himself 
near a little river that I had indicated 
to him, there to construct a fort and 
to raise grain. 

He acquiesed to all that which I pro- 
posed to him and asked of me that as 
soon as I had seen my father at Fort 
la Reine, to set out immediately to 
join him. I promised him for his con- 
solation all that he desired and made 
him a present of all that I believed 
would be useful to him. 

Not seeing any hopes of being taken 
to the settlement of the Spaniards and 
not doubting that my father was very 
anxious for us, we set out to go at 
once to Fort la Reine and left the 
chief of the Bows with much regret on 
both sides. 

We arrived the 15th of March at 
the camp of the Gens de la Petite Cer- 


b4 


Verendrye Journal 


ise (people of the Little Cherry). 
They were returning from their win- 
tering place and were then a two 
' days. march from their home which 
was on the banks of the Missouri. 


We arrived the 19th at their fort 
and there we were received with 
demonstrations of joy. I applied my- 
self to learning their language and 
found much of it very easy. They 
had a man with them who had been 
raised among the Spaniards and spoke 
that language as well as his mother 
tongue. I questioned him often and 
he told me all that had been reported 
to me about his case, that he had been 
baptised and had never forgotten his 
prayers. I asked him if it were easy 
to travel there; he replied that it was 
far, and that the road was full of dan- 
gers, on account of the Gens des Ser- 
pent; it would take at least twenty 
days to make the journey, on horse 
back. 

I informed myself about their trad- 
ing. He told me that they worked 
in iron and had a great traffic in the 
hides of cattle and in slaves, giving 
in exchange horses and merchandise 
as the savages wished, but never guns 
nor ammunition. 

He told me that a three days’ jour- 
ney from there was a Frenchman who 
had been established for many years. 
I would have gone to find him if our 
horses had been in condition. I re- 
solved to write to him to engage him 
to come to find us, that we would 
wait for him until the end of March, 
hoping to set out at the beginning of 
April to return to the Mandans and 
from there to Fort le Reine, and that 
if he were not able to come he would 
at least let us know his story. 


Verendrye Journal 


Planting the Plate at Fort Pierre 


I placed on an eminence near 
the fort a tablet of lead with the 
arms and inscription of the King 
and a pyramid of stones for Mon- 
sieur le General; I said to the sav- 
ages, who did not know of the tab- 
let of lead that I had placed in the 
earth, that I was placing. these 
stones as a memorial to those who 
had come to their country. I had 
very much wished to take the alti- 
tude of this place but our astrolabe 
had been out of service since the 
beginning of our journey, the ring 
being broken. 


Seeing we were in the month of 
April, without news of the Frenchman, 
being urged by the guides which I 
had engaged to guide us to the Man- 
dans, and our horses being in good 
condition, I prepared to set out and 
gave many presents to the chiefs of 
the nation who had always treated 
and cared for us well while with them, 
as well as to many others of the great 
numbers of our good friends. I re- 
quested the chiefs that if perchance 
the Frenchmen to whom I had written 
should come to their fort a short time 
after our departure he should be sent 
to find us with the Mandans, as we 
counted on making some _ sojourn 
there. I had hopes of drawing him 
away from among the savages. I as- 
sured the chief of the nation that I 
had great need of three young men 
which he had given us for guides, and 
although the Mandans were their ene- 
mies, they had nothing to fear while 
with us. 


We set out the second of April much 
to the regret of all the Indians. They 
heartily entreated us to return to see 
them. 


On the 9th about midday, we met 
with a village of twenty-five lodges 


755 


Verendrye Journal 


of the Gens de la Fleche Collee (peo- 
ple of the glued arrows; probably the 
Sans are Sioux), otherwise called 
Sioux of the Prairies. We _ passed 
among the women and luggage; de- 
laying very little. They were friendly 
and showed us the place where they 
were going to camp. 

We placed ourselves in sight of 
their village, expecting that someone 
would come out to find us, but we 
were always on our guard. No one 
came. 

The next day we continued our 
march, always north-north-east and 
north-west until we came to the Man- 
dans, without meeting anyone. There 
we arrived the 18th of May. I dis- 
missed our guides after having re- 
warded them well. 

It was necessary for us to settle 
down fifteen or twenty days to rest 
ourselves and to put our horses in 
good condition, but the 26th I learned 
that there were some Assiniboines at 
Fort la Butte, who were about to set 
out for Fort la Reine. We got our- 
selves through them under cover from 
dangers from the enemy. We came 
to Fort la Butte the morning of the 
27th. The Assiniboines had just left. 
We had not informed them that we 
wished to go with them. Two Man- 
dans presented themselves to go to 
see my father and to learn the route 
to Fort la Reine. We had gone but 
a little of the march when we joined 
the Assiniboines at their encampment. 
There were more than one hundred of 
them. We continued our journey all 
together. 

The 31st our scouts saw thirty am- 
bushed on our road. We advanced all 
together. They were very much sur- 
prised at seeing so many people and 
retired in good order, turning about 


Verendrye Calendar 


from time to time against those who 
approached them a little too fast. 
They well knew whom they had to- 
deal, knowing the Assiniboines for 
their cowardice. As soon as they per- 
ceived us all mounted on our horses, 
and that we were Frenchmen, they 
escaped with great haste, not even 
looking behind them. We had no one 
killed but many wounded. We did not 
know how many people they lost ex- 
cept one man who suddenly found 
himself in our midst. We returned 
from the village near the mountains 
the 2nd of June. As our horses were 
fatigued we rested until the 20th, be- 
fore marching with the village. We 
took a guide to lead us to Fort la 
Reine where we arrived the 2nd of 
July to the great joy of my father, 
who was very anxious concerning us, 
it not having been possible to give 
him news of us since our departure, — 
and to our great satisfaction at seeing 
ourselves safely through all pain, per- 
ils and dangers. 


Verendrye Calendar. Since’ the 
Verendryes have become so important 
in South Dakota history, the follow- 
ing outline of the family history is 
deemed worthy of reproduction here: 


1354. Gaultier de Verennes, Minister 
of Finance to King Jean II, of 
France. First known ancestor 


to the Verendryes. : 


1636. Rene Gaultier de la Verennes, 
born in France. 

1665. Rene immigrates and settles at 
Three Rivers, Canada. 

1667. Rene marries Marie Boucher, 
daughter of Pierre Boucher, 
Governor of Three Rivers. 

1668. Rene succeeded his father-in- 
law, Pierre Boucher as govern- 
or of Three Rivers. 

1673. A son Louis born to Rene and 


Marie. This child took the 
name of La Verendrye. 


756 


1674. 
1677. 
1680. 
1682. 
1684. 
1685. 
1688. 
1689. 
1701. 
1704. 
1705. 


1707. 


1709. 


1709. 


bay a 


1712. 


hes 


1715. 


17139. 
1714. 
1715. 
1717. 


Verendrye Calendar 


A daughter, Madaline born to 
Rene and Marie. 

Twins, Jacques-Rene and Jean- 
Baptiste born to Rene and 
Marie. * 

A daughter Margurite born. 

A daughter, Marie-Renee born. 
A daughter, Anne-Margurite 
born. (She became an Ursu- 
line Nun). 

A son, Pierre, born. He be- 
came the Western Explorer. 

A son, Jean, born and died. 
Rene died at Three Rivers. 
Pierre was given a commission 
in the army. 

Pierre fought in the New Eng- 
land war. 

Pierre was in the war with 
New Foundland. 

On November 9th Pierre be- 
came engaged to marry Marie- 
Anne Dandonneau and sailed at 
once for France to engage in 
the war of the Spanish Succes- 
sion. 

Pierre fought at Malplaquet 
and seriously wounded; was 
left dead upon the field. 


Louis, who had taken the name 
Verendrye was killed in Italy 
and Pierre at once took his 
brother’s name and thereafter 
was called La Verendrye. 


Pierre returns to Canada. 


October 29th Pierre was mar- 
ried at Quebec to Marie-Anne 
Dandonneau. 


Pierre and Marie settle upon 


Isle Dupas, in the St. Lawrence 
not far from Three Rivers. 
Pierre licensed to engage in 
Fur trade at La Gabelle, on St. 
Maurice river, about 60 miles 
from his home. Continued this 
trade until 1722, perhaps until 
1726. 

The family of Pierre and Marie 
was as follows: 

Jean Baptiste. 

Pierre II. 

Francois, (the Chevalier). 


Louis-Joseph. 
All were born at Isle Dupas. 


757 


1727. 


hig Pp 


1731. 


1731. 


1732. 


1732. 


1733. 


1734. 


1734. 


1734. 


1735. 


1736. 


1736. 


1737. 


1738. 


Verendrye Calendar 


Pierre I, engaged in fur trade 
at Lake Nipigon. 

Pierre I undertakes enterprise 
to find western sea. Goes as 
far as Rainy Lake accompanied 
by his three older sons and 
Jemmeraye, a nephew. 

Pierre I and Pierre II and 
Francois spend the winter at 
Kaministiquia, at the mouth of 
Pigeon river, on Lake Super- 
ior. 

Jean Baptiste and Jemmeraye 
build post and spend winter at 
Rainey Lake. 

Jean Baptiste returned _ to 
Mackinaw for goods. 

Pierre I with Pierre II and 
Francois and Jemmeraye went 
on to- Lake of the Woods and 
built Fort St. Charles. Jean 
Baptiste arrived there late in 
the autumn. 


Jemmeraye went back to Mont- 
real to report progress. 


Jean Baptiste went down to 
the mouth of the Winnipeg Riv- 
er and prepared to build there. 


Pierre I returned to Montreal 
to arrange with dissatisfied 
partners. 


Fort Marepas was built at Lake 
Winnipeg this fall. 


Pierre I returns to Fort St. 
Charles and Jemmeraye goes 
on to Marepas where Jean Bap- 
tiste and perhaps Pierre and 
Francois were. 


Jemmeraye died at the forks of 
the Roseau in Manitoba. 


Jean Baptiste accompanied by 
Father Alneau, S. J., and 19 
men started from Fort St. 
Charles to go to Mackinaw, but 
while still in Lake of the Woods 
they encamped on an _ island 
where the entire party was 
massacred by Sioux. 


Pierre I again went down to 
Montreal to arrange his busi- 
ness affairs. 


Pierre I returned to Fort 


St. Charles arriving there Sep- 
tember 2nd. 


1738. 


1738. 


1738. 


1738. 


1739. 


1739. 


1740. 


1741. 


Verendrye Calendar 


Leaving Pierre II in charge of 
Fort St. Charles, Pierre I took 
with him Francois and Louis- 
Joseph and going by way of 
Fort Marepas and the present 
Winnipeg, ascended the Assina- 
boine to Portage La Prairie, 
where they built Fort La Reine. 
Charles Nolant, dit La Marque, 
accompanied by his brother 
Nicholas Augustin and 8 men 
joined the Verendryes at Fort 
La Reine, October 9th. 

The La Marques in coming out 
had caused a post to be built 
at Winnipeg. 

The Verendryes — Pierre I, 
Francois and Louis-Joseph— 
the two La Marques and twen- 
ty men, accompanied by a 
large party of Assinaboine_ In- 
dians left Fort La Reine to vis- 
it the Mandans. 

On December 38rd the Veren- 
drye party reach a Mandan fort 
located not far from the Mis- 
souri. 

Francois Verendrye and Aug- 
ustin Nolant visited the Man- 
dans on the Missouri, perhaps 
near Fort Berthold on Decem- 
ber 6th and returned to rest of 
the party the next day, 7th. 
The Verendrye party return to 
Fort La Reine arriving there 
February 10. 

Chevalier Francois Verendrye 
explored west side of Lake 
Winnipeg, leading to locating 
fort at the Pas. 

Pierre II seems to have gone 
down to Mackinaw for goods. 
Pierre II goes from Fort La- 
Reine to the Mandans and 
spends the winter with them. 
Pierre I went down to Montreal 
and spent the following winter 
in an effort to arrange with 
his creditors. Beauharnois sup- 
ports him in his enterprises. 
Pierre I returns to Fort La- 
Reine and spends winter there. 


758 


1742. 


1743. 


Verendrye Calendar 


April 29, Francois, the Cheva- 
lier accompanied by Louis Jos- 
eph and two French men set 
out for the western sea, by way 
of the Mandans. 

May 19th, reached the Man- 
dans. July 23, left the Man- 
dans for the southwest. 

August 9, reached the Horse 
Mountain, perhaps the Double 
Buttes, near the Cannonball 
river. 

September 16, left “The Horse 
Mountain.” 

September 18, reached the Vil- 
lage of Beaux Hommes. 
October 9, left the Beaux Hom- 
mes. 

October 11, reached the Little 
Foxes. 

October 15, reached the Pioya. 
October 19, reached long sought 
Horse Indians. 

November 18, reached “Beauti- 
ful River’? Indians, perhaps on 
Cheyenne River. 

November 21, joined the Bow 
Indians. 

December spent with Bows and 
allied bands preparing for war 
upon the Snakes, (perhaps 
Kiowas). 


January 1, came in sight of 
mountains, perhaps’ Bear 
Butte, at foot of Black Hills). 
January 9, left non-combatants 
in camp and war party proceed- 
ed slowly toward mountains 
where enemy lived. 

January 21, reached the moun- 
tains. 

February 6, scouts located vil- 
lages of enemy and found them 
deserted. 

February 9, retreat reached 
non-combatant camp. 

February 14, whole party sets 
out on return to the Missouri. 
March 1, Frenchment sent to 
locate band of Little Cherry. | 
March 10, Frenchmen return 
from Little Cherry’s camp. 
March 15, Verendryes reach 
Little Cherry’s camp then two 
days from the Missouri. 


Vermillion 


March 19, reach Little Cherry’s 

Fort (Arickara) at present site 

of Fort Pierre, on the Missouri. 

March 30, made claim of region 
- for France and planted leaden 

plate with inscription. 

April 2, left Fort Pierre to re- 

turn to Fort La Reine. 

May 18, reached the Mandans. 

May 26, left Mandans for La- 


Reine. 
July 2, 1748, reached Fort La 
Reine. 

1749. Pierre I died December 6. 

1759. Francois, the Chevalier, killed 
in siege of Quebec. 

1761. Pierre II lost in wreck of 
l’Auguste. 

1775. Louis-Joseph died, childless. 


Vermillion on the Missouri River at 
the mouth of the: Vermillion River in 
southern Clay County, is the county 
seat. The State University is here. 
It is located upon the Milwaukee Rail- 
way. The town was founded in 1858. 
“The Dakota Republican” and ‘Plain 
Talk” are fine weekly newspapers. 
“The Volante” is the weekly publi- 
cation of the University. Population, 
see Census. 


Vermillion Fort. See Fort Vermil- 
lion. 


Vermillion River is the Redstone 
River of Lewis and Clark; it rises 
in the lakes of Kingsbury County and 
flowing south through McCook,. Turn- 
er and Clay Counties enters the Mis- 
souri near Vermillion. A western 
branch rises in Miner County and 
joins the main stream near Center- 
ville, Turner County. The Sioux name 
of the stream was Wa-se-sa, pronoun- 
ced Wah-shaw-shaw, with the accent 
upon the second syllable, and means 
red paint. This is the name applied 
by them to the face paint used so gen- 
erally by them, and by the traders 
called Vermillion. Perrin du Lac called 


Vessey, Robert S. 


the stream Otter River. Lewis and 
Clark called it the Whitestone when 
they went up, but the Redstone upon 
their return. It undoubtedly takes its 
name from the quarries of red stone 
upon its banks in McCook County. 


Vernal is a post office in southwest 
Perkins County. 


Verse. The following South Dako- 
tans have published one or more books 
of verse: 


Mortimer Crane Brown 
Anna Bagstad 

H. Howard Biggar 
Daisy Dean Butler 
Charles Badger Clark 
Sam T. Clover 

Robert V. Carr 

Will P. Chamberlain 
Jack Crawford 

Ralph Crothers 

James Davis 

Almira Dickinson 
Hamlin Garland 

Joseph Mills Hanson 
Nellie Harrington 
Charles E. Holmes 
Charles Bracy Lawton 
Mary Frances Martin 
Gustave Melby 

Frank M. Mills 

Flora Shufelt Rivola 
Doane Robinson 

Emily Sloan 

Leonard Kingsley Smith 
Mae Philips Tatro 
Henry Van Dalsam 
Rollin J. Wells 
Gustave G. Wenzlaff 
See Literature of South Dakota. 


Vessey, Robert S., 1858- ; seventh 
governor of South Dakota, 1909-1913; 
born in Wisconsin; had common 
school education; came to Dakota 
Territory in 1883 and settled in Wes- 
sington Springs, where e engaged in 
general merchandising and banking, 
accumulating a competence; was state 
senator:in 1905 and 1907 and 1908 was 


- elected governor. Throughout his pub- 


759 


Vetal 


lic career he devoted his best efforts to 
the promotion of temperance and mor- 
al legislation; he adhered to the pro- 
gressive policies of his party and upon 
his retirement engaged in business in 
Chicago, but his health failing re- 
moved to California. 


Vetal is a post office in southern 
Bennett County. 


Veterinary. Veterinary practice is 
regulated by the Live Stock Sanitary 
Board. All practictioners must be li- 
censed. 


Viborg is a town in southern Tur- 
ner County. Population, see Census. 
“The Enterprise,” established in 1898, 
is its newspaper. 


Victor is a post office in northern 
Roberts County. 


Vienna is a town in southeast Clark 
County. Population, see Census. “The 
Standard,” established in 1900, is its 
newspaper. 


Viewfield is a post office in south- 
ern Meade County. 


Vilas is a town in central Miner 
County. Founded in 1883 by the West- 
ern Town Lot Co. Named for Col. W. 
F. Vilas, U. S.° Senator from Wis- 
consin. 


Vinton is a post office in northwest 
Stanley County. 


Virgil is a village in southwest Bea- 
dle County. 


Virginia is a railroad station in 
eastern Dewey County. 


Visits. See Presidential Visits. 


Vital Statistics. No systematic pre- 
servation of Vital Statistics was pur- 
sued in Dakota Territory or in South 
Dakota prior to 1905. 


On July 1, of © 


Vital Statistics 


1905, the law required all deaths, 
births, marriages, divorces and na- 
turalizations be reported to the De- 
partment of History, and the practice 
has‘’since continued. July 1, 1920, the 
vital statistics were transferred to 
the State board of health. Any birth 
or death occuring prior to 1905 may 
be certified and recorded by parties 
interested. 


For the fiscal year ending June 30, 
1924, there were: 


Births .....709¢0¢R Ree 15,806 
Deathsiv®. ofh). URGE KAR eee 5,365 
Marriages... <: ... = 5.5 6,272 
Divorces! it). 20. eee 619 


There were 209 illegitimate child- 
ren born in the State. 

The following table gives the chief 
causes of death: 


Accidents— 
Burns f 4-:s:c}ewhh: aie ¢ eee 25 
DOWN: cies: occpeie nace aes 32 
WivGarmMs |< ste so aimncc:s > + = Ee 29 
Falist 20h A ao 13 
Automobiles A.<). .Ai. .. iia eee 48 
Animal $cc. . ..c¢isioiedig kb -e e 14 
Other accidents. - i. :4fun50e 62 
Apoplexy “220%... SS 304 
Appendicitiss : ...% .. 2482. see 94 
Bright’s Diseasé (.-...J.5 eee 286 
Bronchitis ‘$32.4 .<.. 38.07 25 
Cancer i. ia2%s biscuit 2 One ee 409 
Congenital debility 3.2...) «eee 93 
Convulsions ~.. 02% oa «nee eee 31 
Diabetis ase eee et ba eee 81 
Diarrhea and Enteritis .......... 140 
Diptheria «..itss wei een he eRe 31 
EBreysipelas,-..c< .@ sgvssis ee a7 
Heart disease ». ...0. s ossnn nee 467 
Sudden death. 0... . suswhersseenene 53 
Hemorrhage’ ..J2) 76.0. eee Rete | 
Homicide; *. ac. i. .<ietsio. eee 7 
IMNAUGN ZA oi inioss aitels.coneecy » 120 
Measles | cis a o.« ©4989 108 
Meningitis: ...... «+ « sisosase eee 27 
Nephritis*= . Oi): 0). 788 ee ee 19 
Oldi:cage Werad, .aitt ic AE eee . 219 
Paralysis \..:. ti %iss «aes Galle ee 75 
Peritonitis ., 2s <4 ci. ose 18 
Pneumonia’... s2.4....s5 eee 412 
Puerperal’ State 7 Pee 4 63 


760 


Vivian 


peeeOLl (LGVOr eae eee SEA Oak 27 
PE DELCOMIA GA. Fe. FeO aga ote: 27 
SES Ce a Oc an ey ee ae 2 
PRUNE ER See cee ert Se nlc e, A sae Sys. Ings ua 55 
RPDS UR eG vie oe gl cle sy alc cn Shdis oo 388 
eee Ph OVOET Ges. y Be seerentsls o. Wels 22 
CEN IEe COUT oY. (an sve ae nine 59 


Reports, State Board of Health. 


Vivian is a village in western Ly- 
man County. 


*« Void Acts. ‘Time does not confirm 
void acts.” 





Code, 71. 

Voigt, Herman, 1853- ; Tyndall; 
born in Germany, January 22nd; work- 
ed in sugar factory in New York, two 
years; carpenter in Illinois and Ne- 
braska and came to South Dakota in 
1876; engaged in farming and stock 
raising since 1878 and held several 
school and township offices; U. S. 
Census Enumerator in 1880; legisla- 
tor, 1905, 1907. 


Volcano. On the west shore of the 
Missouri River, in Gregory County, is 
a bluff from which steam issues at 
certain seasons of the year; it was 
formerly believed to be a _ volcano, 
but is now known to be heated by the 
slacking of iron pyrites in the soil. 
During periods of high water in the 
river areas are submerged, and upon 
the receding of the flood the pyrites 
slack and produce heat to the steam- 
ing point. 





Hist., CX, 555; xX, 107-109. 

Volga is a town in southwest Brook- 
ings County. Founded by the West- 
ern Town Lot Co. in 1880. Named 
from the River Volga, which is Sar- 
matian for Great River (Russia). Pop- 
ulation, see Census. “The Tribune,” 
established in 1882, is its newspaper. 


Vreeland, Robert E. 


Volin is a town in eastern: Yankton 
County. Named for Henry P. Volin, 
the owner of the adjacent land. Pop- 
ulation, see Census. “The Advance,” 
established, in 1909, is its newspaper. 


Volunteer is a post office in western 
Meade County. 


Volunteer Creek is an affluent of 
Bear Butte Creek in western Meade 
County. 


Volunteers. In the time of the Civil 
War two companies volunteered in the 
first Dakota Cavalry. In the Spanish 
War of 1898 South Dakota sent two 


organizations into the service, the 
First South Dakota Infantry, and 
Grigsby’s Cowboys. These _ troops 


were all volunteers. In the World 
War South Dakota sent 10,268 volun- 
teers before the selective draft be- 
came operative. 


Voters. Every resident of South 
Dakota, including persons of foreign 
birth, who has been naturalized con- 
formably to law, who is 21 years of 
age, and has resided in the United 
States five years, in South Dakota, 
one year, in the county, ninety days 
and the precinct, thirty days, is en- 
titled to vote. 


“Voyage of the Rattletrap, The” is a 
humorous story of a trip made in 1885 
from Estelline, via Nebraska, to the 
Black Hills and return, via Pierre; by 
Fred Hayden Carruth (q.v.). 


Vreeland, Robert E., 1854- ; born 
at Montown, Tama County, Iowa, De- 
cember 27th; came to Sioux Falls in 
1878 and engaged in the clothing busi- 
ness; legislator, 1901, 1903. 


761 


W aanatan 


See Charger, Martin. 


Waddell, W. G., 1870- ; born June 
29th; engaged in the practice of law; 
state’s attorney of Day County from 
1912 to 1916; mayor of Webster, 1919- 
23; State Senator, 1919, 1921. 


W aanatan. 


Waneta (Waanatan-properly). See 


Charger, Martin. 


Waneta Bottom is a fine bottom up- 
on the Missouri River, in northwestern 
Campbell County. It is named for the 
notable Yanktonais Chief Waanatan, 
the Charger. It is located directly op- 
posite the site of Old Fort Manuel, 
1812-18. Of it Luttig writes: ‘“Sat- 
urday, January 16 (1813). Fine mod- 
erate weather, snow melted away, I 
took a walk across the river where 
two of our men are cutting firewood. 
I never saw a finer spot for culti- 
vation; a fine timbered bottom and a 
beautiful prairie.” Today the beauti- 
ful prairie is one of the finest fields of 
alfalfa in the west. 





Hattie s Peart of a Fur Trading Ex- 
pedition, 1812-13,’’ p. 113. 


“Wanneta” is a story of the Pine 
Ridge Sioux of South Dakota, by War- 
ren K. Moorehead, the noted archae- 
logist. It has a slight thread of ro- 
mance running through a discussion 
of the Indian Problem, 1891. 


Wanzer, Edwin P., 1863- ; born 
at Zanesfield, Ohio, May 31st; came 
to Armour, Douglas County, S. D. in 
1886; engaged in practice of law; was 


State’s attorney for two terms; State 
Senator, 1917. 

War of 1812. See under War. 

Ward is a village in northeast 
Moody County. 

Ward, Freeman, 1879- > born at 


Yankton, August 9th; student Yankton 


War 


College; A. B. Yale, 1903; Ph. D. 1908 
head of department of geology U. S. 
D. and ex-officio State Geologist since 
1915. 


Ward, James A., 1847- ; born in 
Cheshire, New Hampshire, February 
27th; veteran of Civil War; settled at 
Yankton,-1878, and at Pierre, 1880; 
auditor of Dakota Territory, 1887-1889; 
promoted the building of the railroad 
grade from Aberdeen to Pierre; re- 
sides at Fort Smith, Arkansas. 


War. During the period covered by 
white exploration and occupancy of 
the Dakota region twelve wars have 
occurred in which residents of South 
Dakota participated. In some of these 
the part of South Dakotans is inex- 
tricably mingled with the general 
movement, but chiefly it may be clear- 
ly outlined. 


Aricara Mandan War 

When Lewis and Clark arrived at 
the Mandan village on their way back 
from the Pacific in 1806, they persuad- 
ed the Mandan chief Shahaka, more 
commonly called Gros Blanc, or Big 
White to accompany them to St. 
Louis with a view of making a visit 
to President Jefferson. One of the 
conditions of this arrangement was 
that the chief should be safely escorted 
back to his nation when the contem- 
plated visit was over. Accordingly in 
the following summer the United 
States took measures to carry out its 
agreement and an expedition was _or- 
ganized for the purpose. 

The chief’s party consisted of him- 
self and his interpreter, Rene Jessa- 
ume—with their wives and one child 
each. The escort consisted of two 
non-commissioned officers and eleven 
privates under the command of En- 
sign Nathaniel Pryor who, as_ ser- 


762 


War 


geant, had accompanied the expedition 
of Lewis and Clark. There had but 
recently come to St. Louis a deputa- 
tion of Sioux Indians consisting of 
eighteen men and women and six child- 
ren accompanied by Pierre Dorion. 
It was arranged that they should re- 
turn at the same time, but they were 
provided with a separate escort of 
soldiers commanded by Lieutenant Jo- 
seph Kimball. There also ascended 


the river at this time two trading . 


parties, one for the Mandan trade, 
consisting of thirty-two men under 
the direction of Pierre Chouteau, and 
the other of ten men destined for the 
Sioux trade led by “young Dorion,” 
presumably a son of the interpreter 
who was for a time with the Lewis 
and Clark expedition. 


There were, besides, one hunter, 
three hired boatmen, and a second in- 
terpreter. The total strength of the 
joint party, including the officers but 
omitting the Indians was seventy-two 
men. Including the Indians the num- 
ber was ninety-five. The whole party 
were to proceed together as far as 
to the Sioux country, whence Ensign 
Pryor’s party with that of Pierre Chou- 
teau would continue on to the Man- 
dans. 

The departure from St. Louis took 
place late in May, 1807. The expedi- 
tion proceeded prosperously, although 
very slowly, passing all the lower 
Sioux bands in safety. Here Kimball’s 
and Dorion’s parties left the expedi- 
tion, which now reduced to about fif- 
ty men, continued the journey and 
reached the lower Aricara villages 
near Mobridge at 9 A. M., September 
9th. The Indians of this village fired 
several guns in ‘the direction of the 
boats. Dorion, the interpreter, asked 
what was the matter and they replied 


76 


War 


by inviting the party to come on shore 
and obtain a supply of provisions. The 


._ hospitable treatment which Lewis and 


Clark had received from these same 
Indians the year before threw the par- 
ty off their guard and the boats were 
ordered to land. Here it was learned 
that the Aricaras and Mandans were 
at war with each other and that sev- 
eral of the upper Sioux bands were 
allied with the Aricaras and were pre- 
sent in the village. 


There now came on board a Mandan 
woman who had been a captive among 
the Aricaras for several years, and 
who imparted some interesting and 
important information which would 
probably not otherwise have’ been 
found out. It appears that Mr. Fred- 
erick Bates, who had given Manuel 
Lisa his license to trade on the upper 
river, visited St. Charles as he was 
about to start and obtained a promise 
from him to wait and accompany the 
party escorting the Mandan _ chief. 
Lisa, with his characteristic facility 
for doing what he deemed best for 
his own interests regardless of pro- 
mises, went on alone. According to 
the story of the Mandan woman, when 
he found the Aricaras disposed to 
stop him, he told them that a large 
party with the Mandan chief would 
soon arrive, and after giving them a 
considerable part of his goods includ- 
ing some guns: and ammunition, he 
was allowed to proceed. The Indians 
determined to kill him on his return, 
but let him pass on for the present 
lest rumors of their acts and inten- 
tions might reach the parties below, 
and cause them to turn back. 


This fortunate interview acquainted 
Ensign Pryor with the true situation. 
He ordered the Mandan chief to barri- 
cade himself in his cabin and prepared 


p / 
Vv 


War 


his men for action. After consider- 
able parleying and speechmaking, in 


which Ensign Pryor explained the pur- . 


pose of his journey, and after present- 
ing a medal to one of the chiefs, the 
party left the Indians at the lower 
village in no good humor and proceed- 
ed to the upper village. The two in- 
terpreters, Dorion and Jessaume, 
went by land through the villages. 
The Indians being clearly bent on 
mischief, Pryor determined to land, 
for the double purpose of taking his 
interpreters on board and of seeing 
the chief of the upper village, whom 
he had not been able to communicate 
with in the village below. The In- 
dians ordered the boats to proceed up 
a narrow channel near the shore, but 
the whites discovered the trap in time 
and refused to obey. They now made 
known their purpose to detain the 
boats, saying that Lisa had told them 
that is was the intention of the pre- 
sent party to remain and trade with 
them. They first seized the cable of 
Chouteau’s barge, intending to attack 
the party in which there were no sol- 
diers, and motioned to Pryor to go on. 
This Pryor refused to do, but seeing 
the desperate state of affairs, he urged 
Chouteau to offer the Indians some 
concession. Finally Chouteau agreed 
to leave them a trader and half his 
goods; but the Indians, confident in 
their ability to capture the outfit, re- 
fused the offer. 

Meanwhile the chief of the upper 
village came on board of Ensign Pry- 
or’s barge and demanded that the Man- 
dan chief go on ashore with him. The 
request was peremptorily refused. 
The Indians now assumed an _ inso- 
lent and aggressive manner. They de- 
manded a surrender of all arms and 
ammunition. The chief to whom the 


War 


medal had been given threw it on the 
ground and one of Chouteau’s men 
was struck down with a gun. Raising 
a general war-whoop they fired on the 
boats and on Chouteau and a few of 
his men who were on the shore, and 
then withdrew to a fringe of willows 
along the bank some fifty yards back. 
Ensign Pryor had prepared himself 
for this contingency and immediately 
replied with the fire of his entire 
force. The willows were more of a 
concealment than a protection and the 
Indians probably suffered considerably. 
The contest was maintained for over 
a quarter of an hour, but as the num- 
ber of Indians was so great as to 
threaten destruction to his party if 
the fight continued, Pryor ordered a 
retreat. This was in itself a difficult 
thing to execute, for Chouteau’s barge 
had stuck fast on a bar, and the men 
were compelled to get out into the 
water and drag it for some distance, 
all the while under the fire of the In- 
dians. At length the boats were got- 
ten off and floated down the current, 
the Indians following along the bank 
and maintaining the fight for upwards 
of an hour. 


It was not until sunset that the 
pursuit was finally abandoned, and 
then only on account of the death of 
one of the. Sioux chiefs, Black Buffa- 
lo, the very man who had been in 
Ensign Pryor’s boat. He wore a white 
bandage around his head and this 
mark served to distinguish him among 
his followers with whom, to the num- 
ber of about forty, he was trying to 
reach a projecting point which the 
boats must pass. He was singled out 
by those in the boats and instantly 
killed. His followers gathered around 
him and abandoned the pursuit of the 
boats which soon passed out of sight. 


764 


War 


The losses in this conflict were three 
of Chouteau’s men killed and seven 
wounded, one mortally. Three of En- 
sign Pryor’s party were wounded, in- 
cluding the interpreter, Rene Jess- 
aume. 


Ensign Pryor now proposed to the 
Mandan chief that they should attempt 
to make the rest of the distance, 
about three days’ march, by land, go- 
ing well back from the river into the 
prairies and thus passing around the 
hostile Indians. The chief would not 
consent on account of the wounded 
condition of the interpreter and the 
encumbrances of their wives and chil- 
dren. The party then returned to St. 
Louis. (The foregoing account is 
from Chittenden. Black Buffalo was 
seriously wounded, but did not die at 
the time. See Black Buffalo.) 


South Dakota and the War of 1812. 

To understand the relation of South 
Dakota to the War of 1812, the reader 
must take into account the fact that 
the Sioux and other tribes of the Up- 
per Mississippi had from the begin- 
ning of white enterprise in the North- 
west been under British influence and 
supplied by English trade. This in- 
cluded the Yanktonais who ranged 
from Big Stone Lake across northern 
South Dakota to the Missouri; they 
were closely affiliated with the Sisse- 
tons, and were decidedly under Eng- 
lish influence by reason of the mar- 
riage of the chief British factor in the 
west to the sister of their principal 
chief. The British had also invaded 
the far Upper Missouri; and the In- 
dians of that stream, above South Da- 
kota, had likewise enjoyed British com- 
merce; but the Teton and Yankton 
Sioux had only incidentally been affect- 
ed by English contact. From _ the 
founding of St. Louis in 1762 that point 


765 


War 


was the chief trade base for the In- 
dians of the South Dakota region; and, 
upon the cession of Louisiana, they 
passed naturally to the Americans. By 
the time of the second war with Eng- 
land there was a well defined line of 
demarkation between the eastern and 
western Sioux in trade influence and 
in loyalty to their respective sover- 
eignties, while the solidarity of the 
Sioux nation was much ‘less evident 
than in former times. It is not sur- 
prising, therefore, that England looked 
upon the great Sioux tribe of the 
Mississippi as a powerful ally when 
the war broke out and took active 
measures to enlist these warriors in 
their cause. The American government 
reckoned the strength of the Sioux 
of the Mississippi and of the Missouri 
at an equality and placed the number 
of each at 200 warriors and 800 souls. 

To what extent the English inspired 
Tecumseh and his brother, The Pro- 
phet, in that line of conduct which, 
with other things, conspired to bring 
on the war, I am unable to determine; 
but I find many co-incidences that 
make it appear that they were in sym- 
pathy and understanding throughout. 
One of the causes for declaring war 
mentioned in Madison’s message to 
Congress was “the effort of Great Bri- 
tain to persuade the northwestern In- 
dians to attack the Americans.” 

For at least two years before: the 
declaration of war Tecumseh was 
sending the gospel of his brother to 
the northwestern tribes and urging 
them to join the great confederacy. 
In the winter of 1810-11, John Tanner, 
the ‘‘White Indian,” relates that while 
hunting upon the Great Wood River, 
in the Saskatchewan region a messen- 
ger came to tell the Ojibways “of the 
revelation of the mind and will of 


War 


the Great Spirit made to a great man 
among the Shawanese,” and to invite 
them to join the confederacy. 


Similar messages reached the Ojib- 
ways in Northern Minnesota and the 
various tribes of Sioux. Manuel Lisa, 
returning to St. Louis from the Man- 
dan and Arikara (Ree) in the autumn 
of 1811, reported to Captain Clark that 
“Wampum was carrying by British in- 
fluence along the banks of the Mis- 
souri and that all nations of this great 
river were excited to join the univer- 
sal confederacy, then setting foot, of 
which The Prophet was the instru- 
ment and British traders the soul.” 


The Reverend John B. Renville, a 
mixed blood, son of Joseph Renville, 
the chief interpreter of the English 
during the war, born soon after the 
close of the war and well acquainted 
with the leading men of the Sioux both 
east and west, and altogether familiar 
with the story of his father’s obser- 
vations and experiences, said speak- 
ing of the period between wars with 
England: 

“When the first war with Eng- 
land was over and Canada had giv- 
en up the rich regions of the west 
to the Americans, the English sub- 
jects were very discontented with 
the terms of the treaty; the In- 
dians, too, disliked to give up their 
English traders and in fact did not 
do so. For many years the English 
from Canada and from Hudson’s 
Bay supplied the trade and pur- 
chased the fur in the Mississippi 
Valley. After a time the Ameri- 
cans began to object to the Eng- 
lish trading here. Detroit and 
Mackinaw became American posts 
and the Hnglish could not well get 
here from Canada and had to come 
by way of Hudson’s Bay. While 


766 


War 


the Americans kept the English out, 
or made it inconvenient for them 
to get in, they did not themselves 
do much to supply trade. 


“After a time, for I can tell noth- 
ing about the years, the Canadians 
and English began to think about 
recovering the rich country and at- 
taching it to Canada. This was 
Tt easing to the Sioux and other 
tiibes. Wherever the traders 
went they talked about it and pret- 
ty soon they began to make plans. 
They would provoke the Ameri- 
cans to war and then would recap- 
ture the country. They tried many 
plans to make the Americans fight, 
but they were afraid and would 
not. Then the Sioux began to hear 
about Tecumseh, a great chief of 
the Shawnee, who was a friend to 
the English. Presently runners 
came from the Shawnee telling 
wonderful dreams which Tecum- 
seh’s brother had dreamed. All of 
the country west of the Allegheny 
Mountains was to be saved to the 
Indians. All. ,.of. thes, -tridhe.s 
were to join in a great  con- 
federacy of which ‘Tecumseh 
was to be chief. All of the 
dead Indians were to be restored 
and re-united to their friends and 
relatives. All of the tribes were 
greatly interested and the excite- 
ment grew into a religious ferver. 
The Sioux as well as the others be- 
lieved the message from The Pro- 
phet was sent by God and they 
were willing to join in the confed- 
eracy, which was to be entirely in- 
dependent, while the English were 
to protect it from the white invad- 
ers and supply it with all sorts of 
trade. The Indians believed a gen- 
uine millenium was to come to them 


War - 


and they were eager to assist in 
driving back the Americans and to 
help the English. The excitement 
spread from tribe to tribe until all 
the Indians from Hudson’s Bay and 
even to the Rocky Mountains were 
affected by it. 
could not make the Americans 
fight and Tecumseh, growing tired, 
began acts of hostility on his own 
account, believing that if the Indians 
began, the English would come 
to their help; the English, however, 
wanted the Americans to begin the 
trouble and they got their soldiers 
posted where they could strike De- 
troit and Mackinaw as soon as war 
began. The Americans sent an 
army against Tecumseh and de- 
stroyed his village, but they could 
not conquer him. Pretty soon the 
Americans declared war against 
England, which is what the Eng- 
lish had long wanted, and as soon 
as the news could travel out west, 
they took Mackinaw and then De- 
troit with scarcely any trouble at 
all and the whole northwest was 
again open to them.” 


These testimonies seem to establish 
the theory that from the first the Eng- 
lish and Tecumseh were “hunting trou- 
ble” together. 


For three seasons, beginning with 
1809, Manuel Lisa had traded upon the 
Upper Missouri for the Saint Louis, 
Missouri Fur Company of which Cap- 
tain William Clark, chief representa- 
tive of the United States Government 
in the west, was a prominent stock- 
holder. The British Orders in Council 
against American trade had practically 
ruined the fur industry. When Man- 
uel brought down his furs in the au- 
tumn of 1811 he found that the price 
had fallen during the summer from 


Still the English 


War 


$4 to $2.50 a pound. Every condition 
was depressing, and the stockholders 
were discouraged; many of them with- 
drew. Nevertheless the company was 
re-organized as the Missouri Fur Com- 
pany with William Clark as president 
(Jan. 24, 1812) .and Manuel was hur- 
ried back to the disaffected tribes of 
the Upper Missouri. The records are 
strangely silent, but the circumstances 
all support the inference that the pur- 
pose in embarking in what was mani- 
festly doomed to be a losing venture 
was to supply trade to the upper In- 
dians and hold them to the American 
interest. 


The dearth of governmental data 
pertaining to affairs in the West at 
this period is due to the burning by 
the British on August 23, 1914 of the 
War Department Building which 
housed the bureau of Indian Affairs. 
Were Captain Clark’s reports for 1812 
and 1813 available we would unques- 
tionably have a thrilling story of pa- 
triotic devetion and self-sacrifice. 


Early in the spring of 1812 Manuel 
hastened to the upper river with two 
boat loads of merchandise and a force 
of 87 men. He erected a well built 
fort upon the west bank of the Mis- 
souri in what is now the northeastern 
corner of Corson County, South Dako- 
ta. This fort (named Manuel), begun 
upon August 10, was occupied before 
winter and was intended to accom- 
modate the trade of the Aricara, Chey- 
ennes, Hidatsa, Mandans and_ the 
Yanktonais Sioux. For the first time 
in his relations with the Indians Man- 
uel appears to have been baffled. 
From the beginning the relations were 
strained. 

The Indians were restless and hos- 
tile, at war among themselves and un- 
friendly to Americans. Learning the 


767 


War 


Hidatsa had killed two American trad- 
ers, and stolen twenty-two horses that 
he had left in the neighborhood the 
previous year, Lisa on the 12th day of 
August started for the Mandan vil- 


lages, but got only partial satisfaction. | 


The daily record kept by John C. Lut- 
tig, the chief clerk, is filled with notes 
of suspicious circumstances and.actual 
hostility. Charbonneau and Jessaume 
were in Manuel’s employ and they 
were openly charged with disloyalty 
to American interests: “These two 
rascals ought to be hung for their 
perfidy, they do more harm than good 
to the American government, stir up 
the Indians and pretend to be friends 
to the white People at the same time 
but we find them to be our Ennemies.” 
These are pretty grave charges to 
make against two well known men 
both of whom had previously been in 
the employ of the United States. 
Even worse charges were made 
against Joseph Garreau. 


Conditions grew worse as the win- 
ter advanced and a reign of terror ex- 
isted. The Yanktonais Sioux and the 
Hidatsa, two tribes peculiarly under 
British trade influences, were parti- 
cularly offensive. February 5th “We 
heard the Cry to Arms, and two guns 
fired, which proved to be out of the 
fort.”” Opening the door a young man 
was found on the threshold, breathing 
his last. On the 6th two arrows were 
found in the fort which had been shot 
through the crevises between the pick- 
ets. These were. identified as Sioux 
arrows. On the 16th the Ree left the 
post upon advice of the Cheyenne, as 
trouble was anticipated. On the 21st 
Charbonneau returned from the Man- 
dan villages and reported that “in De- 
cember last 2 Men from the N. W. 
(British Northwestern) Company had 


War 


been with them, they came (to the 
Hidatsa) under pretext to trade dressd 
Buffaloe Skins, and made some Pre- 
sents to the Chiefs, and began to har- 
angue against the american traders, 
told them we would give them noth- 
ing, but a little powder, and that they, 


. the N. W. Company would furnish 


them with every thing without Pay 
if they would go to war, and rob and 
Kill the Americans, this had the de- 
sired effect on Borne, (the Chief) and 
he made several Speeches to the Na- 
tion to that purpose, but being dis- 
graced and not liked he retired with- 
out Success, though himself fulfilled 
his promise to rob, but was afraight to 
Kill, thus are those Bloodhounds the 
British constantly employed and do 
every thing in their Power to annoy 
and destroy the Americans * * * * 
When Charbonneau passed the Cha- 
jennes which are above us about 4 
Leagues, they warned him to be cau- 
tious and take care of his Life, that 
they had discovered 27 Men lurking 
about, suposing to be the Saunies 
(Yanktonais) Sioux.” 


Monday February 22nd, “at 1 o’clock 
45 Mi. P. M. we were alarmed by the 
Cry to Arms, Archambeau is Killed, 
and by sorting found us surounded by 
Indians on all Sides, out the reach of 
our Guns, Archambeau was kawling 
hay with a sleigh from the other Side, 
and just on coming on the River he 
was shot and Kiled Immediately he 
was a very good Men and had been 6 
years on the Missouri, we put our- 
selves immediately in Defence and 
placed two swivels on the Bank of 
the River, but unfortunately our Balls 
did not reach across, and those on 
this Side Kept out of Reach of our 
fire, and dare not come to an open 
Attack, their numbers was between 4 


768 


War 


a 500, they took the Scalp and cut 
him nearly to pieces, they marched off 
about 4 o’clock.” There were but 26 
men in the fort and they were grouped 
into four squads and took turns at 
guard duty through the ensuing night. 
Thereafter the guard was maintained 
constantly and a band of savage dogs 
kept outside to give alarm. On the 
26th they learned through the Chey- 
enne that the Yanktonais who had 
killed Archambeau were greatly cis- 
appointed that the whites did not rush 
out to rescue his body as they were 
prepered to flank them and get posses- 
sion of the fort. Thus the record con- 
tinues until March 5th when it abrupt- 
ly closes. What followed is largely in- 
ferred from brief suggestions which 
have come down to us. Manuel ar- 
rived in St. Louis on June Ist, and re- 
ported the Aricara, Cheyenne, Hidatsa, 
Mandan, Crow and Arapaho at war 
with the United States and that they 
had been incited to hostility by the 
British Northwest Company. Christo- 
pher Wilt, a notable St. Louis merchant 
of the period, says that the fort was at- 
tacked by the Sioux and fifteen of 
Manuel’s men were killed and the 
Americans were compelled to aban- 
don the post. The Sioux, according 
to traditions reported by A. McG. 
Beede of Fort Yates, say all of the 
bands joined in the attack and the 
post was burned. From all accounts 
the Yanktonais were the chief agres- 
sors. 

Thus it will be seen that a serious 
engagement of the War of 1812 was 
fought on South Dakota soil, and the 
stake sought was the assistance of the 
Indians of the Missouri River in the 
British cause. . 

As stated, Manuel arrived in St. 
Louis with the report of the disaster 


War 


at Fort Manuel on june 1. Where had 
he been during the three intervening 
months? Miss Drumm suggests that 
he stopped and built Fort Lisa near 
Omaha. He may have done that, but 
I believe that he stopped in Central 
South Dakota and built a post for the 
Sioux trade. Many years ago I inter- 
viewed Swift Bird Chapelle, a mixed 
blood born at DeGrey, South Dakota 
before 1830. He was an unusually in- 
telligent man and a sort of tribal his- 
torian. His grandfather (a notable 
chief in his estimation) had been ac- 
tive in the Sioux-Ree War of the High- 
teenth Century and he undertook to 
tell the consecutive history of the 
Sioux in central South Dakota. Un- 
fortunately my notes upon that inter- 
view together with a large amount of 
other historic data, were carelessly 
burned while I resided in Aberdeen and 
I have only my memory of the circum- 
stances that he related. He told of 
the first post (Loisel’s) in the vicinity 
of DeGrey, and of another subsequent- 
ly built there, long before Fort Pierre 
was built. The last of these posts 
was built by a man who had been in a 
war with the Rees, who had cows and 
pigs. These are some of the _ cir- 
cumstances in connection with the 
matter which I clearly recall. He 
planted melons. These things did not 
seem especially significant until the 
recent publication of Luttig’s journal. 
They seem to fit into it and suggest 
very plausibly that Manuel salvaged 
what he could from the wreck of Fort 
Manuel, slipped down the river to the 
Sioux and learning of the war, de- 
clared after he left St. Louis, stopped 
to cement the Tetons to the American 
cause. 

This conclusion is in some degree 
supported by the statement of Manuel 


769 


War 


in his letter of resignation; he says 
he had a post to the Sioux 600 miles 
above Fort Lisa. The latter post we 
know to have been located a little 
above Omaha, at a point 676 miles 
above the mouth of the Missouri and 
124 miles below the mouth of the Big 
Sioux. If he were literally correct in 
saying the Sioux post was 600 miles 
further it would place it at about the 
north line of Potter County, South Da- 
kota. There is scarcely a possibility 
it was so far north. I have never be- 
lived it was as far south as Ameri- 
can Island, to which it has been pop- 
ularly ascribed. American Island is 
but 371 miles above Fort Lisa. There 
is a better reason for believing it was 
at upper Cedar Island, or 461 miles 
above Fort Lisa. I am inclined to be- 
lieve that it was there. Solomon Two 
Stars, hereditary chief of the Sisse- 
tons agreed with Rev. John B. Ren- 
ville that it was at Big Bend. In the 
interview with Renville, summarized 
in Volume V of the South Dakota His- 
torical Collections, he talked at some 
length about the location of this post, 
which he said he had always under- 
stood to have been at Big Bend. 
Long before war was declared the 
British were actually enlisting the 
eastern Sioux and arranging to trans- 
port them to the Ohio frontier. The 
management of the English interests 
in the west was entrusted to Major 
Robert Dickson, who was given the 
broadest powers in the premises. He 
was married to a Yanktonais woman 
from Elm River, South Dakota, a sis- 
ter of Red Thunder, a very notable 
chief, who was the father of the even 
more notable Waanatan, “the Char- 
ger,” whose name the Americans have 
poetically rendered Waneta. 
Anticipating the declaration of war 
by the United States, which came up- 


War 


on June 19, 1812, Joseph Renville, act- 
ing under Dickson’s direction, had re- 
cruited a band of at least 150 Sioux, 
among whom was Red Thunder and 
Waneta, and conducted them to Mack- 
inaw where they witnessed the surren- 
der of that post on July 17, or immed- 
iately upon receipt of the news of the 
declaration. By May, 1813, one-fourth 
of the Sioux of the Mississippi able to 
bear arms were recruited and trained, 
under the leadership of Itasapah, a 
nephew of Wapasha’s, and they were 
present and took part in the invest- 
ment of Fort Meigs. Twenty-two of 
these braves were Sissetons, some of 
whom were residents of South Dako- 
ta. 


When the agitation began to enlist 
the Sioux of the Mississippi in the 
British cause, in the early spring of 
1812, Tamaha (known as the “One 
Eyed Sioux,” and as the “Old Priest,’’) 
refused to join. He had been decor- 
ated by Lieutenant Pike in 1806 and 
was very proud of his Americanism; 
and Rev. John B. Renville says he re- 
paired at once to Saint Louis and re- 
ported the situation to General Clark. 
What he did immediately thereafter 
is not recorded. Rev. John B. Ren- 
ville’s statement suggests that Clark 
may have sent him up to the Tetons 
to assist in holding them to the Ameri- 
cans. The next hint we have of him 
was in May, 1813, when, according to 
John B. Renville, he appeared at Fort 
Meigs and warned the Sioux that their 
homes were menaced by a threatened 
attack from the tribes of the west. 
This information induced the Sioux 
to desert the British and return forth- 
with to their homes. Renville’s 
statement is as follows: 


“Most of the Santees, (Sioux of 
the Misissippi) went with Dickson 


770 


War 


down into Ohio and tried to take 
an American fort; but while they 
were fighting before the fort one 
of our men, Tamaha, who had been 
on the Missouri, came to tell the 
Sioux the Tetons (Sioux of the 
Missouri) had turned against them 
and would make war upon them 
and destroy their families who were 
left unprotected on the Missouri, 
(Mississippi); but father stayed 
with a few Sioux who did not desert 
and went down to another fort on 
Lake Erie; but they were not able 
to take either fort because’ the 
Sioux had deserted and left them 
too few soldiers.” 


At a court inquiry held by the Brit- 
ish at Prairie du Chien, January 15, 
1815, Joseph Renville, father of Rev. 
John B., testified as to this event as 
follows: 


Q. “State to the court what you 
know respecting Itassipah’s conduct 
on leaving Fort Meigs?” ‘“Answer— 
All the Scioux put ashore where 
Mr. Dickson did at the entrance 
of the Miamis River except Itassipah 
(Itasapah) who passed straight on. 
Mr. Dickson sent Lieut. Fraser after 
him, but he could. not bring Itassipah 
back; that caused all the Sioux to go 
and join Itassipah, saying, It is our 
first Chief; they would follow him 
everywhere.” 

At the same inquiry Major Dickson, 
after telling that Itasapah was the 
nephew and representative of Wapas- 
ha, deputed to lead the Sioux in the 
Ohio campaign, testified: : 

“When it was determined to leave 
Fort Meigs and they (the Indians) 
were requested to go to Sandusky 
they said, what the Scioux would de- 
termine upon they would agree to. 
Itassipah, the representative of Wabas- 


War 


ha and of the Scioux Nation, in the 
evening, as he was going down in a 
canoe, refused. I then, to the best of 
my recollection, sent Lieut. Fraser 
and Colin Campbell after him, and he 
again refused—in consequence almost 
all of the Indians followed him, a few 
only remained with me; and this, in 
my opinion, occasioned the disaster 
that befel our fleet, (Perry’s victory), 
the loss of Amherst and Detroit and 
the subsequent capture of General 
Proctor’s army.” These, it will be 
conceded, are far reaching and im- 
portant results from the defection of 
the Sioux. 


Rev. John B. Renville was well ac- 
quainted with Tamaha and had the 
story of this enterprise at first hand 
from both his father and Tamaha. 
Renville believed that Tamaha came 
directly from the Big Bend of the Mis- 
souri to Fort Meigs to alarm the Sioux. 


In July, 1814, Manuel was again in 
St. Louis to report to General Clark, 
then Superintendent of Indian Affairs 
for the West. Clark appointed him 
sub-agent for “the Indian nations who 
Inhabit the Missouri River, above the 
mouth of the Kansas River.” This, of 
course, included all of the South Da- 
kota Indians and the Mandans and 
Hidatsa, who still ranged down into 
the north part of this State and had 
much commerce with the Rees. 


After this, for the rest of the war, 
Manuel concentrated his efforts at 
Fort Lisa and the post to the Sioux. 
Most of his time was spent at these 
establishments, where he had from 
one to two hundred men in his employ. 
He had horned cattle, hogs and do- 
mestic fowls and he supplied the seed 
and instructed the Indians in the culti- 
vation of vegetables, which supplied 
a considerable part of their subsis- 


771 


War 


tence. He loaned them traps, bought 
their furs and made his establishments 
asylums for the old and decrepit. Thus 
he retained their friendship and held 
their allegiance to the United States. 


While keeping the Indians of the 
Misouri River prosperous and loyal, 
with true Spanish finesse he addressed 
himself to the business of defeating 
the advantage the British had from 
the friendship of the Sioux of the 
Mississippi and adroitly kept them in 
a state of terror lest the western tribes 
should take advantage of their ab- 
sence to destroy their families. In 
this Tamaha was his chief instrument. 


When Manuel ascended the river in 
1814 Tamaha accompanied him to the 
mouth of the James River (Yankton) 
when he was dispatched to Prairie 
du Chien. When he arrived there, 
Dickson had become suspicious of him 
and treated him harshly, snatching 
his pack from his' shoulders and 
searching it for letters; demanding 
information of the American move- 
ments in the west, which Tamaha re- 
fused to divulge. He then threw him 
into the guardhouse and threatened to 
kill him if he did not divulge; but the 
brave Indian told him that he was 
ready to die but not to turn traitor to 
his country. At length he was liber- 
ated and spent the following winter 
with Wapasha and Redwing, and re- 
turned to Prairie du Chien in May, 
1815, just as the post was being evacu- 
ated by the British following the peace 
treaty. The British officer had raised 
the Stars and Stripes over the fort 
and then set it on fire. Tamaha ex- 
posed himself to the flames’ by rush- 
ing in and rescuing the flag and an 
American medal. 


Through the influence of Dickson, 
Red Thunder and Waneta, the two 


War 


South Dakotans whose identity can be 
fully established, remained steadfast 
to the British until the war ended. 
The service of Waneta was so dis- 
tinguished that he was given a cap- 
tain’s commission in the English army, 
taken to England and given an aud- 
ience by the king and shown much 
consideration in every direction. Fired 
with zeal for the British cause, he 
returned to America and learning that 
the Americans had erected Fort Snell- 
ing, he gathered up a band of Cut- 
heads and Sissetons from about Big- 
stone Lake and went down to destroy 
the fort. Colonel Snelling, learning of 
his purpose, gave him a rather sur- 
prising reception, hustled him about 
and burned his English flags and me- 
dals before his eyes and so thorough- 
ly naturalized him as an American 
citizen that he never again was dis- 
loyal. 


When the war was over Manuel 
gathered up the chief men of the tribes 
under his jurisdiction and took them 
down to St. Louis to join in treaties 
of peace and friendship. Twenty of 
the men he took with him can be iden- 
tified as of South Dakota. Among 
these was Black Buffalo, chief of the 
Minneconjou Sioux and one of the not- 
able men of his time. He was head 
chief'at the council held by Lewis and 
Clark at Fort Pierre in 1804; he led 
the Sioux in the attack upon Lieuten- 
ant Pryor at the Aricara village, 
upon the attempted return of Big 
White in 1807 and was_ seriously 
wounded at the time. He held up the 
Astorians at Big Bend in 1811; and 
wherever there was activity among 
the Sioux of the Missouri at that per- 
iod he appeared to be the leader. 
Manuel secured his loyalty to the 
United States and placed great de- 


172 


War 


pendence upon him. While waiting 
for the treaty-council to assemble at 
the mouth of the Missourk. Black 
Buffalo died on the night of July 14, 
1815. He was given a military burial 
‘and all of the honors of war. The 
chief funeral oration was made by Big 
Elk, chief of the Omahas, and it is one 
of the most celebrated pieces of Ind- 
ian oratory: 


“Do not. grieve. Misfortunes 
will happen to the wisest and best 
of men. Death will come, and al- 
ways comes out of season. It is 
the command of the Great Spirit 
and all nations and people must 
obey. What is past and cannot 
be prevented should not be grieved 
for. Be not displeased or discour- 
aged that in visiting your father 
here you have lost your chief. A 
misfortune of this kind may neyer 
again befall you; but this would 
have come to you, perhaps at your 
own village. Five times have I 
visited the land and never re- 
turned with sorrow or pain. Mis- 
fortunes do not flourish particular- 
ly in our path. They grow every- 
where. What a misfortune for me 
that I could not have died today, 
instead of the chief who lies before 
us. The trifling loss my nation 
would have sustained in my death 
would have been doubly paid for in 
the honors of regret. Instead of 
being covered with a cloud of sor- 
row, my warriors would have felt 
the sunshine of joy in their hearts. 
To me it would have been a most 
glorious ' occurrence. Hereafter, 
when I die at home, instead of a 
noble grave and grand possession, 
the rolling music and the thunder- 
ous cannon, with a flag waving at 
my head, I shall be wrapped in a 


War 


robe (an old robe, perhaps), and 
hoisted on a slender scaffold. to the 
whistling winds, soon to be blown 
to the earth, my flesh to be de- 
voured by the wolves and my bones 
rattled on the plains by the wild 
beasts. Chief of the soldiers, your 
labors have not been in vain. Your 
attention shall not be forgotten. 
My nation shall know the respect 
that is paid to the dead. When 
I return I shall echo the sound of 
your guns.” 
As indicated in the opinion of Major 
Dickson, the British defeat in the lake 
region was due to the defection of the 
Sioux. That defection, it is clear, 
was due in large measure to the loyal- 
ty of the Sioux of the Missouri, in 
South Dakota, to the American cause. 
Out of the bounds of South Dakota 
came an influence that was very ma- 
terial in the final issue. Within our 
section was domiciled a master mind 
whose wise strategy was of great 
significance. But for it the boundary 
dividing American and British domin- 
ance in America might have been far 
different from what it now is. In 
view of these facts it is not too much 
to say that South Dakota was an im- 
portant element in the determination 
of the War of 1812. 


The Aricara War 

The full story of the Aricara War 
of 1823 is told in the following re- 
ports: 

“On board the Keel Boat Yellow- 
stone, 25 miles below the Auricara 
Towns, 4th June, 1823. 

Dear Sir: On the morning of the 
2nd inst., I was attacked by the Auri- 
cara Indians, which terminated with 
great loss on my part. On my afrri- 
val there, the 30th of May, I was met 
very friendly by some of the chiefs, 


773 


War 


who expressed a great wish that I 
would stop and trade with them. 
Wishing to purchase horses to take a 
party of men to the Yellowstone Riv- 
er, I agreed to comply with their re- 
quest, and proposed that the chiefs 
of the two towns would meet me that 
afternoon on the sand beach, when the 
price of the horses should be agreed 
upon. After a long consultation among 
themselves, they made their appear- 
ance at the place proposed. I made 
them a small present and proposed to 
purchase 40 or 50 horses. They ap- 
peared much pleased, and expressed 
much regret that a difference had 
taken place between some of their 
nation and the Americans, alluding to 
the fray which recently took place 
with a party of their men and some 
of the Missouri Fur Company, which 
terminated in the loss of two Auri- 
caras, one of whom was the son of 
the principal chief of one of the two 
towns. They, however, said that all 
the angry feelings occasioned by that 
affray had vanished, and that they 
considered the Americans as friends, 
would treat them as such; the num- 
ber of horses I wanted would be fur- 
nished me for the price offered. 


The next morning we commenced 
trading, which continued until the 
evening of the 1st inst., when pre- 
parations were made for my departure 
earl the next morning. My party con- 
sisted of ninety men, forty of whom 
were selected to take charge of the 
horses, and cross the country by land, 
to the Yellowstone. They were en- 
camped on the bank, within forty 
yards of the boats. 

About half past 3 o’clock in the 
morning I was informed that one of 
my men had been killed, and, in all 
probability, the boat would be immedi- 


War 


ately attacked. The men were all un- 
der arms and so continued until sun- 
rise, when the Indians commenced a 
heavy and well directed fire, from a 
line extending along the picketing of 
their towns, and some broken ground 
adjoining, about 600 yards in length. 
The shot was principally directed at 
the men on the beach, who were mak- 
ing use of the horses as a breastwork. 
We returned the fire; but, from the ad- 
vantageous situation of the Indians, 
done but little execution. Finding 
their fire very destructive, I ordered 
the steersmen to weigh their anchors, 
and lay to shore for the purpose of em- 
barking the men; but notwithstanding 
I used every measure in my power to 
have the order executed, I could not 
effect it. Two skiffs, which would 
carry thirty men, were taken ashore; 
but in consequence of a predetermina- 
tion, on the part of the men on board, 
not to give away to the Indians as 
long as they could possibly do other- 
wise, they (with the exception of 
seven or eight) would not make use 
of the skiffs when they had the oppor- 
tunity of doing so. In about fifteen 
minutes from the time the firing com- 
menced, the surviving part of the men 
were embarked; nearly all the horses 
killed or wounded; one of the anchors 
had been weighed, the cable of the 
other cut, and the boats dropping 
down the stream. 


The boatsmen, with but a few ex- 
ceptions, were so panic struck that it 
was impossible to get them to expose 
themselves to the least danger, in- 
deed, for some time, to move them 
from their seats. I ordered the boat 
landed at the first timber, for the pur- 
pose of putting the men and boats in 
a better position to pass the villages 
in safety. When my intentions were 


774 


War 


made known, to my surprise and mor- 
tification, I was told by the men (with 
but a few exceptions) that, under no 
circumstances, would they make a 
second attempt to pass, without a 
large reinforcement. Finding that no 
arguments that I could use would 
cause them to change their resolu- 
tions, I commenced making arrange- 
ments for the security of my proper- 
ty. The men proposed that if I would 
descend the river to this place, fortify 
the boats or make any other defense 
for their security, they would remain 
with me until I could receive aid from 
Major Henry, or some other quarter. 
I was compelled to agree to the pro- 
position. On my arrival, I found them 
as much determined to go lower. A 
resolution had been formed by the 
most of them to desert. I called for 
volunteers to remain with me under 
any circumstances, until I should re- 
ceive the expected aid. Thirty only 
volunteered; among them were but 
a few boatmen; consequently I am 
compelled to send one boat back. Af- 
ter taking a part of her cargo on 
board of this boat, the balance will be 
stored at the first fort below. My 
loss in killed and wounded is as fol- 
lows: 

Killed—John Matthews, Jno. Col- 
lins, Aaron Steevens (killed at night 
in the fort), James McDaniel, West- 
ley Piper, George Flage, Benjamin F. 
Sweed, James Penn, Jr., Jno. Miller, 


Jno. S. Gardner, Ellis Ogle, David 
Howard. 
Wounded — Reece Gibson (since 


dead), Joseph Monse, John Lawson 
Abraham Ricketts, Robert Tucker, 
Joseph Tompson, Jacob Miller, Daniel 
McClain, Hugh Glass, August Dufier, 
Willes (black man). 


War 


I do not conceive but two of the 
wounded in danger. How many of the 
Indians were killed I am at a loss to 
say; I think not more than seven or 
eight; four or five men were seen to 
fall on the beach. I thought proper 
to communicate this affair as early 
as an opportunity offered, believing 
that you would feel disposed to make 
these people account to the govern- 
ment for the outrage committed. 
Should that be the case, and a force 
sent for that purpose in a short time, 
you will oblige me much if you will 
send me an express at my own ex- 
pense, if one can be procured, that I 
may co-operate with you. From the 
situation of the Indian towns, it will 
be difficult for a small force to oust 
them without a_ six-pounder. The 
towns are newly picketed in, with 
timber from six to eight inches thick, 
twelve to fifteen feet high, dirt in in- 
side thrown up about eighteen inches. 
They front the river, and, immediately 
in front of them is a large sand bar, 
forming nearly two-thirds of a circle, 
at the head of which, (where the river 
is very narrow) they have a breast- 
work, made of dry wood. The ground 
on the opposite side of the river is 
high and commanding. They have 
about 600 warriors I suppose, three- 
fourths of them are armed with Lon- 
don fuzils, others with bows and ar- 
rows, war axes, etc. 


I expect to hear from Major Henry 
(to whom I sent an express) in twelve 
or fifteen days. During that time I 
shall remain between this place and 
the Aricara towns, not remaining any 
length of time in one place, as my 
force is small, not more than twenty- 
three effective. 


Your friend and obedient servant, 
—W. H. Ashley.” 


775 


War 


“On board the boat that descends 
are five wounded men. Any assis- 
tance that you can afford them, I 
will feel under obligations to you for.” 


Final and Detailed 


Report. 
Head Qrs. 6th Regiment, 
Fort Atkinson, Oct. 20th, 1823. 


Leavenworth’s 


Sir: 

In addition to my communication 
dated the 30th August last, I now have 
the honor to make the following min- 
ute and circumstantial report. 


On the 18th of June last Major B. 
O’Fallon, United States Indian Agent 
at this place, showed to me a letter, 
from Gen. William H. Ashley, direct- 
ed to him, as the Commanding Offic- 
er at this post, informing that the 
Aricara Indians had attacked his par- 
ty, at their towns on the Missouri 
River and had killed fourteen and 
wounded twelve of his men; and ask- 
ing for assistance. 


It became my duty to decide wheth- 
er Gen. Ashley should be supported 
by the United States troops at this 
post or not.—General Atkinson then in 
command of the Western Department 
was at Louisville, Kentucky.—The 
time which would be required to re- 
ceive instructions from that place 
would render it entirely too late to be 
of any service to Gen. Ashley. And it 
also appeared to be desirable and pro- 
per that whatever was done, should 
be done promptly. 


On my being transferred to the 6th 
Regiment I had omitted to take a 
copy of instructions to the Command- 
ing Officer at this post that were hand- 
ed to me by Gen. Atkinson, because I 
believed them to be substantially the 
same, as I received in 1820, after the 
establishment of the Military post at 


War 


St. Peters on the Mississippi in 1819. 
From those instructions I beg leave 
to send you the following extracts, 
Viz: 


“I now proceed to give, agreebly 
to your request, such instructions 
as appear to me to be necessary for 
your government, observing how- 
ever, that much must be left to 
your prudence and discretion in 
which great confidence is placed. 

“The military movement which 
has been made up the Mississippi 
under your command, was ordered 
for the establishment of posts, to 
the effect two great objects—the en- 
largement and protection of the 
fur trade, and permanent peace of 
our north western frontier by se- 
curing a decided control over the 
various tribes of Indians in that 
quarter. These objects will indi- 
cate the policy which ought to be 
pursued. To such of our citizens 
who may conform to the laws and 
regulations in relation to Indian 
trade and intercourse, you will ex- 
tend kindness and protection. In 
relation to foreign traders who by 
the Act of Congress are entirely 
excluded, your conduct in the first 
instance must be governed by a 
sound discretion, to be exercised 
in each case. No decisive step 
ought perhaps, to be taken until 
your posts are fully established 
and you feel yourself secure against 
the effects of hostilities, at which 
time notice ought to be given that 
after a fixed period you will rigidly 
exclude all trade by foreigners and 
such as are not authorized by law. 

“Of the two great objects in 
view, the permanent security of 
our frontier is considered by far 
the greatest importance and will 
especially claim your attention. If 
practicable you will gain the confi- 
dence and friendship of all the 
Indian tribes with whom you may 
have any intercourse. To prevent 
hostility on the part of the Indians 
they ought to be fully impressed 
with our capacity to avenge any 
injury which they may offer us, 


776 


War 


and it is no less important that 
they should be equally impressed 
with our justice and humanity. 
These points gained your course 
will be plain and without difficul- 
ty. 

“The President also directs that 
you will, whenever you think the 
public interest will be promoted by 
it, hold treaties of friendship with 
the tribes within our limits, in 
which treaties you will establish 
such rules for the intercourse be- 
tween them and those under your 
command, and such traders or citi- 
zens who may visit them, as you 
may judge expedient. It would be 
a proper mark of respect for the 
Indian Agent, and would probably 
be attended with good effects, if 
you were to associate him with you 
in the negotiation whenever it can 
conveniently be done. 

(Signed.) J. C. Calhoun.” 

Such were my instructions while in 
command on the Mississippi. The ob- 
jects of the Government evidently be- 
ing the same on the Missouri river 
as on the Mississippi, I could not 
doubt for a moment that it was my 
duty to move promptly and extend 
“protection” to Genl. Ashley and to 
“impress the Indians with our capac- 
ity to avenge the injury which they 
had done us.” 


Accordingly, on the 22nd of June 
six Companies of the 6th Regt. left 
this post with three keel boats laden 
with subsistence for the troops, am- 
munition, and two six pound cannon. 
The Companies were Bt. Major Ketch- 
um’s commanded by Lt. J. Bradly. 
Captains Armstrong and Riley with 
their respective Light Companies. Bt. 
Major Larabee’s Company command- 
ed by Lieut. N. J. Crugar, who also 
did the duties of Asst. Commy. of Sub- 
sistence and Qr. Master. Capt. 
Gantts’ Company commanded by Lt. 
Wickliff and Company F, commanded 


Lad 


War 


by Lt. Morris, who was also in charge 
of the Ordnance and Ordnance Stores 
for the expedition. Lieut. Thomas 
Noel, Adjutant. Doctor J. Gale, Sur- 
geon. 


To the first boat was assigned the 
two companies commanded by Capt. 
Armstrong and Lt. Crugar. To the 
second the two companies command- 
ed by Capt. Riley and Lieut. Bradly. 
To the third boat the two companies 
commanded by Lieuts. Wickliff and 
Morris. 


The Senior Officer in each boat was 
placed in command of the _ boat 
in which he was embarked. Being in 
ill health, I remained at my quarters 
until the 23rd, when I joined my com- 
mand about six miles from this place 
by land and fifteen by water. 


The river being very high, the nav- 
igation was exceedingly difficult and 
hazardous. The cordelle was the only 
means by which the boats could be 
propelled, and to do this the men 
were obliged to be continually in the 
mud and water. 


The boats were so heavily laden 
that it was with some difficulty that 
all the men could be embarked even 
to cross the river, notwithstanding we 
had put nine barrels of pork into the 
small barge used here as a ferry boat 
and manned her with a sergeant and 
twelve men. This small boat. we 
found very useful on many occasions. 

All the men not required to navi- 
gate the boats were (the first day) 
placed under command of Lieuts. 
Bradly and Morris and marched by 
land. The river bottoms were so 
much inundated that those gentlemen 
and their men were frequently com- 
pelled to swim and wade through the 
water waist deep. 


7 


War 


The expedition this day, under di- 
rection of Capt. Armstrong made ten 
miles and encamped on the left bank 
of the river. 

On the 23rd the small boat filled in 
passing some drift wood, owing to the 
strength of the current. By the good 
management of crew and the prompt 
assistance rendered by Capt. Riley 
and Lt. Wickliff everything was sav- 
ed. 

On the 27th, Mr. Pilcher overtook 
us with two boats, and encamped with 
us. Mr. Pilcher was acting partner 
of the Missouri Fur Company and had 
been appointed Special Sub Indian 
Agent by Major O’Fallon. He had 
taken on board his boats, at Fort 
Atkinson, a five and a half inch how- 
itzer and its equipments. This he 
was good enough to transport to the 
point of our destination. 


On the ist of July I sent back an 
express with orders for Major Ket- 
chum to join the expedition as soon 
as practicable after his arrival at Fort 
Atkinson. 


On the third day of July at about 
nine o’clock in the morning Lt. Wick- 
liff had the misfortune to lose the 
boat which had been committed to 
his charge. The boats were progress- 
ing under sail near the right bank of 
the river, which was thickly covered 
with timber. The wind was light, 
and owing to the timber, very un- 
steady. Lieut. Wickliff wished to lay 
his boat further out into the stream 
for the purpose of obtaining a better 
wind, and while doing so the wind 
ceased to blow, and his boat fell back 
upon a large tree which was under 
water, as the wind had been blowing 
against the current it had rendered 
the water so rough that the wake of 
this tree had not been discovered. 


War 


The consequence was_ instantly 
fatal to the boat. She sank and broke 
into two pieces. Every possible ex- 
ertion was made to save the lives of 
the crew. Capt. Riley promptly put 
his boat about and followed the wreck, 
which was rapidly drifting down 
stream along a bend in the river 
which was full of similar obstructions 
to that which the boat of Lt. Wickliff 
had stove. But he had the skill and 
good fortune to escape them all. He 
twice threw his cordelle to those on 
the wreck and made it fast, but it 
was not sufficiently strong to hold 
the wreck, and immediately broke. 
Finding it impossible to land the 
wreck, he sent his best swimmers on 
shore to save the public property, in 
which they were very efficient and 
successful. In the meantime Sergt. 
Drum and Private Thomas had been 
sent off with a small skiff to the as- 
sistance of the crew on the wreck. 
They were very efficient and saved 
the lives of several of the men. They 
had nearly reached Sergt. Stackpole 
when he sank to rise no more. The 
wreck drifted about two or three miles 
and lodged against the shore. 

When the boat sank, the small poat 
which we called the barge was some 
distance in advance. We made sig- 
nals to her, and she returned. We 
landed her cargo and immediately 
went in pursuit of the wreck. 

We found it as above stated. Took 
off the mast, sail and rigging and sav- 
ed everything which was left in it. 

The mast and yard we left on shore 
to be taken home on our return. The 
public property which Capt. Riley had 
not taken into his boat was put into 
the barge and taken up to our re- 
maining boats. 


778 


War 


We saved the greatest part of the 
flour and all the whiskey and lost 
all the pork which was in the boat. 
There was no ordnance or ordnance 
stores in the boat, but we unfortu- 
nately lost fifty-seven muskets and 
bayonets. What was still worse, we 
found on mustering the crew that we 
had lost one sergeant and six men. 
For their names and description I beg 
leave to refer you to the Company re- 
ports, which I herewith have the hon- 
or to send you. 

Mr. Pilcher was kind enough to 
take on board his boats eleven bar- 
rels of our provisions, the balance we 
distributed amongst our own boats 
and were under way again at five 
o’clock next morning. During the 
whole of this troublesome scene I 
was highly pleased with the efficiency 
and promptness both of the officers 
and men. The kindness of Mr. Pilcher in 
taking some of our cargo was also high- 
ly appreciated. As he was short of 
provisions for his men I let him have 
two barrels of pork and one barrel of 
beans. - The beans, however, had been 
wet and I fear were of little use to 
him. He has never made any charge 
for transportation; neither has eny 
been made of the pork. 


On the 6th of July we met Mr. 
Pratte with a keel boat which I had 
loaned to him, to bring some furs, 
buffalo robes, etc., but as those articles 
had been previously sent down by 
Genl. Ashley’s returning boat Mr. 
Pratte had but very little cargo in the 
boat. We received the boat from him; 
and Capt. Armstrong with his com- 
pany were placed on board. A part 
of our cargo was taken from the 
other boats and placed in this boat, 
and a few days subsequently our pro- 
visions which were in Mr. Pilcher’s 


War 


boat were also put into that of Capt. 
Armstrong. 

On the night of the 8th of July we 
encamped on the right bank of a 
small slough. We supposed that we 
had here found a very excellent har- 
bor. But at 10 o’clock at night we 
were suddeny struck by one of most 
severe gales of wind which any of 
us had ever witnessed. The roaring 
of the wind was heard but a moment 
before it struck us. Our fasts on the 
largest boat (The Yellow Stone Pack- 
et) were broken in an instant. The 
patron of the boat and several of the 
men were on board. They immedi- 
ately dropped, their anchor, but all 
was in vain. The anchor was dragged 
and the boat driven with great vio- 
lence on a sand bar below us, at the 
mouth of the _ slough. When _ she 
struck the bar, the masts and deck 
were carried over board and broken 
in pieces. 

Doctor Gale was the first officer to 
offer assistance. He took charge of 
a small party of men and went im- 
mediately to the boat, and, although 
the wind was exceedingly severe and 
the swell or surf very high, he suc- 
ceeded in landing a large quantity of 
the cargo. The timely exertions of 
Doctor Gale at this critical moment 
probably saved us from the mortifica- 
tion of being compelled to return with 
the expedition. The boat and proper- 
ty would probably have been lost in 
a few minutes had it not been for his 
exertions. Lt. Morris was ordered to 
go with a party in the barge to the 
assistance of Doctor Gale. Lieut. 
Morris continued with the men dur- 
ing the remainder of the night at the 
boat, and saved much of the cargo. 

On the ninth at reveille took all 
the men (except a small number as 


779 


War 


a guard and a cook) and went to the 
boat. Found Lieut. Morris and party 
doing well, but having been long in 
the water, and the night having been 
very cold as well as stormy, they were 
very much chilled. 

Again the zeal and efficiency of 
Doctor Gale was conspicuous. He 
landed (with the assistance of the 
men) one of our six pounders, all our 
lead and nearly all our cannon balls. 

All the officers and men were active 
and efficient and appeared emulous 
to excel in saving the boat and public 
property. We found a large tree ly- 
ing against the boat. This was prob- 
ably driven by the force of the wind 
and current against the boat at the 
commencement of the gale, and which 
probably drove her from her moor- 
ings. The boat being cleared of the 
cargo and rigging, the officers and 
men all joined in drawing her on a 
bar, so as to bring her to the top of 
the water. She was then soon emp- 
tied of the mud and water with which 
she had been filled, and to our great 
joy we found that her hull was not 
injured. 

Lieuts. Noel and Morris were di- 
rected to open, examine and dry our 
ammunition. We were highly grati- 
fied to learn that many of the musket 
cartridges and also two barrels of 
powder were uninjured. We saved 
considerable flour and all the whis- 
key; and lost all the pork and also 
all the supplies of the officers’ mess. 


We also again had the misfortune 
to lose a small number of muskets 
and bayonets. 

Capt. Riley was directed to take 
charge of a party of sailors and rig- 
gers to repair sails and rigging. Lt. 
Bradly of a party to collect, dry and 
arrange the public property. Lt. 


780 


War 


Crugar was assigned to the superin- 
tendence of the carpenters to repair 
the boat. I was highly gratified with 
Corporal Martin, who was at the head 
of the carpenters. They got the deck 
of the boat on before retreat. 

On the tenth the wind ‘was all day 
strong and ahead. 

On the eleventh we were again 
under way before sunrise. 

At 10 o’clock a. m. on the 19th, we 
arrived at a trading establishment 
called by the Indian traders Fort Re- 
covery or sometimes Cedar Fort. We 
found here a small band of the Sioux 
Indians called Yanktons and also a 
small number of the Teton band of 
the same nation. They were anxious 
to join us against the Aricaras. I 
told them that we had men enough, 
but as those bad Indians were ene- 
mies to them as well as to us I was 
willing they should join us and help 
to punish them. 

We were employed during the 20th 
and 21st in reorganizing our corps 
and arming our men, who had been 
disarmed by our aquatic misfortunes. 
This was effected by borrowing ten 
rifles of the Missouri Fur Company 
and organizing a small corps of artil- 
lery. We gave their arms to other 
men. 

The number of our companies was 
reduced from six to five and one of 
those armed with rifles, by using our 
surplus rifles, which were brought for 
the purpose of hunting and those we 
borrowed as above mentioned. 

We also borrowed twenty or thirty 
rifles from Gen. Ashley, but had oc- 
casion to use but a few of them. 


The rifle company was placed under 
the command of Capt. Riley. 


War 


Lieut. Morris was assigned to the 
artillery and the company under his 
command heretofore, broken up. 

While at this place we had an in- 
spection and drill. Also received in- 
formation that Major Wooley, of the 
Sixth regiment, and Bt. Major Ket- 
chum, of the same regiment, had ar- 
rived at a trading establishment call- 
ed Fort Kiowa, eigth or ten miles 
above where we lay..- 

Those gentlemen had left Fort At- 
kinson immediately after their arriv- 
al there, and come by land across the 
prairies to join us. Their journey at 
this very hot season of the year was 
far from being a pleasant one. Their 
promptness was, however, highly grat- 
ifying, and I was much pleased to 
meet them, as their services were 
deemed highly necessary. 

On the 28th came to where two 
bands of Sioux Indians, the Sciones 
and Ankpapat had _ pitched _ their 
lodges, about two hundred in number. 
We were invited to feast with them 
on dog meat, a dish which they con- 
sidered superior to any other. We in- 
vited them to our camp. A council 
was held with them. They were in- 
formed of the object of our expedition 
by Mr. Pilcher, and they cheerfully 
consented and appeared anxious to 
join us. 

During the 31st of July and first of 
August we were detained in waiting 
for some Sioux Indians who had sent 
runners to request us to do so, and to 
say that they were coming to join us. 
We were also making arrangements 
to obtain some buffalo meat from the 
Indians. We obtained on the Ist of 
August about 2,000 pounds for ten 
gallons of whiskey. 


In the meantime we were busily 
engaged in organizing our corps and 


War 


making cartridges. This was highly 
important, as all our six pound cart- 
ridges had been lost or damaged. 

Genl. Ashley here made a tender of 
his services and those of his party, 
amounting to eighty men. They were 
divided into two companies. Genl. 
Ashley nominated his officers and 
their appointments were confirmed in 
orders. 


They were as follows: 


Jedediah Smith, for Captain. 

Hiram Scott, for Captain. 

Hiram Allen, Lieut. 

George C. Jackson, Lieut. 

Charles Cunningham, Ensign. 

Edw. Rose, Ensign. 

—_——- Fleming, Surgeon. 

T. Fitzpatrick, Quarter Master. 

William Sublett, Major.. 

Mr. Pilcher, as acting member of 
the Missouri Fur Company, for him- 
self and party offered me the services 
of 40 men. These were formed into 
one Company. Mr. Pilcher was as- 
signed to the command of the Indians 
with the nominal rank of Major. He 
nominated his officers and their ap- 
pointment was confirmed in orders. 
They were as follows: 

Vanderburgh, Captain. 

Angus McDonald, as Captain for the 
Indian Command. 

—Carson, as Ist Lieuten- 








ant. 
Gordon, as 2nd Lieut. 


It will readily be perceived that 
none of these gentlemen or their men 
were amenable to martial law, nor 
was it in my power or in their own 
to make them so. It was therefore 
only upon their promise to obey or- 
ders that I consented to receive their 
services. 

It was clearly understood that their 
word of honor was pledged to obey 


my orders. Their appointments were 


781 


War 


merely nominal and intended only to 
confer the same privileges and respect 
on them as was paid to our own offic- 
ers of the same grade. No nominal 
rank was conferred on Genl. Ashley, 
as he was a brigadier general in the 
militia of the State of Missouri and 
lieutenant governor of the same. The 
forces thus organized, including regu- 


lar troops, mountaineers, voyageurs 
and Indians were styled the Missouri 
Legion. 


On the third of August we again 
found on the bank of the river the 
two bands of Indians before mention- 
ed. The Sciones and Ankpapat. They 
hailed us and said they “wished us 
to come to a feast, for they had kill- 
ed a heap of dogs.” Mr. Pilcher and 
myself went over the river to them. 
I told their chief, called “The Fire 
Heart,” that our business was to fight, 
not to eat, and that he must excuse 
me. If he intended to go with us to 
fight the Aricaras, I wished him to 
have his lodges struck and move im- 
mediately. He said he would do so, 
but wished to cross the river. We 
were obliged to cross the two bands 
in our boats, which detained us the 
remainder of the day. 

On the sixth and seventh of August 
we were detained by waiting for the 
arrival of some of our friendly In- 
dians, who were in the rear, and to 
give an opportunity to the sub-agent 
to furnish the Indians with powder 
and balls. 

On the 8th we left the boat under 
the direction of Major Wooley with 
about ten men to each boat. The re- 
mainder of the troops were disem- 
barked to go by land. AS we were 
now within twenty-five miles of the 
Aricara villages we endeavored to 
make such arrangements as to pre- 


War 


vent our enemy from discovering our 
force. Accordingly a small party of 
Sioux warriors were sent considerably 
in advance. 

Next in our line of march was plac- 
ed Capt. Riley with his company of 
rifle men, and Genl. Ashley with his 
two companies of mountaineers as 
our principal advance, at a short dis- 
tance from the remaining companies 
of the Sixth regiment. The men of 
the Missouri Fur Company were on 
board their boats. The remainder 
of our Indians moved on our flanks, 
and in our rear, which in all Mr. Pilch- 
er estimated on the 7th of August 
at 400 warriors, amongst whom were 
supposed to be 234 fire arms. These 
estimates are declared to be made up- 
on statements of the Indians, and not 
by actual enumeration. Mr. Pilcher 
estimated those who joined us subse- 
quently at 350 warriors. Number of 
arms not known, making an Indian 
force of 750 men. 

Allow me to say that up to this 
time I had been very well satisfied 
with Mr. Pilcher in every respect, 
particularly as sub-agent. He had 
neglected no opportunity to be serv- 
iceable to the expedition, but had 
done everything in his power to in- 
sure its success. 


I have understood that it was not 
intended after the defeat of the party 
under the late Messrs. Immil and 
Jones was known, to send the boats 
of the Missouri Fur Company above 
their Fort Recovery. From that point 
to the Aricara villages they could 
have no other object but to co-operate 
with us, for the service of our Coun- 
try, and to acquire influence with the 
Sioux nation. The former object was 
highly appreciated by me and the lat- 
ter if it existed, as I really believe it 


782 


War 


did, I considered as perfectly justi- 
fiable as they were engaged in the 
fur trade with that nation. 

Mr. Pilcher had an interpreter who 
had been for a considerable time in 
the employment of the Missouri Fur 
Company, and with whom I had too 
much reason to be displeased. He no 
doubt did all in his power to increase 
the influence and importance of that 
Company, not only at the expense of 
other traders but also at that of our 
expedition. 

On the night of the 8th, we encamp- 
ed about 15 or 16 miles from the 
Aricara villages and moved forward 
again early on the morning of the 
ninth. 

During the day we continually re- 
ceived the most strange and contra- 
dictory accounts from our Indians. It 
appeared that there were several 
Sioux living with the Aricaras and 
who had intermarried with them. They 
were sent for, to come out and see 
their friends who were coming as 
the Sioux said to smoke and make 
peace with the Aricaras. Some said 
that the villages were strongly forti- 
fied and furnished with ditches as 
deep as a man’s chin when standing 
in them. At other times it was said 
that the Aricaras were so confident 
that the Sioux were coming to make 
peace with them that they had taken 
down all their defenses and that there 
was nothing to defend them but their 
dirt lodges. Nothing appeared cer- 
tain but that the Aricaras were still 
in their villages. These contradictory 
stories which were told by the Sioux 
had the effect to create suspicions 
of their fidelity. It was also reported 
(and there was too much reason to 
believe it true), that the Sciones and 
Ankpapat who were combined, had 


War 


determined, in case we were defeated 
to join the Aricaras. 

We arrived at a small stream called 
Grand River, distant from the vil- 
lages six or seven miles, at about 12 
o’clock. It became necessary to halt, 
for our forces to close up, and to ob- 
tain water, etc. 

As our greatest apprehension was, 
that our enemies (the Aricaras) 
would run away from us; it was 
thought advisable to advance rapidly 
with our Indian forces and surround 
their villages and prevent them from 
escaping until the regular troops and 
our boats with the artillery could 
come up. Having determined upon 
this, I notified it to Mr. Pilcher and 
directed him to move on with the In- 
dians and his interpreter. I soon dis- 
covered the Indians making a rapid 
movement to the front, on horse back 
and I saw the interpreter amongst 
them. Supposing that Mr. Pilcher 
was where he should be, at the head 
of his corps, I took Lt. Noel with me 
and followed them. We-soon over- 
took the interpreter. He was directed 
to send back an Indian as a guide for 
our column. He did so, and Lt. Noel 
went back with the Indian to inform 
Major Ketchum the purpose for which 
he was sent. 

The interpreter and myself then 
pushed forward to gain the front and 
to check the advance, that the In- 
dians might move more compactly. 
We gained the front after going about 
two miles; but I was disappointed in 
not finding Mr. Pilcher there. I sub- 
sequently found that he had halted 
the Indians nearly a mile (and per- 
haps more) in the rear—not know- 
ing that I was in front of him. I re- 
turned and met them, waited until our 
column came up. Being completely 


783 


War 


disgusted with my Indian allies, I de- 
termined to quit them and gave up 
the idea of advancing with them. 

They were directed to move forward 
and keep upon our right and left 
flanks. We again moved forward. 
Our Indians with their Commandant 
were however soon out of sight of us 
in advance. Mr. Pilcher soon came 
to me with an Indian whom he re- 
ported to be an Aricara and said that 
he had delivered himself up to him 
and claimed protection. I dismount- 
ed and disarmed this Indian, and plac- 
ed him under guard and gave his 
arms to a Sioux who was destitute. 
It afterwards appeared that Major 
Pilcher’s Aricara prisoner, was a 
Sioux who belonged to the Major’s 
command. His arms and horse sub- 
sequently returned. 

When we had arrived within two 
or three miles we began to hear fir- 
ing in front and to meet Sioux return- 
ing with captured horses. 

The troops were ordered to advance 
in quickest time. Soon met several 
Sioux, in succession who urged me to 
press forward our men. As the men 
were then moving as rapidly as they 
could and be efficient when. they did 
arrive, I took no notice of what they 
said. But we very soon met Mr. 
Pilcher. He reported that the Aric- 
aras had met the Sioux but a short 
distance from their villages and that 
they had not only maintained their 
ground against the Sioux but had driv- 
en the latter back. That it was highly 
important to press forward one or 
two Companies to support the Sioux 
or the consequences would probably 
be very prejudicial. 

Capt. Riley and Genl. Ashley were 
accordingly ordered to advance with 
all possible expedition. 


War 


Although they had been marching 
very rapidly for several miles they set 
out on a run. It appeared however 
from the anxiety of Mr. Pilcher that 
the Sioux were hard pressed and I 
sent my adjutant (Lt. Noel) to order 
Capt. Armstrong to advance also with 
his Light Company. But all the troops 
being actuated by the same generous 
ardour there was but little difference 
in the time of their arrival. Major 
Ketchum arrived, very soon after 
Capt. Armstrong with the remainder 
of the battalion. 

We formed our line as follows: 
Genl. Ashley with his two Companies 
on the right, and his right resting 
upon the Missouri river. Next the 
five Companies of the 6th Rt. com- 
manded by Bt. Major Ketchum with 
Capt. Armstrong’s Light Company on 
the right and Capt. Riley’s Company 
acting as Riflemen on the left. The 
line was formed very soon and the 
men ordered to support arms and ad- 
vance. They did so. The Sioux were 
in our front as well as the Aricaras. 
We therefore could not deliver our 
fire until we had passed the Sioux. 
But as soon as the Indians saw our 
line advancing the Aricaras broke 
from their hiding places. The Sioux 
fired upon them. 


The Aricaras very soon entered 
their towns. We continued to ad- 
vance until with 300 or 400 yards of 
the villages where we halted to await 
the arrival of our boats and Artillery. 
It was said that the Sioux had killed 
ten of the Aricaras. We saw three 
or four with their heads—arms— 
hands—feet and legs cut off. Several 
Sioux were dragging about in triumph 
the hands, feet, legs, or arms of the 
slain Aricaras by means of a long 
string or cord. 


784 


War 


While we were waiting for our 
boats Capt. Riley was sent with his 
Company to engage the enemy and 
keep them in their towns. This he 
performed very handsomely. In the 
meantime the Sioux amused them- 
selves by cutting to pieces the slain 
Aricaras, and playing over one of the 
dead bodies what they called ‘White 
Bear.” This consisted in placing the 
skin of that animal over the should- 
ers of a Sioux who walked upon his 
hand and knees and endeavored to 
imitate the bear in his motions, by 
walking around and smelling of the 
dead bodies. 


Sometimes he would cut off small 
pieces of flesh and eat them. This 
ceremony lasted for some time. The 
Indians requested us not to look at 
the performer and particularly not to 
laugh at him, “as it would injure his 
medicine if we did so.” 


Major Wooley manifested great zeal 
in bringing forward our boats. He ar- 
rived with them in sufficient season 
to enable us to disembark our Artil- 
lery before sundown. At this late 
hour in the day, I thought it inadvis- 
able to commence the attack with our 
Artillery as I had no doubt but that 
it would have the effect to drive the 
Indians away under cover of the night. 
Arrangements were made to commence 
the attack early on the morning of the 
tenth. 

Capt. Riley.and Lt. Bradly with their 
Companies were ordered to take pos- 
session of a hill near the Upper Vil- 
lage. This was promptly done and 
well done. Capt. Riley took a position 
with his command within 100 yards 
of the village, but in such a manner 
as to secure his men from the fire of 
the enemy while at the same time he 


War 


had completely the command of the 
village. 

Major Wooley was assigned to the 
general superintendence of the Artil- 
lery and Ordnance and to be assisted 
by Lt. Morris of the 6th Regiment. 

The Companies of the 6th not at- 
tached were assigned to the command 
of Bt. Major Ketchum. 

General Ashley’s command was 
again placed upon our right, resting 
upon the river. Next to them Lieut. 
Morris with one six pounder and a 
five and a half inch howitzer, and 
next the remaining Companies of the 
6th Regiment. Our Indian Allies were 
very much scattered in our rear. 


Sergeant Perkins with another six 
pounder, manned by a detail from the - 
6th Regiment, was directed to co-oper- 
ate with Mr. Vanderburgh, and sent 
against the upper village. 


The troops having obtained their 
respective stations, the attack was 
commenced by Lieut. Morris and his 
Artillery. 


His first shot killed their celebrated 
and mischievous Chief called Grey 
Eyes and the second cut away the 


' staff of their Medicine flag. Major 


Ketchum with his command was or- 
dered to advance. He did so, until or- 
dered to halt. He was then within 
three or four hundred yards of the 
lower village and as the arms of the 
men had been loaded for considerable 
time, it was desirable to discharge 
them. They were accordingly directed 
to fire at an elevation at the village. 


~I then left this part of my command, 


to visit that at the upper village. 
I found Capt. Riley judiciously posted 
as I have before stated. Mr. Vander- 
burgh took several positions on the 
hill by my orders, but we were so near 
the town or village and so much ele- 


785 


War 


vated above it, that many of his shots 
passed entirely over and lodged in the 
river. He was finally sent with a six 
pounder down the hill on the same 
plain and level upon which the upper 
village stood. From this position the 
shots from this piece were more ef- 
fectual. 


From the first minute that our troops 
had invested the village in such a man- 
ner as to prevent the Aricaras from 
coming out, our Sioux had entered 
the cornfields of our enemy and were 
busily employed in carrying away the 
corn. 

Early in the day it became evi- 
dent that our Artillery would not have 
the effect to drive the enemy from 
their villages while so many Sioux 
were ready to cut them to pieces, the 
instant they did so. This led’ me to 
desire a more close examination of 
their defences, than I had hitherto 
been able to make. From all the ac- 
counts which we had received it ap- 
peared that the pickets around the 
town were respectable, and that they 
had also deep ditches or intrenchments 
within those pickets. General Ash- 
ley’s men who had been in the towns 
spoke in this manner of the picketing. 
The Sioux told us of the ditches, which 
they said had been dug since the at- 
tack on General Ashley. A Mr. McDon- 
ald, of whom I have before had occa- 
sion to speak, had wintered or re- 
mained for some time in those villages, 
was clearly of the opinion that we 
could only gain possession of the 


towns “by saping and mining,” and 


that the defences were so strong and 
those Indians so confident in their 
own strength, that in case we made a 
charge or assault upon the villages 
“Even every Squaw would count her 
coup,” by which I suppose he means 


War 


that every Squaw would kill a man. 
With a view therefore to ascertain 
the strength of their fortifications I 
thought of making an assault upon an 
acute angle of the upper town, which 
I could approach within 100 steps un- 
der cover of a hill. Accordingly Lieut. 
Noel was sent to order Major Ket- 
chum to advance with his Company, 
to join forces which we already had at 
the upper village, and to bring with 
him axes to cut away the pickets. 
General Ashley with his command was 
also ordered to advance. He did so 
in the most gallant manner. ~ 


He promptly took possession of a 
ravine within twenty steps of the 
enemies lower town, and maintained a 
spirited action with them, which was 
well calculated to assist us in our 
design upon the upper town, by mak- 
ing a diversion in our favor. 


But when all things were ready I 
was mortified exceedingly to learn 
from Mr. Pilcher that no assistance 
could be obtained from the Sioux in 
consequence of their being so deeply 
engaged in gathering corn though I 
only wished for them in case the Ari- 
caras should come out of their towns. 
And this was not all. It was my in- 
tention to have assaulted the village 
and cut away the picketing, more for 
the purpose of ascertaining their 
strength and the depth of their en- 
trenchments than for any other pur- 
pose, and then to have fallen back 
again under cover of the hill. 


I had too much reason to apprehend, 
that, in case the Sioux saw us falling 
back behind the hill, they would sup- 
pose, that we were beaten and pro- 
bably join the Aricaras in attacking us. 
It was also the opinion of some of my . 
best officers that a charge at that time 
and place would not be proper. I 


786 


War 


therefore gave up my idea of making 
a charge, and went with Lieut. Cruger 
across the Enemy’s cornfields to the 
river for the purpose of examining the 
rear or river side of the towns, and 
also to examine some _ preparations 
which it was said that the Aricaras 
had made, to leave their towns, by 
loading skin canoes with corn, etc. 


While returning I discovered that 
some of the Aricaras had come out 
of the villages and had placed them- 
selves in a ravine near the upper town 
and had opened a galling fire upon 
our men on the hill. I sent for Major 
Ketchum to advance with his Com- 
pany and also with that commanded by 
Lieut. Bradly. The Major very prompt- 


ly took a good position near the town, 


—drove the enemy from the ravine 
and it is believed did some execution. 


I then went upon the hill where I 
found Mr. Pilcher with his boatmen 
laying in a hollow behind a part of the 
hill. He informed me that in his 
opinion nothing would arouse the 
Sioux but the concentration of our 
forces, and such a disposition of them, 
as would lead the Sioux “to believe 
that something great was about to be 
done.” I told him that I intended to con- 
centrate our forces below the lower 


town, but intended in the first place to . 


try astrategem. He replied that strate- 
gems “were no doubt justifiable to- 
wards those people” and asked me 
what it was. I told him that I had 
thought of sending Simoneau, my Ari- 
cara interpreter to hail those Indians 
and tell them they were fools that they 
did not come out and speak to the 
whites, and that if they would do so 
it would afford us an opportunity to 
examine their works. He replied that 
‘it could do no harm at any rate.” 
Simoneau was called, but as he could 


War 


not understand English and I could 
not speak French, one of Mr. Pilcher’s 
men was called to interpret for me. 
He was directed to tell Simoneau to 
go as near the village as he could 
with safety.and hail the Aricaras and 
tell them that they were fools not to 
come out, and speak to the whites. 
But to be careful not to speak in my 
name, or that of Mr. Pilcher and that 
he should be careful to say precisely 
what I had told him to say and no 
more. To watch the effect of this, I 
went with Simoneau, and when he had 
got near the top of the hill, he hailed 
the Aricaras twice. He then turned 
and spoke to me in French. I asked 
one of my soldiers who spoke and un- 
derstood the language well, (and who 
was by the side of Simoneau), what it 
was that he said? 


The soldier replied, that, Simoneau 
said the wind blew so hard that he 
couldn’t make the Aricaras hear him. 
I told the soldier to tell Simoneau that 
it was a matter of no consequence, 
and that I did not wish him totry again 
to make them hear. Simoneau im- 
mediately came away and I returned 
to the troops before the lower town. 
Lieut. Morris was throwing shells with 
his howitzer, and Sergeant Lathrop 
was firing the six pounder at the lower 
village, both pieces were well served, 
and most excellent shots made with 
them. As it was not my intention 
to make a charge immediately owing 
to the scattered situation of the 
Sioux, General Ashley was ordered to 
fall back with his Command nearly in 
line with the remainder of the troops. 
A short time subsequently to this per- 
iod, I inquired of Lieut. Morris how 
many round shot he had yet left. He 
informed me that there were but thir- 
teen exclusive of those at Sergeant 


787 


War 


Perkin’s gun at the upper village. It 
subsequently appeared that he, Ser- 
geant Perkins had twenty-six. I in- 
.formed the Lieut. that we should need 
the balance of our ammunition in 
making an assault upon the villages, 
and directed him to cease firing im- 
mediately. I had previously directed 
the Sioux to be informed that we were 
about to withdraw our troops from 
the upper village, that’ they might 
leave the Aricara corn fields in suffi- 
cient season, to save their struggles 
from the tomahawks of the Aricaras. 
They were notified and did withdraw. 

A Staff Officer (Lieut. Noel) was 
then sent to order Major Ketchum 
with his command and the other 
troops to return to the lower village, 
and join the other troops there. The 
troops opposed to the lower village 
were directed to fall back to our camp 
opposite to our boats, which was about 
7 or 800 yards from the lower village. 
It was then between three and four 
o’clock. 


Orders were given to senior officers 
of Corps to have their men obtain 
some refreshment, as soon as possible, 
and then to form their corps to march 
to the enemies’ cornfields to obtain 
some corn for the subsistance of our 
men, several of whom and particularly 
General Ashley’s command had not 
had any provisions for two. days. 
Having given these orders and having 
the greatest confidence in Major Ket- 
chum and all the officers and men with 
him and feeling very confident that the 
enemy would not do us the favor to 
make a sortie upon our men while re- 
turning to our camp, I retired to the 
cabin of my boat. 


Very soon afterwards, Mr. Pilcher 
came into my cabin apparently with 
great alarm, and informed me that 


War 


Capt. Riley was attacked. I was’ very 
glad to hear it, and immediately went 
out to send him support. But behold! 
Capt. Riley and all his men were very 
quietly coming it without the least 
knowledge of any attack being made 
upon them. But there were some Ari- 
caras on horse back on the hill oppo- 
site the upper village apparently hold- 
ing a parley. Mr. Pilcher remarked 
that this report was unfortunately too 
much like the case of his Aricara pri- 
soner. 

I directed arrangements for march- 
ing to the cornfields to be hurried and 
returned to my boat. 

In a short time I returned to the en- 
campment on the bank and went to 
speak with General Ashley on the sub- 
ject of our intended movement. 

We all knew the Sioux had obtained 
a large and full supply of corn, and I 
knew no reason why they should not 
continue with us at least one day, af- 
ter we had tried the effect of our artil- 
lery. I had made them no promise; 
nor had I authorized any other pro- 
mises than what the Sub-agent had 
made. The extent of these were that 
they might have all the horses or 
other property which they could take. 
It was therefore my intention to obtain 
subsistance for our men. Make ar- 
rangements to prevent the enemy from 
escaping during the night and the next 
day to gain possession of the towns. 

But while conversing with General 
Ashley I heard and saw a Sioux and 
an Aricara holding a conversation on 
the plain in front of the villages. I 
sent for Mr. Pilcher and told him that 
the Sioux and Aricaras were holding 
a parley, and that I wished him to go 
and see to it. He moved off with his 
interpreter in that direction. 


788 


War 


On casting my eye upon the hills 
in our rear I discovered that they were 
covered with the retreating Sioux and 
soon had reason to know that they 
were going off. I immediately mount- 
ed my horse and went after Mr. Pil- 
cher to be present at the parley with 
the Sioux and Aricara. 

We halted, and after some few pre- 
liminary motions the Aricara advanc- 
ed. I directed the interpreter to ask 
him what he wanted. I was told that 
he said that the Aricaras wished us to 
have pity upon their women and child- 
ren and not to fire upon them any 
more. 

That we had killed the man who had 
done all the mischief and who had 
caused both us and themselves so 
much trouble. He wished we would 
permit the Chiefs to come out and 
speak to us.and make peace, it was 
the wish of the whole nation for we 
had killed a great many of their peo- 
ple and of their horses. I directed the 
interpreter to tell him to go back and 
inform his Chiefs that if they were 
sincerely disposed for peace, I should 
expect to see the Chiefs come out im- 
mediately, to speak to us, and that we 
would meet them and tell them on 
what terms we would make peace. 
We then returned to our boats and the 
Indian went into the village. In a 
short time afterwards several Aricaras, 
I think ten or twelve, were seen ap- 
proaching cautiously toward our camp. 
’ Linvited the senior officers of my com- 
mand, the gentlemen of my Staff and 
Mr. Pilcher to go with me and meet 
them. We did so. They appeared to 
be very much terrified. 

They told us the same that the 
other Indians had before told us, and 
in addition said “do with us as you 
please, but do not fire any more guns 
at us. We are all in tears.” 


War 


I told them that they must make up 
the losses of General Ashley and be- 
have well in future and to make cer- 
tain that they would do so, they must 
give me five of their principal men as 
security or hostages. 


They replied that they would re- 
store every thing they could. Their 
horses had been taken by the Sioux, 
and killed in great numbers. They 
had not horses to give but they would 
return all the guns they could find and 
the articles of property which they re- 
ceived from General Ashley. Even to 
the hats. I addressed them and brief- 
ly told them in substance that they 
had yet seen but a small specimen of 
the power of the Americans. That 
they were all in our power, but that 
we did not wish to hurt them if they 
would behave well. That it was the 
wish of the people and of the Govern- 
ment of the United States to be at 
peace with all the red skins. And if 
they should behave badly any more 
they might expect to be more severely 
punished than they ever yet had been. 

They repeated the terms before 
stated and offered to let five of their 
number go with us as hostages. Con- 
sidering my small force—the strange 
and unaccountable conduct of the 
Sioux and even the great probability 
of their joining the Aricaras against 
us. And also considering the impor- 
tance of saving to our Country the ex- 
pense and trouble of a long Indian 
Warfare; and the importance of se- 
curing the safety of the Indian trade, 
I thought proper to accept the terms. 
The pipe of peace was accordingly 
lighted—it passed round very well, un- 
til it came to Mr. Pilcher, he refused 
to smoke. He also refused to shake 
hands with the Indians, but got up and 
walked back and forth with much agi- 


789 


War 


tation and at last said to the Indians, 
“That War Chief has said you shall 
be safe, and you shall be so, But to- 
morrow I will speak to you.” He how- 
ever, last said, that, as it was my wish, 
that he should smoke, he would do so, 
but not as evidence of his assent to 
the peace or something to this effect. 
His whole manner was such as to have 
a very unfavorable effect upon the In- 
dians, especially as his Interpreter 
(one Colin Campbell) had told the In- 
dians, that Mr. Pilcher was the princi- 
pal, or first chief of the Expedition. 


After smoking, and selecting from 
those present (and who by the bye 
were said, by those best acquainted 
with them to be the principal Chiefs 
and men of their nation) the five host- 
ages to go with us; and whom [I in- 
tended to take with me to Fort Atkin- 
son, we arose to return to our boats. 
The Indians had brought ten or twelve 
buffalo robes as a present to us. My 
interpreter Simoneau, attempted _ to 
carry them, but could not take all of 
them. The Indians who were going 
with us, took up the balance, and we 
moved on. But several of the officers 
had by this time advanced several 
yards from me. I believed Lieuts. 
Crugar and Noel were only near me. 


As we were walking along, Camp- 
bell, (the Interpreter) was conversing 
continually with one of the Aricaras 
who understood and spoke Sioux. I 
have but little knowledge of the Sioux 
tongue, but can understand some 
words and I understood Campbell to 
tell the Aricara that the “heart of the 
Big Chief (meaning Mr. Pilcher) was 
bad, very bad,” meaning that Mr. Pil- 
cher was very much displeased, and in 
fact the Indian did not stand in need 
of Campbell’s information to know 
this, it was apparent from his looks 


War 


and actions. Campbell, continually 
kept his thumb on the cock of his 
rifle. He also snatched a pipe toma- 
hawk from one of the Indians and 
threw it to the rear. This, together 
with the circumstances of coming to 
the body of one of the Aricaras who 
had been killed by the Sioux and most 
shockingly mangled and stuck full of 
arrows (being the same over which 
the Sioux had played “White Bear” on 
the 8th) and also seeing our men stand- 
ing by their arms, they became alarm- 
ed, and stopped. I endeavored to con- 
vince them, that they should not be 
hurt, if they would go with us, but all 
was in vain. 

They said that Campbell had told 
them that it was our intention to get 
them into our possession and then kill 
them. From their apparent fear and 
trembling, I have no doubt but that 
they believed it. It became impossi- 
ble for me to make them advance. 
They said they would come to us early 
in the morning, and threw down the 
buffalo robes and turned back. I 
told the Interpreter to tell them to 
take up the robes and carry them back 
to their villages, if they would not do 
as they had agreed to do, to take back 
the robes, and then there would be 
no peace and we should be as we were 
before we smoked, but they would not 
take back the robes. I told the inter- 
preter to let them go and come along. 
Campbell cocked his rifle and said 
“Col. I will kill one of them fellows.” 
I positively forbid him from firing up- 
on them. They were unarmed and had 
also placed themselves under our pro- 
tection and had come out of their vil- 
lage under a promise of safety. Camp- 
bell soon repeated what he had before 
said. I again in a loud voice, in fact as 


790 


War 


loud as I could speak, firmly forbid 
Campbell and ordered him not to fire. 


At that moment Mr. Pilcher as I 
have since been informed was telling 
Dr. Gale that he would not be sur- 
prised to see those Indians seize the 
Colonel and drag him away to the 
villages. The Doctor accordingly fired 
his pistol at them, and Mr. Pilcher or- 
dered Campbell to fire, he did fire, as 
did also Mr. Vanderburgh. These 
shots were all fired in very quick suc- 
cession, and were as quickly returned 
_ by the Indians. We parted in a hurry. 
The shots of the Indians fortunately 
did no injury. One ball touched Mr. 
Pilcher but I understand that it did 
him no material injury. The Indians 
returned to their villages and we to 
our camp. Nothing further was done 
until the next day. It was now as- 
certained, that the Sioux had all gone 
away, and that they had taken off six 
mules belonging to the Quartermas- 
ter’s Department and also six or seven 
of General Ashley’s horses. The con- 
duct of those Indians, had been so 


strange and unaccountable that the- 


general opinion amongst the officers 
appeared to be that they had come to 
an understanding with the Aricaras, 
and that they intended to make a joint 
attack upon us, during the night. We 
took our measures accordingly. We 
partially entrenched ourselves on the 
edge of the river bank. Our position 
was then a strong one. I will for- 
bear to make any comments as to the 
unpleasant manner in which our ne- 
gotiations were broken off. I have 
stated the facts, they speak for them- 
selves. 

On the morning of the eleventh, I 
saw the first chief, called Little Soldier, 
coming from the village and sent my 
Interpreter to meet him. A short time 


War 


afterwards I saw Mr. Pilcher’s Inter- 
preter (Campbell) coming up the bank 
from Mr. Pilcher’s boats and ran with 
his rifle in his hand, towards the Lit- 
tle Soldier. As I had been informed 
that Campbell had boasted of firing up- 
on the Indians and _ breaking’ the 
treaty, I hailed him, and ordered him 
to stop. He appeared not inclined to 
obey me. I therefore ordered one of 
my sentinels to fire upon him, if he 
did not return. He then came back 
and was placed under guard, where 
he continued until we left the place. 
I then met the Little Soldier. He en- 
quired of me what the white people 
intended by firing upon them, so soon 
after smoking and making peace. I 
told him that it had been done con- 
trary to my orders. He said that his 
people were very much alarmed at the 
circumstance and believed that what 
they had heard as to our intentions of 
killing them, if we got them into our 
possession was true. 


He also inquired if the other chief 
(meaning Mr. Pilcher) would make 
peace. I told him he would do so. 
That he was subject to my order for 
he had promised to obey me, and that 
I had authority, and the power to make 
all the men with me either fight or 
make peace. He said he would endea- 
vor to have the chiefs and his princi- 
pal men come out again and smoke 
and hear my words, and that he 
should be very glad to have some of 
our chiefs and soldiers come into their 
villages, as his people were much 
alarmed. Previous to this I had not 
found anyone willing to go into the 
villages except a man by the name of 
Rose, who held the nominal rank of 
Ensign in General Ashley’s volunteers. 
He appeared to be a brave and enter- 
prising man and was well acquainted 


791 


War 


with those Indians. 
for about three years with them. Un- 
derstood their language and they were 
much attached to him. He was with 
General Ashley when he was attacked. 
The Indians at that time called to him 
to take care of himself, before they 
fired upon Genl. Ashley’s party. 
This was all I knew of this man. Have 
since heard that he was not of good 
character. Every thing he told us 
however was fully corroborated. He 
was perfectly willing to go into their 
villages and did go in several times. 
He fully confirmed everything which 
the Indians had told us. He said 
they had been severely whipped and 
were the most humble beings on earth, 
but they were so much afraid of us, 
that they dare not come into our 
camp. 


On my stating to Doctor Gale and 
to Lieut. Morris what the Little Sold- 
ier had said in relation to having 
some of us visit the village, the Doc- 
tor and Lieut. immediately asked per- 
mission to go there, which was granted 
very cheerfully, and I requested them 
to go immediately and inform me on 
their return what they should dis- 
cover. Doctor Gale has made to me 
the following report. 


Camp near the Aricara villages, 
‘August, 1823. 
Sir: 

In compliance with your request 
Lieut. Morris and myself, accom- 
panied by an Interpreter, have just 
visited the Aricara towns. The 
Little Soldier met us near the pick- 
ets and invited us to his Lodges 
and treated us with much hospi- 
tality. During our stay all the war- 
riors of the village collected at the 
Lodge and seated themselves about 
us, they all appeared very melan- 
choly. They had just finished bury- 
ing their dead many of whom had 


He had resided . 


War 


laid exposed two days. I enquir- 
ed of the Chief why he did not go 
out with his principal men and 
shake hands with the American 
Chief; since he had begged for 
peace, and it had been granted to 
him. He’replied that,“his young men 
were like frightened deer, that they 
had been flogged with whips of 
which they had heretofore no 
knowledge, and such as they sup- 
posed the Great Spirit alone had 
power to punish them with; but 
since we soldiers had visited him, 
he would have no apprehension in 
visiting us. On parting with him, 
he shook us by the hand and said, 
he understood that we were hun- 
gry and requested us to send some 
of our small boats opposite the vil- 
lage and he would have them load- 
ed with such articles as we requir- 
ed for our subsistence and that he 
would return with them in com- 
pany with some of his warriors to 
our camp. 
I am respectfully, Sir, 
Your obedient servant, 

JOHN GALE, 

Surgeon, U. S. A. 
Col. Leavenworth, 

Commg. 


We were very short of provisions, 
but I did not think proper to send a 
boat at that time, but sent a message 
to the Little Soldier that they must 
come to our boats and see us without 
delay if he wished for peace. In the 
meantime I discovered by conversation 
with those who had been to the vil- 
lages, and there were several who had 
now been there, that the towns were 
not so strongly fortified as we had 
been informed. That the pickets were 
very frail, and that they had but slight 
ditches on the inside. It appeared 
that the dirt lodges were the most 
formidable defences which they had. 
Several Indians soon arrived who said 
that they were sent by the Chiefs to 
assure us of their disposition to ad- 
here to, and maintain the peace which 


792 


War 


had been made. But as they were 
not themselves Chiefs I declined to 
confer with them, but referred them 
to Major Wooley. He consented to go 
with them to their villages (while one 
of their number remained with us), to 
ascertain who the principal Chiefs 
were, and if they were seriously in- 
clined to make a peace in good faith 
or not. 

The Major soon returned and report- 
ed that he was fully satisfied that they 
were acting with good faith. That they 
had been evidently severely flogged 
and humbled,and were anxious to make 
with us a permanent peace. He had 
seen all the principal men, and had 
made an arrangement with them that 
all their principal men, (except one, 
who was to be represented on the oc- 
casion by his brother), and one who 
was wounded for whom his son acted 
should meet the American Officers in 
front of our camp, and sign a treaty. 
In compliance with the spirit of my 
instruction I then applied to Mr. Pil- 
cher as Sub-Agent to assist in making 
the treaty. To draft it, etc——he de- 
clined. Major Henry who was with 
General Ashley had also been appoint- 
ed a special sub-agent by Major O’Fal- 
lon and I, therefore gave him the 
same invitation. He politely replied 
that it was a matter in which he felt 
himself wholly incompetent to act as 
his powers were for a special pur- 
pose. I then drew the treaty myself. 
The Indians were ready to sign it. It 
was signed in the presence of the of- 
ficers who witnessed it. A copy of 
this treaty I have heretofore had the 
honor to send to you. 


It is proper, however, to remark 
here that the substance of the treaty 
was that they should restore to Gen- 
eral Ashley as far as possible the arti- 


War 


cles of property taken and not in fu- 
ture obstruct the navigation of the 
river but treat the Americans as 
friends where ever they might meet 
them. ) 

An unrestrained intercourse was im- 
mediately opened between our camp 
and the villages. The Indians in the 
meantime had buried their dead and 
began to look more cheerful. 

We were supplied with plenty of 
corn and other vegetables. These 
they offered to give us, and said we 


‘had conquered them and they were 


ours but we choose to make them some 
compensation.—Although they said 
they did not expect any.—We asked 
them what articles would be most ac- 
ceptable to them. They replied that 
if we were pleased to give their wo- 
men any trifles to please them for 
bringing the corn to the boats we 
might do so. Copies of the treaty 
were sent by my Adjutant to Mr. Pil- 
cher and to Major Henry, they being 
Sug-Agents. 

From Mr. Pilcher I received the fol- 
lowing note: 


Camp near the Aricara Villages, 
Sir: 13th August, 1823. 


I have the honor to acknowledge 
the receipt of a paper transmitted 
to me last evening by Lieut. Noel, 
your Adjutant, entitled a treaty of 
peace between the Aricara nation 
and the United States. Not-with- 
standing I have declined any parti- 
cipation in this business and have 
been opposed to it upon several 
grounds which it is not necessary 
here to mention, I still think it 
proper to inform you that neither 
of the principal Chiefs of the Ari- 
cara Nation have signed that pap- 
er, and if I have been correct—in- 
formed were not present at the 
meeting when the paper was sign- 
ed. 

I have the honor to be, etc., 
Joshua Pilcher, 


793 


War 


On this subject I had taken some 
trouble to ascertain who were the 
Chiefs, and from the information of 
those who had been acquainted with 
those Indians for many years and who 
know almost every individual, I was 
fully satisfied that Major Wooley had 
not been mistaken and that every 
Chief or principal man of both villages 
had signed the treaty except one who 
had always been considered as the 
first soldier of the late Chief Grey 
Eyes and who was now considered no 
better than a dog in their villages. 

It now became necessary to see 
that our new friends fulfilled their 
stipulations as to General Ashley, and 
they were called upon to do so. 
delivered to the General three rifles, 
one horse and sixteen buffalo robes 
and said that it was all they could do 
for him. They were told that it 
was not enough, and that they must 
go back to their villages and tell their 
people to come forward and remuner- 
ate General Ashley or that we should 
again attack them. 

They said they would do so, and 
went to the villages for that purpose. 
I must here remark that as Mr. Pil- 
cher had declined any participation in 
making the treaty, he and others of the 
Company to which he belonged ap- 
peared to think that they were not 
bound by it, and therefore would not 
shake hands with any of the Chiefs 
at which the Little Soldier and others 
expressed much mortification. They 
also became suspicious that we were 
not sincere in our professions of peace. 
They were afraid to give up their 
horses to remunerate General Ashley, 
and they were apprehensive that we 
intended to again attack them and that 
they would need them to assist in mak- 
ing their escape. Mr. Rose informed me 


They . 


War 


that their women were packing up 
evidently for the purpose of going 
off. He said they had again become 
exceedingly alarmed. The least un- 
usual noise in our camp and parti- 
cularly our martial music which they 
had not heard before terrified them 
greatly. 


The Little Soldier returned to our 
boats late in the afternoon of the 
12th. He was very much agitated and 
exhausted and fainted almost as soon 
as he entered my cabin. Our Surgeon 
soon restored him. When he had suf- 
ficiently recovered to be able to speak, 
he expressed deep regret that hosti- 
lities should again occur. But it was 
impossible to do anything more for 
General Ashley. He said that it was 
the people of the lower village who 
had done the mischief to General Ash- 
ley, and that the Sioux had carried 
away many of their horses and the 
rest we had killed. That the people 
of the upper villages would not give 
up their horses to pay for the mis- 
chief which the Chief Grey Eyes of the 
lower village had done, and that they 
were all of them so much alarmed 
that it was very difficult for him to 
prevent them from running away from 
the villages. He also said that he 
had always been the friend of the 
Americans, that he had told General 
Ashley the truth and given him notice 
the the Indians would attack him. 
That he had lost his son in the fight, 
but he was willing to forget him, as 
the Grey Eyes had been killed, who 
had been the cause of all the mis- 
chief. If it was our intention to again 
attack them he hoped we would let 
him remain with us. He told us where 
we could post our Artillery to good 
advantage, and he told us correctly. 
He said we must be careful to fire 


794 


War 


fow and that our artillery would cut 
them all to pieces, and it would there- 
fore be unnecessary to give the In- 
dians a chance to kill even one of our 
men. — 

My officers generally and all the 
men were anxious to charge the towns. 
There had been much said as to feel- 
ings of the Indians. Some said that 
they had not been humbled. Others 
thought that they had. Mr. Pilcher 
and all his party had thrown their 
whole weight against the treaty. The 
troops were under arms. I felt that 
my situation was a disagreeable and 
unpleasant one. It appeared to me 
that my reputation and the honor and 
brilliancy of the expedition required 
that I should gratify my troops and 
make a charge. But I also thought 
that sound policy and the interest of 
my Country required that I should 
not. 

My Command was small. We were 
short of provisions, and although 
Lieut. Morris had found some round 
shot of which he did not know when 
he before reported that he had but 
thirteen, yet we had but 120 round 
shot and 25 stands of grape. If we 
succeeded in our charge, all that we 
could expect was to drive the Indians 
from their villages and perhaps kill 
a few more of them. The remainder 
would be left in the Country in a con- 
firmed state of hostility to every white 
man. We could not expect to overtake 
them nor had we provisions sufficient 
to enable us to pursue them. 

For my own part I felt confident 
that the Indians had been sufficiently 
humbled “fully to convince them of our 
ability to punish any injury they might 
do us,” “and that they would behave 
well in future, if we left them undis- 
turbed in their villages. General Ash- 


79 


War 


ley’s boat could, then, I had no doubt, 
proceed without molestation, to the 
mouth of the Yellow Stone © river, 
agreeably to his wishes. The trade 
and navigation of the river would be 
restored and probably a long and ex- 
pensive Indian war avoided. 

I also felt satisfied that the blood 
of our Countrymen had been avenged 
and I also felt an unwillingness to 
re-commence hostilities on account of 
the articles of property. 

General Ashley I well knew regarded 
not the property. It was the princi- 
ple. The question was—had the In- 
dians been sufficiently humbled and 
taught to fear and respect us? 


On me lay the responsibility of de- 
cision. 

The Little Soldier had asked us to 
postpone our attack until the next 
morning that he might in the mean- 
time bring out his family. 


On this subject I thought it ad- 
visable under all the circumstances 
to take the opinions of Major Wooley, 
General Ashley and Mr. Pilcher. 


Major Wooley’s opinion was against 
postponement. General Ashley and 
Mr. Pilcher in favour of it. I was de- 
termined to postpone the attack and 
directed the troops to be dismissed. 


The Little Soldier was dismissed 
and sent to his village. Mr. Rose went 
with him. I told the Little Soldier 
to make one more effort to save his 
people. That it was not their proper- 
ty that we cared so much about as it 
was to have them keep their word 
with us, and behave well in future. 


After a little while he came out 
with Mr. Rose and brought a few more 
buffalo robes. He said they had no 
more, that they had taken these off 
their backs, and could not possibly do 


re 


J 


War 


more and begged that we would now 
have pity on them. 

Mr. Rose now informed me that the 
Indians were in great distress and 
alarm and that there was no doubt 
that they would leave their villages in 
the course of the night. I told him to 
go immediately to the village and tell 
the Little Soldier that we had con- 
cluded to be satisfied, and that we 
were so. We would not attack them. 

To calm the fears of his people and 

tell them that as long as they be- 
haved well towards the Americans 
they need not be afraid of us. He 
went to the villages with this mes- 
sage, and without my knowledge or 
consent carrried a piece of white cloth 
on.a stick. He afterwards told me 
that it was a signal which he had 
promised to give them in case I de- 
termined not to attack them. 
- Karly on the morning of the 13th 
we discovered that the Indians had 
abandoned their villages and gone off 
during the night. 

If in the transaction of this busi- 
ness, I have committed errors, as may 
be very probable, I can say, that, my 
duties were intricate and difficult, and 
I beg of you to believe that my sole 
object was to do that which was most 
for the honor and advantage of our 
Country. 


Allow me to say further that with 
the conduct of Mr. Pilcher I was gen- 
erally satisfied up to the commence- 
ment of our negotiations with the 
Aricaras. On that subject, I regret 
to say that he appeared to be influ- 
enced by some secret and hidden 
cause, of which I had no knowledge, 
and to entertain very erroneous ideas 
as to my powers and duties, as well 
as his own. If, however, my orders 
had not been violated (by some mem- 


War 


ber and a clerk of the Company in 
which he was acting partner and for 
whose obedience to orders he was 
responsible), by setting fire to the Ari- 
cara Villages I should not have trou- 
bled you with any remarks on the sub- 
ject. It is impossible for me to sup- 
pose that those men took that meas- 
ure without consulting their Agent 
and obtaining his approbation and con- 
sent. 

If my policy was wrong in leaving 
the villages standing, I was respcnsi- 
ble to my superior officers and to my 
Country. ' 


If my policy was correct, the Coun- 
try should not have been deprived 
of the advantages of it, by the unau- 
thorized act of Indian Traders. It 
will be impossible for the military 
force of our Country to preserve peace 
between the Indians and our citizens, 
(and there is nothing else to do it) 
if traders or citizens can with impun- 
ity burn the villages and towns of 
Indians whenever they choose to do 
So. 


And yet I believe there is no law on 
the subject, by which such acts can be 
punished. 


The knowledge of this fact alone 
prevented me from taking such meas- 
ures on the subject as would readily 
have occurred to the mind of every 
military man. 


In my former communications when- 
ever I had occasion to mention the 
Missouri Fur Company, I wish that it 
may be distinctly understood that I 
have alluded only to those members of 
that Company whom I have had oc- 
casion to name in this report. 

Lieut. Crugar acting Assistant Quar- 
termaster has reported to me the ex- 
pense of the Expedition as follows: 


796 


War 


For the purchase of Gun powder, 
Cordage, etc. $ 473.24 

For the hire of a Keel Boat, Pat- 
roons and Boatmen ....... 1515.00 

For the damage done the Keel 
Boat (by a storm) 50.00 


eecerevee er eee ee 


© 6 £8 ie 4y@) 9 


$2038.24 
A considerable quantity of the pow- 
der which was purchased is still on 
hand. The above sum of $2038.24 is 
therefore more than the actual expen- 
ses. The accounts have been all made 
and will be forwarded to the proper 
Departments by the next Express. 
Major O’Fallon authorized Mr. Pil- 
cher to make some expenditures to 
Indians. To how much they amount- 
ed I am not informed. Probably not 
to a large amount. 


In the Subsistance Department we 
lost some provisions, but we obtained 
by hunting and purchase as much as 
we lost, so that in that Department 
the Government has sustained very 
little if any loss. 


Major Henry as Sub-Agent was good 
enough to consent to employ messen- 
gers at my request to send after the 
Aricaras. How much was expended 
for that purpose I am unable to say. 

Herewith I have the honor to send 
you copies of the Orders issued during 
the Expedition and also reports as to 
the men lost and wounded. 

With sentiments of the highest re- 
spect, I have the honor to be, 

| Your obedient servant, 

H. Leavenworth, 
Colonel Commanding 6th Regt. 
Brig.-Gen. 
H. Atkinson, 
Commanding R. Wing W. Dept. 


War 


Consolidated Return of Men Lost and 
Wounded on the Late Expedition 
Against the Aricaras. 

1. Samuel Stackpole, sergeant; age 
27; born, New Hampshire; enlisted 
at Ft. Atkinson, by Lieut. Palmer, 
2nd Nov., 1822; drowned 3rd July. 
Very good soldier. 

2. Andrew Viancore, drummer; age 
18; born Michigan Territory; en- 
listed at Fort Osage, by Lieut. 
Pentland, 10th Aug., 1819; drown- 
ed 3rd July. Good soldier. 

3. Isaac Frew, private; age 27; born 
Chester County, Penna.; enlisted 
at Ft. Atkinson, by Lieut. Palmer, 
15th Aug., 1822; drowned 3rd July. 
Good soldier. 

4. Jacob Wycold, private; age 28; 
born York County, Penna.; en- 
listed at Ft. Atkinson, by Lieut. 
Palmer, 20th Nov., 1822; drowned 
3rd July. Good soldier. 

5. Phillip Heavil, private; age 29; 
born Philadelphia County, Penna.; 
enlisted at Ft. Crawford, by Capt. 
Armstrong, 1st Feb., 1819; drown- 
ed 3rd July. Good soldier. 

6. Hugh Patton, private; age 30; born 
Franklin County, Penna.; enlisted 
at Martin Cant., by Lieut. Fields, 
7th March, 1819; drowned 3rd July. 
Good soldier. 

7. Richard Smith, private; age 32; 
born Maryland; enlisted at Pitts- 
burgh, by Lieut. McCabe, 2nd Oct., 
1818; gun shot in face, 10th Aug. 
Good soldier. 

8. Patrick McNulty, private; age 31; 
born Franklin County, Penna.; en- 
listed at St. Louis, by Lieut. Lowe, 
3rd March, 1820; drowned 3rd 
July. Good soldier. 

9. George Lemasters, private; age 25; 
born Mason County, Virginia; en- 
listed at Newport, Ky., by Capt. 
Armstrong, 14th Feb., 1820; frac- 
ture of the left leg. A very good 
soldier. 


The Civil War. 

When the Civil War came on in 
1861 Dakota Territory promptly or- 
ganized a battalion of Cavalry consist- 
ing of two troops and tendered its 


797 


War 


services to the country, but because 
of the exposed situation upon the 
frontier it was assigned to home duty 
and the war of the Outbreak immedi- 
ately following its entire service was 
in the northwest. Perhaps as many as 
five thousand veterans of the Civil 
War afterward settled in Dakota Terri- 
tory but it is believed that but few 
men then residents of Dakota fought 
in the south. 


South Dakota and the War of the 
Outbreak. 


When the Minnesota uprising of 
the Sioux, known as the war of the 
Outbreak occurred on August 18, 1862 
most of the military forces of the 
United States were engaged in the 
Civil War, but. fortunately the Dakota 
Cavalry was at home and ready to 
protect the frontier. Company A, the 
first in the service, except for a de- 
tail of 25 men stationed at Sioux Falls, 
spent the early summer of that year 
at Fort Randall, but on July 25 was 
fortunately ordered back to Yankton, 
where for the first time, arms, clothing 
and equipment was issued to it. The 
arms consisted of the old Hall’s car- 
bines, French revolvers and the re- 
gulation cavalry saber. The carbines 
and revolvers were miserable arms 
but the men were soon after equipped 
with Sharp’s carbines and Colt’s revol- 
vers, then the latest and best arms in 
the service. When the outbreak came 
Lieut. Bacon was at Sioux Falls with 
40 men, Captain Miner at Vermillion 
with 40 and Sergeant English at Yank- 
ton with 20. 


The matter of first interest in Da-. 


kota was the attitude of the Yankton 
Indians. A stockade was erected at 
Yankton and the settlers of the re- 
gion assembled in it; upon direction 


War 


of the governor the settlers at Sioux 
Falls were brought to Yankton by 
Capt. Miner and that settlement aban- 
doned. The first active service under 
fire was a foray led by Sergeant Eng- 
lish against a party of hostile Indians 
who appeared at the Stanage home 
near Mission Hill; a skirmish oc- 
curred at the Big Slough near Gay- 
ville and one Indian killed. At this 
time information came from Struck 
by the Ree chief of the Yanktons, 
that his people were friendly and 
would aid in = protecting the settle- 
ments. Having patrolled and protect- 
ed the settlements during the autumn, 
the Dakotans were ordered into win- 
ter quarters at Fort Randall. During 
the late autumn A company went to 
Fort Pierre, but soon returned to Ran- 
dall where the winter was passed. 
The next season was spent in patrol- 
ling the region from Fort Pierre to 
Vermillion details being stationed at 
convenient points for availability in 
case of hostile invasions, but chiefly 
at Fort Thompson, where the hostiles 
of Minnesota had been located, and in 
the autumn the batallion was concen- 
trated at White Swan, opposite Fort 
Randall where quarters were built 
and the winter passed. One service 
the Dakota men rendered throughout 
was the carrying of the mail and dis- 
patches. The following is from the 
history of the Dakota Cavalry by Ser- 
geant A. M. English: 


Soon after this Company A was or- 
dered to go into camp on the Mis- 
souri river, about two miles above 
the stockade, where we went at once. 
While in camp here we _e received 
marching orders form Gen. Alfred Sul- 
ly, the veteran Indian fighter and cam- 
paigner, who had won the Star of Vir- 
ginia under Gen. McClellan, and had 


798 


War 


served under Pope and_ Burnside 
against Gen. R. E. Lee’s Army of 
Northern Virginia. His headquarters 
were at Sioux City, Iowa. We were 
ordered to hold ourselves in readi- 
ness to join the expedition against 
the hostile Sioux. This we all hailed 
with delight, as we thought it would 
give us an opportunity to meet the 
Savages in battle. Up to this time 
we had simply met them in small par- 
ties, and not in any general engage- 


ment. The coyotes were spoiling for 
a fight. The different regiments, bat- 
teries and independent companies 


were concentrating at Fort Sully pre- 
paratory to the march into the Indian 
country. Brackett’s battalion of Minne- 
sota cavalry, Major Brackett com- 
manding Sixth Iowa Cavalry, Colonel 
Bullock commanding; three compan- 
ies Iowa Seventh cavalry, Col. John 
Pattee commanding (originally the 
Fourteenth Iowa infantry); two com- 
panies, A and B, First Dakota cavalry, 
Captains Nelson Miner and William 
Tripp, and an independent company 
of Nebraska cavalry, commonly called 
“Nebraska Scouts,’ whose command- 
ing officer’s name I do not now recall, 
and Pope’s battery of mounted rangers 
comprised the first brigade. First 
Lieut. James M. Bacon was detailed 
as brigade quartermaster and ordered 
to report to Gen. Alfred Sully at Sioux 
City, Iowa, district headquarters. 
Soon after this we were to report to 
Col. Pollock, commander of the first 
brigade of Ft. Sully. We at once took 
up the line of march, camping the first 
night about eighteen miles from Ft. 
Thompson. The next morning we 
moved out and made a march of about 
sixteen miles, camping that night on 
Medicine Creek, a beautiful stream of 
pure spring water, running through as 


War 


fine grazing country as I ever saw. 
The next day we reached Ft. Sully 
fifty miles away from our starting 
point. We went into camp there for 
a few days. While waiting here, cloth- 
ing, camp and horse equipments were 
issued, and in fact everything that 
Uncle Sam furnished. 


On the 28th day of June, everything 
being in readiness, wagons loaded, 
mules and horses shod and all neces- 
sary repairs of wagons, harnesses, etc., 
made, steamboats loaded that were to 
take the supplies up the river to points 
designated by the general command- 
ing, (an immense amount of supplies 
being necessary they could not be 
hauled by the number of teams that 
were available for the use of the ex- 
pedition,) we moved out into the In- 
dian country. We were to cut loose 
from our base of supplies and launch 
out into a wild country never before 
trod by white men, except perhaps a 
few adventurous spirits, who had 
tramped and hunted with the wild In- 
dians of the plains. We marched 
twenty-five miles the first day and 
camped on Okoboji creek, where there 
was good grazing and water. Wood 
was scarce. We were now well into 
the Indian country and it was neces- 
sary to keep a sharp lookout. A line 
of pickets was put out around the 
camp to guard against surprise, how- 
ever the night passed quietly and the 
next morning we broke camp bright 
and early and moved out in two col- 
umns, our supply train being in the 
center, the better to protect it. We 
marched eighteen miles this day 
through the dirt and dust, some of 
the time so blinding we could hardly 
see the right column, three hundred 
yards away, and made camp on Snake 
creek, nothing having occurred worth 


799 


War 


noting. On June 26th, a day long to 
be remembered by every one in the 
command, as the day on which death 
first entered the ranks of the little 
army, we broke camp at daylight and 
proceeded on the march further into 
the country of the hostile Sioux. Capt. 
Miner was acting field officer of the 
day. Captain John Fielner, topogra- 
phical engineer and a member of the 
general’s staff, was killed by the hos- 
tile savages. He had left the com- 
mand and proceeded ahead of the ad- 
vance guard accompanied by two sold- 
iers. The general had frequently cau- 
tioned him that there was danger in 
thus straying away from the com- 
mand, but he laughingly replied that 
he did not believe there were any In- 
dians in the country and as the gen- 
eral did not order him to stay with 
his command, he followed his usual 
custom to the sorrow of every man in 
the little army, over which his death 
cast a deep gloom. The captain and 
his two comrades had reached the Lit- 


tle Cheyenne river, which empties in- | 


to the Missouri river about three miles 
above Forest City, and a short dis- 
tance from its mouth picketed their 
horses in the luxuriant grass on the 
bottom and proceeded to the creek to 
get a drink of water, when a shot rang 
out on the hot summer air and the 
brave and gallant captain fell, shot 
through the arm and lung. The two 
soldiers were some distance away and 
the Indians, three in number, were be- 
tween them and their horses, for 
which they made a rush. The horses 
not liking the looks of their would 
be captors, reared and plunged and 
before the Indians could get to them 
pulled their picket-pins and dashed 
away out onto the prairie. Captain 
Miner was at the head of the column, 


War 


when the news of the sad tragedy was 
reported to Gen. Sully, who ordered 
him to pursue and punish the cowardly 
assassins. Captain Miner came tear- 
ing back along the column, saying as 
he reached my side, “Sergeant, Capt. 
Fielner has been killed and we are’ 
ordered to pursue the Indians.” He 
gave three commands in quick suc- 
cession, “Column, left, command, trot, 
gallop, follow me, boys,” and sinking 
his spurs deep in the flank of his 
horse dashed away. 


When we reached the stream we 
were going at a breakneck pace. My 
horse cleared the creek at a bound, 
as did many others, but some jumped 
into the mud and stuck fast, demoral- 
izing the company order. We soon re- 
formed and moved on at a rapid gait. 
The day was exceedingly hot and 
some of the horses possessing better 
mettle than others were soon in the 
lead. Capt. Miner therefore decided 
to turn the Coyotes loose and he in- 
structed me to inform the boys that 
they might break ranks and go after 
the Indians in any way they saw fit. 
The order was hailed with delight and 
a hearty cheer went up for Capt. Min- 
er. As the strongest horses forged to 
the front, the Captain and myself be- 
ing well mounted were enabled to 
hold our positions at the head of the 
company. Gen. Sully standing on a 
high hill watching our movements, ex- 
claimed: “See the d—d Coyotes, they 
go like a flock of sheep.” It is pro- 
bable that we did not make a very 
military appearance. The order of the 
Captain turning us loose alone made 
it possible to overtake the savages. 
We were detained for a moment by 
an orderly from the camp, who came 
in hot pursuit with orders from Gen. 
Sully stating that it was so exceed- 


800 


War 


ingly hot that he feared we would 
ruin our horses without overtaking 
the Indians, and that he thought we 
had better come back. Capt. Miner 
replied: “Report to the General that 
we are in sight of the Indians and 
without I have positive order to re- 
turn I purpose to take them.” We 
pushed on at a gallop, for we could 
see the Indians on a hill a short dis- 
tance ahead in a patch of mullen 
stalks, the grst and only ones I have 
seen in Dakota, and in the condition 
of the atmosphere we mistook the 
stalks for Indians, several hundred in 
number, but nothing daunted Capt. 
Miner pressed on followed by the Coy- 
otes, who made the welkin ring with 
the battle cry: “Death to the mur- 
derers.” It is creditable to the cour- 
age of the boys, that although we ap- 
peared to be vastly outnumbered, not 
one showed the white feather. We 
soon saw our mistake. Having reach- 
ed the hill among the mullen stalks, 
we saw three Indians go down the 
the other side and disappear in a 
ravine. We watched the point close- 
ly and soon saw them distinctly, as 
they raised their heads to watch our 
movements. When we _ approached, 
within short range they again rose up 
- and fired directly at Capt. Miner and 
myself, but fortuately for us their aim 
was bad. We formed a circle around 
them to prevent their escape. John 
McCellan and J. B.. Watson, of Sioux 
Falls, and some others sprang from 
their horses and advanced on foot, 
while the rest of us remained mount- 
ed. The Indians raised their breech- 
cloths on ramrods to draw our fire, 
but the boys had been too long on the 
frontier to be decieved, until an In- 
dian’s head appeared above the high 
grass when a rifle shot laid him low. 


War 


We distinctly heard the thud of the 
ball. We were now but a few rods 
from the buffalo wallow in which they 
had taken refuge and as we rushed in 
upon them, the Indians sprang to their 
feet, gave a blood-curdling yell and 
fired their guns directly into our faces. 
We were not over twenty feet distant, 
but strange to say no one was hit, not 
even a horse, though Amos Shaw’s 
bridle rein was shot off. The next 
instant both Indians fell riddled with 
bullets, and the death of the brave 
young Fielner was partially revenged. 
We were fifteen miles from camp and 
suffering for water. Leaving the writ- 
er to gather up the scattered company 
Capt. Miner hastily rode to camp and 
made his report to Gen. Sully, who at 
once ordered Lieut. Bacon of our com- 
pany, to come out to meet us with a 
keg of fresh water and a keg of com- 
missaries. The Lieutenant was highly 
elated over the success of the chase 
and dealt out the commissaries in 
large doses. He then, accompanied 
by Sergeants Ellis and Estes and the 
driver of the ambulance, proceeded on 
our trail to the place where the In- 
dians were killed, and cutting off their 
heads with a butcher knife, brought 
the ghastly relics into camp. Capt. 
Fielner died that night and his re- 
mains were shipped to his friends by 
the first boat. The next morning, un- 
der orders from Capt. Miner I reported 
to Gen. Sully, with the heads of the 
Indians. Gen. Sully directed me to 
hang the heads on poles on the high- 
est hill near the camp aS a warning to 
all Indians who might travel that way. 
We broke camp that morning and 
marched fifteen miles to Swan Lake. 
Here scouts reported that steamboats 
loaded with supplies for the expedition 
were at the mouth of Swan Creek. 


801 


War 


We remained in camp here until July 
3d, resting our horses and reloading 
our wagons from the steamboats. The 
Dakota battalion was sent to the river 
to guard the boats. June 30th the 
second brigade joined us. The second 
consisted of the Second Minnesota 
cavalry, the eighth Minnesota infantry, 
mounted, and a battery of six pound 
guns under Lieut. Jones. Col. Thomas 
of the 8th Minnesota, commanded the 
brigade, which had marched across 
country from Fort Ridgely, Minnesota. 
Gen. Sully, having orders to establish 
a military post on the upper Missouri, 
went forward by boat looking for a 
site. July 3d the first brigade broke 
camp and marched twenty-four miles 
further into the Indian country, the 
second brigade remaining in camp at 
Swan Lake for rest. A large emi- 
grant train accompanied this command 
enroute to the gold fields of Idaho. 
July 4th opened bright and glorious 
and everybody wanted to celebrate, 
but we had to obey orders to move on, 
and that day we proceeded twenty-two 
miles to Wahinkapa creek (the creek 
where they make arrows) and on the 
5th in a thirty-three mile march we 
passed the beautiful Loon Lake and 
camped on Beaver creek. It was at 
the mouth of this creek that Maj. 
Galpin discovered the white captives 
from Lake Shetak, who were after- 
ward rescued by friendly Indians be- 
low the mouth of the Grand river. 
July 6th we made a short march of 
eleven miles and camped on Sand 
creek where there was fine grazing 
and good water. Scouts were sent out 
to look for the boats. They found 
Gen. Sully, who sent directions for us 
to remain where we were until fur- 
ther orders. July 8th we were joined 
by the second brigade and that day 


War 


Gen. Sully ordered us to march twenty- 
two miles to a point on the river op- 
posite the site he had selected for the 
location of Fort Rice. While encamp- 
ed here Capt. Moreland and party 
came in, having been lost for two 
days on the prairie while hunting. 
Scouts sent out for them had been un- 
able to locate them and had given 
them up, believing that they had been 
taken by the Indians. Shortly we 
crossed the river to the fort side. Be- 
fore unsaddling our horses a _ buffalo 
was discovered nearby and Capt. Min- 
er and some of the boys chased and 
soon brought him down and we en- 
joyed a feast that night. While here 
Lieut. Dewitt C. Smith resigned and 
shortly afterward Gov. Newton Ed- 
munds commissioned David Benjamin 
to fill the vacancy. Monday, July 11th, 
we received marching orders with in- 
formation that we would meet the 
enemy soon. Buffalo were plenty in 
this section and from a herd of about 
300 seven were killed, the Dakota 
boys obtaining their full share. On 
the 14th, while grazing their horses 
some distance from camp a party 
of Nebraska boys were fired upon 
from a clump of bushes. After this 
the horse guard was strengthened and 
the next day the Nebraska company 
were sent out on a scout to locate 
and punish the reds who fired upon 
them the previous day, but were un- 
able to find them. Two companies 
sent to the Cannonball also returned 
without important information. 


The site selected by Gen. Sully for 
Fort Rice is the finest I have seen on 
the Missouri river. It is a high pla- 
teau coming up close to the channel, 
and the bottoms above and below are 
heavily wooded. Four companies of 
the 30th Wisconsin which had come 


802 


War 


up on boats were. detailed to remain 
and build and garrison the fort. July 
19th we again broke camp and march- 
ed sixteen miles to the Cannonball, 
passing a recently deserted Indian 
camp on the way. The next day we 
passed another camp giving evidence 
that the enemy was close at hand, 
but it was not until the 25th, when 
we reached Heart river that we finally 
located the hostile camp. That day 
we cooked rations and got things rea- 
dy to move on the hostiles. The next 
day having corralled our train and 
also the Idaho immigrant train, we 
took seven days’ cooked rations in 
our haversacks and with light wagons 
we started for the enemies’ camp, 
lighthearted and ready for the fray. 
When within four miles of the Sioux 
camp scouts came in and reported 
that the Nebraska company had en- 
gaged a party of Indians a short dis- 
tance ahead. Gen. Sully at once sent 
Brackett’s battalion to reinforce the 
Nebraskans, but the Indians beat a 
hasty retreat after firing a few shots. 

The next day, July 27th, we camped 
on Knife river, being forty-seven miles 
from our former camp on Heart river. 
Extra pickets were put out. 


We slept on our arms and were not 
allowed to build fires, owing to our 
close proximity to the hostile camp. 
On July 28th we started at daylight 
without our breakfast, marched about 
ten miles and stopped on the banks of 
a small lake and made coffee and ate 
our hard tack. We pulled out a short 
distance, when the scouts came in 
from the front, having sighted the hos- 
tile camp. Gen. Sully at once made 
preparations for battle, forming his 
troops so as to present three sides of 
a hollow square, the open side being 
to the rear, which was soon closed 


War 


by a body of troops. The ambulance 
train and light wagons were placed in 
the center of the square the better 
to protect them. (This was the be- 
ginning of the battle of Killdeer Moun- 
tain). 

The Indians came out from their 
camp, which was on the side of a 
range of high hills and ridges. A veri- 
table fortress. The fighting commen- 
ced in the front center, and soon be- 
came general along the whole front, 
and on both flanks. The Indians of- 
ten concentrated their forces and 
striking our lines at their weakest 
point, only to be hurled back by the 
steady fire of musketry and artillery 
that was poured into their ranks with 
deadly precision. They would soon 
rally their forces and repeat their tac- 
tics at another point, to be again driv- 
en back with heavy loss of life. Co. A 
was at first held in reserve to protect 
Captain Pope’s battery of mountain 
howitzers. A gap afterwards occurred 
in the line of battle between’ the 
Kighth Minnesota infantry and the 
Sixth Iowa cavalry and the company 
was ordered forward to fill the gap 
and were soon in the thick of the 
fight. The troops on our flanks di- 
verged still more to the right and left, 
carried no doubt by the movements of 
the Indians. We were now quite iso- 
lated from the rest of the command, 
seeing which the Indians concentrated 
a strong force in our front and made 
a stand and finally a charge, which 
was met by the steady fire of our 
boys. We met in a ravine and they 
stood quite well for a few minutes. 
Being at close range they used their 
arrows and they swished by our heads 
with great force, but they were poor 
marksmen and did but little damage. 
They were no match for our Colts re- 


9 
r3) 


War 


volvers. They soon gave way and 
broke for cover. During this time Co. 
B was held in reserve to protect Jones’ 
battery of six pounders and was to the 
left of Co. A. At one time there was 
a lull in the front line of battle. The 
Indians concentrated several hundred 
warriors and made a dash for the 
train. This movement of the Indians 
was at once detected by Gen. Sully, 
and Lieut. Jones was ordered to send 
one gun of his battery to that point. 
They went tearing back at full speed 
and threw a few shells among the In- 
dians, with such effect that they con- 
cluded that they did not want the 
train. The steady fire of the mus- 
ketry and the shells of Jones’ guns 
made sad havoc in their ranks and 
they went scurrying off, to seek and 
strike some other weak spot in our 
ranks, but not once did they succeed 
in piercing that line of blue. 


The Indian camp was on the side of 
Deer Mountain at the Falling Springs. 
The mountains were a full succession 
of ridges and buttes, each one rising 
above the other, broken by ravines, 
gulches and canyons, a position that 
could be easily held by civilized troops 
against ten times their number, the 
whole rising several hundred feet 
above the surrounding plains, on 
which the battle was being fought. 
We passed well into the foot hills 
and close to their camp, where we 
could see the squaws and papooses 
hastily striking their tepees and mov- 
ing farther into the mountains. The 
artillery was throwing shells _ into 
their camp from which they hastily 
decamped leaving behind the greater 
part of their camp equipage and sup- 
plies. The Indians had been beaten 
at all points and at no time had they 
gained even temporary advantage. 


War 


Night was rapidly approaching, the 
firing ceased and the battle was won. 
Won by the valor of American volun- 
teers, many of whom had never be- 
fore been under fire. We camped on 
the field of Taks Cha Okota (Deer 
Mountain). The loss of the Indians 
in this engagement was estimated at 
two hundred, though but few dead 
were left on the field. We could dis- 
tinctly see them carrying off the dead 
and wounded as they fell. Our loss 
in this engagement was fourteen kill- 
ed and thirty wounded. 


The loss of the Dakota cavalry was 
one man of Co. A, wounded in the 
abdomen, private Benjamin F. Bel- 
lows. We had won a decided victory 
over the savages in a battle in which 
two brigades of about three thousand 
men had been engaged in one of the’ 
most hotly contested battles ever 
fought with the Indians on Ameri- 
can soil. In this battle the Indians 
outnumbered us three or four to one. 
A master mind was in command and 
the troops were handled with great 
skill. All were volunteers and few 
had ever before been in battle, but all 
behaved like veterans. The next morn- 
ing we pushed on into the hills after 
the Indians, but the country was im- 
passible to our light wagons and am- 
bulance and nearly so to the cavalry, 
so having but two day’s rations left, 
the General decided to return to our 
camp on Heart river. The skilled In- 
dian campaigner and (fighter, that 
nothing could daunt, who was with 
Gen. McClellan in the Peninsular cam- 
paign and who, side by side with the 
late Gen. C. T. Campbell, the veteran 
fighter of two wars had hurled his 
battalions against the flower of the 
Confederate army at Fair Oaks and at 
other battles of that campaign, was 


804 


War 


now held at bay by the Mauvis Terres 
—the bad lands of the Little Missouri. 
We at once went into camp where we 
were and detachments from companies 
A and B Dakota cavalry were sent out 
to destroy what was left of the camp, 
deserted by the Indians in their haste 
to get away. Lodges, buffalo robes, 
dried buffalo meat, dried berries, num- 
berless camp kettles and other uten- 
sils were piled on their lodge poles, 
the match applied and all went up in 
smoke. We then started back, march- 
ed about ten miles and bivouacked for 
the night. Soon after unsaddling our 
horses the Indians attacked us. The 
bugles sounded ‘to horse’ and the 
men were soon in the saddle and 
rushing to the rescue of the outposts, 
but the Indians disappeared so quick- 
ly that we did not get a shot at them. 
The batteries hurled a few shells that 
hurried them on their way. During 
the night there was a good deal of 
firing on the picket line and three sol- 
diers were killed. The Indians crawl- 
ing close up to their posts shot them 
with their arrows. A sergeant was 
killed on his post by his men, they 
mistaking him for an Indian. We 
reached camp again on July 31st with- 
out any further casualties worthy of 
notice. Capt. Tripp had been left in 
command of the camp and had it well 
fortified against any attack the In- 
dians might make. We remained in 
camp until August 3d and during the 
time received the General’s congratu- 
latory orders on the conduct of the 
troops in battle. We now pushed fur- 
ther into the enemy’s country, march- 
ing in the direction of the Yellowstone 
and passing over some fine grazing 
country and some that was destitute 
of vegetation, except cactus and sage 
brush. Our route was up Heart river, 


War 


on which stream we camped _ that 
night, having marched twenty-three 
miles. Through this section we found 
many indications of coal and in some 
sections it cropped out along the cut 
banks of the stream. The next day 
we marched eighteen miles and again 
camped on Heart river. August 5th 
we marched twenty-five miles over 
a rough country, almost destitute of 
grass, and camped on the high table 
lands overlooking the bad lands of the 
Little Missouri. From our camp we 
could look down into that wounderful 
tract of country. It was like stand- 
ing on a high pinnacle and looking 
down onto a range of mountains. I 
shall never forget the feeling I ex- 
perienced when I first beheld that 
wonderful region of mountains, hills, 
buttes, ravines and gulches. I was 
perfectly awe struck. It was like look- 
ing into another, and a terribly deso- 
late world. It surpassed anything I 
had ever seen, read or heard of, this 
veritable fortress of the red man, 
where they had made their boast that 
they would wipe out the _ soldiers. 
“Kill them all and take their horses” 
who had invaded their country and 
driven off their buffalo. This “hell 
with the fire out’ as Gen. Sully ex- 
pressed it. The veteran of many bat- 
tles was again at bay, held back by 
the same strip of country that stop- 
ped our progress after the battle of 
July 28th. Mountains, hills and buttes 
towering hundreds of feet above the 
bed of the Little Missouri, of all con- 
ceivable shapes and colors, the tops 
of them reaching to the level of the 
surrounding country. The next morn- 
ing pioneer parties were detailed to 
make a road into this desolate region. 
We moved on, and by dint of hard 
work and perseverance, we worked 


805 


War 


our way in a few miles and made a 
camp. Here we were put on two- 
thirds rations, with lots of hard work 
and fighting ahead, more time having 
been consumed than was expected to 
reach the Yellowstone river, up which 
two steamers had been sent with sup- 
plies. The next morning while in 
camp the Indians slipped through our 
picket line and made a rush for the 
horses of the herd guard. The guards 
became panic striken and all ran, ex- 
cept one John Beltz, a Coyote from 
Co. A, who singled handed advanced 
on the Indians, some five or six in 
number, firing at them with his car- 
bine and finally dropping it he turn- 
ed his Colt’s revolver loose on them 
and drove them off and saved the hor- 
ses. The rest of the guard retreated 
to camp and reported the old German 
killed by the Indians, but not so, he 
came out of, this little skrimmage un- 
scathed and lived on his farm, near 
where the steel bridge crosses the 
James at Yankton, for several years 
and died late in the seventies. He 
was a brave and true soldier, a good 
citizen and an honor to the community 
in which he lived. A little later the 
Indians made a dash on the camp at 
all points in an attempt to stampede 
our horses. The bugle sounded ‘“‘to 
horse” and every man run to his 
steed. They had run the gauntlet of 
the pickets and aS we went to our 
horses we soon became all mixed up 
and we exchanged shots’ with 
them as we secured our horses. The 
Indians giving their wild war whoop 
and the soldiers answering them with 
yells of defiance and shots from their 
revolvers. One soldier went to his 
horse, pulled up the picket pin and 
started for camp having hold of the 
end of the lariat rope. An Indian 


War 


slipped up, cut the lariat, mounted 
the horse and dashed away. The sol- 
dier looked around with a peculiar ex- 
pression on his face as if to ask “how 
was it done?” The Indian made good 
his escape with the bullets from our 
revolvers whistling around him. He 
was a horse ahead. The soldier re- 
turned to camp musing over the fact 
that he might have to walk the next 
day. We moved out from camp, 
marched a short distance, crossed the 
Little Missouri, and camped on that 
stream for the night. About sundown 
and just as we had got settled the 
Indians again charged our camp, but 
were quickly driven back, although 
there was continued picket firing all 
night and all slept on their arms. The 
next morning fighting commenced at 
daylight and the battle was soon rag- 
ing with great fury. The Indians 
again made an attack an all sides at 
once. 

We broke camp, the pioneers hav- 
ing dug a road through the worst 
part. There was but one road made, 
so the train which usually moved in 
three columns, was concentrated into 
one and stretched out a long distance. 
From here our road for a long dis- 
tance was through a dry creek bed 
with almost perpendicular hills on 
each side several hundred feet high. 
The Indians finally concentrated a 
strong force in our front and taking 
possession of commanding positions 
prepared to dispute our farther pro- 
gress in this “hell with the fires put 
out.”” The troops took good positions 
on either side of the road our train 
was pursuing. Step by step the In- 
dians were forced back. Beaten in 
front, great bodies of them passed 
around our left to the rear, no doubt 
thinking there was a weak spot. Co. 


806 


War. 


H of the Sixth Iowa cavalry and Co. A 
of the Coyotes formed the rear guard, 
and being warned by the general of 
the movements of the Indians, Capt. 
Miner, who was commanding the rear 
guard, prepared to give them a hot 
reception. They soon came and we 
were dismounted and prepared to fight 
on foot. The Indians had learned that 
to dismount meant to fight and not 
run away, and they did not stand long 
before our steady fire. They were 
driven back at all points and soon dis- 
appeared among the rocks and buttes. 
The command was then given to 
mount and catch up with the train, 
but no sooner were we mounted and 
on a brisk trot than the Indians ap- 
peared, ten to one, half naked and 
howling and yelling as only they can. 
In a few minutes they were close to 
us, and the bullets zipped past our 
heads thick and fast, and the swish 
of the deadly arrow was terrible to 
our ears, with our backs to the enemy. 
How that little command escaped 
without serious loss has always been 
a mystery, but not a man was hit, yet 
hundreds of the naked savages were 
“pumping it” into us at short range. 

Their triumph was of short duration. 
As we closed up with the train, our 
captain gave the command “left front 
into line.’ Not waiting for further 
commands, the. boys sprung from their 
horses and slipped through the ranks 
to the rear, pouring such a deadly 
fire into the redskins that they at 
once sought cover. 

We had an ox train with us, and 
when one played out, as they often 
did, he was at once turned into the 
herd and another put into the yoke. 
At this time such an exchange was 
made, but the poor, tired fellow re- 
fused to travel with the herd and laid 


War 


down. The orders were for the rear 
guard to shoot all animals that could 
not travel, and many horses and mules 
were shot to keep them from falling 
into the hands of the enemy. The 
ox above mentioned, hearing the sharp 
firing around him got up and looked 
around; the Indians espying him, 
wanted the ox. They started for him, 
but he was not to be caught that way; 
with head up and eyes that you could 
have hung your hat on, his tail stand- 
ing up like a liberty pole on the 
Fourth of July, minus the flag, he 
broke for the herd, the Indians after 
him until they got within range of 
our guns, when we turned our Sharp’s 
carbines loose on them and stopped 
them in their wild chase. The gait 
that ox made would be a credit to 
some of the horses at our late state 
fair. There was not a horse ridden 
by a Sioux brave that could keep pace 
with that played-out old ox, and at no 
time did they gain on him. He went 
into the herd, crossed the Missouri 
and Yellowstone and returned with 
the herd to Sioux City the next fall. 
He should have been placed on the 
retired list for the balance of his days 
by general orders. We then mounted 
and pushed on after the train, which 
we soon came up with. The Indians 
soon came again. It semed as though 
for every Indian killed, ten more 
sprang up in his place. A Co. H, 
Sixth Iowa, man stopped a moment, 
and an Indian from behind a rock 
let fly an arrow that struck him on 
the hip. He was badly scared and 
broke from his company, leaving his 
arms and equipment on the ground. 
The Indian quickly secured them, and 
getting on the top of one of the high- 
est buttes, tantalized us by swinging 
them in the air and telling us with an 


807 


War 


air of bravado of his brilliant feat. 
There was probably a hundred shots 
fired at him, but none of them hit him 
as he was too far off, although we 
made him get down. No doubt he 
lived to brag of his brave act around 
the camp fires many moons after. 

We were now fighting on _ foot 
against a party of Indians who were 
attempting to get between us and our 
train. Capt. Miner commanded the 
writer, who was in command of the 
first platoon, to take possession of a 
hill’ that would command their posi- 
tion. We secured the hill at once, 
but the Indians continued to multiply, 
and we soon found ourselves cut off 
from the main command and surround- 
ed by not less than five hundred Sioux 
warriors, making the air hideous with 
their wild war whoop. They kept 
closing in and were soon so close that 
we were able to see the color of the 
paint on their faces. Our fire was 
quite severe on their ranks, and we 
thought we had perhaps answered our 
last roll call, but we heard the clatter- 
ing of hoofs in our rear, and looking 
around I saw our brave captain at the 
head of the Coyotes, coming down on 
the savages at a swift gallop. He 
struck them with the force of a cy- 
clone. He hurled his troops against 
the red devils of the prairie and scat- 
tered them to the four winds. A hear- 
ty thank God went up from the lips of 
the men who composed my little com- 
mand. When cavalry dismount to 
fight on foot, every fourth man is de- 
tailed to hold four horses. I being in 
command of the platoon, there was no 
one to hold my horse. In the heat of the 
fight, I sprang to the ground, not giv- 
ing my horse a thought. After the 
Indians were driven back, I looked 
around for him; I choked up until I 


War 


could hardly speak, for fear I had lost 
him; but no, he was close to my heels, 
his nose almost on my shoulder. Af- 
ter that I was not afraid that he would 
leave me. That was the hottest scrap 
that the company got into during its 
term of service. The battle contin- 
ued until dark, only to be renewed in 
the morning. Picket firing continued 
all night. At daylight the battle was 
renewed with great fury. We were 
now nearly out of the Bad Lands and 
the Indians charged our lines at all 
points, but they were beaten and dri- 
ven back as usual and scattered in all 
directions. Discouraged and disheart- 
ened, their supplies all captured, they 
finally gave up this unequal contest, 
and permitted us to pursue our weary 
way unmolested the rest of the day; 
and thus ended the battle of the Bad 
Lands, a three’ days’ contest, 
against the allied forces of the whole 
Sioux nation. They had received hea- 
vy reinforcements after the battle of 
Deer Mountain on July 28th. We were 
now: living on one hard-tack a day, al- 
though we had plenty of bacon; but 
that, without vegetables or bread, is a 
poor diet. The game was all driven 
out of that part of the country, and we 
were yet several days’ march from the 
Yellowstone river, where we expected 
to meet the boats with supplies for 
the command, if they had been able to 
ascend that stream, that had never 
yet been navigated by steamboats. 
One cracker a day and lots of hard 
work ahead, was the situation that 
stared the veteran Indian fighter and 
his victorious command in the face, 
ten days’ march from Ft. Union. With 
two large rivers to cross, the Yellow- 
stone and the Missouri, the situation 
was anything but pleasant. Hungry 
to bed, and hungry in the morning, a 


S08 


War 


lot of hungry, cross and crabbed men 
to deal with, was a condition that I 
hope I may never be called upon to 
deal with again. 

August 11th found us out of the Bad 
Lands, the wonderlands of the Da- 
kotas, the lands of petrifactions and 
curios, the land, which I have no 
doubt, was an immense bed of coal 
that had in some mysterious way be- 
come ignited and burned out, thus al- 
lowing the earth crust, or surface, to 
fall in. Petrifactions were exposed in 
all directions; stumps ten and twelve 
feet in diameter, and bodies of trees 
from fifty to one hundred feet and 
over in length, and in one place, what 
seemed to be a pile of lumber, buried 
under a hill or butte, where it was 
piled in regular courses. Logs cut in- 
to the proper lengths for the saw- 
mill, were lying around as if piled 
there by human beings—the whole 
suggesting a prior habitation by a 
now extinct people. 

August 11th the Indians, having giv- 
en up the fight and scattered in differ- 
ent directions, we marched rapidly to- 
wards the Yellowstone river, and made 
thirty miles over a country entirely 
destitute of vegetation, except sage 
brush and cactus, and very little wat- 
er, the day being hot and dusty. We 
made camp on a small creek about 
five miles from the Yellowstone. The 
water was strongly impregnated with 
alkali, and the grass poor and scarce. 

August 12th the command remained 
in camp, Capt. Miner being sent out 
with a detachment of twenty-five men 
to search for the steamboats that had 
been ordered to proceed up the Yel- 
lowstone river, if possible, with sup- 
plies for the command. In a short 
time two soldiers returned and report- 
ed to the general that Capt. Miner had 


War 


found the steamboats, “Alone” and 
“Chippewa Falls,” two light-draft 
boats. On the receipt of the news we 
were ordered to break camp at once 
and march to the river where the 
boats were waiting us. We reached 
the stream early in the afternoon and 
camped on the high table land over- 
looking the river. 

The stream very much resembled 
the Missouri river, with its sand bars 
and ever shifting channels, the banks 
along the bottoms being fringed with 
cottonwood timber, which in some pla- 
ces was quite heavy. The grass on the 
river where we camped had all been 
eaten off by the buffalo and other wild 
animals. The next morning, August 
13th, the Dakota battalion was de- 
tailed as pioneers to make a road 
through the timber and effect a cross- 
ing of the river, if possible. We were 
placed under the direction of brigade 
quartermaster, Lieut. J. H. Bacon, who 
rode by my side through the timber 
until we reached the stream. He dir- 
ected me to lead the command and 
cross at once, and he returned to 
look after the movements of the train.. 
We rode into the stream, the current 
of which was very swift, having our 
arms and equipments strapped to our 
persons. I rode a horse that took to 
the water like a duck. I knew him 
well and was confident he would carry 
me safely across the raging stream. 
Being at the head of the company, I 
dropped the bridle reins on his neck, 
thus giving him his head. He at once 
turned his head quartering up stream 
and carried me safely to the north 
bank, followed by the balance of the 
company, without accident, except to 


“two of the horses, that stumbled in 


the quicksand, thus thoroughly wet- 
ting their riders. Company A was the 


809 


War 


only company to cross the stream 


mounted, the rest crossing on the 
steamboat. Two enlisted men _ lost 
their lives here by drowning, and 


Lieut. Bacon came near losing his in 
the same way. He was crossing on 
his horse and in some way became dis- 
mounted. The current was very swift 
and he being quite heavily clad was 
unable toswim. He was fast being car- 
ried down stream, when one of the 
soldiers on shore bravely plunged in 
and assisted him to the shore, which 
he reached more dead than alive to 
all appearances. 

Sunday, August 14th, we took up 
the line of march down the river to 
Ft. Union on the Missouri river, a 
post of the Northwestern Fur Co., 
about five miles above the mouth 
of the Yellowstone. We marched 
about about eight miles, where we 
camped on a small creek, where we 
had good grazing, wood and water. 
After arriving at camp a few shots 
were fired from a cannon, followed by 
a few sky rockets being sent up to 
announce to the command at Ft. Un- 
ion, the approach of the expedition. 
There were two companies of the 30th 
Wisconsin stationed at the fort at 
that time. The next day we broke 
camp at eleven o’clock and marched 
fifteen miles down the river, over a 
level table land, destitute of vege- 
tation, and camped on the river, find- 
ing good grazing, wood and water. 
The boats had some trouble in getting 
over the sand bars and the greater 
part of the troops were sent to their 
assistance, with a portion of the train, 
to which a part of their cargos was 
transferred. On the 16th day of Au- 
gust we reached the Missouri opposite 
Ft. Union, where we camped and com- 
menced preparations to cross. that 


War 


stream. An attempt was made by 
Company B to drive the cavalry hor- 
ses across in a body, but they were 
not successful, and after two fine hor- 
ses had been drowned the attempt was 
abandoned. Capt. Miner, who in the 
meantime had rode his horse safely 
across, was ordered to take charge of 
the crossing. After a consultation 
with Gen. Sully, it was decided to de- 
fer the crossing until morning. At 
sunrise on August 17th we stacked 
our horse equipments and left a man 
to guard them. We mounted our hor- 
ses bareback and rode into the stream. 
Capt. Miner and the writer at the head 
of the column, and crossed to the 
north side without accident. The bal- 
ance of the train and all equipments 
were across by the evening of August 
19th. The wagons and supplies being 
crossed on the steamboats, which had 
come down the Yellowstone and then 
steamed up the Missouri to the post 
for that purpose. August 20th, Capt. 
Miner received orders to pursue and 
capture deserters, who had gone with 
emigrant train that was on the way to 
Idaho, and had parted company with 
us here. We pulled out before day- 
light in the morning and made a for- 
ced march, overtaking the train twen- 
ty-five miles out, but not the deserters, 
they having pushed ahead of the train 
We now rested our horses munched 
hardtack and then pulled for camp 
at Ft. Union, where we arrived about 
ten o’clock p. m., having made a march 
of fifty miles. While in camp at Ft. 
Union, ice froze on our camp kettles 
the thickness of window glass. On 
Monday, August 22d, we marched 
twenty miles and overtook the com- 
mand, which had broke camp at Ft. 
Union while we pursuing the deser- 
ters, stopped and got breakfast, and 


810 


War 


marched ten miles further, camping 
on the Missouri. We were now on 
our way back to civilization where we 
were to winter, and all rejoiced over 
again meeting friends and passing our 
last winter of service in a civilized 
community. We moved along by easy 
marches, keeping near the Missouri 
river and often camping on _ that 
stream. These camps always seemed 
like havens of rest, as we had good 
water and good grazing for our ani- 
mals and most of the time plenty of 
wood. When we camped on the small 
streams the water was poor and often 
unfit for use, being strongly impreg- 
nated with alkali and we had to de- 
pend on buffalo chips for fuel, which 
answered the purpose very well when 
dry, making a hot fire. On the 26th 
of August we crossed the trail of the 
Indians, whom we had fought in the 
Bad Lands. Near where they crossed 
we found some of their abandoned 
bull boats which they had used in 
crossing the river and then abandon- 
ed. These boats were made of buf- 
falo skins, the hair being left on. The 
edges of the skin were puckered 
around a willow hoop, making a boat 
much the shape of an ordinary wash 
tub. I would rather risk my life in 
a battle with a warlike Sioux than in 
one of their boats crossing the Mis- 
souri. The twenty-eighth was quite 
cold, we needing our overcoats and 
gloves on the march. August 28th 
we camped a few miles from Fort 
Berthold. The next morning as the 
boats had not arrived we did not move, 
they having trouble in getting over 
the sand bars. The hostiles being 
scattered through the country in small 
bands, the General decided to keep 
near the river, the better to protect 
the boats from the Indians who were 


War 


continually lurking along the stream 
and hanging on our rear for the pur- 
pose of cutting off and murdering 
stragglers and securing supplies, such 
as dead horses and cattle. Those 
which had played out and were un- 
able to travel, even in the herd, were 
shot by the rear guard and gladly 
seized by the Indians, who gloated 
over them as quite a prize. On Aug- 
ust 29th Company A was ordered to 
move down near the Indian corn field 
to guard it against: the depredations 
of unprincipled parties, camp follow- 
ers, etc. Ft. Berthold was a small 
trading post and there was the rem- 
nant of three small tribes of friendly 
Indians, the Aricara, Grosventres 
and Mandans. They lived in conical 
shaped dirt lodges from one to two 
hundred feet in diameter, there being 
a small opening at the top to emit 
the smoke from the fire, which was 
built in the center of the lodge. They 
raised great quantities of corn, which 
was their chief diet, their corn field 
extending over the bottoms for miles. 
Nearly as far as the eye could reach 
were field after field of the golden 
grain. The most of it was ripe, but 
some of it was at the roasting ear 
stage and we feasted on the succu- 
lent corn which we obtained by trad- 
ing the Indians sugar, coffee and 
other rations that we had to spare. 
They would not take money in ex- 
change. They did not seem to know 
what it was. These Indians were 
deadly enemies of the Sioux, and be- 
ing few in number they were confin- 
ed pretty close to their camp and 
seldom went far on the hunt, living 
mostly on their corn and other truck 
that they raised. They were great fight- 
ers and in their contests with the 
Sioux generally won out, especially if 


811 


War 


they were nearly even handed. They 
did not hesitate to attack the Sioux 
in the vicinity of their own village, 
even in overpowering numbers, and 
seldom came out second best. They 
welcomed us warmly and were loathe 
to have us leave. They were situated 
in a fine grazing country, the nutri- 
tious buffalo grass growing luxuriant- 
ly. I visited the trading post; it was 
a small affair. I made some purchases 
for the company and found the prices 
very high. I paid one dollar per 
package for saleratus, such as is us- 
ually sold for ten cents per package. 
I thought it was an outrageous price, 
but as we were sorely in need of it 
for our flapjacks, invested four dol- 
lars. Later Capt. Miner returned to 
camp, having bought four packages 
at two dollars per package, after 
which I thought I had driven a sharp 
bargain. August 30th we broke camp 
after dinner and marched six miles, 
joining the rest of the command 
which had passed us in the morning. 
The next morning we pulled out from 
camp in the direction of Mouse river 
in the search of a hostile camp, three 
scouts having been sent out to locate 
the camp. 

The grass had all been eaten off by 
the buffalo, several large herds of 
which we had passed during the day’s 
march. The water of the lake on 
which we camped was thoroughly im- 
pregnated with buffalo manure, but 
we made coffee out of it and it was 
much better than no coffee. As soon 
as we arrived in camp some of the 
boys from each command, probably 
one hundred or more, went out and 
succeeded in killing several of the 
monarchs of the prairie, so that we 
all had buffalo steak for supper. The 
firing of the hunters reminded me 


War 


somewhat of our late battle, so inces- 
sant was the firing. We were now on 
the buffalo range, that is where they 
were ranging at that time. They were 
a migratory animal and when the pas- 
turage became poor they moved on to 
where the grass is good. Many of 
them could be seen on all sides. Many 
were killed by the boys, and every- 
body was supplied with the juicy and 
palatable meat. For several days we 
marched through herds of this ani- 
mal that thronged the plains, many 
thousand of them being in sight at 
once. On every side were buffalo, 
buffalo as far as the eye could reach, 
no animal life could be seen except 
the buffalo. The boys often killed 
them for fun, when they did not want 
the meat, or because they were in the 
way, and the carcasses were left lying 
where they fell. Sometimes they were 
quietly grazing until something would 
startle them, when they might be. 
seen running in all directions. Some- 
times we were obliged to halt our 
trains or open up a gap to allow large 
herds to pass through, because when 
they were running in large bodies 
they would not stop nor turn aside 
for any obstacle, but kept right on 
and run down anything and every- 
thing that came in their way. If they 
came to a stream they plunged in at 
once and crossed, sometimes many of 
the weaker ones losing their lives 
before reaching the other side. Noth- 
ing could withstand this onward rush. 
We were now in the coteaus and pass- 
ed many small lakes. One evening we 
approached a small lake, the bugle 
sounded halt and we prepared to go 
into camp. Just as we had our horses 
unsaddled and were picketing them 
on the luxuriant grass, the bugle 
sounded boots and saddles. We could 


812 


War 


not think what it all meant. Was there 
another fight in prospect, or what was 
the matter? After a good deal of 
growling and a great many cuss 
words being said, all were in the sad- 
dle and were moving away from the 
lake. Soon word was passed along 
that the water was poisonous and we 
must move over to another lake, but 
a short distance ahead, which we soon 
reached and made camp. September 
4th we remained in camp, drying our 
clothing and blankets that had been 
wet in a rain the day before, that 
lasted about two hours while we were 
on the march. The day was warm 
and pleasant, quite in contrast to the 
day which preceded it, and we enjoy- 
ed it hugely. I put in the greater 
part of the day at work on the muster 
roll of the company. A cracker box 
was my table and my seat was moth- 
er earth. The next morning we mov- 
ed on, marching twenty-one miles and 
camped on Burnt Wood creek, a good 
grazing country, but the grass was 
eaten down by the buffalo that had 
ranged the country. The scouts that 
had been sent out to locate the hostile 
camp had returned without having 
found the enemy in any large body, 
they having broken up into small 
bands, the better to subsist, after the 
loss of their supplies in the late bat- 
tles. We were now headed towards 
the Missouri river and civilization. 
September 6th we marched twenty- 
four miles through a cold drizzling 
rain. Company A was out as flank- 
ers during the march. Our heavy 
cavalry overcoats with their large 
capes kept us quite dry, but we were 
heavily water-logged; when we dis- 
mounted our high cavalry boots were 
full of water. A heavy fog settled 
down over the prairie as night ap- 


War 


proached and soon all were lost in 
the fog and were traveling we knew 
not where; however about four o’clock 
we stumbled on to a pool of water, 
among a lot of hills, buttes, guiches 
and knobs and made camp. Grass 
was very good; we had no wood, but 
plenty of buffalo chips, but they were 
so wet they would not burn, and it 
looked as though we were to pass a 
dismal night and go coffeeless to bed 
in our wet blankets, but Capt. Miner 
who was ever on the alert to make 
his soldiers comfortable, and was 
equal to any emergency, ordered a 
light wagon unloaded and with three 
or four men struck out to find some 
wood. The fog was so dense that an 
object could be distinguished but a 
short distance, and I suggested to the 
captain that the party might get lost 
in the fog and be unable to find the 
camp, but he only laughed at me and 
in a short time returned with a nice 
load of dry cottonwood. Knowing 
that the Missouri was to our right 
we went in that direction and struck 
the river about three miles distance. 
As soon as the command struck the 
pool of water mentioned, guards were 
stationed around it so as to preserve 
it from the men, as to all appearance 
there was but a small amount and the 
men must have coffee. Our poor 
horses too were not allowed a drink 
after the hard day with its long and 
tiresome march. Company A had a 
large camp fire around which we all 
gathered and over which we made 
our coffee and cooked our buffalo 
meat. The coyote company was the 
only one who had a fire that cold, 
dismal night; some of the boys from 
the other companies came to our 
camp and made coffee and cooked a 
bit of meat, a privilege we were glad 


813 


War 


to grant to our comrades in arms, 
who were less fortunate than our- 
selves. After satisfying the inner man 
we rolled up in our blankets for the 
night and were soon lost to all noises 
and disturbances incident to the camp 
of soldiers and passed a comfortable 
night. I do not think I ever slept 
better during my three years’ service 
than I did that night in my wet 
blanket, which steamed when I crawl- 
ed out of it the next morning, like a 
pig’s nest in the winter. 

We ate our breakfast, the guards 
were taken away from the pool of 
water, which they had guarded so 
carefully for the use of the men. 
Horses, mules and all of the stock 
were watered, several thousand head 
in all, and still there was water in 
abundance, it had not been lowered a 
particle. We examined it closely and 
found it was an immense spring of 
clear, cold water from which a tiny 
stream trickled down the ravine a 
few feet and then disappeared. In the 
morning we pulled out of camp and 
marched fourteen miles to Apple 
creek; the weather was quite pleas- 
ant after the rain of the day before. 
The next day, September 8th, we 
reached the Missouri river opposite 
Ft. Rice, where the Dakota battalion 
and Company M, 6th Iowa cavalry, 
went into camp, having marched 
twenty-four miles. The balance of the 
command remained back about six 
miles and made camp the better to 
graze the horses and stock. The next 
morning Gen. Sully and staff, the Da- 
kota battalion, and Company M, 6th 
Iowa, crossed the river at Ft. Rice 
and went into camp just outside the 
fort. 

There we learned that a train of 
emigrants on their way from Minne- 


War 


sota to Idaho under Capt. Fisk, was 
corralled on the Heart river. This 
train had intended to reach Ft. Rice 
in time to pass through the hostile 
country under escort of the command 
of Gen. Sully, and were greatly dis- 
appointed. Col. Dill, who was in com- 
mand of the fort, furnished them with 
an escort of twenty-five men under 
Lieut. Smith, of Company A, who re- 
mained at the post pending the ac- 
ceptance of his resignation, which he 
had tendered while the command was 
at the fort in July. With this little 
escort Capt. Fisk had pushed out bold- 
ly into the Indian country, with the 
result above noted. After being cor- 
ralled for several days, Lieut. Smith 
and two privates were requested, by 
Capt. Fisk, to return to the fort for 
assistance. They stole through the 
cordon of Indian guards in the night 
and reached the fort in safety the 
same day that our command reached 
there.. Gen. Sully at once detailed 
the four companies of. the 13th Wis- 
consin, who had built and garrison- 
ed Ft. Rice, to proceed to the relief 
of the train, and the Dakota company 
and Company M were detailed to gar- 
rison the fort in their absence. On 
September 14th, Lieut. Wood, with 
twenty-five men from Companies A 
and B, was detailed to proceed to the 
Cannon Ball river after some quarter- 
master’s property left there by Col. 
Dill’s command on its way to the re- 
lief of the immigrants. They return- 
ed the next day, having secured the 
property and killed seven buffalo, the 
flesh of which they brought to camp, 
and we were again supplied with 
fresh meat. 

The next day, September 14th, I 
drew clothing and issued to such of 
the men as were in need. The boys 


814 


War 


became very tired of doing garrison 
duty and were anxious to again be on 
the move, however on the 18th we re- 
ceived our pay, which cheered them 
up somewhat. On the 19th we re- 
ceived the gratifying intelligence that 
Atlanta, Georgia, had fallen, that rebel 
stronghold that had been the bone 
of contention between the two armies 
for several weeks. Also that six com- 
panies of troops were on their way 
up the river to relieve Col. Dill’s com- 
mand at Ft. Rice. On the 21st, the 
hostiles made a raid on the first bri- 
gade, creating a stampede among the 
stock and got away with four horses. 
A sergeant with four men was sent 
in pursuit and came in contact with 
two parties of the Indians near the 
river, a score or more in all; a run- 
ning fight ensued, in which Sergeant 
Murphy was killed. One man threw 
his rifle into the river and escaped 
by swimming across to Ft. Rice, an- 
other hid in the brush and afterwards 
returned to camp, the others escaped 
by running their horses. A company 


was at once sent out, but did not 


succeed in finding the Indians, who 
had made good their escape; however 
they found the body of Sergeant Mur- 
phy. . 

We found his body where it fell. 
He had been scalped. The Indians 
were continually lurking around the 
fort, on the hills, and also on the east 
side of the river in the rear of the 
first brigade, watching for a chance to 
run off stock and pick up straggling 
soldiers. 

September 23d, the Dakota battalion 
broke camp and crossed the river and 
joined the first brigade a short dis 
tance below the fort. The weather 
was cold and stormy with some snow 
in the air. On the 28th Indians at- 


War 


tacked a herding party on the Cannon- 
ball and killed a man also named 
Murphy, of Company E, 6th Iowa. 
Company A was ordered in pursuit 
of the Indians, but gave up the chase 
after several hours hard riding with- 
out securing a trace of them. That 
day Capt. Dill’s party returned to the 
fort with the immigrant train and 
the next morning the command pulled 
out down river, marched twenty-two 
miles and camped on Beaver Creek. 


October 1, we met George Pleets, a 
dispatch carrier who was captured by 
hostile Indians while on his way from 
Fort Sully with dispatches for the gen- 
eral and whose life was saved by the 
intercession of two Indians, relatives 
of Pleets Indian, and who escorted 
him on the way until he met our com- 
mand. Company A was sent out to 
the band that captured Pleets and 
found them as they were going into 
camp on a small lake. Our orders 
were not to attack but to bring them 
to camp where the general could have 
a talk with them. They followed will- 
ingly for they were assured of plenty 
to eat. 

In the talk with Gen. Sully they con- 
firmed the reports of our scouts that 
they were badly beaten in the battles 
of Deer Mountain and the Bad Lands, 
their supplies all captured, and dis- 
couraged and disheartened they had 
broken up into small parties the bet- 
ter to subsist. We arrived in camp 
about eight o’clock, having marched 
thirty-seven and a half miles. Next 
day we reached Swan Lake creek, 
where we made the junction with the 
Second Brigade, when we went up in 
the spring and reloaded our train 
with supplies from the steamboats, 
The next day we came upon a band 
of Indians who had made a surround 


815 


War 


and killed and cut up several buf- 
falo. Upon our approach they de- 
camped, leaving the meat lying on 
the ground, and we had plenty of 
steak for supper. We marched thirty- 
seven miles and crossed the Little 
Cheyenne where Captain Fielner was 
killed in the summer. 

We camped on Snake creek and 
found good water and good grass for 
the stock. Next day we proceeded 
eighteen miles to Okaboji creek, and 
on Tuesday, October 6th, reached Fort 
Sully on the river. It was a balmy 
morning when we started, but a gale 
rose from the northeast and the dust 
blew in blinding blizzards. From Fort 
Sully we made rapid progress toward 
the settlements camping the first 
night at the crossing of Chapelle 
creek and the next three miles from 
Crow creek. AS we passed the agency 
the morning of the ninth we were re- 
joined by Annanias Jones, Thom. 
Tate and Timothy Prindle, and other 
members of our company, who had 
been left there in the spring, and 
marched on to American creek and 
camped at Jim Somer’s ranch. Our 
train loaded with rations and sup- 
plies had been detained at the agency, 
and, missing the way, had taken the 
upper road. Supperless we roiled in 
our blankets as hungry, cross and 
crabbed a lot of men as I ever saw. 
At daybreak we mounted our horses 
and set out to find the lost train, 
which we overtook near Bijou Hills, 
where we took a lunch of “hardtack 
and sow belly” and moved on to Snake 
creek where we met Maj. Joseph R. 
Hanson and John Thompson, who had 
been appointed commissioners to take 
the vote of the Dakota troop in the 
election of a delegate to congress. 
Next day we reached Platte creek and 


War 


camped near the ranch of Felicia Fal- 
las, an old time Indian trader and 
trapper. This was election day—Oc- 
tober 12, 1864—and the vote of the 
troops was taken by the commission- 
ers in the memorable campaign be- 
tween Gen. J. B. S. Todd and Dr. 
Walter A. Burleigh, the latter being 
elected by a heavy majority and re- 
elected two years later. From Platte 
Creek we moved rapidly down toward 
civilization, camping at White Swan 
and reaching Yankton agency on the 
14th, where we parted from Company 
B and did not see it again as an or- 
ganization. B Company went into 
winter quarters there, a detachment 
being sent to Tacket’s station and 
Chouteau creek, and spent the season 
carrying dispatches and doing escort 
duty, the next spring taking the field 
again under Gen. Sully. We bid adieu 
to our friends, camped the first night 
at Chouteau creek and reached Dr. 
Burleigh’s farm at Bon Homme the 
second day, where he gave us a royal 
welcome and inviting us to his house 
treated us like princes of the blood. 
We left this hospitable camp very 
early the next morning and arrived 
in Yankton in time for breakfast 
which the most of us took at the Ash 
hotel, which stood where the Merch- 
ants now is. Here the 6th Iowa left 
us and proceeded down to Sioux City, 
while A company went up to the 
mouth of Beaver creek and relieved 
a detachment of Iowa boys who had 
built quarters there near Mr. Strunk’s 
place during the summer. There the 
writer was detailed to garrison these 
quarters with a detachment of forty 
men, while Captain Miner with the 
main part of the company were sta- 
tioned for the winter at Vermillion 
and a small detachment was sent 


816 


War 


down to Richland. We had just got 
comfortably settled in our quarters 
after hard work in fitting up, putting 
in floors, hanging doors and building 
stables when I received orders to re- 
port with my force to the captain at 
Vermillion. We were mad enough, 
but there was nothing to do but obey, 
though we did not neglect the soldiers’ 
prerogative to growl, and I growl yet 
when I think of the work I had done 
to make ourselves and our horses 
comfortable and then have to leave it 
all for some others comfort while we 
were compelled to do it all over else- 
where. However we were soon set- 
tled at Vermillion, where we passed 
a mild winter, with comparatively 
light duties, consisting chiefly of tak- 
ing care of ourselves and our horses 
and carrying an occasional despatch 
to Sioux City or Yankton. While at 
Vermillion the company did one note- 
worthy thing. That town was Capt. 
Miner’s home, and he resolved to 
build a school house. To plan was to 
act with Capt. Miner and work was 
commenced at once. 

We lost during our term of enlist- 
ment, by death, James Cummings, 
John McBee and John Tallman. Cum- 
mings and McBee died in the hos- 
pital at Ft. Randall after lingering ill- 
nesses, and were buried with military 
honors in the post cemetery. Tallman 
froze to death while hunting in Ne- 
braska opposite Vermillion in the win- 
ter of 1864-5. He and George Pike 
started out together, and after cross- 
ing the river, separated. Pike re- 
turned alone in the evening, but con- 
cluding that Tallman had stopped to 
visit some Nebraska acquaintances, 
we were not at all concerned, although 
the -veather was intensely cold. About 
the middle of the next forenoon a 


War 


settler came to camp and reported 
that he had found a dead soldier in 
the timber across the river. A detail 
was sent out at once and his body 
was found, wrapped in his blanket, 
and lying at full length. 

For disability there were discharg- 
ed from Company A George Herrick, 
Henry Snow, Joseph Cramer, John 
Gibson and Michael Fisher. John 
Fell was discharged under the “boy 
act,” he being under age when he en- 
listed. One soldier was drummed out 
of service at the point of the bayonet. 

One member of our company was 
dishonorably discharged and conduct- 
ed out of camp by a fife and drum 
corps playing the rogue’s march, he 
having been convicted by a garrison 
court martial of a violation of the 
articles of war. He was very young, 
scarcely eighteen, and immediately 
enlisted and went south, where he 
made an honorable record as a sol- 
dier, and has lived a life since which 
has made him honored and respected 
by every one. 

The winter at Vermillion passed 
without noteworthy incident in our 
camp. We rejoiced over the surrend- 
er of Lee, and were depressed by the 
news of Lincoln’s death, but our spir- 
its were soon revived by information 
that we would be mustered out on 
May 9th, and on that long hoped for 
day Captain Theaker of the regular 
army arrived to perform the muster 
out ceremony. Then came the last 
roll call, the usual farewells, and the 
members of A company were out of 
the United States service, never as 
an organization to meet again. 

In May, 1865, B company accompa- 
nied General Sully upon another ex- 
pedition against the Sioux up the 
river. They went up to Fort Sully, 


817 


War 


and thence across to Devil’s Lake, but 
found no Indians, the hostiles being 
west of the river. On this expedition 
the B men were under command of 
Captain Tripp. They arrived at Sioux 
City in the fall. 

A detachment of twenty-five men 
from B company was detailed, under 
command of Lieut. John R. Wood, to 
escort Colonel Sawyers’ expedition to 
Idaho under orders from the govern- 
ment to establish an emigrant road 
from Sioux City to the gold fields. 
Colonel Sawyers, in command of an 
Iowa regiment, had served in the In- 
dian war. The expedition left Sioux 
City as soon as the grass started in 
the spring, and came up river until 
opposite Yankton, where Lieutenant 
Wood and his men crossed over and 
joined them, and then made over to 
the Niobrara, and followed up that 
stream around the western base of 
the Black Hills, and reached Powder 
river, where trouble commenced. Here 
the command was surrounded by sev- 
eral hundred hostiles for fifteen days, 
during which time there was constant 
skirmishing, but only one man lost, 
young Hedges, of Sioux City. Finally 
the Indians withdrew, and the expedi- 
tion reached Tongue river, where it 
was again held up three days by the 
hostiles, but got away without casual- 
EVs When the Crow country was 
reached Colonel Sawyers felt that he 
could dispense with the escort, as the 
Crows were friendly, and the Dakota 
boys retraced their steps and reached 
Sioux City in the fall in time to rejoin 
the company, which was soon after 
mustered out. 

Dakota Cavalry 

The Company Descriptive Book of 
Company A, Dakota Cavalry, 1862-1865 
is not in the War Department and 


War 


has probably been lost. The follow- 
ing roster was made from memory by 
Sergeant A. M. English, Second Lieu- 
tenant David Benjamin and Thomas 
Tate in 1899 and is believed to in- 
clude all men who served in this com- 
pany: 


Captain Nelson Miner of A Company, 
came to Dakota from Adel, Iowa, in 1860 
and settled at Vermillion where he en- 
gaged in the hotel business. He return- 
ed to Vermillion at the close of the war 
and continued to reside there until his 
death October 24, 1879. His sons, William 
and Charles are still honored citizens of 
Beadle county. 

First Lieutenant J. K. Fowler, resigned, 
was the first lieutenant of Company. A. 
He was not a military man, but was 
the brother-in-law of the Secretary of 
the Territory (John Hutchinson). Mr. 
Fowler was a single man, about twenty- 
three years old, of excellent habits, but 
had no employment while in Dakota ex- 
cept his lieutenancy. He remained with 
the company about one year, and then 
resigned and left for California where he 
secured a position which may have been 
either with a mining or a railroad com- 
pany. He was occasionally heard from 
during the 20 years following, and appear- 
ed to be prosperous and contented. It 
was reported that he removed to Utah or 
Idaho later. (Geo. W. Kingsbury.) 

First Lieutenant Frederick Plughoff, re- 
signed, was the first Second Lieutenant 
of Company A, an ex-soldier and well 
instructed in the military art. He was 
about 30 years old and we do not learn 
that he had a local residence in Da- 
kota. He gave the members of the Com- 
pany their preliminary instruction during 
the winter of 1861-2, and was regarded 
as nearer proficient than the other of- 
ficers. He was promoted to First Lieu- 
tenant when Mr. Fowler resigned, but 
did not continue long in that capacity. 
He resigned and was succeeded by 2nd 
Lieut. James M. Bacon. He did not re- 
main in the territory after his resigna- 
tiomukG. Wieks) 

First Lieutenant James M. Bacon was 
Ist Lieutenant of Co. A, appointed in 
1862, and served with credit to the close 
of the Civil and Indian War in 1865. His 
family resided in Sioux City. He was 
a popular officer with the company and 
held in high esteem generally. He was 
in command of a detachment of the Com- 
pany when the Governor ordered the 
evacuation of Sioux Falls in August, 
1862, having no adequate force to protect 
the settlers from Indian raids. After the 
close of the war he engaged in the hard- 
ware business in Sioux City; and contin- 
ued in that business for a number of 
years, and until his death. (G. W. K.) 

Second Lieutenant Dewitt C. Smith, of 
Wisconsin, who succeeded Lt. Bacon as 
2nd Lieutenant of Co. A, was not a Da- 


818 


War: 


kotan and for that reason his appoint- 
ment gave rise to more or less criticism 
among the members of the company who 
felt that the place should have been fill- 
ed by promotion from the boys in the 
ranks, and this feeling was shared by 
friends outside the company. Mr. Smith 
was an agreeable gentleman but had no 
special aptitude for the profession of 
arms, and as Company A was constantly 
employed in active duty, generally in 
separate detachments during the first 
two years or more, it was felt that the 
commands -should be entrusted to sol- 
diers of experience. Hence D. C. Smith 
felt it incumbent to resign after a few 
months, and David Benjamin was ap- 
pointed from a corporalship to the vac- 
ancy. 

Second Lieutenant David Benjamin, lat- 
er of Beresford, died at Hot Springs 
Soldier’s Home, March 18, 1914, aged 82 
years. He lived for many years near 
’ Beresford, Union County. He was made 
2nd lieutenant of Company A while at 
Fort Rice in July, 1864. 


Top Sergeant A. M. English, of Yank- 
ton, was born at Middlesbury, Vermont, 
December 22, 1836. Settled in Yankton 
1860. Served as first sergeant in Dakota 
cavalry in war of outbreak. Served in 
legislature of 1865 and as mayor of 
Yankton three terms. Contractor and 
ori ee Died at Yankton February 9, 


Second Sergeant Patrick Conway was 
second sergeant of Company A. He was 
a citizen of Cedar county, Nebraska, 
when he enlisted. He had been in the 
regular army, had been honorably dis- 
charged, and had taken up land in Cedar 
county and begun farming. He was a 
single man, on the shady side of 30; a 
genial, whole-souled gentleman, born in 
Ireland and spoke the language with a 
broad accent. He was an excellent sol- 
dier and served with credit. He was 
not aware that his residence and voting 
privilege remained in Nebraska when he 
enlisted in Dakota, and was somewhat 
chagrined when his vote was thrown out, 
as illegal, in the Todd and Jayne con- 
gressional contest of 1862. Congress 
threw it out on the ground of non-resi- 
dence in the Territory when he enlisted. 
He settled in Yankton after his discharge 
from the army, became a citizen, and 
was employed for a number of years 
as the Chief of City Policemen. It was 
said that he perfected his title to his 
Nebraska pre-emption, but became a cit- 
izen of Dakota. He died a number of 
years ago. ‘‘He lived respected and died 
regretted.’”’ (G. W. K.) 


Commissary Sergeant Kerwin Wilson - 


was commissary sergeant of Company A. 
He was a single man, and came into 
the Dakotas with the Hanson party in 
1859 and probably settled in Charles Mix 
county as he is found there immediately 
after his discharge, on a claim. He was 
a young man of intelligence and energy. 
He took an interest in the political af- 
fairs of Charles Mix; held important 


War 


county offices, and represented the coun- 
ty in the early legislature. (G. W. K.) 

Sergeant Peter F. Holden. 

Sergeant William Neuman enlisted in 
Company A and was made a sergeant. 
He was a German emigrant, a single man, 
and was one of the colony of that nation- 
ality that took the first claim near James 
river on the west side and within a few 
miles of Yankton during 1859, 1860 and 
1861. He was a tall muscular young 
man and -had no dread of the Indians. 
He was among the best of the soldiers 
and quite popular in the company. After 
the war he returned to his claim, mar- 
ried and became the father of one daugh- 
ter, called Nettie or Nellie. Mr. Neuman 
moved from Dakota later, and selected 
an abiding place in Missouri. (G. W. K.) 

Sergean Benjamin F. Estes was a ser- 
geant in Company A, and served with 
eredit during the war. He enlisted in 
1861 from Union county, or what subse- 
quently became Union county. Was 
about 25 years of age and a farmer. 
He was a man of excellent character. 
He settled either in Union or Charles 
Mix after the war, and accumulated a 
competency by his industry. (G. W. K.) 

Sergeant Jesse B. Watson, of Sioux 
Falls. _ 

Sergeant Horace J. Austin, of Vermil- 
lion, born in Washington county, N. Y., 
July: ike 1837. »-Andand«surveyor by: pro- 
fession, he settled in Yankton in 1859. 
Served in Dakota cavalry throughout the 
war and at the close settled at Vermil- 
lion. He was several times a member 
of the legislature, and while serving in 
the house of representatives at Pierre, 
died on February 27, 1891. 

Sergeant Charles B. Stager enlisted in 
Company A from Bon Homme county 
under recruiting officer Jas. M. Allen. 
He was one of the Minnesota colony that 
settled in that county during 1859, 1860 
and 1861. He came from Mantorville. 
He was one of the sergeants of the com- 
pany and every inch a soldier. His age 
cannot be accurately stated, but he was 
nearing 25 judging from his appearance 
and conversation. He was a farmer and 
a single man. He may have settled in 
Bon Homme county after his discharge 
from the army in 1865, but we find no 
record of his residence. (G. W. K.) 

Corporal Joseph Ellis was a popular 
and trusted member of Company A, and 
resided, after the war, in Charles Mix 
county, and we have an impression that 
his residence was in Charles Mix or Bon 
Homme county before enlisting. He was 
one of the settlers and soldiers who are 
termed by neighbors and comrades as 
“a square man” fearless as a soldier and 
citizen of exemplary and enterprising 
character. He pursued the honorable oc- 
cupation of farmer after retiring from the 
service and remained a citizen of Charles 
Mix. ielivine; he “1s: yet ta. citizen sof 
that county. (G. W. K.) 

Corporal William Young enlisted from 
Bon Homme under officer Allen. He was 
one of the pioneers who removed from 


819 


War 


Mantorville, Minn., in 1858 with the Shob- 
er colony which formed the nucleus of the 
first settlement of Bon Homme. Mr. 
Young was a single man, and about 
twenty-five years old, and one of the 
finest vocalists in Company A. His an- 
cestry was Scotch. He was endowed 
with more than ordinary intellect, and 
was an exemplary soldier. Sometime af- 
ter his discharge he took up the clerical 
work in a companionable way with Mer- 
ril Lathrop and also sought a field for 
a oe work in New England. (G. W. 
<.) 

Corporal George Falkinburg was a resi- 
dent of Bon Homme county and one of 
the Shober pioneer party who came from 
Minnesota in 1858 and located at the 
old town of Bon Homme. He was a 
young man about the age of 22, and en- 
listed in Company A in 1861 from Bon 
Homme county. At the close of the war 
he settled in Yankton county, and took 
unto himself a wife, Miss Olive Stone, 
daughter of the pioneer, James M. Stone. 
His wife died a few years after her 
marriage. One son was born to them, 
who is now engaged in the publication 
of a newspaper at Scotland. Mr. Falk- 
inburg served for a number of years 
as deputy U. S. Marshal under L. H. 
Litchfield, in which employment he won 
renown because of his success in finding 
his man who in a number of instances 
had sought an asylum with some of the 
Indian tribes. Leaving employment as 
marshal he engaged in the live stock 
business near the Black Hills, and quit- 
ting that entered the South Dakota Sol- 
dier’s Home where he died several years 
ago. (G. W. K.) 

Chris C. Brured, Scandinavian nation- 
ality, had lived for. a brief time on a 
claim west of Vermillion. He was highly 
respected and enlisted in Company A, in- 
duced by a belief that it was his duty 
at the time. He served with much cred- 
it to the end of the war, then returned 
to his farm, and after a brief time was 
married to a Yankton county lady, Caro- 
line Olson. Some years later, the fam- 
ily removed to Caledonia in the northern 
part of Dakota Territory. (G. W. K.) 

Amos Shaw was an early resident at 
Sioux Falls and Vermillion. At the lat- 
ter place he taught the first school in 
the famous school house in the ravine. 
He died recently in Washington. 

Adolph Mauksch, a native of Germany, 
settled in the western part of Yankton 
county, south of Lakeport in 1861. He 
was a single man. He enlisted in Com- 
pany A the following winter and became 
one of the non-commissioned staff. He 
served during the war and was known 
as an all-round excellent soldier. Re- 
tiring from the army in 1865, he returned 
to his claim; took a wife and entered 
upon his life of opening up a farm on 
the virgin soil of Yankton county. The 
remainder of his long life was devoted 
to this work, and he had the satisfaction 
of enjoying for many years one of the 
finest farm homes and most productive 
farms in the Territory. His was a fruit 


War 


farm, a grain farm and a live stock farm. 
From his porch he overlooked many 
miles of the most attractive scenic por- 
tions of the Missouri river as well as the 
noble stream. He died at his farm resi- 
dence a few years ago, an aged vet- 
eran. (G. W. K.) 

Charles Wright, of Yankton, born in 
Virginia August 14, 1847, died at Yankton 
April 25, 1916. Served many years as 
peace officer. 

Amund Hanson was among the new- 
comers at Vermillion in 1860 or 1861. He 
enlisted under Captain Miner at that 
point. He was one of the Norwegian re- 
ecruits and a fine young man. After quit- 
ting the service in 1865 he remained in 
the Territory and took up land south 
of Meckling in Clay county where he 
died several: years ago. He was one of 
the enterprising farmers of that section, 
and secured a competency. (G. W. K.) 

Edwin Wilkins may have been a resi- 
dent of Sioux City when he enlisted in 
Company A in 1862. His record as a 
soldier was without a blemish and when 
he retired from the service or soon after, 
he engaged in the agricultural implement 
business in Sioux City. He was a denom- 
inational Christian—a Methodist. (G. W. 
K.) 
Annanias Jones was holding a claim in 
the western part of Bon Homme county, 
near the Missouri river in 1861-2 at the 
time he enlisted in Company A. He had 
a wife and one child and it is claimed 
that Wales was the land of his nativity. 
He served as a soldier until he was mus- 
tered out and enjoyed the respect and 
confidence of his comrades. His descend- 
ants are now residing on the old pioneer 
claim which has come to be a fine farm 
and an attractive rural home. (G. W. 
K.) 

Robert Burkhardt came to Dakota with 
the earliest German colony in 1859 or 
1860 and lived with John Solberger about 
4 miles northeast of Yankton. He was 
a mechanie and an excellent blacksmith; 
a single man about 21 years of age. He 
became a member of Company A, and 
was appointed company blacksmith, dis- 
charging his duties with credit. He 
launched into the blacksmithing busi- 
ness at Yankton after quitting the mili- 
tary service, and remained at the head of 
a prosperous industry for about 30 years 
when continuous ill health compelled his 
retirement. He died at Yankton in 1914. 
He married at the close of the war. His 


widow syrvives him and resides on their 


farm a few miles west of Yankton. (G. 
W. K.) ; 


: Privates 
The first spelling is as supplied by 
Sergeant English, the enclosed spell- 
ing is as printed in Kingsbury’s His- 
tory of Dakota Territory. 


Alderson, Richard. 
John E. Allen was an American, and 
a lawyer, who was among the earliest 


820 


War 


pioneers of Sioux Falls. He was a na- 
tive of Ohio. He came to Yankton and 
enlisted in Company A in 1862. His mil- 
itary record was creditable. What part 
he took or where he abided after the 
war, we have been unable to ascertain. 
(MG WV. 1K?) 


Edward Anderson was a Norwegian, 
who was one of the recruits secured 
by Captain Miner at Vermillion. His 
military record was an honorable one. 
Retiring from the service with Company 
A in 1865, he settled on a claim north- 
west of Vermillion where he _ resided 
when last reported, and was known as 
a prosperous farmer. If living he is 
ce four score years of age. (G. W. 


Michael Anderson, a young man and 
a Norwegian, was a pioneer of the low- 
er James valley and enlisted in Company 
A, probably under recruiting officer Fow- 
ler of the Yankton district. He was an 
efficient soldier and an exemplary young 
man. After the war he settled on the 
James River land and was there, hale 
and hearty, when last heard from. (G. 
a de a 5 eh 


Cornelius Andrews was an American 
born and bred, and lived at .Vermillion 
at the time of his enlistment in Com- 
pany A. He was a married man, by oc- 
cupation a farmer, made a faithful sol- 
dier and was mustered out with the 
company at Vermillion in 1865, and went 
back to his farm. His present where- 
abouts are not known, but if he is liv- 
me he is about 80 years of age. (G. W. 


Bell, John. 


Benj. F. Bellows was a member of Com- 
pany A, and was dismissed from the 
Sees before his term expired. (G. W. 

4 


George Bellows was a native of the 
United States, about 23 years old, a mar- 
ried man, who had taken a-claim near 
Vermillion where he resided at the time 
of his enlistment in Company A. He re- 
turned to his farm after being mustered 
out, but of his subsequent career we 
have no information. (G. W. K.) See 
roster of Company B. 


Henry Bellows was probably a young- 
er brother of George and unmarried. He 
was a native of an eastern state. He 
held a claim near Vermillion when he 
enlisted in Company A, and returned to 
it when he was honorably discharged 
from the service in 1865. If living. he 
would be about 75 years of age. (G. W. 
K.) 


W. W. Benedict was born at Provi- 
dence, Lucerne county, Pa., February 5, 
1831. Emigrated by way of New York 
to Austin, Minn., in 1858 and thence by 
way of Dixon county, Nebraska, in 1860 
and then canoed across the river to Ver- 
million, D. T., where he settled in 1860 
with his family and took up land. He 
joined the army in 1862, and served with 
credit to the end of the war. Return- 


War 


ing to civil life he removed to eastern 
Yankton county and became a prominent 
citizen of the county. He acquired a 
competency and later went to the Black 
Hills where he prospered, returning to 
Springfield, where he resides with his 
daughter’s family. He is now about 82 
years old and in fairly good health. (G. 
W. K.) 


John Betz was a member of Company 
A, and belonged to the German colony 
that made the first early settlement west 
of the James in what is now Yankton 
county. He was a farmer, and was hon- 
orably discharged from service in 1865, 
after which he found a wife, Miss Do- 
ritta Donaldson, and settled on his early 
pre-emption. His death occurred a few 
years later, and his widow became the 
wife of John Woodman. (G. W. K.) 


John Bradley, born in Ireland, was a 
brother of Henry Bradley, of Yankton, 
both among the earliest of Dakota’s pio- 
neers and both having served in the 
regular army. John Bradley  re-en- 
tered the service in 1861 by _ enlist- 
ing in Company A and serving 
throughout the war. He was honorably 
discharged, settled at Yankton and re- 
sided with his brother Henry who was 
a hotel keeper. Jonn died at Yankton 
about 20 years ago. 


David Campbell had been a Missouri 
river steamboat pilot prior to enlisting 
in Company A in the winter of 1861-2. 
He was a single man, about 40 years old, 
and made an excellent soldier. He set- 
tled at Yankton on retiring from the 
army and engaged as a pilot on the Gov- 
ernment snag-boats which were then de- 
stroying the nests of snags with which 
the upper river abounded to the serious 
hindrance of navigation. He went to 
the Black Hills in 1877. (G. W. K.) 

John Claude was a native of old 
France, came to Yankton county and 
took up land in the neighborhood of the 


‘Germany colony near James river. He 


was a single man and enlisted in Com- 
pany A in the winter of 1861-2. His mil- 
itary services were decidedly creditable 
and at times exceedingly hazardous and 
arduous. He returned to his land at the 
close of the war, found a wife, cultivat- 
ed his farm for a few years and then 
removed, but where to we have been un- 
able to ascertain. (G. W. K.) 


John Collins was a pioneer of the Mis- 
souri and Vermillion valley region and 
enlisted in Company A under Capt. Min- 
er. He was a married man. He was 
a prominent man among those who laid 
the foundations of Dakota’s settlement 
and was prominently identified with early 
common school work. 

Cramer, Joseph. 

Cummings, James. 

Nelson Cusick was a young farmer who 
by himself or his parents had taken up 
land east of the Vermillion in 1861. He 
enlisted in Company A under Capt. Min- 
er who was recruiting officer for the 


821 


War 


Vermillion district, no counties having 
as yet been defined, in the winter of 
1861-2, being one of a number of the 
earliest immigrants to the Territory. 
Cusick was of Norwegian parentage. He 
served with credit during the war and 
was mustered out with the company at 
Vermillion, in the spring of 1865. He was 
living on his farm three miles east of 
Vermillion. (G. W. K.) 


Deloney, (Delaney) Sahil. 


Neils Ellingson enlisted from the Ver- 
million district during the winter of 
1861-2. He had taken up land west of 
the lower Vermillion river not far from 
the old town of Vermillion under the 
bluffs which were washed away in the 
great flood of 1881. Neils’ record as a 
soldier entitled him to an honorable dis- 
charge, which he received. The entire 
company received an official commenda- 
tion at the time of its ‘‘muster out” and 
it was because of the uniform excellent 
soldierly deportment of the members of 
the company that we get no occasion to 
note the promotion of its private mem- 
bers, who were worthy of promotion, but 
no vacancies were open ‘for cause.’’ 
Ellingson died several years ago at his 


farm home west of Vermillion. (G. W. 
K.) 
Felling, Nicholas. 


Michael Fisher was a pioneer of the 
Territory, coming out from  Pennsyl- 
vania in the fall of 1860. He reached 
Sioux City late in the season, and walked 
from that point to Yankton carrying his 
baggage on the end of a cane across 
his shoulder. He was a brother of David 
Fisher, the blacksmith, a single man, 
about 21 years old. He enlisted in Com- 
pany A, in 1861, but owing to poor health 
did not serve out the term of enlistment. 
Retiring from military service, he learn- 
ed the printer’s trade in the office of 
the weekly Dakotan, which occupation 
he followed for several years. He mar- 
ried a Michigan lady about 1864, built 
a dwelling-house on the northwest cor- 
ner of Second and Linn streets, wherein 
he made his home until death came at 
the close of a long and painful illness. 
He served as Justice of the Peace two 
terms in Yankton. He left a widow, one 
son and one daughter. (G. W. K.) 


Fjeltvet, Herman P. 
Floeder, Julius. 


John G. Ford enlisted in Company A 
at Vermillion in the winter of 1861-2. 
His name was Ferde and his nationality 
Norwegian but as the name was _ pro- 
nounced Ford he finally adopted it. He 
was a single man and farmer, and retir- 
ed from the service with an honorable 
discharge. He died in Clay county in 
PSS5 hee CG eWeek) 


Louis Frick was a German and a 
younger brother of Thomas Frick. He 
became a member of Company A and 
made an excellent military record, cross- 
ing the Bad Lands with Sully in 1864. 
After quitting the service in 1865, he 


8 


War 


took a homestead in the valley of the 
Jim river south of Henry Strunk's, and 
three and a half miles from Yankton. 
He was an adventurer and went to the 
Black Hills in 1877, and finally drifted 
away to the Pacific Coast, where becom- 
ing incapacitated for iabor, he entered 


the California Soldier’s home, and died 
there. He was not a married man. (4G. 
Wie) : 


Thomas Frick was a tnember of Com- 
pany A which he joined during the win- 
ter of 1861-2. He was a native of Leigh- 
enstein, Germany; emigrated to America 
in 1852, settled in Iowa and remained 
there until 1859, removing with his fam- 
ily to Dakota Territory in August 1859, 
where he took a pre-emption on the west 
bank of the James river 4 miles north- 
east of the townsite of Yankton which 
was laid out the same year. The public 
land had not been surveyed, and he took 
a ‘‘squatter’s right’’ and joined the 
“Yankton Claim Club,’’ an organization 
for the defense of this class of early set- 
tlers. Mr. Frick was about 30 years of 
age at this time and a staunch Demo- 
crat. He was also a public spirited citi- 
zen. His pioneer cabin stood near the 
bank of the river, and when the Little 
Crow outbreak occurred in August 1562, 
a band of Indians made a hostile excur- 
sion down the river valley on the east 
side and poured a volley of bullets into 
the logs which composed the structure, 
but it was not occupied, the family hav- 
ing been removed to Yankton the day be- 
fore. Frick’s military record was highly 
honorable. He resumed farming on his 
claim at the close of the war in 1865, 
and remained on his pre-emption, pros- 
pering and rearing a family that is a 
credit to the State. One of his sons owns 
and cultivates the old place to this day, 
the old pioneer having died in 1888. He 
was a member of the Territorial legis- 
lature at one time and always active in 
promoting the public good. (G. W. K.) 


Gibson, (A.) John. 


Benjamin Gray removed from Nebraska 
to Yankton county in 1861 and with him 
came quite a family of grown boys and 
girls. He took up land but may not have 
made a settlement for though nearly 50 
years of age, enlisted in Company A in 
January 1862 and served throughout the 
war, retiring to Yankton at the close of 
hostilities and taking up his residence in 
the city, where he died a few years later. 
Mr. Gray was an American citizen. (G. 
W. K.) 

Josiah Gray was a_ son of Benjamin 
Gray, and enlisted in Company A, at the 
same time the elder joined. He served 
through the war and returned to Yank- 
ton and settled at the expiration of his 
military service. Here he remained sev- 
eral years, having married, and engaged 
in business which he successfully con- 
ducted until early in the present century, 
when he removed to St. Helena, Cedar 
county, Nebr., where he died quite sud- 


2 


War 


denly a few years later. He was an ex- 
cellent citizen and won an honorable dis- 
charge from the army. (G. W. K.) 


Zachariah Haggin was a pioneer of the 
lower James river valley in Yankton 
county. He occupied a tract of land in 
an abrupt turn of the river which was 
known as ‘“‘Haggin’s Bend.’ He was an 
American and a man with a family. His 
place subsequently became one of the 
polling places of the county. He enlisted 
in Company A in the late winter of 1861-2 
and served to the end of the war doing 
efficient service. His age was in the 
neighborhood of 30. He remained for 
many years on his farm, but ceased to be 
a resident years ago. Can give no in- 
formation of his later life. (G. W. K.) 


HK. Harrington enlisted in Company A 
at Vermillion in the winter of 1861-2 and 
served with credit through the Indian 
wars of the following three or four years. 
He resided on land west of Vermillion 
after being honorably discharged from 
the service, but we have no reliable in- 
formation concerning him for. several 
ae He was an American farmer. (G. 


Benjamin Hart was a young man about 
21, of good education and engaging man- 
ners, who enlisted in Company A at 
Yankton. He impressed one as a young 
gentleman who had seen something of 
the ways of men and women of the 
world, and was not averse to witnessing 
more of it. Frontier soldiering was a 
new experience but he was never known 
to object to scalping the foe when noth- 
ing milder would bring the desired re- 
sults. He came out of the war weather 
beaten but otherwise victorious, and re- 
mained at Yankton and Bon Homme a 
number of years, going to the Black Hills 
in 1876. He had been fairly well edu- 
cated, was evidently capable of taking 
care of himself, and while nothing was 
known to his Yankton chums of his later 
life, all who remember his genial pres- 
ence would wish him well. (G. W. K.) 


mMovplers ©... u. (Not in, English’s ‘list 
but in Kingsbury’s list.) 


George Hoosick was an American, a 
single man about 25 years of age when 
he enlisted in Company A in 1862. He 
was an industrious citizen and enterpris- 
ing. Owing to failing health he was re- 
leased from the service and returned to 
Yankton, where he built a chalkstone 
residence of attractive proportions, which 
is still in use as a comfortable dwelling. 
Later Mr. Hoosick was married to a 
daughter of Benjamin Gray and removed 
to Kansas about 1880, where he engaged 
in a profitable business. It is many years 
since we have had any information con- 
cerning him or his family. (G. W. K.) 


John Johnson who was a member of 
Company A was born in Norway and 
came to America with his parents in the 
last year of President Fillmore’s admini- 
stration. The family settled in Minne- 
sota and after a few years removed to 
North Bend, Nebraska, whence young 


War 
John was located in 1859 or 1860 and 
from whence they crossed the Missouri 


river and settled near the lakes in the 
lower James river valley. John enlisted 
in the early spring of 1862 joining the re- 
cruited squad under Lieut. Fowler. He 
proved to be one of the most capable 
soldiers in the company, always ready for 
duty. He held a claim near the lakes, 
and it may be that he took it up after 
he was discharged in 1865, for he had a 
farm and home near Gayville, and died 
ClieGen iN s7 came Gre VV eae) : 


James Kinney, a worthy soldier and 
member of Company A during the Civil 
War, may have enlisted from Sioux City 
or from Covington, Nebraska. He was a 
single man and an American. After the 
war he took up steamboat employment 
for a time and was Captain of the ferry 
boat that plied between Springfield and 
Santee. He was identified with Coving- 
ton, Neb. for a number of years. (G. W. 
ik) 


Ole B. Larson, who subsequently be- 
came quite a prominent citizen of Clay 
county, enlisted in Company A at Ver- 
million under Capt. Miner in the win- 
ter of 1861-62. He was a young Norweg- 
ian farmer of superior intelligence and 
served his adopted country faithfully dur- 
ing the long Sioux Indian war which con- 
tinued until it was starved out by General 
Sully in his Bad Lands campaign of 1864, 
in which Larson with Company A par- 
ticipated with marked credit. After his 
discharge from the service Larson be- 
came a Clay county farmer, and was 
later elected to the Territorial legis- 
lature. He was conducting his farm 
work and was hale and hearty when this 
scribe heard of him in 1915. Larson had 
a reputation for efficiency, ability and 


honesty. (G. W. K.) 
Merrill G. Lathrop, occupation un- 
known, but probably farmer. Probably 


son of Marcellus Lathrop. who was one 
of the pioneers of Vermillion, coming 
there from North Bend, Nebr., in 1860. 
He enlisted in Co. A, in 1861, was a single 
man,age about 25,and an excellent soldier. 
He served to the close of the war, and 
within a few years thereafter removed 
east, took up the study of theology and 
became finally an evangelist, in which 
work he was quite successful. (G. W. 
K.) 


Ole Lewison was a young Norwegian 
claim holder when he enlisted in Com- 
pany A, under recruiting officer, Lieut. 
Fowler, in the winter of 1861-2. He-was 
well educated and entered the army as 
a matter of principle. He felt that his 
country needed him and it was his bound- 
en duty to take up arms in its defense. 
His record as a soldier was above re- 
proach and he was among those most re- 
spected when the timé came for the 
boys to return to civil life. He became 
a Clay county farmer, selecting his claim 
northwest of Vermillion. He served his 
legislative district a term or two in the 
Territorial Legislature. He died several 


823 


War 


years ago, and left his family well provid- 
ed for. His sons are still conducting the 
pioneer farm. (G. W. K.) 


Charles Long was an American-Ger- 
man, a single man, and enlisted in Com- 
pany A at Yankton. He was one of the 
most useful of soldiers, being an expert 
butcher. At the close of the war in com- 
pany with Charles Wright, as ‘Long and 
Wright’ established a meat market at 
Yankton. <A few years later Long went 
to Sioux City and became immersed in 
the commercial affairs of that rapidly 
growing metropolis, and was soon lost 
to his Dakota friends. (GQ. W. K.) 


Jacob Ludwig enlisted tn Company A 
at Yankton. He was an American-Ger- 
man and an enterprising young man. 
His occupation was that of a brick mason 
and in 1874 he built the Pacific Hotel on 
Cedar Street, Yankton, opposite the Ma- 
sonic Temple, and became a hotel keep- 
er. He remained in Yankton county for 
a number of years. He was married to 
a Yankton lady and finally removed to 
LeMars, Iowa, and thence to Kansas, 
where illness or other misfortunes took 
him. He then entered the Soldier’s Home 
of that state, where he died. (G. W. K.) 


James H. McBee, died in hospital at 
Fort Randall, during his term of enlist- 
ment. (G. W. K.) 


John McClellan, who came to his death 
in Sioux Falls in 1899 through being 
crushed under the elevator in the Van 
Eps Building, was of Irish birth, but 
as to his age and life nothing is known 
except that he came to Sioux Falls in 
1857 and took a quarter section of land 
within the townsite which laid the foun- 
dation of the fortune which has for 18 
pager occupied the courts of South Da- 
ota. 


Thomas A. McLeese was of Scotch par- 
entage, and probably from Canada to 
Detroit, Mich. He came out to Dakota 
from that place in 1859 with Mr. Red- 
field, the first Yankton Indian Agent, 
as the agency carpenter, and laid the 
foundations of Greenwood, the Yankton 
Indian Agency village. He was a mar- 
ried man with no children, and in 1860 
removed with his wife and brother-in- 
law, Mr. Bordino, to Yankton, and as- 
sisted in constructing the first log cabins 
of the first capital city. He built the 
McLeese House and kept hotel after the 
pioneer fashion. He enlisted in Com- 
pany A in 1862 and served with credit 
during the long campaign against the 
Sioux Indians, and was mustered out 
with the company at Vermillion in 1865, 
bearing the badge of ‘well done, good 
and faithful servant.’’ He then returned 
to Yankton, engaged in the building in- 
dustry and was employed with the pub- 
lic land surveying parties, finally drift- 
ing away to the Black Hills in 1876, and 
farther west. We have no tidings of 
ra man’s subsequent career. (G. W. 


John Maskell was a member of Com- 
pany A and one of its early members. 


War 


We get no trace of his residence or em- 
ployment until some years after the com- 
pany was mustered out. We find that 
he was living on a farm on Lime Creek, 
Cedar county, Nebr., in 1885. He was 
then a farmer and forging ahead. (G. 
W. K.) i 


M. J. Minde was a young man and a 
bachelor, and an excellent musician—an 
expert violinist. He came from Norway 
where the family resided in the enjoy- 
ment of much wordly wealth. Young 
Minde had disappointed his father in de- 
clining a matrimonial alliance, which re- 
sulted in his abandoning the parental 
roof and emigrating to America and to 
Dakota where he enlisted in Company A 
and proved a valiant soldier. He re- 
mained a resident of Yankton a number 
of years after leaving the service, taught 
music principally, took a claim in the 
vicinity of Mission Hill, and finally re- 
moved to California where he was living 
when last heard from. (G. W. K.) 


John J. Morse was known as ‘‘Deacon 
Morse.” He was appointed one of the 
first Census enumerators in 1861, by Gov. 
Jayne and assigned to Charles Mix and 
the west of the Missouri settlements in- 
cluding Fort Randall. He was at Sioux 
Falls prior to this. He enlisted in Com- 
pany A among the first and served with 
credit. He was a single man of fair 
ability, and may have been a professor. 
Of his career after leaving the service 
nothing is definitely known. (G. W. K.) 


Munson, Albert. 


Andrew Olson was a son of Louis Ol- 
son, who emigrated from Norway and 
settled on the east bank of James river 
near the German settlement in 1860. 
Andrew was one of the oldest boys in a 
numerous family. He was a single man. 
His military record was excellent. After 
the war he returned to the pioneer cabin 
and home and assisted in farm work. 
His. father died about 1889, having long 
are) the four score period of life. (G. 


Christian Olson was a member of the 
Louis Olson family, pioneers of Yankton 
county. An elder brother and himself 
became members of Company A. He 
made an excellent soldier, and returned 
to the parental home at the close of the 
war, but as to his subsequent career we 
have no information. (G. W. K.) 


Oleson, (Olson) Ole. 


Peter Omeg was a naturalized citizen 
whose native country was Germany. He 
enlisted at Vermillion and his occupa- 
tion was given as laborer. His military 
record was without a flaw. At the close 
of the war he obtained employment with 
the steamboat people, and later settled 
in Sioux City, and engaged in business. 
(Gi Wie a) 

Orland, Ole N. 


James Peters was an early settler of 
Yankton county, an active steady young 
man, but he contracted one of the earl- 
iest marriages’ in Yankton. His bride 


824 


War 


was a Nebraska girl and in order to 
secure her the couple eloped from the 
girl’s parental roof, crossed the Missouri 
in a dug-out, made their way to the 
James river ferry house, where the knot 
was tied by Rev. Ingham, the pioneer 
Methodist minister of Dakota. Peters 
enlisted in Company A subsequently and 
was known as an efficient soldier always 
ready for duty. We cannot gain the least 
information regarding the subsequent 
career of the family. (G. W. K.) 


Looman B. Phelps was an American 
citizen with a family consisting of wife 
and children, who lived on a claim near 
Vermillion at the time he entered the 
military service as a volunteer in Com- 
pany A. He was then over 30 years of 
age which would make him a nonagenar- 
ian if living at this date. He drifted to 
the Pacific coast before South Dakota 
became a‘state. (G. W. K.) 


Oscar Phelps was one of the early day 
stage drivers from Sioux City to Fort 
Randall. He enlisted in 1862 and earned 
the reputation of a good soldier. He 
was a married man, and said to be the 
father-in-law of Mr. Rokusek, a promi- 
nent farmer of the present day in Yank- 
ton county. (G. W. K.) 


Henry M. Pierce was a citizen of the 
Vermillion valley at the time of his en- 
listment. He was an American who had 
come in from either Iowa or Minnesota 
with a wife and children. He was about 
35 years old at the time and by occupa- 
tion a farmer. His present whereabouts 
3 not known to this writer. (G. W. 

George Pike, Jr., was born in Ohio, and 
had been a resident of Sioux City before 
coming into Dakota Territory in the 
spring of 1860. His trade was that of 
brick or stone mason and plaster work, 
but being a born frontiersman he had in- 
dulged in some adventures before settling 
down to army life which he did in 1861 
by enlisting in Company A. He was un- 
married and his age was about 23. His 
military record was creditable, and after 
his discharge from the army he took a 
claim near Utica in Yankton county, 
which he converted into an excellent 
farm: and followed farming for many 
years. He died at Yankton about 1900. 
A younger brother, Herbert Pike, who 
came with his father, is now one of the 
prominent citizens of the old capitol 
GLY nee CG W = IK.) 

Timothy Pringle was a pioneer veter- 
inary surgeon and blacksmith, but had 
barely begun his business at Vermillion 
or Yankton, before he joined Company 
A in 1862. He was an excellent mechanic 
and qualified veterinarian. He establish- 
ed himself in business at Yankton after 
the war, but being of an adventurous 
nature went to Montana in the early 
years of the occupation of that ‘Terri- 
tory. (G. W. K.) 


Ramsey, (R. A. Ranney) Peter A. 


Fred Robeart was the son or younger 
brother of Antoine Robeart, a Canadian 


War 


Frenchman who opened a business house 
in Yankton during the winter of 1861-2, 
and handled a restaurant and sold liquors 
at retail, the first of its kind in the Ter- 
ritory of Dakota. Fred enlisted in Com- 
pany A at Yankton, and became an ex- 
cellent cavalryman. He was a single 
man, about 21 years of age at enlistment. 
We know nothing of Fred’s career after 
leaving the army, his father or elder 
brother removing from Yankton in 1865. 
(GaTWiel. Fe) 


Philip Sherman was an American, mar- 
ried, who occupied a pre-emption claim 
quite close to Vermillion. He was quite 
young, not over 23. He enlisted in the 
winter of 1861-2, and made an efficient 
soldier. We have no information regard- 
ing him after his discharge in 1865 ex- 
cept that he returned to his pre-emption 
claim and proved up on it a short time 
atter., “(Gs Ws K:) 


Snow, Henry. 
Snow, John B. 
Snyder, William. 


John Solberger was a native of Prussia 
and had seen military service in the 
fatherland. He settled with the James 
river. German colony in Yankton county 


in 1860, and his relatives and descend- 


ants are cultivating his pioneer farm to 
this day. He enlisted in Company A in 
1861-2, and four years later was given 
an honorable discharge, when he return- 
ed to his farm which remained his home 
as long as he lived. Through his de- 
scendants his name has become familiar 
to the present generation, and the “old 
Solberger place’ is one of the landmarks 
of the James river valley. (G. W. K.) 


John Tallman enlisted in. Company A 
at Vermillion under Captain Miner. He 
was a single man, and highly esteemed 
by his comrades. He met death during 
his term of enlistment. He went out 
from the Vermillion camp one cold even- 
ing in December 1864 to secure a deer 
that he had discovered in the forest at 
that point, and was overcome by the 
cold of the night. A searching party 
found him in a sitting posture, his back 
to a tree, lifeless, rigidly frozen. The in- 
cident cast a gloom over the camp and 
the community where he was well and 
favorably known. (G. W. K.) 


Thomas Tate, came to Dakota July 10, 
1859 with the Shober party and settled 
at Bon Homme. He died at the Soldier’s 
Home April 1, 1910, aged 71 years. He 
was one of the builders of the famous 
Bon Homme log school house in 1859 or 
1860, the first school house in the Terri- 
tory of Dakota. He enlisted in Company 
A at Bon Homme and was one of the 
youngest of its members. He was fam- 


-ous as a speaker, and quite popular with 


the company members. It was said of 
him that he was never seen in an angry 
mood. He established a city water serv- 
ice at Yankton after leaving the army, 
hauling: the water from the Missouri riv- 
er and delivering it to the city consum- 
ers at 25 cents a barrel. He accumulated 


825 


War 


considerable money but competition de- 
stroyed the profitable feature of the busi- 
ness. He never married. (G. W. K.) 


Trucks, (Trake) Abraham J. 


John Trumbo was a pioneer of Clay 
county and enlisted in Company A at 
Vermillion early in 1862. He was an 
American and an enterprising young man 
with ambition to become useful to his 
fellow man. At the close of the war, or 
probably some years later he became 
identified with Charles Mix county and 
was chosen its legislative representative 
for several years after South Dakota be- 
came a state. (G. W. K.) 


Wambole, Charles. 


Thomas H. Weeks was a pioneer of 
Vermillion and held a claim near there 
when he enlisted in Company A, under 
Captain Miner. He was a young man of 
prominence among the pioneers of that 
day. At the close of his military service 
he conducted a farm about 7 miles north- 
west of Vermillion but because of ill 
health removed many years ago to Colo- 
rado. Knute, a brother, resides at Ver- 
million. Norway is the parent country 
of Thomas and his brother. One or both 
the brothers have represented Clay coun- 
1 in the Territorial legislature. (G. W. 
<>) 

Joachim Wells was a young married 
man at the time of his enlistment in 
Company A early in 1862, one of the 
youngest members of the Company. His 
occupation cannot be given, but it is 
morally certain that he had taken a pre- 
emption claim, the homestead law not 
having been enacted until later in 1862. 
Joachim had a wife but no children. We 
do not find him or his descendants in 
the list of Clay county’s people at the 
present day. (G. W. K.) 


Bucklin Wood was a pioneer of 1861, 
and a younger brother of Hon. Bligh 
Wood, prominent in our early political 
history. He enlisted in Company A at 
Vermillion, and became one of the best 
soldiers. He was a single man before 
his enlistment, but married after quitting 
the service. He remained in Yankton 
until the Black Hills were opened, be- 
came a pioneer of the gold regions, and 
returned and settled in Bon Homme 
county, at Tyndall, later than 1880. He 
was in good circumstances until about 
1911 when he was stricken suddenly with 
a malady that ended his life. (G. W. K.) 


Henry Woodruff was a resident of the 
East Vermillion settlement in 1861 and 
entered the government military service 
in 1862 by enlisting in Company A. He 
was of patriotic American stock and a 
native of an eastern state. He com- 
pleted his term of enlistment with honor 
and in 1865 returned to Clay county and 
opened a farm on the public lands where 
he resided and prospered for a number of 
years. He was one of those who aided 
materially in making the reputation of 
Clay county as the leading agricultural 
county of Dakota. (G. W. K.) 


War 


Company B., Dakota Cavalry 


William Tripp, Captain, appointed Oc- 
tober 21, 1862, was born in Maine in 1819. 
Was an older half brother of Bartlett 
Tripp. One of the earliest settlers of 
Yankton. After muster out of the com- 
pany he practiced law in Yankton and 
was an esteemed member of the Yankton 
Bar. He died in March 1878. 


John R. Wood, 1st Lieutenant, appoint- 
ed October 21, 1862, of Elk Point was 
born in Montgomery county, N. Y., Jan- 
uary 4, 1820. He commanded the escort 
that conducted the Sawyer wagon road 
expedition to Montana in 1865 and was 


held captive by Red Cloud_ for two 
weeks. He was appointed 1st Lieutenant 
Oct. 21, 1862. He died at Elk Point Oc- 


tober 29, 1911, being almost 92 years of 
age. : 
rT Elwood Clark, 2nd Lieutenant, ap- 
pointed Sept. 4, 1862, was born at Ken- 
nett Square, Penn. In the very early 
days of the territory he came to Yank- 
ton, where he engaged in newspaper work 
and also in the mercantile business. He 
was appointed 2nd lieutenant September 
4, 1862 and served as such until muster 
out in 1865. It appears that after the 
war he lived at Springfield, Mo., and then 
later moved to Kansas. He died April 
8, 1912, at Eureka Springs, Ark. 


Non-commissioned Officers 


Elijah K. Robinson, ist Sergeant. 
Josiah R. Sanborn, Sergeant. 
Louis St. Onge, Sergeant. 
Melancthon U. Hoyt, Sergeant. 
Samuel M. Crooks, Sergeant. 


Nathan McDaniels, Sergeant. 
Norris J. Wallace, Quartermaster Ser- 
geant. 


Eli B. Wixson, Commissary Sergeant. 
Sterling L. Parker, Corporal. 
Myron Sheldon, Corporal. 

Charles Leonard, Corporal. 

Sherman Clyde, Corporal. 

Lawrence Digman, Corporal. 
Ferdinand Turgeon, Corporal. 
Trobridge R. Jewell, Corporal. 

John S. Hall, Corporal. 

George W. Dimick, Corporal. 

Josiah Whitcomb, Farrier. 

John Fitzgibbon, Wagoner. 
Theodore Oleson, Blacksmith. 
William H. H. Fate, Corporal. 
William McDermott, Corporal. 


Privates 


Oliver Allen, age 18 born in Putnam 
county, Indiana, farmer, enlisted Octob- 
er 8, 1862 under militia recruiting offic- 
er Lieut. W. W. Adams at Elk Point. 
Honorably discharged when company was 
mustered out at Sioux City, Nov. 15, 1865. 
Allen then went in company with his 
uncle, Elijah Robinson to St. Johns, Ia., 
and from there out west. He has re- 
sided of late years at Vancouver, Wash- 
ington, where he held civil offices. (G. 
W. K.) 

John KE. Allen was not in Company B. 
J. Allen was in Company A. (G. W. K.) 


See roster of Company A. 


826 


War 


Henry Arend, age 41, born in Cassel, 
Germany, farmer, enlisted Nov. 1, 1862, 
at Elk Point, under Tripp. Honorably 
discharged when company was mustered 
out, and returned to his home in Yank- 
ton county where he took up land near 
James river. He was one of the leaders 
of a strong German colony and settlement 
whose descendants are there to this day. 
pty pioneer is not now living. (G. W. 


Christopher Arend, age 18, born in Cas- 
sel Germany, bugler, enlisted November 
1, 1862, at Elk Point under Tripp. Hon- 
orably discharged with the company. Eld- 
est son of Henry Arend and a ‘‘good boy’”’ 
and so recognized by his comrades. Re- 
turned to his Yankton county home after 
his discharge, and aided in developing 
the farm. He died several years ago. 
(G. W. K.) 


Thomas H. Armstrong, age 23, born 
in Delaware county, New York. Trapper 
and civil engineer. Enlisted Feb. 29, 
1864, under Provost Marshal G. P. Wald- 
ron at Yankton. Was honorably dis- 
charged when company was mustered 
out in 1865. Claimed that he had been 
a scout under General Sibley in Minne- 
sota in 1862. He located after his dis- 
charge in northwest Iowa, married, rear- 
ed a family, and is probably living in this 
year (1918) not far from Correctionville, 
Iowa. (G. W. K.) 


George Bellows, age 21, born in Ren- 
frew, Canada, laborer, enlisted Sept. 8, 
1863 at Vermillion under Lt. Bell. Hon- 
orably discharged with the company. 
Comrades can give no information of his 


subsequent career. (G. W. K.) See 
roster of Company A. 

Benjamin Bellows, age 20. Born in 
Renfrew, Canada. Laborer. tnlisted 


August 11, 1863 at Vermillion under Capt. 
Miner. English and Kingsbury place this 
man in Company A, which see. 


Gilbert B. Bigelow, age 45. Born in 
Onida county, N. Y. Enlisted Nov. 18, 
1862 at Vermillion under Tripp. Was dis- 
charged April 10, 1865 at Yankton Agen- 
cy by command of Gen. Curtis. Return- 
ed to Vermillion. Was a lawyer by pro- 
fession. Did not marry, and lived much 
of the time alone. Engaged in politics 
and was elected to the Territorial House 
in 1865 and was made speaker at the en- 
suing session. He accumulated some 
property at his home town, Vermillion 
and did some law business; also operated 
a livery stable. He died at Vermillion 


about 1903. (G. W. K.) 
John Bradley, age 35. Born in Camp 
Margaret, Ireland. Laborer. Enlisted 


Sept. 11, 1862 at Yankton under Miner. 
English and Kingsbury place him in 
Co. A which see. 


Leander Cirtier, (or Cordier) age 41. 
Born in St. Francis, Canada, farmer. En- 
listed at Elk Point, Oct. 3, 1862 under 
Lt. Adams. Returned to Elk Point after 
his discharge. Was a kind-hearted 
friend, but lacked energy, and made no 


82 


War 


He died near Sioux 


headway in life. 
(G. W. K.) 


City about 1897. 

Miles Cowan, age 30. Born in Champ- 
lain county, Ohio. Farmer. Enlisted at 
Yankton under Provost Marshal Waldron 
and assigned to Co. B., April 11, 1864. A 
married man from Harrison county, Iowa. 
Was honorably discharged at mustering 
out and returned to his wife and farm. 
He died at his Iowa home—date not 
given.) (Ge iWon 1G) 

Sherman Clyde, age 33, was appointed 
corporal April 1, 1863. Born at Otsego, 
N. Y. Farmer. Enlisted at Elk Point, 
Oct. 11, 1862 under Lt. Adams. Honor- 
ably discharged in 1865, and returned to 
Union county and his farm where he re- 
mained until about 1885. He then sold 
out and bought a farm in the Ozark 
Mountains, Missouri, where he died about 
1897." 9 (GA iW: 1K) 


Samuel M. Crooks, age 34. Sergeant 
from April 1, 1863. Born in Beaver coun- 
ty, Penn. Enlisted at Brule Creek, Cole 
county Sept. 21, 1862 under Lt. Adams. 
Honorably discharged. Mustered out in 
1865. A brief time thereafter Sergeant 
Crooks and J. R. Sanborn opened and 
conducted a provision and meat market 
business at Yankton. Crooks went from 
this point to Clarinda, Iowa, where he 
conducted a mercantile business. It was 
learned from most recent reports that he 


is living in the province of- Columbia, 
Canada, comfortably situated. (Gwe 
Ke) 


Born in Mont- 


Louis H. Desy, age 35. 
Enlisted Dec. 25, 


real, Canada. Farmer. 
1862 at Elk Point, under Tripp. Hon- 
orably discharged at muster out. Had 
been a pioneer of Sioux City in 1856-7, 
and returned there after the war. He 
died about the time South Dakota was 
made a state, 1889. His aged widow 
was living in Sioux City according to 
advices up to 1917. (G. W.-K.) 

Lawrence Digman, age 22. Born in On- 
tario county, N. Y. Farmer. Enlisted © 
Nov. 10, 1862 under Capt. Gore. Made a 
corporal April 1, 1863. Honorably dis- 
charged in 1865. Returned to Elk Point 
where he remained for a number of years. 
He was living at Great Falls, Montana, 
two years ago, but nothing of his where- 
abouts has been since obtainable. (G. W. 
K.) 

George W. Dimick, age 24. Corporal. Born 
in Washington, N. Y. Laborer. Enlisted 
Sept. 4, 1862 at Vermillion under Lt. Bell. 
Honorably discharged at muster out. He 
then returned to Union county and was 
married, and settled down on his farm 
in that county where he remained until 
the time of the opening of the Black 
Hills in 1877, when he sold out and mov- 


ed west, finally landing in Vancouver, 
Washington, where he purchased land 
which he cultivated with success. He 


reared a large family and amassed con- 
siderable property in his new home, 
where he died in 1914. (G. W. K.) 
James Dormidy, age 40, was born in 
Carlow, Ireland. 'Teamster. Enlisted at 


r - 


( 


War 


Elk Point Oct. 3, 1863 under Lt. Adams. 
Honorably discharged in 1865. Returned 
to Elk Point where he had a comfortable 
property, and owned a farm in Woodbury 
county, Iowa. He died about the time 
Bonk Miia became a state, 1889. (G. 


John R. Ealey, age 25. Born in Cleve- 
land, Tenn. Farmer. Enlisted March 
21, 1863, at Elk Point under Tripp. Hon- 
orably discharged at muster out, and lo- 
cated at St. Johns, (now Missouri Valley, 
Iowa), after leaving the army. Noth- 
ing definite concerning Ealey has been 
learned -by his old comrades in arms, 
but a report has gained circulation and 
some credit that he met death by vio- 
lence during the days of lawless excite- 


ment in Oklahoma. (G. W. K.) 
Samuel Farnsworth, age 23. Born in 
Warren county, Ohio. Farmer. Enlisted 


March 15, 1863, at Elk Point under Capt. 
Tripp. Honorably discharged and re- 
turned to near Woodbine, Iowa and mar- 
ried. Of his life there is no further 
record obtainable by this chronicler. He 


died about 1879. (G. W. K.) 
WmachiecH. Matereage 22> :Corporal. 
Born in Locking, Ohio. Farmer. Enlist- 


ed Sept. 19, 1862, at Brule Creek, under 
Lt. Adams. Honorably discharged when 
mustered out. Returned to Brule Creek 
and was married. His first wife died and 
he was married a second time. Mr. Fate 
developed a fine farm, has filled many 
church and county offices efficiently, and 
has reared four sons and five daughters, 
all of whom are living, and the father is 
yet (1918) while four score years or there- 
ones an active and useful citizen. (G. 


Nickolas Filling, age 26. Born at Wil- 
mot, N. J. Cooper. Enlisted October 29, 
1862 at Yankton under Capt. Miner. 


Nothing further can be learned of this 
man. 


John Fitzgibbon, age 40. Born in 
Limerick, Ireland. Wagoner and mason. 
Enlisted Oct. 3, 1862 at Elk Point under 
Lt. Bell. Honorably discharged and re- 
turned to Sioux City and settled there. 
Became an esteemed citizen. Died there 
about 1910. (G. W. K.) 


Harmon P. Fjeltvet, age 20. Born in 
Bergen county, Norway. Laborer. En- 
listed July 25, 1863 at Vermillion under 
Lt. Bell. Honorably discharged with the 
muster out and returned probably to 
Vermillion. Name also given as Fielt- 
vet. No reliable information regarding 
his life. (G. W. K.) 


Antoine Fleury, age 25. Born in Que- 
bec, Canada. Farmer. Enlisted Oct. 11, 
1862 at Elk Point under Lt. Adams. Hon- 
orably discharged and returned to his 
home in Big Sioux township, Union Coun- 
ty, where he was married. He was an 
enterprising farmer and quite successful. 
He became the father of a numerous and 
intelligent family. He is living yet on 
his old homestead, now a model farm, an 
honored octogenarian. (G. W. K.) 


War 


Louis Frick, age 20. Born in Lichten- 
stein, Germany. Laborer. Enlisted Dec. 
13, 1863, at Fort Randall under Capt. 
Miner. English and Kingsbury place him 
in Company A, which see. 


James J. Furlong, age 21. Born in 
Tipperary, Ireland. Enlisted Oct. 10, 
1862 at Elk Point under Lt. Adams. Hon- 
orably discharged. Went to Austin, 
Minn., and there amassed a fortune as 
a farmer. He died about 1907. (G. W. 
K.) 

Wm. F. Furlong, age 20. Born in Tip- 
perary, Ireland. Farmer. Enlisted Oct. 
10, 1862 at Elk Point under Lt. Adams. 
Honorably discharged at muster out, and 
from what must be considered reliable 
information he later became insane and 
was taken to the South Dakota Hospital 
for the Insane at Yankton. He failed to 
recover and died there many years ago, 
or before the end of the last century. 
(G. W. K.) 


Lewis Gates, age 32. Born in Warren, 
N. Y. Farmer. Enlisted Oct. 18, 1862 
at Elk Point under Lt. Adams. Hon- 
orably discharged, and returned to his 
former home in Iowa. Died at Wood- 
bine, Iowa about 1910. (G. W. K.) 

Hugh Gaughran, age 30. Born in Cer- 
van, Ireland. Farmer. Enlisted Oct. 18, 
1862 under Lt. Bell at Elk Point. Hon- 
orably discharged when mustered out, 
and returned to Sioux City, and from 
that point removed into Nebraska not 
far from Sioux City, but of his occupa- 
tion this scribe could obtain no re- 
liable information. He died during the 
last decade of the 19th century. (G. W. 
K.) 


Wm. R. Goodfellow, age 25. Born in 
Wooster, Ohio. Explorer. Enlisted Oct. 
3, 1862 under Lt. Adams at Elk Point. 
Was company clerk and an artistic pen- 
man. Was honorably discharged with 
his company and became clerk at Crow 
Creek Indian Agency in 1866. Remained 
there until 1869 when he emigrated in 
company with Judson LaMoure: of Union 
county to Pembina where he settled and 
held important subordinate positions in 
the customs house and also in the U. 5. 
land office. He died at Pembina about 


the close of the 19th century. (G. W. 
K.) 

John Gregory, age 14. Born in Joe 
Davies county, Ill. Farmer. Enlisted 


July 9, 1864 at Yankton under Provost 
Marshal Waldron. Honorably discharg- 
ed with the company. Was known as 
the ‘‘boy soldier.’’ Nothing has been 
learned of him since his discharge. (G. 
Winks) 


John S; Hall,. age. 19: 
in Athens county, Ohio. 
ed March 23, 1863 at Elk Point under 
Tripp. Honorably discharged at muster- 
ing out, and returned to near Woodbine, 
Iowa, and in 1867 went to Wyoming and 
Utah and worked on the new Union Pa- 
cific railway which was then under con- 
struction. Quitting that employment, he 
returned to Union county and married; 


Corporal. Born 
Farmer. Enlist- 


828 


War 


became a prosperous farmer; filled coun- 
ty and town offices with efficiency. An 
all-round useful citizen. Resided in 1918 
in Woodbine, Iowa. (G. W. K.) 


James T. Hammond, age 18. Born in 
South Carolina. Farmer. Enlisted March 
31, 1863 at Elk Point under Tripp. Was 
discharged from the hospital at Sioux 
City quite early in his military career. 
Was an excellent ‘‘boy soldier’? and high- 
ace by his soldier comrades. (G. 


Thos. J. Hampton, age 29. Born in 
South Carolina. Farmer. Enlisted Dec. 
21, 1862 at Elk Point under Tripp. Was 
honorably discharged from the service 
and went south, probably to Missouri 
since which time nothing has been learn- 
ed concerning him. (G. W. K.) 


Wm. C. Homer, age 28. Born in War- 
ren, N. J. Farmer. Enlisted January 
21, 1863 at Elk Point under Capt. Tripp. 
Honorably discharged. Returned to his 
home near Elk Point where he remained 
a few years, then sold out and went to 
Michigan about the year 1908. Returned 
from Michigan to Union county, and 
now resides a few miles west of Jeffer- 
son in old ‘Old Union.’’ (G. W. K.) 


Stephen Horton, age 24. Born in Ver- 
non, Mich. Farmer. Enlisted Sept. 19, 
1862 at Brule Creek under Adams or 
Gore. Honorably discharged at muster- 
ing out and returned to Brule Creek and 
married. He built up a fine farm on the 
Brule. He also reared a large and intel- 
ligent family. He died by a _ supposed 
accidental shot from a gun in his own 
hands about 1912. (G. W. K.) 


John Hough, age 18. Born in Bath, 
Canada. Farmer. Enlisted Dec. 1, 1862, 
at Yankton under Capt. Tripp. Honor- 
ably discharged in 1865, and then spent 
some time in drifting around, and finally 
‘anded at Mitchell, D. T., where he found 
i wife and settled down. Did an insur- 
ance business for a while and was then 
appointed boss farmer at the Yankton 


Agency. Returned in a few years to 
Mitchell, where he died of typhoid fever 
about 1903. (G. W. K.) 

Melancthon U. Hoyt, age 27. Born in 
Indianapolis, Ind. Farmer. Enlisted 
Oct. 15, 1862, at Elk Point, under Lt. 
Adams. Appointed sergeant April 1, 
1863. Honorably discharged at time of 


muster out. Son of Rev. Melancthon 
Hoyt, early Yankton clergyman, who re- 
sided at Yankton. The soldier son was 
a married man and settled at Yankton 
and engaged in the mercantile business; 
was appointed postmaster’ of Yankton in 
1869 by President Grant. Was elected 
to the Territorial Legislature in 1866, and 
re-elected. Removed for a time to his 
farm in Nebraska about the time of the 
Black Hills opening; farmed with good 
success for a number of years. Finally 
retired from active pursuits and settled 
with his son and daughter in Minnehaha 
county where his son has a farm. Is 
now, 1918, living in Sioux Falls with his 
daughter. (G. W. K.) 


War 


Ulrich Jarvis, age 30. Born in Mont- 
real, Canada. Farmer. Enlisted at 
Yankton, February 29, 1864 by Provost 
Marshal Waldron. Honorably discharged 
with the company. Was a clerk in Sioux 
City before enlistment, and a very intel- 
ligent and agreeable French gentleman, 
but what became of him after leaving 
the service, this reporter has no knowl- 


edge. (G. W. K.) 
Trobridge R. Jewell, age 21. Born in 
Calhoun county, Mich. Farmer. En- 


listed Sept. 4, 1862 at Vermillion under 
Lt. Clark. Honorably discharged in 1865, 
and returned to the home of his parents 
near Vermillion, where he remained sev- 
eral years, and then went to Washington 
Territory. Of his later life the chronicler 
has no record. (G. W. K.) 


Alexander Keeler, age 21. Born in 
Armstrong county, Penn. Farmer. En- 
listed March 30, 1863 at Elk Point under 
Capt. Tripp. Honorably discharged at 
muster out, and went to Greenwood 
(Yankton Indian Agency) and he may yet 
be living there. (G. W. K.) 


Daniel Keeley (or Kelley), age 27. Born 
in Kilkenny, Ireland. Laborer. Enlisted 
Nov. 6, 1862 at Elk Point under ‘Tripp. 
Was discharged from the service at the 
Sioux City hospital, and remained in 
that place. This chronicler learned that 
he had died at Sioux City many years ago 
but cannot approximate the date. (G. W. 
K:) 

Matthias Larson, age 28. Born in Nor- 
way. Farmer. Enlisted Sept. 18, 1862 at 
Brule Creek under Lt. Adams. Honor- 
ably discharged at muster out, and soon 
thereafter located on land in Yankton 
county near the mouth of James river. 
Made a farm, married and reared a fam- 
il\VeeeglLSanoti divine: 2. (Gi Wisk.) 


Ole B. Larson, age 18. Born in Dean, 


Wisconsin. Laborer. Enlisted July 15, 
1863 under Capt. Tripp. Honorably dis- 
charged at muster out and settled in 


Clay or Yankton county on a claim, but 
am unable to obtain definite information 
concerning his life. (G. W. K.) 


John B. Larvie, age 29. Born in Que- 
bec, Canada. Farmer. Enlisted Feb. 18, 
1863, at Elk Point under Capt. Tripp. 
Honorably discharged at muster out, and 
returned to Union county where he re- 
mained.a year or so, and then moved up 
the Missouri river valley, but to what 
point this chronicler is not informed. He 
is not living. (G. W. K.) 


Octave Larvie, age 27. Born in Que- 


bec, Farmer. Enlisted Feb. 15, 18638 
at Elk Point under Capt. Tripp. Hon- 
orably discharged at muster out. Re- 


turned to near Jefferson, Union county, 
and engaged in farming. Married and 
reared a family. Died about 1908. (G. 


W. K.) 
Charles Leonard, age 43. Corporal. 
Born in Cork, Ireland. Laborer. Enlist- 


ed February 16, 1863 at Elk Point under 
Capt. Tripp. Honorably discharged at 
the time of mustering out. Returned to 


829 


War 


Sioux City where he accumulated con- 
siderable property. He died near the 
close of the 19th century. (G. W. K.) 


Joseph Lionnais, age 45. Born in Sorrell, 
Canada. Farmer. Enlisted Oct. 3, 1862 
at Elk Point under Lt. Bell. Honorably 
discharged at muster out. Then returned 
to Sioux City where he died, date un- 
known to this scribe. Before his enlist- 
ment in Co. B, he had titles to lands 
now important parts of Sioux City. (G. 
VW) 


Henry McCumber, age 44. Born in 
Herkimer county, N. Y. Mechanic and 
farmer. Enlisted Oct. 13, 1862 at Elk 


Point under Lt. Adams. MHonorably dis- 
charged at muster out. An almost over- 
age soldier and a Union (Cole) county 
pioneer settler south of Elk Point. Mar- 
ried many years before his enlistment. 
Returned to his home and family upon 
quitting the service, and lived there a 
number of years when he sold out and 
tradition has it that he removed to Yank-: 
ton. Lost track of him since that time. 
(G. W. K.) 


Daniel W. McDaniels, age 18. Born in 
St. Claire county, Mich. Farmer. En- 
listed Oct. 20, 1862 at Bon Homme under 
Capt. Fuller. ‘Was honorably discharged 
with his company. He returned to Bon 
Homme county with his father, Nathan, 
Where they had land and opened farms 
in the Choteau creek valley, where they 
resided for about 10 years, then went 
west to the Black Hills country, where 
Daniel took up a ranch in Meade county 
CG Wie KK.) 


_ Nathan McDaniels, age 44. Enlisted 
Oct. 20, 1862 at Elk Point under Lt. Clark. 
Honorably discharged at muster out. 
Father of Daniel McDaniels; from Bon 
Homme county. Was a duty sergeant. 
This chronicler has not been able to 
learn anything of his later life except 
that he made his home on Choteau creek 
and probably went west with his son to 


Meade county. (G. W. K.) 
Wm. McDermott, age 19. Corporal. 
Born in Marshall, lll. Farmer. Enlist- 


ed August 20, 1863 at Yankton under 
Capt, efripp: Honorably discharged at 
muster out. Went to south-central Iowa. 


Later career unknown. (G. W. K.) 


John McDonough, age 43. Born in 
Clare County, Ireland. Laborer.  Enlist- 
ed Oct) 11,°1862 at’ Blk” Point’ under ft! 
Adams. Honorably discharged at mus- 
ter out, and returned to the Irish settle- 
ment near Hlk Point where he had a 
homestead. Afterwards sold out and in- 
vested in Sioux City property. Nothing 
further has been learned of his career. 
(Giga Vy SKS) 


Jacob J. McKnight, age 19. Born in 
Washington county, Ind. Farmer. En- 
listed March 17, 1863 at Elk Point under 
Gaptueshripp. Deserted at the Yankton 
encampnient, or at St. James, Nebraska, 
while on detail duty, July 30, 1863, and 
nothing has been learned of his subse- 
quent career. (G. W. K.) 


War 
Cornelius McNamarow, age 28. . Born 
in Clare county, Ireland. Moulder. En- 


listed Oct. 3, 1862 at Elk Point under 
Adams. Honorably discharged at muster 
out. Returned to his family in Sioux 
City and engaged in farming on his own 
land near that city. Have no record of 
his subsequent career. (G. W. K.) 


Robert Marson, age 33. Born in Cass 
county, Mich. Farmer. Enlisted March 
15, 1863 at Elk Point under Tripp. Dis- 
charged Dec. 30, 1863 for physical dis- 
ability. Marston finally located in Ne- 
braska, but this scribe has not been able 
to learn of his later career.. (G.. W. K.) 


George D. Matthieson, age 18. Born in 
Fall River, Mass. Laborer. Enlisted Nov. 
3, 1862 at. Elk Point ‘under?Captii Tripp: 
Honorably discharged with his company. 
George Matthieson’s father was killed in 
the Spirit Lake massacre in 1857. Mrs. 
Matthieson, the widow, moved to Bon 
Homme county, D. T., in 1862, with her 
three sons, George, Richard and Robert 
and left Bon Homme and settled in Yank- 
ton city in the fall of 1862 during the In- 
dian troubles. George returned to Yank- 
ton for a short time and then removed 
to Fort Pierre and Stanley county and 
entered upon the rearing of live stock, 
which he followed with such success that 
he became very prominent in that in- 
dustry and correspondingly prosperous. 
He was well known throughout Dakota 
and highly regarded. He served in the 
legislature of 1893 as a member of the 
House from Stanley county. He died 
suddenly December 27, 1916 while visiting 
a married daughter in Faulk county. (G. 
Wik) 


Richard W. Matthieson, age 14 ‘years 
7 months. Born at. Colesburg, Iowa. 
Printer. Enlisted Feb. 29, 1864 at Yank- 
ton under Provost Marshal Waldron. 
Honorably discharged at muster out. A 
younger brother of George. He was one 
of the Detachment of Company B sent 
as an escort for the Sawyer wagon road 
expedition in 1865. Richard returned to 
Yankton and attended public school for 
a time and then joined his brother at 
Fort Pierre in the live stock business, 
and by diligence and honorable deal- 
ings went to the head in that industry. 
He is yet (1918) among the most promi- 
nent and esteemed citizens of the great 
plains counties. (G. W. K.) 


Martin D. Metcalf, age 39. Born in 
Courtland, N. Y. Farmer. Enlisted Sep- 
tember 11, 1862 at Yankton under Capt. 
Fuller. Resided in Bon Homme county. 
He was discharged January 9, 1865 at a 
hospital in Davenport, Iowa, and he prob- 
ably returned to Bon Homme county, 
where he had taken a claim before he 
enlisted, and where he exercised the priv- 
ileges and authority of a clergyman of 
the Methodist denomination. Was rather 
infirm for military service. He came from 
a section about 25 miles southeast of 
Sioux City when he immigrated to Da- 
kota. He was a member of one of the 
early legislatures or was elected Chaplain 
of the House of Representatives. Was 


830 


War 


highly respected. Returned 
Iowa and was lost sight of. 


Wm. Metcalf, age 19. 
conntyjeN. oY<odlMarmer: 
11, 1862, under Lt. Clark. Residence in 
Bon Homme County. Honorably dis- 
charged at muster out of Co. B. Return- 
ed to his claim in Bon Homme couniy; 
went back to his early home southwest 
of Sioux City. Believe he was a son of 
Martin D. He later became a benedict, 
built up a good farm and reared a fam- 
ily. He died about 1907 from an injury 
received by a kick from a horse, at his 


in time to 
(Gr; WW an Se) 


Born in Steuben 
Enlisted Sept. 


home near Bronson, Iowa. (G. W. K.) 
Anthony Nelson, age 18. Born in 
Christiana, Norway. Farmer. Enlisted 


Sept. 11, 1862, at Vermillion under Lt. 
Clark. Honorably discharged at muster 
out. Was with the detachment that es- 
corted the Sawyer wagon road expedi- 
tion in 1865, and was killed by Indians 
in Wyoming. .(G. W. K.) 

i John Nieff (or Ness), age 39. Born 
in Bavaria. Butcher... Enlisted Oct. 7, 
1862 at Elk Point under Lt. Adams. Hon- 
orably discharged with the company in 
1865 according to acceptable record, but 
unable to obtain any information of his 
career since that time. (G. W.. K.) 


Bringle Oleson, age 27. Born in Bergen 
county, Norway. Farmer. Enlisted Oct. 
27, 1862 at Elk Point under Tripp. Hon- 
orably discharged at muster out. Re- 
turned to near Vermillion and died there 
BOUT Ooo. CG. We IK.) 


Colburn Oleson, age 34. Born in Berez- 
en county, Norway. Farmer. Enlisted 
Sept. 20, 1862 at Brule Creek under lt. 
Adams. Discharged August 15, 1864 in 
hospital at Fort Randall. Located in 
Clay county near the Yankton county 
line and not far from Gayville. Reared 
a family; improved a farm. Died about 
the beginning of the present century. (G. 
W. K.) 

James Oleson, age 20. Born in Bergen 
county, Norway. Farmer. Enlisted Sept. 
21, 1862 at Brule Creek under Lt. Adams. 
Honorably discharged at muster out. 
Passed the next winter in Wisconsin. 
Brought his bride with him in the spring 
and located on Government land on Bruie 
Creek; improved the farm, and was 
blessed with an interesting family. Died 
in? 1916: (Gi W: KK.) 


Theodore Oleson, age 35. Blacksmith. 
Born in Christiana, Norway. Farmer. 
Enlisted Oct. 21, 1862, at Brule Creek 
under Lt. Adams. Honorably discharged 
with his company and located with his 
family near Clay creek in Clay county 


soon after leaving the army. Improved 

a farm. Died about 1908. (G. W. K.) 
Sterling L. Parker, age 33. Corporal. 

Born in Tioga county, Penn. Farmer. 


Enlisted Sept. 11, 1862 at Yankton under 
Lt. Clark. He lived in Civil Bend town- 
ship, Cole county, upon retiring from 
the army he returned to Elk Point and 
married. He made a farm home near 
Eik Point, and finally removed to Ne- 
braska, living at various places. He was 


War 


a gospel minister and during his life in 
Union county filled various county or 
town offices. He died at Leavenworth, 
Kansas, in 1915, at National Soldier’s 
Home. (G. W. K.) 

Fernan Pattee, age 17. Born in Ash- 
town, Mich. Farmer. Enlisted Feb. 10, 
1864 at Fort Randall under Capt. Tripp. 
Relative of Lt. Col. John Pattee, 7th 
Iowa Cavalry, then stationed at that post. 
Honorably discharged at muster out, and 
probably returned to his Iowa home when 
the 7th Iowa was mustered out later 
the same year. (G. W. K.) 

James O. Phelps, age 18. Born in 
Amity, Penn. Farmer. Enlisted Nov. 
24, 1862, at Fort Randall, under Miner. 
Honorably discharged with the company, 
but can give no definite information con- 


cerning his later career. (G. W. K.) 
Abel R. Phillips, age 18. Born in Ra- 
cine county, Wisconsin. Farmer. En- 


listed Sept. 21, 1862 at Brule Creek, under 
Lt. Clark. Deserted at Sioux City, Iowa, 
May 8, 1863, soon after the company was 
mustered in, but we find that he was 
judge of probate in Union county in 
1864. He was a Brule Creek physician. 
(Gey WW. Ke) 

General M. Reese, age 18. Born in 
Miami county, Ohio. Farmer. Enlisted 
March 15, 1863 at Elk Point under Capt. 
Tripp. Honorably discharged at muster 
out. His friends believe upon authentic 
report that Reese became a gospel mini- 
ster with western Nebraska as his field. 
(GU WHk) ; 

Baptiste Rendeau (or Reandeau), age 19. 
Born in St. Thomas, Canada. Farmer. 
Enlisted Sept. 22, 1862 at 12 Mile House, 
Union county, under Lt. Adams. Hon- 
orably discharged with the company. He 
returned to Elk Point and engaged in the 
saloon business. Went to Oklahoma, re- 
porter believes, and died there about 


£8935 (GH Welk.) 
Thos. Rendeau (or Reandeau), age 23. 
Born in St. Thomas, Canada. Farmer. 


Enlisted Oct. 16, 1862 at Elk Point un- 
der Lt. Adams. MHonorably discharged 
with the company. Had a comfortable 
home of his own near Jefferson, Union 
county. Died, leaving a widow, in 18838. 
(Ge WV iS) 

Miles Rimer, age 34. 
county, Indiana. Farmer. Enlisted Oct. 
3, 1862 at Elk Point under Lt. Bell. Hon- 
orably discharged when mustered out, 
and returned to St. Johns (Missouri Val- 
ley) Iowa to his family. He did not live 
long after leaving the army. (G. W. K.) 


Fred Robert (or Robeart), age 18. Born 
in Montreal, Canada. Laborer. Enlist- 
ed Sept. 8, 1863 at Fort Randall under 
Lt. Bacon of Company A. It is probable 
that he was the son of Antoine Robeart 
of Yankton, who removed from that place 
to his former home near Council Bluffs, 
Ia., during these Indian war times. Upon 
his discharge from the service the son 
probably joined the family near Council 
Bluffs. Nothing whatever has come from 
them since the war days. (G. W. K.) 


Born in Jackson 


831 


War 


Elijah K. Robinson, age 39. Born in 
Putnam county, Indiana. Carpenter. En- 
listed October 3, 1862 at Elk Point under 
Lt. Bell. Honorably discharged at mus- 
ter out. He was orderly sergeant of 
the company. He returned to St. John, 
(Missouri Valley), Iowa, when discharged, 
where he remained a few years, then 
went to California. He is not living. 


(G. W. K.) 

George Rose, age 18. Born in Fulton 
county, Indiana. Farmer. Enlisted 
Oct. 7; 1862 at Elk Point under Lt. 


Adams. Was honorably discharged at 
mustering out, and creditable tradition 
has it that he went over to the Nebrask- 
ians where he became a minister of the 
Ay with praiseworthy results. (G. W. 


John Rouse, age 22. Born in Sante Fe, 
New Mexico. Resided in Bon Homme 
county on a homestead or pre-emption. 
Enlisted Sept. 8, 1862 at Yankton under 
Capt. Ziebach. Came from Minnesota to 
Bon Homme with the Shober colony. 
Was one of the Sawyer wagon road es- 
cort through Montana in 1865, and was 
reported killed in a skirmish with the 
Indians. Lt. Wood of Co. B was com- 
manding the detachment. (G. W. K.) 


Louis St. Onge, age 44. Born in Verd- 
ure county, Canada. Enlisted Oct. 3, 
1862 at Elk Point under Lt. Clark. Ser- 
geant, appointed Oct. 11, 1862. Honor- 
ably discharged at muster out. Return- 
ed to Sioux City and was seriously injur- 
ed by a runaway team. He is not now 


living. (G. W. K.) “i 
Louis St. Onge, age 21. Born in St. 
Louis, Mo. Painter. Enlisted May 14, 


1864 at Yankton under Provost Marshal 
Waldron. This young soldier had a fair 
record and received an honorable dis- 
charge at muster out, but what employ- 
ment he engaged in or whither he went 
does not appear to have been known by 
any of his old company comrades who 
survive in the year 1918. (G. W. K.) 


Josiah R. Sanborn, age 32. Sergeant, 
appointed Oct. 11, 1862. Born in Chester, 
Rockingham county, N. H. Lumber deal- 
er. Enlisted Oct. 38, 1862 at Elk Point 
under Lt. Adams. Honorably discharged 
on muster out in 1865. Widower with 
two sons in New Hampshire. After dis- 
charge settled in Yankton. Married a 
Vermont lady. Removed his family to 
Yankton. Sons about 12 and 15 years of 
age. The father engaged in the provis- 
ion business, and later in furniture. 
Prospered. Held many important offices 
in church, college and city. Leading cit- 
izen with Ward, Tripp, Edmunds. His 
eldest son, Joe B., now colonel of TIlli- 
nois militia. Mr. Sanborn died at Yank- 
ton before 1905. (G. W. K.) 


William Searls, age 32. Born in Round, 
Canada. Farmer. Enlisted Oct. 3, 1862 
at Elk Point under Lt. Clark. Died in 
company quarters at Yankton Agency, 
D. T. May 19, 1865 of congestion of the 
lungs. (G. W. K.) 


War 


Myron Sheldon, age 28. Born in Wind- 
ham county, Vermont. Farmer. Enlist- 
ed Oct. 15, 1862 at Elk Point under Lt. 
Clark. Corporal. Honorably discharged, 
and returned to his home near Elk 
Point where he resided with his family 
until about 1877, when he sold out and 
moved to Moscow, Idaho. Died about the 
end of the last century. (G. W. K.) 


John B. Snow, age 18. Born in St. 
Louis, Mo. Clerk. Enlisted July 25, 
1863 at Vermillion under Capt. Tripp. 
Honorably discharged at muster out in 
1865, since which his comrades have 
no tidings of him. (G. W. K.) 


Wm. W. Snyder, age 21. Born in Cos- 
hocton, Ohio. Laborer. Enlisted Jan- 
uary 20, 1864 at Fort Randall under Capt. 
Tripp. Honorably discharged at muster 
out. Nothing further can be given con- 
cerning his career. (G. W. K.) 


John Sorrick, age 18. Born in Warren, 
Penn. Farmer. Enlisted July 1, 1863 at 
Yankton under Capt. Tripp. Honorably 
discharged at muster out. Went to Rock 
Island, Illinois, after leaving the service, 
but of his subsequent life this scribe has 
no information. (G. W. K.) 


Dempster B. Sprague, age 34. Born in 
Seneca, Ohio. Farmer. Enlisted March 
31, 1863 at Elk Point under Capt. Tripp. 
Honorably discharged at muster out. 
Was a Sioux Falls pioneer of 1858-9. He 
was a teamster in the service, and re- 
garded weak mentally. He died in Yank- 
ton about 1870 quite suddenly from the 
effects of excessive drinking of intoxi- 
cants given him by his associates dur- 


ing an early day carnival. (G. W. K.) 
Joseph Stringer, age 28. Born in Ot- 
sego county, N. Y. Farmer. Enlisted 


Oct. 7, 1862 at Elk Point under Lt. Ad- 
ams. Honorably discharged with his 
company. Returned to Elk Point and 
went into business. Sold a variety of 
goods, keeping something of a depart- 
ment store for about four years. His 
health failing he removed to Missouri, 
dying there before the close of the last 


century. (G. W. K.) 
Hezekiah Townsend, age 44. Born in 
Yates county, N. Y. Farmer. Enlisted 


Sept. 18, 1862 at Brule Creek under Lt. 
Adams. Honorably discharged with his 
company. Located at farm home for 
himself and family after quitting the 
service, just south of Elk Point. About 
1876 he went to the Black Hills, but 
returned again to the old home near Elk 
Point, where he died early in the pres- 


ent century. (G. W. K.) 
Alexis Travercie, age 23. Born in 
Woodbury county, Iowa. Farmer. En- 


listed Dee. 26, 1862 at Elk Point under 
Capt. Tripp. Honorably discharged and 
then after a brief time it was believed 
that Alexis went to an Indian reservation 
and was lost sight of. (G. W. K.) 

Paul Travercie, age 18. Born in Wood- 
bury county, Iowa. Farmer. Enlisted 
March 31, 1863 at Elk Point under Capt. 
Tripp. Honorably discharged at muster 
out. It was generally understood by his 


832 


War 


acquaintances in Union county that Paul 
made his home at Fort Pierre after his 
discharge from the army and died there. 
(Goss Wi Kk ) 


William ‘Trumbo, age 18. Born in 
Highland, Ohio. Laborer. Enlisted Sept. 
21, 1862 at Vermillion under Lt. Clark. 
Was honorably discharged at muster out; 
returned to Vermillion and was married 
to Miss Eliza Jordan. Improved a farm 
in Spink township, Union county. Sold 
it about 1892-3 and moved to Texas and 
died there early in the present century. 
His widow and children are living in 


Texas. (G. W. K.) 
Ferdinand Turgeon, age 25. Born in 
Belchase county, Canada. Farmer. En- 


listed Dec. 13, 1862 at Elk Point under 
Capt. Tripp. Honorably discharged and 
returned to Union county near Sioux 
City, but have no further knowledge 
concerning his life. (G. W. K.) 


Joseph W. Vandevier, age 26. Born in 
Posy county, Indiana. Explorer. Enlist- 
ed Nov. 8, 1862 at Elk Point under Capt. 
Tripp. Was honorably discharged, with 
his company, and returned to Elk Point 
where he located a government land 
claim. Was elected justice of the peace 
for Elk Point in 1866, and was re-elected 
several times. He was a married man 
but had only one child-—a daughter. He 
was possessed of a competency when he 
died about 1910. (G. W. K.) 


Samuel Van Osdel, age 18. Born in 
Madison county, Indiana. Farmer. En- 
listed June 26, 1863 at Yankton under 
Tripp. <A brother of Wm. T. Van Osdel. 
Samuel is still living in Yankton, 1918. 
(G.. W..K..) 


William T. Van Osdel, age 16. Born in 
Madison county, Indiana, Mar. 1, 1847. 
Farmer. Enlisted November 3, 1862 at 
Elk Point under Capt. Tripp. Honorably 
discharged with the company. Then en- 
gaged in farming and freighting until the 
railroads came. Later took a homestead 
and three claims and went in for stock- 
raising, at which he was very successful. 
In later life devoted himself particularly 
to the buying and selling of live stock. 
He was married in 1871 to Miss Permelia 
Morey of New York, and two daughters 
were born to them. Mr. Van Osdel is still 
living in Yankton (1918). 


Berand Verwyk (or Barre) age 40. 
Born in Germany. Farmer. Enlisted 
Sept. 21, 1862, at Brule Creek under Lt. 
Adams. Honorably discharged with the 
company. Returned to Brule Creek, and 
located a claim on the Sioux Valley near 
the bluff, two miles below Richland. He 
became an invalid about 1870, and died 
at Wm. Frisbie’s house. He gave his 
claim to a German youth named John 
Holts. > (G., Ws," K.) 


Wallace, Norris J. 


John J. Welch, age 41. Born in Middle- 
sex, Mass. Farmer. Enlisted Oct. 9, 1862 
at Elk Point under Lt. Adams. MHonor- 
ably discharged at muster out. Returned 
to Elk Point and to land where he farm- 


War 


ed for several years, and then _ sold 
his place and moved to California, where 
he died about 1903. (G. W. K.) 


Josiah Whitcomb, age 29. Born at 
Grafton, N. H. Mechanic. Enlisted Oct. 
13, 1862 at Elk Point under Lt. Bell. Was 
discharged April 1, 1865 at Yankton 
Agency by command of General Curtis, 
March 23, 1865. Returned to Elk Point 
where he remained for some years, then 
went west and was killed by hostile In- 
dians. (G. W. K.) 


Henry Will, age 18. Born in Germany. 
Farmer. Enlisted Sept. 11, 1862, at Yank- 
ton under Lt. Clark. Honorably dis- 
charged with the company. Mr. Will was 
highly respected by his comrades. Good 
soldier and fine social manners. Passed 
out of sight as soon as discharged, and 
no tidings have come from him. (G. W. 


K.) 


Thomas Wilson, age 22. Born in Shel- 
by, Kentucky. Farmer. Enlisted March 
31, 18638 at Elk Point under Capt. Tripp. 
Honorably discharged with the company. 
Returned to St. Johns, Iowa. Became a 
farmer and fruit grower. Married and 
reared a family. Is now a resident of 
Missouri Valley, Iowa. (G. W. K.) 


Bli, B. . Wixson, age | 29. Born in 
Wayne, Steuben county, N. Y., May 6, 
1833. Farmer. Located at Elk Point July 
22, 1859. Enlisted: Oct. 3, 1862 at Elk 
Point under Capt. Tripp. Returned to 
Elk Point and resided at or near there 
until his death which occurred a num- 
ber of years ago. He was married Nov. 
30, 1865 to Mrs. Clara E. Christie, nee 
Cook, and to them were born six chil- 
dren. He was appointed commissary ser- 
geant Oct. 11, 1862. 


Lorenzo Wood, age 20. Born in Green 
Lake, Wis. Farmer. Enlisted Oct. 7, 
1862 at Elk Point under Lt. Bell. Hon- 
orably discharged in 1865. Returned to 
Elk Point, married, secured an excellent 
quarter section of government land. 
About 1878 he sold out, and joined a col- 
ony of emigrants for Idaho. Wood lo- 
cated at Moscow in that Territory. No 
further information concerning him can 
be given in this sketch. (G. W. K.) 


Uriah Wood, age 18. Born in Green 
Lake, Wisconsin. Farmer. Enlisted Oct. 
7, 1862 under, Lt. Bell. Honorably dis- 
charged with the company in 1865. Re- 
turned to his father’s, John R. Wood’s 
home, near Elk Point. He married Jen- 
nie Collins, located a tract of government 
land near Elk Point and developed a 
farm. He owned and operated a livery 
at Elk Point. He reared a fine family 
of sons and daughters. He died October 
29,.1916:, (Gs W..K:) 


The War of the Outbreak was offic- 
ially ended by the treaty of Fort Sul- 
ly, negotiated through the initiative 
of Governor Newton Edmunds in the 
autumn of 1865. 


833 


War 


The Red Cloud War 

In the early spring of 1865 Congress 
determined upon the opening of a 
number of important wagon roads 
through the Sioux country, the most 
important of which was known as 
the Bozeman Trail, running from Fort 
Laramie to the Yellowstone, looking 
to a short cut to the newly discovered 
gdld diggings in Montana and Idaho. 
In furtherance of this project the con- 
tract for opening this road, grading 
the worst places, and making fords 
across the streams was let to Col. 
C. W. Sawyer, of Sioux City. Just 
as news of this contemplated enter- 
prise reached the Oglala, came an in- 
vitation to attend the Edmunds peace 
council at Fort Pierre, in October, to 
close up the hostilities of the War of 
the Outbreak. The Oglala in council 
determined to refuse the invitation 
so long as the Bozeman trail project 
was under consideration. In conse- 
quence the Oglala were not represent- 
ed in the Fort Pierre conference and 
did not join in the peace treaty. 

Col. Sawyer, under the escort of a 
detail of Company B, Dakota Cavalry, 
commanded by Lieutenant John R. 
Wood, proceeded to carry out his con- 
tract. He started out from Laramie 
against the earnest protest made to 
him by Redcloud in person, who re- 
presented that the white movement 
to California had driven all of the 
game from the region traversed; the 
Powder and Tongue River regions con- 
tained about all of the game remaining 
for the maintenance of the Sioux, and 
he assured the Colonel that he could 
not permit the road to be built. Saw- 
yer went on his way, but when he 
arrived at the crossing of Powder 
River he was overtaken by Redcloud 
and a large body of Oglala and Chey- 


War 


enne warriors who. surrounded the 
road makers and held them prisoners 
for fifteen days. No force was used, 
Redcloud’s intention being by a show 
of force to bluff Sawyer and his men 
out of the country. He was applying 
some of the lessons he had learned at 
Laramie and accumulating additional 
knowledge. 

Accompanying Sawyer were the 
Hedges Brothers, important merchants 
of Sioux City, who were taking a cara- 
van of wares to the diggings. On the 
15th day of the siege, Nat Hedges 
strolled too far from cover and was 
killed by an irresponsible young Chey- 
enne. The blood lust was fast get- 
ting control of Redcloud’s young men 
and fearing that they would get be- 
yond his control he at once withdrew 
and allowed Sawyer to proceed to 
Tongue River. His young men now 
promised obedience to his command 
and he again surrounded the whites 
and held them at the Tongue for three 
days; but the young men were so im- 
patient and unruly that he again with- 
drew and allowed Sawyer to proceed 
to the Yellowstone, and to return with- 
out further molestation. Certainly 
there is not in the history of Indian 
warfare a parallel case where such - 
restraint was shown. Redcloud had 
not passed a year laced up in a bas- 
ket without its compensation. 

When the mountain would not come 
to Mohammed, Mohammed made a 
virtue of a necessity. When Redcloud 
would not come to visit the treaty 
commission, the treaty commission 
went out to visit Redcloud. The meet- 
ing occurred under a bower close to 
Fort Laramie, June 1,1866. The treaty 
had been formulated and its pro- 
visions were being explained. Red- 
cloud stood upon the platform pro- 


834 


War 


testing to the commission against the 
Montana trail, when without announce- 
ment Col. Henry B. Carrington, at the 
head of the 18th U. S. Infantry, arriv- 
ed at the post. “Why are these sol- 
diers come?” “To open the Montana 
trail,’ résponded E. B. Taylor, Com- 
misioner of Indian Affairs. Redcloud 
leaped from the platform and caught 
his rifle from the hand of a friend who 
held it while the chief was talking. 
Placing his hand lovingly upon the 
gun he exclaimed, “In this and the 
Great Spirit I trust for the right.” 
The tepees of the Oglala melted like 
magic. Only the bare prairie strewn 
with litter showed where a moment 
before was a teeming population. Red- 
cloud disappeared. War was declared. 
Redcloud had passed another semes- 
ter. The head man of the Bad Faces 
had in a twinkling been transmuted in- 
to the major general of a mighty army. 

Colonel Carrington was under or- 
ders to go out to old Fort Reno, dis- 
mantle it, remove it forty miles west 
and rebuild and garrison it. So hotly 
was he pressed by Redcloud that he 
found it impracticable to remove it, 
but was compelled to garrison it 
where it stood. He went to the head 
water of Powder River and built Fort 
Phil Kearny on Piney Creek. There 
it was found unsafe for any white 
person to appear outside the stockade 
without a strong guard. A team could 
not be sent to the wood-yard, nor a 
load of hay brought in unless pro- 
tected by a military detachment. The 
first hunters sent out came back them- 
selves hunted; and though the region 
abounded in game, no hunter was 
found brave enough to stalk it. Old 
Jim Bridger, the famous guide, was in 
the fort and he well described the sit- 
uation: ‘War you don’t see no Injuns, 


War 


thar theyr sartin to be thickest.” 

It is estimated that from July 1 to 
December 21, 1866, the Indians occupy- 
ing the country north of Laramie 
killed ninety-one enlisted men and 
five officers. of the army, fifty-eight 
citizens and wounded twenty more, 
besides capturing and driving away 
large numbers of horses and mules. 

On December 21, 1866 the wood 
train supplying Fort Phil Kearny, was 
attacked by hostile Indians and Capt. 
J. J. Fetterman was detailed to go out 
with his company of 80 men to drive 
the Indians away. He was adroitly 
decoyed into an ambush by Redcloud 
and the entire command destroyed. 
The massacre was out of sight of the 
fort and no white man returned who 
had witnessed it. Fetterman had 
fought his men bravely, but against 
overwhelming numbers. No residents 
of Dakota Territory were known to 
have been among the men of this un- 


fortunate organization. Had _ Red- 
cloud followed up his advantage that 
day the fort would almost cer- 


tainly have fallen to him. He was 


‘probably ignorant of the weakness of 


the post, and too Indians do not fol- 
low up a victory, being satisfied with 
reasonable success. 

Reinforcements came to the garri- 
son in the spring; but until July the 
post was nominally in a stage of siege. 
How Redcloud managed to subsist and 
munition his army during this pro- 
tracted period is one of the miracles 
of Indian warfare. With his warriors 
and their families he had no less than 
eight thousand, and more likely ten 
thousand people to subsist. At that 
date relatively few Sioux were being 
supplied at agencies, and he could 
have had little support from that 
source. It is most likely that his am- 


835 


War 


munition was transported from Cana- 
da. 

The early summer was much like 
the preceding autumn, conditions that 
continued until August 2nd, when was 
fought one of the bloodiest and most 
picturesque battles of history. For 
those who desire a graphic account of 
this battle I refer to the story of Cy- 
rus Townsend Brady in ‘“Pearson’s 
Magazine” for April, 1904. Briefly, 
Major James Powell, with a detail of 
twenty-six soldiers, was guarding the 
wood camp on Piney Island when they 
were attacked by Redcloud’s entire 
force. In anticipation of such an at- 
tack Major Powell had erected a re- 
fuge by placing fourteen U. S. Army 
wagon boxes in a circle and, upon the 
side of the expected attack, two wag- 
ons with the boxes upon them were 
placed to prevent the mounted In- 
dians from approaching near enough 
to reach the men lying in the boxes 
on the ground by a plunging fire. In 
these boxes Major Powell and his 
twenty-six men and four civilians took 
refuge. The boxes were loopholed for 
rifle fire. 
breech-loading rifles, the first ever 
used by the army in Indian warfare. 
Blankets were spread over the tops 
of the boxes to prevent the Indians 
from discovering the weakness of the 
defenders. 

From the plateau upon which thig 
corral was placed, the ground rises 
gradually in every direction culminat- 
ing at from 600 to 1000 yards in low 
hills. This magnificent amphitheater 
was crowded with spectators, thou- 
sands of Indians swarming into view 
and watching the proceedings with the 
utmost interest. 

A few moments after the men had 
been safely disposed in the corral: 


The men were armed with’ 


War 


“With a contempt of their ad- 
versaries begot of many victories, 
eight hundred magnificiently mount- 
ed warriors dashed fearlessly upon 
their apparently insignificant foe. 
Everywhere they are met with bul- 
lets; the leaders fall and others 
take their places, and though they 
ride directly upon the defences they 
can get no sight of the defenders. 
Nothing is to be seen but the blan- 
ket covered wagon-beds; but from 
these comes a blaze of accurate 
and continuous fire before which 
the bravest and best go down un- 
til, utterly amazed and discomfited, 
the broken host whirls in confusion 
to the hills. 

“Astounded and disconcerted by 
the unexpected and incomprehen- 
sible defeat and realizing the abso- 
lute necessity of present success to 
the hoped for final issue of the cam- 
paign, Redcloud and his principal] 
chiefs hold a hurried consultation 
and decide upon an immediate at- 
tack with the whole force of In- 
dians on foot. 

“Many of the warriors who were 
armed with Spencer and Winches- 
ter carbines or muskets taken in 
the Phil Kearny, (Fetterman) mas- 
sacre were sent in advance as skir- 
mishers and sharpshooters. Crawl- 
ing along ravines or covering them- 
selves with shields of buffalo hide 
or bunches of grass, these men ap- 
proached to within easy range and 
opened so terrible a concentric fire 
upon the corral as must in a few 
moments have destroyed it. 


Major Powell was not idle. The firing 
was so rapid that the gun barrels be- 
came over heated, but there were 
plenty of guns and spare ones were 
placed in each wagon bed. “Some of 


836 


War 


the men were poor shots and fired 
wildly; they were ordered not to fire 
but to load and pass the guns to the 
selected marksmen.” 


“From all sides the sharpshoot- 
ers approached, covering them- 
selves as best they could and de- 
livering a terrible and continuous 
fire. When they had arrived with- 
in easy range the defenders of the 
corral opened a fire so _ search- 
ing and accurate that further ad- 
vance was impossible. 

“But now from the hills swarmed 
a semi-circle of warriors at least 
two thousand strong, ,under the 
leadership of the gallant young ne- 
Phew of Redcloud anxious to sig- 
nalize his valor and to win the 
right to succeed his uncle as head 
chief. When within about five hun- 
dred yards the order to charge was 
given and the whole line dashed on 
to the corral to be, when they had 
almost touched it, hurled back in 
confusion and dismay. Again and 
again did the gallant line rally and 
charge only to be again broken, dis- 
comfited and driven back; and it 
was only after three continuous 
hours of almost superhuman effort 
against this unseen, intangible foe 
that the line became utterly demor- 
alized and fled in consternation to 
the hills. 


“Redcloud and some of the older 
of his principal men had watched 
the whole action. For a long time 
they thought the wonderfully con- 
tinuous fire was due to the fact 
that there were more men in the 
corral than it would appear to hold; 
but on the final repulse of the long 
succession of desperate charges 
they concluded that the white man 
had some ‘medicine guns’ which 


War 


would fire all the time without the 
aid of human hands and that the 
best plan was to stop the conflict.” 


Powell reported sixty Indians killed 
and one hundred twenty wounded. 
Later reports have grossly exaggerat- 
ed the Indian loss. 

After this defeat Redcloud never 
again fought a major engagement. 
For a year thereafter, however, he 
continued the guerilla warfare in 
which he had from the first been most 
successful. The chief was learning 
that the educational process is long 
drawn out. 

Though terribly defeated, Redcloud 
had no idea of turning from his origi- 
nal purpose. He well knew that by 
persistence he could make the Monta- 
na trail of no value to the whites and 
he was as tenacious as ever in his 
main purpose. The peace commission 
attempted to get into communication 
with him, but he had only one reply. 
“Withdraw the soldiers, abandon the 
forts, give up the trail and there will 
be no more war.” He would not visit 
Fort Laramie to discuss the matter. 

Failing to get action in 1867 the 
peace commission returned east and 
in the spring of 1868 made another 
pilgrimage to Laramie. A treaty was 
proposed that conceded the withdraw- 
al of the soldiers, the dismantling of 
the forts and the abandonment of the 
road. When information of it was 
conveyed to Redcloud, he suggested 
that as an evidence of good faith the 
government do these things. After 
some months of tedious waiting the 
commissioners resolved to take him 
at his word, and the whole enterprise 
upon which the government had em- 
barked, against Redcloud’s _ protest, 
was given up. Again he was asked 
to come down to sign the treaty, but 


837 


War 


he replied that he could not well leave 
his people until he was sure they were 
supplied for the winter; but after the 
meat was made he did come down and 
in November signed the remarkable 
treaty that established the great Sioux 
Reservation and preserved the game 
refuge on the Powder River. 


Black Hills War. 


The treaty of 1868 created the great 
Sioux Reservation, which roundly com- 
prised the region from the Niobrara 
to the Cannon Ball Rivers and from 
the Missouri to the Bighorn Rivers. 
Except the government agents to the 
Indians, no white man was to enter 
upon this region without the express 
consent of the Sioux. In 1871-73 sur- 
veyors of the Northern Pacific rail- 
way (under military escort supplied 
by the government) without obtaining 
the consent of the Sioux invaded the 
forbidden region. Sitting Bull led his 
people in earnest protest; open war- 
fare ensued with some fatalities. The 
more discontented of the Sioux with- 
drew from the reservations and lived 
in the Powder River Valley. In 1874 
General Custer discovered gold in the 
Black Hills, where he had no legal 
right to go; and when in the autumn 
of 1875 the government failed’ to 
reach an agreement with the Indians, 
the bars were thrown down and thou- 
sands of gold hunters were permitted 
to flock into the Black Hills in vio- 
lation of the treaty of 1868. The 
Sioux then resolved to fight for their 
rights. A great army joined the stan- 
dard of Sitting Bull, then on the Rose- 
bud River, determined (as soon in the 
Spring, as the grass was grown suffi- 
ciently to sustain their ponies) to 
make a descent upon the Hills and 


drive the invaders out. They were 


War 


well organized under the military 
leadership of Chiefs Gall and Crazy- 
horse. The government, quite in ig- 
norance of the strength of this move- 
ment, believed there were ‘about 800 
recalcitrants” in this camp and resol- 
ved to crush it between three con- 
verging armies. General Crook was 
sent up from Laramie, Terry went 
out from Fort Abraham Lincoln, and 
General Gibbon came down from Fort 
Ellis. It was planned so to time the 
movement of these columns that they 
would meet with the Sioux completely 
surrounded. Crook reached the head- 
waters of the Rosebud, where he ran 
into Crazyhorse, who defeated him in 
an all-day fight and he was compelled 
to retire to old Fort Phil Kearny to 
recuperate. After this fight Crazy- 
horse joined the main body of hos- 
tiles further down the Rosebud and 
the entire force crossed the divide to 
the Little Bighorn River about 40 
miles west. General Terry came out 
from Fort Abraham Lincoln, arriving 
at the mouth of the Rosebud on June 
21. From there, at noon, June 22, he 
dispatched General Custer with 555 
soldiers and civilians to scout up the 
Rosebud and locate the hostile camp, 
but not to disturb it until the three 
armies came up. Terry went himself 
to the mouth of the Bighorn with a 
steamboat to ferry Gibbon and his 
column over. The season was exces- 
sively hot and dry; Custer made a 
forced march up the Rosebud, reach- 
ing the point where the Indians had 
turned west to cross the divide the 
evening of the 24th. With his men 
and horses well nigh exhausted, he 


_resolved to cross over to the Little 


Bighorn and to strike the hostiles at 
daybreak; he pushed on until 3 a. m., 
when finding it would be impossible 


38 


War 


to carry out his plan, he _ stopped, 
made coffee and let his men rest until 
morning. In the morning he divided 
his little band of 555 men into four 
battalions; one troop of cavalry was 
left under Captain McDougall to pro- 
tect the pack train. The Indian camp 
was strung along the west bank of the 
Little Bighorn for a distance of four 
or five miles and was composed of the 
pick of the Sioux, Arapahoe and North- 
ern Cheyenne. Custer took under his 
command 223 men, including himself, 
and went north in a line parallel. with 
the Little Bighorn and a mile east of 
it. He was out of sight of the Indians 
on the bottom. His plan was to go 
down stream far enough to cross it be- 
low the Indian camp and to drive them 
upriver. Major Reno was given about 
150 men and directed to cross the river 
above the camp and, turning north, to 
drive the Sioux down stream to crush 
them between his force and that of 
Custer; Captain Benteen, with about 
150 men, was sent off toward the 
Northwest to get between the Indians 
and the mountains and prevent them 
from escaping in that direction if they 
eluded Custer and _ Reno. There 
were certainly three thousand and per- 
haps four thousand armed warriors 
in the camp. The battalions moved 
forward a little after noon. When 
Custer had advanced about’ three 
miles he discovered that instead of 
“800 recalcritrants,” he was up against 
a vast number of hostiles and he sent 
a hurried call for Benteen to return 
and to bring up McDougall. Every 
man and horse in the entire command 
was weary up to the point of exhaus- 
tion. Reno rode down to the river 
and stopped to let his thirsty and tired 
horses drink; he then advanced with 
his little band against the upper vil- 


- ily as possible; 


War 


lages and the Indians retired before 
him in simulated confusion; it seemed 
an easy victory and he pushed on for 
a mile with all the vigor he could 
arouse, when suddenly he found his 
way blocked by countless savages; 
every tuft of grass seemed to spout 
a blazing musket; a backward glance 
indicated that the enemy was closing 
in upon him from every direction; he 
ordered his command to turn directly 
east, cross the river and regain the 
eastern bluffs. He accomplished this 
with a loss of 29 men. At the top of 
the hill he met Benteen returning, as 
ordered by Custer, and McDougall 
coming up with the packmules. They 
entrenched, after a fruitless attempt 
to reach Custer, the way being block- 
ed by hordes of Indians. Apprised of 
Custer’s strategy, a great number of 
Indians hastened down the river to 
give him a warm reception. Hiding 
under the river-bank and in the ra- 
vines were fifteen hundred to two 
thousand warriors when Custer dashed 
down the hillside; within thirty min- 
utes, perhaps in much less time, his 
entire command was destroyed—not 
one survived. The other battalions 
lost 64 men killed and fifty wounded. 
After their remarkable victory the In- 
dians dispersed. The majority re- 
turned to their reservations as speed- 
Sitting Bull went to 
Canada with his immediate contin- 
gent. Crazyhorse remained on the 
Rosebud River. One other incident 
of this War of the Sioux for the re- 
covery of the Black Hills especially 
affects South Dakota. This is 


The Battle of Shim Buttes. 
After the battle of Bighorn in June 
1876, General George G. Crook, who 
was at the time recuperating and re- 


839 


War 


organizing his forces following the 
Battle of the Rosebud, came up with 
his troops and spent the summer chas- 


ing the hostiles over the northwest. 


When September came he found him- 
self on the headwaters of Heart River, 
in North Dakota with his provisions 
essentially exhausted; Deadwood was 
the nearest depot and he resolved to 
push down for that point. The fol- 
lowing story of his march and of the 
battle fought enroute is told by Gen. 
Charles King, in his work, “Campaign- 
ing with Crook.” It is reprinted by 
permission of the publishers Harper 
& Brothers: 
Ragged and almost starving, out of 
rations, out at elbows and every other 
exposed angle, out of everything but 
pluck and ammunition, General Crook 
gave up the pursuit of Sitting Bull at 
the head of Heart River. The Indians 
had scattered in every direction. We 
had chased them a month, and were 
no nearer than when we started. 
Their trail led in as many different 
directions as there are degrees in the 
circle; they had burned off the grass 
from the Yellowstone to the moun- 
tains, and our horses were dropping 
by the scores, starved and exhausted, 
every day we marched. There was 
no help for it, and only one thing left 
to do. At daybreak the next morn- 
ing the orders came, “Make for the 
Black Hills—due south by compass— 
seven days march at least,” and we 
headed our dejected steeds accordingly 
and shambled off in search of supplies. 
Through eleven days of pouring, 
pitiless rain we plodded on that never- 
to-be-forgotten trip, and when at last 
we sighted Bear Butte and halted, ex- 
hausted, at the swiftest flowing cur- 
‘rent of the Belle Fourche,’ three 
fourths of our cavalry, of the Second, 


War 


Third, and Fifth regiments, had made 
the last day’s march afoot. One half 
of our horses were broken down for 
good, one fourth had fallen never to 
rise again, and dozens had been eaten 
to keep us, their riders, alive. . 

On the night of September 7th we 
were halted near the head waters of 
the Grand River. Here a force of one 
hundred and fifty men of the Third 
Cavalry, with the serviceable horses 
of that regiment, were pushed ahead 
under Major Anson Mills, with orders 
to find the Black Hills, buy all the sup- 
plies he could in Deadwood, and then 
hurry back to meet us. Two days 
later, just as we were breaking up onr 
cheerless bivouac of the night, a cour- 
ier rode in with the news that Mills 
was surrounded by the Indians twenty 
miles south, and every officer and man 
of the Fifth Cavalry whose horse had 
strength enough to trot pushed ahead 
to the rescue. Through mud, mist, 
and rain we plunged along, and by 
noon were exchanging congratu- 
lations with Mills and shots with the 
redskins in as healthy an Indian vil- 
lage, for its size, as we had ever seen. 
Custer’s guidons and uniforms were 
the first things that met our eyes— 
trophies and evidence at once of the 
part our foe had taken in the bloody 
battle of the Little Big Horn. Mills 


had stumbled -upon the village before 


day, made a magnificient dash, and 
seattered the Indians to the neighbor- 
ing heights, Slim Buttes by name, 
and then hung on to his prize like a 
bull-dog, and in the face of appalling 
odds, till we rode in to his assistance. 
That afternoon, reenforced by swarms 
of warriors, they made a grand rally 
and spirited attack, but it was no use. 
By that time we had some two thou- 
sand to meet them, and the whole 


840 





—. 







\S | * yo he “pre! 


AG AZAR aK Sa 
Nae HEAL AL: Ne 


PN WIS HAI S 
\\ \I } \ me : ws Se 
ZW \ AN Na STAN CS ore 


Map of Slim Buttes Battlefield 


841 


War 


Sioux nation couldn’t have whipped us. 
Some four hundred ponies had been 
captured with the village, and many 
a fire was lighted and many a suffer- 
ing stomach gladdened with a wel- 
come change from horse-meat, tough 
and stringy, to rib roasts of pony, 
grass-fed, sweet and succulent. There 
is no such sauce as starvation. 


The battle field of Slim Buttes was 
located on Sections 4, 9 and 10, town 
18 north 8 east near the present site 
of Reva post office. As soon as Cap- 
tain Mills had ascertained the situ- 
ation he set back to Crook about 20 
miles away to hurry forward. Mills 
had attacked the Indian camp at day 
break and it was noon when Crook’s 
column came up. General King re- 
sumes: 


The Combat of Slim Buttes. 


It is a stirring sight that meets the 
eye as, scrambling up from the shelter 
of the ravine, we gain the hillside and 
look hurriedly around. The whole land- 
scape is alive with men and horses 
in excited motion. North, south 
and west they frown down upon us, 
their crests enveloped in eddying mist 
and rain clouds, the sward at their 
base rolling towards us in successive 
dips and ridges. Not three hundred 
yards away the nearest cliff tosses 
skyward directly south of the center 
of the village we have won, but to 
the west and north they open out a 
good three-quarter mile away. 


The village itself consists of some 
thirty lodges or tepees of the largest 
and most ornate description known 
to Sioux architecture. The prisoners 
say that the head man of the munici- 
pality was Roman Nose, and that he 
and his band are but flankers of the 
great chieftain Crazy Horse, whose 


War 


whereabouts are vaguely indicated as 
“over there” which may mean among 
the white crags of Slim Buttes, within 
rifle shot, or miles away towards the 
Little Missouri. The tepees are nest- 
led about in three shallow ravines or 
“cooleys,’” as the northern plainsmen 
sometimes call them, which, uniting in 
the centre of the metropolis, form a 
little valley through which their joint 
contributions trickle away in a muddy 
streamlet. On a point at the con- 
fluence of the two smaller branches 
stands a large lodge of painted skins, 
the residence no doubt of some chief 
or influential citizen, for it is chuck 
full of robes and furs and plunder of 
every description. Here, not inside, 
for the domicile savors of long and 
unventilated occupation, but outside in 
the mud, General Carr has established 
the headquarters of the Fifth Cavalry. 

Directly behind us rises a mound in 
the very centre of our position, and 
here General Merritt, who commands 
the whole cavalry brigade, has planted 
his flag. It overlooks the field. Be- 
low him to the north are the lodges 
to which the wounded men have been 
brought, and where the surgeons are 
now at work. Here too, the compact 
battalion of the infantry has stacked 
its arms and set about kicking the 
mud off its worn brogans. Somewhere 
over there also is the entire Third 
Cavalry, but I have been too busy 
with other entertainments since we 
trotted in at noon to find out much 
about them. To them belongs solely 
and entirely the honor of the capture 
of the village in the first place—only 
a hundred and fifty men at that. Their 
advance under Mills and Crawford, 
Schwatka and poor Von Luettwitz 
(who pays for the honor with a leg 
the surgeons have just lopped off) 


842 


War 


dashed in at daybreak while we were 
yet twenty miles away, and since we 
got in to help them hold the prize, 
all hands have had their hands full. 

Southeast of Merritts central posi- 
tion a curling white smoke rising from 
the main ravine through the moisture- 
laden air, and begriming the folds of a 
red-and-blue headquarters flag, indi- 
cates the spot where Crook himself is 
to be found. The brigadier is no bet- 
ter off—cares to be no better off than 
the private. He has not a rag of 
canvas to shelter his head. 

Close in around the lines the lean, 
bony, leg-weary horses of the 
cavalry are herded, each company by 
itself where best it can find patches of 
the rich buffalo grass. No need to 
lariat those horses now. For weeks 
past they have barely been able to 
stagger along, and the morning’s twen- 
ty-mile shuffle through the mud has 
utterly used them up. Never the less, 
each herd is strongly guarded, for the 
Indians are lurking around us, eagerly 
watching every chance. 

The seattering shots from the dis- 
tant portions of our lines, that have 
brought us scrambling up the _ hill- 
side, wake the scene to the instant 
life and excitement we note as we 
reach the first ridge. As adjutant, my 
duties call me at once to General 
Carr’s headquarters, whence half a 
dozen officers who were gathered in 
conversation are scattering to their 
companies. A shout from the hillside 
announces, “Indians firing into the 
herds in front of the Third Cavalry.” 
Even as the hail is heard, a rattling of 
small arms, the sharp, vicious “ping’”’ 
of the carbine and the deep “bang” of 
the longer-ranged rifle, sweeps along 
the western front. Just as we expect- 
ed, Crazy Horse has come to the res- 


War 


cue, with all his available warriors. 
It is just half-past four o’clock by 
General Carr’s watch, and between 
this and sunset the matter must be 
settled. As yet we can see nothing 
of it from our front but every man 
seems to know what’s coming. “Sound 
to arms, Bradley,’ is General Carr’s 
quiet order to our chief trumpeter, and 
as the ringing notes resound along the 
ravines the call is taken up from 
battalion to battalion. The men spring 
to ranks, the herd guards are hurry- 
ing in their startled horses, and the 
old chargers, scenting Indians and 
danger, toss their heads snorting in 
the air and come trotting to their 
eager masters. All .but one herd— 
“Look at the Greys,” is the cry, for 
Montgomery’s horses have burst into 
a gallop excited by the shouts and 
clamor, and there they go up the 
slope, out to the front, and square in- 
to the fastness of the Indians. Not 
Yet! A dozen eager troopers, officers 
and men, have flung themselves on 
their steeds, all without bridles, and 
are off in the chase. No need of 
their services though. That dragoon 
captain in charge of the herd is a 
cool, practised hand—he had to be to 
wear chevrons in Montgomery’s troop 
—and, dashing to the front, he half 
leads, half turns the leaders over to 
the left, and in a great sweeping cir- 
cle of five hundred yards has guided 
them back into the very midst of their 
company. It is at once skillful and 
daring. No Indian could have done it 
better, and Corporal Clanton is ap- 
plauded then and mentioned in Gen- 
eral Carr’s report thereafter. 

Even as it is occurring, the _ hill- 
sides in our own front bristle with the 
savage warriors, too far off as yet 
for close shooting, but threateningly 


845 


War 


near. Our horses must be kept under 
cover in the ravines, and the lines 
thrown out to meet the foe, so “For- 
ward” is sounded. Upham’s battalion 
scramble up the ridge in their front, 
and the fun begins. All around the 
rocky amphitheatre the Indians come 
bobbing into sight on their active pon- 
ies, darting from behind rocks and 
ledges, appearing for a brief instant 
over the rise of open ground eight 
hundred yards away, then as sudden- 
ly dipping out of sight into some inter- 
vening ‘‘swale’” or depression. The 
first thing, while the general’s horse 
and mine are being saddled, is to get 
the other animals into the ravine un- 
der shelter, and while I’m_ at _ it, 
Bourke, the aide-de-camp we last saw 
petting and feeding his baby-captive, 
comes rattling up the pebbly stream- 
bed and rides to the front with that 
marvelous wreck of a straw hat flap- 
ping about his ears. He never hears 
the laughing hail of “How did you 
leave your baby, John?” but is the 
first mounted officer I see along the 
line. 


“Press where you see my old hat 
shine, 
Amid the ranks of war, 
And be your oriflamme today 
This title from Omaha.” 


Macauley barbarously paraphrased in 
the mud of Slim Buttes. 


As the general swings into the sad- 
dle and out to the front, the skirmish 
line is spreading out like a fan, the 
men running nimbly forward up the 
ridges. They are not well in hand, for 
they fire rapidly as they run. The vol- 
leys sound like a second Spottsylvania, 
2 grand success as a “feu de joie,” but, 
as the colonel indignantly remarks, 
“They couldn’t hit a flock of barns at 


War 


that distance, much less an Indian 
skipping about like a flea,” and orders 
are sent to stop the wild shooting. 
That there are hundreds of Indians is 
plainly apparent from their rapid fire, 
but they keep five or six hundred 
yards away behind the ridges peppering 
at every exposed point of our line. 
Upham’s battalion is swinging around 
to the west; Mason has pushed his five 
companies square out to the front 
along the plateau, driving the Indians 
before him. To his right the Second 
and Third Cavalry, fighting dismount- 
ed too, are making merry music. And 
now, filing over the ridges, comes the 
long column of infantry; and when 
they get to work with their “long 
toms” the Indians will have to skip 
in earnest. The shrill voice of their 
gray-bearded old chief sends his skir- 
mishers rapidly out on Upham’s left, 
and a minute more the rocks are ring: 
ing with the deeper notes of his mus- 
ketry. Meantime I have counted at 
least two hundred and fifty Indian 
warriors darting down from one single 
opening among the bluffs square in 
Mason’s front, and the wounded are 
drifting in from his line far more 
rapidly than from other exposed 
points. The brunt of the attack com- 
ing along that pleateau falls on him 
and his five companies. 

It is growing darker, and the flashes 
from our guns take a ruddier tinge. 
The principal occupation of our of- 
ficers, staff and line, has been to move 
along among the men and prevent the 
waste of ammunition. Every now and 
then, some young redskin, ambitious 
of distinction, will suddenly pop up 
from behind a hummock and dash at 
the top of his pony’s speed along our 
front, but over three hundred yards 
away, taunting and blackguarding us 


844 


War 


in shrill vernacular as he does so. 
Then the whole brigade wants to let 
drive at him and squander ammuni- 
tion at the rate of five dollars a se- 
cond on that pestiferous vagabond. 
“Hold your fire, men!” is the order. 
“Give them a chance and some of the 
painted humbugs will ride in closer.” 

By 5:30 the light is so uncertain 
that we, who are facing west along the 
plateau, and have the grim buttresses 
of the Buttes in our front, can barely 
distinguish the scudding forms of the 
Indians; but the flash of their rifles 
is incessant and now they are forced 
back beyond the possibility of harm- 
to our center, the orders are to lie 
down and stand them off. These men 
crouching along the ridges are Com- 
pany “F” of the Fifth. They and their 
captain (Payne) you have heard more 
of in the Ute campaign. One of them, 
a keen shot, has just succeeded in 
knocking an Indian out of his saddle 
and capturing his pony, and even while 
his comrades are shouting their con- 
gratulations, up comes Jack Finerty, 
who seeks his items on the skirmish 
line, and uses pencil and carbine with 
equal facility. Finerty wants’ the 
name of the man who killed that In- 
dian, and, learning from the eager 
voices of the men that it is “Paddy” 
Nihil, he delightedly heads a new 
paragraph of his dispatch “Nihil Ft,” 
and shakes hands with his brother Pat- 
lander, and scurries off to take a hand 
in the uproar on the left. 

“The war that for a space did fail 
Now trebly thundering swelled the 
gale.” 

John F. Finerty, to whom King fre- 
quently refers thus describes the fin- 
al effort of the battle: ‘Our men sup- 
plied with plenty of ammunition re- 
solved to silence the fire of the Indian 


War 


enemy. Long wreaths of smoke held 
low by the heavy atmosphere envel- 
oped the skirmish lines and showed 
more picturesquely as the evening ad- 
vanced. Those wreaths’ gradually 
crept up from tier to tier on the 
bluffs as the soldiers continued to 
ascend. The combatants were finally 
enshrouded in the sulphurous gloom. 
Through this martial vapor you could 
observe the vivid flashing of the fire 
arms — our boys creeping stealthily 
from ledge to ledge and the Indians 
bold as ever but utterly confounded, 
stunned and dispirited, perhaps by 
the ceaseless fusilade retired before 
the stronger force.’ 

General King resumes the narra- 
tive: 

Colonel Chambers, with his plucky 
infantrymen, has climbed up the cliff 
on the south, changed front forward 
on his right—practically, not tacti- 
cally—and got in a flank fire in the 
very depressions in which the Indians 
are settled. This is more than they 
can stand. The sun goes down on 
Slim Buttes on hundreds of baffled 
and discomfited Sioux. They have 
lost their village; lost three hundred 
tiptop ponies. A dozen of their war- 
riors and squaws are on our hands, 
and a dozen more are dead or dying 
in the attempt to recapture them; and 
the big white chief Crook has managed 
to gain all this with starving men and 
skeleton horses. 

Drawing in for the night, we post 
strong pickets well out in every direc- 
tion, but they are undisturbed. Now 
comes the summing up of casualities. 
The adjutants make the weary round 
of their regiments through wind and 
rain, taking the reports of company 
commanders, and then repairing to the 
surgeons to verify the lists. Two or 


845 


War 


three lodges have been converted into 
field hospitals; and in one of these 
among our own wounded two of the 
surgeons are turning their attention 
to a captive—the warrior American 
Horse. He lies upon some muddy 
robes with the life blood ebbing from a 
ghastly hole in his side. Dr. Clements 
examines his savage patient tender- 
ly, gently as he would a child; and 
though he sees that nothing can save 
his life, he does all that art can sug- 
gest. It is a painful task to both sur- 
geon and subject. The latter scorns 
chloroform, and mutters some order 
to a squaw crouching at his feet. She 
glides silently from the teepee, and 
returns with a bit of hard stick; this 
he thrusts between his teeth, and then 
as the surgeons work, and the sweat 
of agony breaks out upon his forehgad, 
he bites deep into the wood, but never 
groans or shrinks. Before the dawn 
his fierce spirit has taken its flight, 
and the squaws are crooning the 
death-chant by his side. 

Our own dead are fortunately few, 
and they are buried deep in the ra- 
vine before we move southward in 
the morning—not only buried deep, 
but a thousand horses, in columns of 
twos, tramp over the new made graves 
and obliterate the trace. You think 
this is but poor respect to show sold- 
iers’ graves, no doubt; but then you 
don’t know Indians, and cannot be 
expected to know that as soon as we 
are gone the skulking rascals. will 
come prowling into camp, hunting 
high and low for those graves, and 
if they find them, will dig up the bod- 
ies we would honor, secure the scalps 
ao trophies of their prowess and then, 
after indescribable hackings and mu- 
tilations, consign the poor remains to 
their four-footed relatives, the prairie 
wolves. 


War 


Our wounded are many, and a hard 
time the patient fellows are having. 
Such rude shelter as their comrades 
can improvise from the Indian tepees 
we interpose between them and the 
dripping skies above.. The rain drops 
sputter in the flickering watch-fires 
around their cheerless bivouac; the 
night wind stirs the moaning pines 
upon the cliffs, and sweeps down in 
chill discordance through creaking 
lodge poles and flapping roofs of 
hide; the guant horses huddle close 
for warmth and shelter; the muffled 
challenge of the outlying picket is 
answered by the yelp of the skulking 
coyote; and wet, muddy, and oh! so 
hungry, the victors hug their drenched 
blankets about their ears, and, grasp- 
ing their carbines, pillowed on their 
saddles, sleep the sleep of the deserv- 
ing. 


“Buffalo Bill’ and “Buffalo Chips.” 


One of the sad results of the Battle 
of Slim Buttes was the death of 
James White, affectionately Known as 
Buffalo Chips, the intimate friend and 
associate of William F. Cody. . Gen- 
eral King tells of his death and pays 
him a warm tribute. 

In all the years of campaigning, 
the Fifth Cavalry has had varied and 
interesting experiences with a class 
of men of whom much has been writ- 
ten, and whose names, to readers of 
the dime novel and New York weekly 
style of literature, were familiar as 
household words, I mean the ‘Scouts 
of the Prairie,’ as they have been 
christened. Many a peace-loving citi- 
zen and thousands of our boys have 
been to see Buffalo Bill’s thrilling re- 
presentations on the stage of the 
scenes of his life of adventure. To 
such he needs no introduction, and 
throughout our cavalry he is better 


846 


War 


known than any general except Crook. 

A motley set they are as a class— 
those scouts; hard riding, hard swear- 
ing, hard drinking, ordinarily, and not 
all were of unimpeachable veracity. 
But there was never a word of doubt 
or question in the Fifth when Buffalo 
Bill came up for discussion. He was 
chief scout of the regiment in Kansas 
and Nebraska in the campaign of 1868- 
69, when the hostiles were so com- 
pletely used up by General Carr. He 
remained with us as chief scout until 
the regiment was ordered to Arizona 
to take its turn at the Apaches in 
1871, and nothing but having a wife 
and family prevented his going thi- 
ther. Five years the regiment was 
kept among the rocks and deserts of 
that marvelous land of cactus and 
centipedes; but when we came home- 
ward across the .continent and were 
ordered up to Cheyenne to take a 
hand in the Sioux war of 1876, the 
first addition to our ranks was Buffalo 
Bill himself. He was “Starring it” 
with his theatrical troupe in the far 
East, and read in the papers that the 
Fifth was ordered to the support of 
General Crook. It was Bill’s benefit 
night at Wilmington, Deleware. He 
rushed through the performance, paid 
his company, took the midnight ex- 
press, and four days later sprang from 
the Union Pacific train at Cheyenne, 
and was speedily exchanging greet- 
ings with an eager group of his old 
comrades, reinstated as chief scout 
of the regiment. 

Of his services during the campaign 
that followed, a dozen articles might 
be written. One of his best plays is 
founded on the incidents of our fight 
of the 17th of July with the Cheyenne 
Indians, on the War Bonnet, for it 
was there he killed the warrior Yellow 


War 


Hand, in as plucky a single combat on 
both sides as is ever witnessed. The 
Fifth had a genuine affection for Bill; 
he was a tried and true comrade— 
one who for cool daring and judgment 
had no superior. He was a beautiful 
horseman, and unrivalled shot, and as 
a scout unequaled. We had _e tried 
them all—Hualpais and Tontos in 
Arizona; half-breeds on the great 
plains. We had followed Custer’s old 
guide, “California Joe,” in Dakota; met 
handsome Bill Hickok (Wild Bill) in 
the Black Hills; trailed for weeks af- 
ter Crook’s favorite, Frank Gruard, 
all over the Bighorn and Powder Riv- 
er country; hunted Nez Perces with 
cosgrove and his Shoshones among the 
Yellowstone mountains, and listened 
to “Captain Jack” Crawford’s yarns 
and rhymes in many a bivouac in the 
Northwest. They were all noted men 
in their way, but Bill Cody was the 
paragon. 

This time it is not my purpose to 
write of him, but for him, of another 
whom I have not yet named. The 
last time we met, Cody and I, he asked 
me to put in print a brief notice of a 
comrade who was very dear to him, 
and it shall be done now. 

James White was his name; a man 
little known east of- the Missouri 
but on the plains he was Buffalo Bill’s 
shadow. I had met him for the first 
time at McPherson station in the 
Platte valley in 1871, when he was a 
friend of Cody’s. Long afterwards 
we found how true and staunch a 
friend, for when Cody joined us at 
Cheyenne as chief scout he brought 
White with him as an assistant, and 
Bill’s recommendation secured him im- 
mediate employment. 

On many a long day’s march after 
that, White rode by my side along the 


847 


War 


flanks of the column, and I got to 
know him well. A  simpler-minded, 
gentler frontiersman never lived. He 
was modesty and courtesy itself, con- 
spicious mainly because of two or 
three unusual traits for his class—he 
never drank, I never heard him swear, 
and no man ever heard him lie. 

For years he had been Cody’s faith- 
ful follower—half servant, half ‘“‘pard- 
ner.” He was Bill’s “Fidus Achates;” 
Bill was his adoration. They had been 
boys together, and the hero worship 
of extreme youth was simply intensi- 
fied in the man. He copied Bill’s 
dress, his gait, his carriage, his speech 
—everything he could copy; he let 
his long yellow hair fall low upon his 
shoulders in wistful imitation of Bill’s 
glossy brown curls. He took more care 
of Bill’s guns and horses than he did of 
his own; and so, when he finally 
claimed, one night at Laramie, the 
right to be known by some other title 
than simple Jim White—something 
descriptive as it were, of his attach- 
ment for Cody and lifelong devotion to 
his idol, ‘‘Buffalo Bill,’ a grim quarter- 
master (Morton of the Ninth Infan- 
try), dubbed him “Buffalo Chips,” and 
the name was a fixture. 

Poor, honest-hearted “Chips!” His 
story was a brief one after that epi- 
sode. We launched out from Laramie 
on the 22nd of June, and, through all 
the vicissitudes of the campaign that 
followed, he was always near’ the 
Fifth. On the Yellowstone Cody was 
compelled to bid us a reluctant fare- 
well He had theatrical engagements 
to meet in the fall and about the end 
of August he started on General Ter- 
ry’s boat for Fort Buford and the 
States. ‘Chips’? remained in his ca- 
pacity as scout, though he seemed to 
miss his pardner. 


War 


It was just two weeks after that we 
struck the Sioux at Slim Buttes some- 
thing of which I told you in the for- 
mer chapter. You may remember that 
the Fifth had ridden in haste to the 
relief of Major Mills, who had sur- 
prised the Indians away in our front 
early Saturday morning, had whipped 
them in panicky confusion out of 
their “teepees” into the neighboring 
rocks, and then had to fight against 
ugly odds until we rode to his rescue. 
As the head of our column jogged in 
among the lodges, and General Carr 
directed us to keep on down to face 
the bluffs to the South, Mills pointed 
to a ravine opening out into the vil- 
lage, with the warning, ‘‘Look out for 
that gully; there are two or three 
wounded Indians hidden in there, and 
they’ve knocked over some of my 
men.” 

Everybody was too busy just then 
to pay much attention to two or three 
wounded Indians in a hole. We were 
sure of getting them when wanted. 
So, placing a couple of sentinels where 
they could warn stragglers away from 
its front, we formed line along the 
south and west of the captured village, 
and got everything ready for the at- 
tack we knew they would soon make 
in full force. 

General Crook had arrived on the 
scene, and, while we were waiting 
for “Lo” to resume the offensive, some 
few scouts and pickets started to have 
a little fun “rousting out them In- 
dians.”” Half a dozen soldiers got per- 
mission to go over and join in while 
the rest of us were hungrily hunting 
about for something to eat. The next 
thing, we heard a volley from the 
ravine, and saw the scouts and pickets 
scattering for cover. One soldier held 
his ground—shot dead. Another mo- 


. 


848 


War 


ment, and it became apparent that not — 


one or two, but a dozen Indians were 
crouching somewhere in that narrow 
gorge, and the move to get them out 
assumed proportions. Lieutenant 
Clarke, of General Crook’s staff sprang 
into the entrance, carbine in hand, and 
a score of cavalrymen followed while 
the scouts and others went cautious- 
ly along either bank, peering warily 
into the cave-like darkness at’ the 
head. A squad of newspaper corres- 
pondents, led by that reckless Hiber- 
ian, Finerty, of the Chicago Times, 
came tearing over, pencil in hand, all 
eagerness for items, just as a second 
volley came from the concealed foe, 
and three more of their assailants 
bleed, in their tracks. Now our peo- 
ple were fairly aroused, and officers 
and men by the dozens hurried to the 
scene. The misty air rang with shots, 
and the chances looked bad for the 
redskins. Just at this moment, as I 
was running over from the western 
side, I caught sight of ‘‘Chips” on the 
opposite crest. All alone, he was cau- 
tiously making his way, on hands and 
knees, toward the head of the ravine 
where he could look down upon the 
Indians beneath. As yet he was pro- 
tected from their fire by the bank it- 
self—his lean form distinctly outlined 
against the eastern sky. He reached 
a stunted tree that grew on the very 
edge of the gorge, and there he halt- 
ed, brought his rifle close under his 
shoulder, in readiness to aim and then 
raised himself slowly to his feet, lifted 
his head higher, as he peered over. 
Suddenly a quick, eager light shone in 
his face, a sharp movement of his rifle, 
as though he were about to raise it to 
his shoulder, when, bang! a puff of 
white smoke floated up from the head 
of the ravine, “Chips” sprang convul- 


War — 


sively in the air, clasping his hands to 
his breast, and with one startled, agon- 
izing cry, “Oh, my God, boys!” plung- 
ed heavily forward, on his face, down 
the slope—shot through the heart. 


Two minutes more, what Indians 
were left alive were prisoners, and 
that costly experiment at an end. 
That evening after the repulse of the 
grand attack of Roman Nose and Stab- 
ber’s warriors, and ’twas said, hun- 
dreds of Crazy Horse’s band, we bur- 
ied poor “Chips” with our dead, in the 
deep ravine. Wild Bill, California 
Joe, and Cosgrove have long since 
gone to their last account, but, among 
those who knew them, no scout was 
more universally mourned than Buff- 
alo Bill’s devoted friend, Jim White. 

This is General King’s description 
of the appearance of General Crook, 
on the battlefield of Slim Buttes: 


The Chief and the Staff 


With the death of our scout, Jim 
White, that eventful afternoon on the 
9th of September, 1876, the skulking 
Indians in the ravine seemed to have 
fired their last shot. Several squaws 
were half-dragged, half pushed up the 
banks, and through them the hidden 
foes were convinced that their lives 
would be spared if they would come 
and surrender. Pending the negotia- 
tions, General Crook himself, with two 
or three staff officers, came upon the 
scene, and orders were given that the 
prisoners should be brought to him. 

The time was in the martial history 
of our country, when brigadier-gen- 
erals were as plentiful as treasury- 
clerks—when our streets were ablaze 
with brilliant buttons, double rows 
ard grouped in twos; when silver stars 
shone on many a shoulder, and every 
sich luminary was in the center of 


849 


‘War 


half a score of brilliant satellites, © 


the blue-and-gold aides-de-camp, ad- 


jutant-general, etc., ete. But those 
were the dashing days of the 
late Civil War, when the = tradi- 


tions of 1812 and Mexico were still 
fresh in the military mind, and when 
we were half disposed to consider it 
quite the thing for a general to _ be- 
deck himself in all the splendor to be 
borrowed from plumes, epaulettes, and 
sashes, and followed by a curveting 
train of attendents, to gallop forth 
and salute his opponent before opening 
the battle. They did it in 1812, and 
“Old Fuss and Feathers,’ as many in 
the army called Winfield Scott, would 
have pursued the same system in ‘47, 
but for the fact that the bluff Zachary 
Taylor—“Old Rough and Ready’”—had 
taken the initiative, and left all full- 
dress outfits east of the Rio Grande. 
We do things in a still more practi- 
cal style nowadays, and, when it comes 
to fighting Indians, all that is orna- 
mental in warfare has been left to 
them. An Indian of the Sioux or Chey- 
enne tribe, when he goes in to battle, 
is aS gorgeous a creature as vermil- 
lion, pigment, plumed war-bonnet, glit- 
tering necklace, armlets, bracelets, 
and painted shield can make him. But 
here is a chance to see a full-fledged 
brigadier-general of the United States 
Army and his brilliant staff in action 
—date, September 9th, 1876; place, a 
muddy ravine in far western Dakota; 
campaign, the great Sioux war of that 
year. Now fellow-citizens, which is 
brigadier and which is private soldier 
in this crowd? It has gathered in not 
unkindly curiosity around three 
squaws who have just been brought 
into the presence of the “big white 
chief.”’ You are tax-payers—you 
contribute to the support of the 


War 


brigadier and the _ private alike. 
Presumably, therefore, having paid 
your money, you take your pick. I 
see you will need assistance. Very 
well, then. This utterly unpretending 
party—this undeniably shabby-looking 
man in a private soldier’s light-blue 
overcoat, standing ankle deep in mud, 
in a far-gone pair of soldier’s boots, 
crowned with a most shocking bad 
hat, is Brigadier-General George 
Crook, of the United States Army. 
He commanded the Eighth Corps at 
Cedar Creek, and ever since the war 
closed has been hustled about’ the 


great West, doing more hard service 


and making less fuss about it than you 
suppose possible in the case of a brig- 
adier-general. He has spent the best 
years of his life, before and since 
the war, in the exile of the frontier. 
He has fought all the tribes on the 
western slope of the Rockies, and 
nearly all on the eastern side. Pitt 
River Indians sent an arrow through 
him in 1857, and since the day he took 
command against the Apaches in Ari- 
zona no white man’s scalp would bring 
the price his would, even in the most 
impoverished tribe on the continent. 

The rain is dripping from the ragged 
edge of his old white felt hat and 


down over his untrimmed beard as he 


holds out his hand to greet, Indian 
fashion, the first squaw whom the in- 
terpreter, Frank Gruard, is leading 
forward, grasps his hand in both of 
hers, while her eyes mutely implore 
protection. Never having seen in all 
her life any reception but torture for 
prisoners, she cannot be made to be- 
lieve, for some minutes, that the white 
man does not make war that way. 
The other squaws come crowding af- 
ter her, each eager to grasp the gen- 
eral’s hand, and then insert therein 


850 


War 


the tiny fist of the papoose hanging 
in stolid wonderment on her back. 
One of the squaws, a young and really 
handsome woman, is shot through the 
hand, but holds it unconcernedly be- 
fore her, letting the blood drip to the 
ground while she listens to the inter- 
preters explanation of the general’s 
assurance of safety. 


Standing by the general are two 
of his aides. West of the Missouri 
you would not need introduction to 
him or them, for no men are better 
known; but it is the rarest thing im- 
aginable to see any one of the three 
anywhere else. In point of style and 
attire, they are no better off than their 
chief. Bourke, the senior aide and ad- 
jutant-general of the expedition, is 
picturesquely gotten up in an _ old 
shooting coat, an indescribable pair of 
trousers, and a straw hat minus ribbon 
or binding, a brim ragged as the edge 
of a saw, and a crown without a 
thatch. It was midsummer, you re- 
collect, when we started on this raid, 
and while, the seasons have changed, 
our garments, perforce, remain the 
same, what there is left of them. 


Schuyler, the junior, is a trifle more . 


“swell” dress. His hat 
has not quite so many holes; his hunt- 
ing-shirt of brown canvas has stood 
the wear and tear of the compaign 
somewhat better, and the lower man 
is garbed in a material unsightly but 
indestructible. All three are old cam- 
paigners in every part of the West. 


The third aide-de-camp we saw in the 


in point of 


previous article, down in the ravine 
itself, heading the attack on the In- 
dians. Clarke is unquestionably the 
show-figure of the staff, for his suit 


of Indian-tanned buckskin seems to: 


War 


defy the elements, and he looks as 
handsome and jaunty as the day we 
met him on the Yellowstone. 


Meantime more Indians are being 
dragged out of their improvised rifle- 
pits—warriors, squaws, and children. 
One of the latter is a bright-eyed little 
miss of some four or five summers. 
She is absolutely pretty, and looks 
so wet and cold and hungry that 
Bourke’s big heart is touched, and, lift- 
ing her from the ground, he starts off 
with her towards where the Fifth 
Cavalry are bivouaced, and I go with 
them. The little maiden suspects 
treachery—torture or death, no doubt 
—for with all her savage strength she 
kicks, struggles, claws, and scratches 
at the kindly, bearded face, scorns all 
the soothing protestations of her cap- 
tor, and finally, when we arrive at 
Bourke’s campfire, actually tears off 
that veteran straw hat, and Bourke, 
being a bachelor, hands his prize over 
to me with the remark that, as a fam- 
ily man, I may have better luck. Ap- 
parently I do not, but in a moment 
the adjutant-general is busying him- 
self at his haversack. He produces 
an almost forgotten luxury—a _ solid 
hard-tack; spreads it with a _ thick 
layer of wild currant jam, and hands 
it to the termagant who is deafening 
me with screams. “Take it, it’s wash- 
tay, Warwataycha;” and, sudden as 
sunburst from April cloud, little War- 
wataycha’s white teeth gleamed in 
smiles an instant, and then they are 
buried in the sweet morsel. Her 
troubles are forgotten, she wiggles out 
of my arms, squats contentedly in the 
mud by the fire, finishes a square foot 
of hard-tack in less time that we could 
masticate an inch, and smilingly looks 
up for more. 


851 


War 


Poor little heathen! It wasn’t the 
treatment she expected, and, doubt- 
less, more than ever, she thinks ‘‘white 
man heap fool,” but she is none the 
less happy. She will fill her own lit- 
tle stomach first, and then go and 
tell the glad tidings to her sisters, 
cousins, and aunts, and that white 
chief will have consequential damages 
to settle for scores of relatives of the 
original claimant of his hospitality. 
Indian logic in such matters is nothing 
if not peculiar. Lo argues, “You give 
my papoose something to eat—you my 
papoose friend; now give me, or you 
my enemy.” 

Nothing but big luck will save 
Bourke’s scanty supply of provender 
this muddy, rainy afternoon. 

We have captured a dozen or more 
rabid Indians who but half an hour 
ago were strewing the hillside with 
our dead. Here’s one grinning, hand- 
shaking vagabond with one of Custer’s 
corporal’s uniforms on his back— 
doubtless that corporal’s scalp is some- 
where in the warrior’s possession, but 
he has the deep sagacity not to boast 
of it; no man in his sound senses 
wants to search the average Indian. 
They are our prisoners. Were we 
theirs, by this time we would be 
nakedly ornamenting a _ solid stake 
and broiling to a juicy death to the 
accompaniment of their exultant 
howls. But fate ordains otherwise; 
we are good North American citizens 
and must conciliate—so we pass them 
around with smiling, pacific grasps of 
the hand—cherry “How coolahs,” and 
seat them by the fire and bid them 
puff of our scanty store of tobacco, and 
eat of our common stock of pony. But 
we leave a fair-sized guard with or- 
ders to perforate the first redskin 
that tries to budge, while the rest of 


War 


us grab our carbines and hurry to our 
posts. Scattering shots are heard all 
along and around our line—the trum- 
pets of the cavalry ring our “To 
arms!” the Fifth Cavalry follows with 
“Forward.” It means business, gen- 
tlemen, for here comes Crazy Horse, 
Roman Nose, and scores nay hun- 
dreds, of these Dick Turpins of the 
Plains, bent on recapturing their com- 
rades. We must drop pen to meet 
them. 


A Race for Rations. 


The village of Slim Buttes destroyed, 
General Crook pushed ahead on his 
southward march in search of the 
Black Hills and rations. All Sunday 
morning Upham’s battalion of the 
Fifth Cavalry covered the rear, and 
fought back the savage attacks upon 
the column; but once well away from 
the smoking ruins, we were but little 
molested and soon after noon caught 
up with the rest of the regiment, and 
found the entire command going into 
bivouac along a little stream flowing 
northward from an opening among 
towering cliffs, that were thrown like 
a barrier athwart our-line of march. 
It was cold, cheerless, rainy weather, 


‘but here we found grass and water 


for our famished cattle; plenty of tim- 
ber for our fires, though we had not a 
thing to cook, but men and horses 
were weak and chilled, and glad of a 
chance to rest. 

Here doctors Clements, Hartsuff, and 
Patzki, with their assistants went busi- 
ly to work perfecting their improvised. 
transportation for the wounded. There 
was not an ambulance or a field litter 
in the command. Two  officers— 
Bache, of the Fifth, and Luettwitz, of 
the Third Cavalry were utterly “hors 
du combat” the latter having left his 


852 


War 


leg at the fight on the previous day, 
and some twenty-five men, more or 
less severely wounded were either un- 
able to walk or ride a horse. 


Frontiersmen are quick to take les- 
sons from the Indians, the most practi- 
cal in transportation matters. Sap- 
lings twelve feet in length were cut 
(Indian Lodge Poles were utilized), 
the slender ends of two of these were 
lashed securely on either side of a 
spare pack-mule the heavy ends trail- 
ing along the ground, and fastened 
some three feet apart by cross-bars. 
Canvas and blankets were stretched 
across the space between; hereon one 
wounded man was laid, and what the 
Indians and plainsmen call a “travois”’ 
was complete. Over prairie or rock- 
less roads it does very well, but for 
the severely wounded a more com- 
fortable litter was devised. Two 
mules were lashed “fore and aft” be- 
tween two longer saplings; the inter- 
vening space was rudely but com- 
fortably upholstered with robes and 
blankets, and therein the invalid might 
ride for hours as smoothly as in a 
palace car. Once, in the Arizona 
mountains, I was carried an entire 
week in a similar contrivance, and nev- 
er enjoyed easier locomotion—so long 
as the mules behaved. But just here 
it may be remarked that comfort which 
is in the. faintest degree dependent 
upon the uniform and steadfast seren- 
ity of an army mule is of most uncer- 
tain tenure. Poor McKinstry, our wag- 
onmaster (1879) (who was killed in 
Payne’s fight with the Utes whose un- 
flattering comparison may have been 
provoked by unhappy experiences 
with the sex), used to say: ‘Most 
mules could sway ends quicker’n a 
woman could change her mind;” and 
it by no means required that the mule 


War 


should “swap ends” to render the sit- 
uation of the poor fellow in the 
“travois” undesirable, if, indeed, he 
was permitted to retain it. 


Sunday afternoon was spent in doing 
the little that could be done toward 
making the wounded comfortable, and - 
the manufacture of rude leggings, moc- 
casins, etc., from the skins captured 
from the Indians on the previous day. 
Sharp lookouts were kept, but no ene- 
my appeared. Evidently the Sioux 
were more than satisfied that Crook 
was worse than a badger in a barrel 
—a bad one to tackle. 


Early on the morning of the 11th 
we climbed stiffly into saddle, and 
pushed after our chief. Our way for 
some two miles or more led up grade 
through wooded bluffs and heights. 
A dense fog hung low over the land- 
scape, and we could only follow blind- 
ly in the trail of our leaders. It was 
part of my duty to record each day’s 
progress, and to sketch in my note- 
book the typography of the line of 
march. A compass was always in the 
cuff of my gauntlet, and note book in 
the breast of my hunting shirt, but 
for three or four days only the trail 
itself, with streams we crossed and 
the heights within a mile or two of 
the flank had been jotted down. Noth- 
ing further could be seen. It rained 
eleven days and nights without per- 
ceptible stop, and the whole country 
was flooded—so far as the mist would 
let us judge. 


But this wretched Monday morning, 
an hour out from bivouac, we came 
upon a view I never shall forget. Rid- 
ing along in the Fifth Cavalry column 
—every man wrapped in his own 
thoughts, and wishing himself wrapped 
in something warmer, all too cold and 
wet and dispirited to talk—we were 


853 


War 


aroused by exclamations of surprise 
and wonder among the troopers ahead. 
A moment more and we arrived in 
amaze at a veritable jumping off place, 
a sheer precipice, and I reined out to 
the right to dismount and jot down the 
situation. We had been winding up, 
up for over an hour, following some 
old Indian trail that seemed to lead 
to the moon, and all of a sudden had 
come apparently to the end of the 
world. General Crook, his staff and 
escort, the dismounted men and the in- 
fantry battalion away ahead had turn- 
ed sharp to the left, and could be faint- 
ly seen winding off into cloudland 
some three hundred feet below. Direct- 
ly in front, to the south, rolling, eddy- 
ing masses of fog were the only visible 
features. We were standing on the 
brink of a vertical cliff, its base lost 
in clouds far beneath. Here and there 
a faint breeze tore rents through the 
misty veil, and we caught glimpses of 
a treeless, shrubless plain beneath. 
Soon there came sturdier puffs of air; 
the sun somewhere aloft was shining 
brightly. We could neither see nor 
feel it—had begun to lose faith in 
its existence—but the clouds yielded 
to its force, and, swayed by the rising 
wind, drew away upward. Divested of 
the glow of colored fires, the glare of 
calcium light, the shimmering, span- 
gled radiance of the stage, the sym- 
phony of sweet orchestra, we were 
treated to a transformation scene the 
like of which I have never witnessed, 
and never want to see again. 


The first curtain of the fog uplift- 
ing, revealed rolling away five hun- 
dred feet beneath a brown barren, that 
ghastly compound of spongy ashes, 
yielding sand, and soulless earth, on 
which even greasewood cannot grow, 
and sage-brush sickens and dies—the 


War 


“mauvaises terres” of the French Mis- 
sionaries and fur traders—the curt 
“bad lands” of the plains vernacular, 
the meanest country underneath the 
sun. A second curtain, rising farther 
away to slow music of muttered pro- 
fanity from the audience, revealed 
only worse and more of it. The third 
curtain exposed the same rolling bar- 
ren miles to the southward. The 
fourth reached away to the very hori- 
zon, and vouchsafed not a glimpse of 
the hungry eyes, and strong men turn- 
ed away with stifled groans. 


One or two of us there who knew 
that long before we got sight,of the 
Black Hills, we must pass the Sioux 
landmark of “Deers Ears’’—twin coni- 
cal heights that could be seen for 
miles in every direction, and even they 
were beyond the range of my field 
glasses. My poor horse, ugly, raw- 
boned, starved, but faithful ‘“Blather- 
skite,” was it in wretched premonition 
of your fate, I wonder that you added 
your equine groan to the human chor- 
us? You and your pardner, ‘“Donny- 
brook,” were ugly enough when I 
picked you out of the quartermaster’s 
herd at Fort Hayes the night we made 
our sudden start for the Sioux cam- 
paign. You had little to recommend. 
you beyond the facility with which you 
could rattle your heels like shillalahs 
about the ribs of your companions—a 
trait which led to your Celtic titles— 
but you never thought so poorly of 
your rider that after you had worn 
yourself down to skin and bone in 
carrying him those bleak two thou- 
sand miles, he would help eat you; but 
he did—and it semed like cannibalism. 


Well! The story of the day’s march 
isn’t worth the telling. We went afoot, 
dragging pounds of mud with every 
step, and towing our wretched steeds 


854 


War 


by the bridle rein; envying the gaunt 
infantry, who had naught but their 
rifles to carry, and could march two 
miles to our one. 


But late that afternoon, with Deer’s 
Ears close at hand at last, we sank 
down along the banks of Owl creek, 
the Heecha Wakpa of the Sioux; built 
huge fires, scorched our ragged gar- 
ments, gnawed at tough horse meat, 
and wondered whether we really ever 
tasted such luxuries as ham and eggs 
or porterhouse steak. All night we lay 
there in the rain; and at dawn Up- 
ham’s battalion, with such horses as 
were capable of carrying a rider, were 
sent off down stream to the south- 
east on the trail of some wandering 
Indians who had crossed our front. 
The rest of us rolled our blankets 
and trudged out southward. It was 
Tuesday, the 13th of September, 1875 
—a day long to be remembered in the 
annals of the officers and men of the 
Big Horn and Yellowstone expedition; 
a day that can never be thoroughly 
described, even could it bear descrip- 
tion; a day when scores of our horses 
dropped exhausted on the trail—when 
starving men toiled piteously along 
through thick clinging mud, or flung 
themselves, weeping and worn-out, up- 
on the broad flooded prairie. Happily 
we got out of the Bad Lands before 
noon; but one and all were weak with 
hunger, and as we dragged through 
boggy stream-bed, men would *sink 
hopelessly in the mire and never -try 
to rise of themselves; ‘“travois’”’ mules 
would plunge frantically in bog and 
quicksand, and pitched the wounded 
screaming from their litters. I hate 
to recall it. Duties kept me with the 
rear-guard, picking up and driving in 
stragglers. It was after midnight 
when Kellogg’s rearmost files reached 


‘War 


the bivouac along the Crow. The 
night was pitchy dark, the rain was 
pitiless; half our horses were gone, 
many of the men were scattered over 
the cheerless prairie far behind. But 
relief was at hand; the Belle Fourche 
was only a few miles away; beyond it 
lay the Black Hills and the stores of 
Crook City and Deadwood. Commis- 
sary and couriers had been sent ahead 
to hurry back provisions; by noon of 
the coming sun there would be an 
abundance. 


The morning came slowly enough. 
All night it had rained in torrents no 
gleam of sunlight came to gladden our 
eyes or thaw the stiffened limbs of 
our soldiers. Crow creek was _ run- 
ning like a mill-race. A third of the 
command had managed to cross it the 
evening before, but the rest had halted 
upon the northern bank. Roll-call 
showed that many men had still failed 
to catch up, and an examination of 
the ford revealed the fact that precipi- 
tous banks above and below, and deep 
water rushing over quicksands and 
treacherous bottom at the one avail- 
able point, it must be patched up in 
some manner before a crossing could 
be effected, An orderly summoned me 
to the general’s headquarters, and 
there I found him as deep in the mud 
as the rest of us. He simply wanted 
me to go down and put that ford in 
shape. “You will find Lieutenant 
Young there,” said he, “and fifty men 
will report to you for duty.” Lieuten- 
ant Young was there sure enough and 
some fifty men did report, but there 
were no tools and the men were jaded; 
not more than ten or twelve could 
do a stroke of work. We hewed down 
willows and saplings with our hunting 
knives, brought huge bundles of these 
to the ford, waded in to the waist, 


855 


War 


and anchored them as best we could 
to the yielding bottom; worked like 
beavers until noon, and at last report- 
ed it practicable despite its looks. 
General Crook and his staff mounted 
and rode to the brink, but appearences 
were against us, and he plunged in to 
find a crossing for himself. Vigorous 


spurring carried him through, though 


twice we thought him down. But his 
horse scrambled up the opposite bank, 
the staff followed, dripping, and the 
next horseman of the escort went un- 
der horse and all, and come sputtering 
to the surface at our shaky causeway, 
reached it in safety and floundered 


ashore. Then all stuck to our ford 
the long column of cavalry, the 
wounded on their ‘“travois’” and the 


stragglers—and by two p. m. all were 
safely over. The Belle Fourche was 
only five miles away, but it took two 
good hours to reach it. The stream 
was broad, rapid and turbid, but the 
bottom solid as rock. Men clung to 
horses’ tails or the stirrups of their 
mounted comrades, and were towed 
through, and then saddles were whip- 
ped off in a dense grove of timber, 
fires glowed in every direction, herd 
guards drove the weary horses to rich 
pastures among the slopes and hill- 
sides south of the creek bottom, and 
all unoccupied men swarmed out up- 
on the nearest ridge to watch for the 
coming wagons. Such a shout as 
went up when the cry was heard, 
“Rations Coming,” such a mob as 
gathered when the foremost wagon 
drove in among the famished men. 
Guards were quickly stationed, but 
before that could be done the boxes 
were fairly snatched from their own- 


ers and their contents’ scattered 
through the surging crowd.  Disci- 
pline for a moment was_ forgot- 


War 


ten, men fought like tigers for 
crackers, and plugs of tobacco. Of- 
ficers ran to the scene and soon re- 
stored order, but I know that three 
ginger-snaps I picked up from the 
mud under the horses’ feet and shar- 
ed with Colonel Mason and Captain 
Woodson—the first bite of bread we 
had tasted in three days—were the 
sweetest morsels we had tasted in 
years. 


By 5 p. m. wagon after wagon had 
driven in. Deadwood and Crook City 
had rallied to the occasion. All they 
heard was that Crook’s army had 
reached the Belle Fourche, starving. 
Our commissary, Capt. Budd, had 
bought at owner’s prices, all the bac- 
on, flour and coffee to be had. Local 
dealers had loaded up with every eat- 
able item in their establishments. 
Company commanders secured every- 
thing the men would need. Then 
prominent citizens came driving out 
with welcoming hands and appreciat- 
ed luxuries, and just as the sun went 
down Colonel Mason and I were 
emptying tin cups of steaming coffee 
and for two mortal hours eating flap- 
jacks as fast as the cook could turn 
them out. Then came the blessed 
pipe of peace, warm dry blankets, and 
the soundest sleep that ever tired sol- 
dier enjoyed. Our troubles were for- 
gotten. , 


The Black Hills 

It was on Wednesday evening that 
our good friends, the pioneers of 
Deadwood and Crook City, reached us 
with their wagons, plethoric with all 
manner of provender, and the next 
day, as though in congratulation, 
the bright sunshine streamed in upon 
us, and so did rations. The only hard- 
worked men were the cooks, and from 
before dawn to late at evening not an 


856 


War 


hour’s respite did they enjoy. To- 
wards sundown we caught sight of 
Upham’s battalion, coming in from 
its weary scout down stream. They 
had not seen an Indian, yet one poor 
fellow, Milner of Company “A,” rid- 
ing half a mile ahead of them in eager 
pursuit of an antelope, was found ten 
minutes after, stripped, scalped and 
frightfully gashed and mutilated with 
knives, stone dead, of course, though 
still warm. Pony tracks were fresh 
in the springy sod all around him, but 
ponies and riders had vanished. Pur- 
suit was impossible. Upham had not 
a horse that could more than stagger 
a few yards at a time. The maddest 
man about it was our Sergeant-Major, 
Humme, an admirable shot and a man 
of superhuman nerve and courage; 
who with Lieutenant Wier, met 
a similar fate at the hands of the 
Utes. He fought a half-score of them 
single handed, and sent one of them 
to his final account before he himself 
succumbed to the missiles they pour- 
ed upon him from their shelter in 
the rocks. A better soldier never liv- 
ed, and there was grim humor in the 
statement of the eleven surviving Ute 
warriors, that they didn’t want to 
fight Wier and Humme, but were 
obliged to kill them in self-defense. 
Wier was shot dead before he really 
saw the adversary, and those twelve 
unfortunate warriors, ' armed with 
‘their repeaters, would undoubtedly 
suffer severely at the hands of Humme 
and his single shooter if they hadn’t 
killed him too. 


Upham’s battalion, reached us late 
on the afternoon of the fourteenth, 
desperately tired and hungry. We lost 
no time in ministering to their wants, 
though we still had no grain for our 
horses, but the men make merry over 


War 


abundant coffee, bacon and beans, and 
bread and molasses, and were un- 
speakably happy. 


That evening the general decided to 
send back to the crossings of the 
swollen streams that had impeded our 
march on the 12th, and in which many 
horses and mules and boxes of rifle 
ammunition had been lost. Indians 
prowling along our trail would come 
upon that ammunition as the stream 
subsided, and reap a rich harvest. 


The detail fell upon the Fifth Cav- 
alry. One officer and thirty men to 
take the back track, dig up the boxes 
thirty miles away, and bring them in. 
With every prospect of meeting hun- 
dreds of Sioux following our trail for 
abandoned horses, the duty promised 
to be trying and perilous, and when 
the colonel received the orders from 
headquarters, and turning to me, said, 
“Detail a lieutenant,” I looked at the 
roster with no little interest. Of ten 
companies of the Fifth Cavalry pres- 
ent, each was commanded by his cap- 
tain, but subalterns were scarce, and 
with us such duties were assigned 
in turn, and the officer “longest in” 
from scout or detachment service was 
Lieutenant Keys. So that young gentle- 
man, being hunted up and notified of 
his selection, girded up his loins and 
was about ready to start alone on his 
perilous trip, when there came run- 
ning up to me an officer of infantry 
—an old West Point comrade who 
had obtained permission to make the 
campaign with the Fifth Cavalry and 
had been assigned to Company “L” — 
for duty, but who was not detailable, 
strictly speaking, for such service as 
Keys’ from our roster. ‘Look here, 
King, you haven’t given me half a 
chance this last month, and if I’m 
not to have this detail, I want to 


857 


War 


go with Keys, as subordinate, or any- 
thing, I don’t care, only I want to 
go.” The result was that he did go, 
and they brought in fourteen horses 
and all the ammunition without los- 
ing a man. 


Now our whole attention was given 
to the recuperation of our horses— 
the cavalryman’s first thought. Each 
day we moved camp a few miles up 
the beautiful Whitewood valley, seek- 
ing fresh grass for the animals, and 
on September 18th we marched 
through the little hamlet of Crook 
City, and bivouacked again in a beau- 
tiful amphitheater of the hills called 
Centennial Park. From here, dozens 
of the officers and men wandered off 
to visit the mining gulches and settle- 
ments in the neighborhood and num- 
bers were taken prisoners by the deni- 
zens of Deadwood and royally enter- 
tained. General Crook and his staff, 
with a small escort, had left us early 
on the morning of the 16th, to push 
ahead to Fort Laramie and set about 
the organization of a force for im- 
mediate resumption of business. This 
threw General Merritt in command of 
the expedition, and meant that our 
horses should become the objects of 
the utmost thought and care. Leaving 
Centennial Park on the 19th, we 
marched southward through the Hills, 
and that afternoon came upon a pretty 
stream named, as many another is 
throughout the Northwest, the Box 
Elder, and there we met a train of 
wagons, guarded by spruce artillery- 
men fresh from their casements on 
the seaboard, who looked upon our 
nags with undisguised astonishment, 
not unmixed with suspicion. But they 
were eagerly greeted, and that night 
for the first time in four long weeks, 
small measures of oats and corn were 


War 


dealt out to our emaciated animals. 
It was touching to see how carefully 


and tenderly the rough-looking men 


spread the precious morsels before 
their steeds, petting them the while, 
and talking as fond nonsense to their 
faithful friends as ever mother croon- 
ed to sleeping child. It was only a 
bite for the poor creatures, and their 
eyes begged wistfully for more. We 
gave them two night’s rest, and then, 
having consumed all the grass to be 
had, pushed on to Rapid Creek, and 
thence again to the southern limits 
of the Hills, passing through many a 
mining camp or little town with a 
name suggestive of the wealth and 
population of London. We found Cus- 
ter City a deserted village—many a 
store and dozens of houses utterly 
untenanted. No forage to be had for 
love nor money. Our horses could go 
no farther, so for weeks we lay along 
French Creek, moving camp every day 
or two a mile or more for fresh grass. 
It was dull work, but the men enjoyed 
it; they were reveling in plenty to 
eat and no frills, and every evening 
would gather in crowds around the 
campfires, listening to some favorite 
vocalist or yarn-spinner. Once in a 
while letters began to reach us from 
anxious ones at home, and made us 
long to see them; and yet no orders 
came, no definite prospects of relief 
from our exile. At last, the second 
week in October started us out on- 
a welcome raid down the valley of 
the South Cheyenne, but not an In- 
dian was caught napping, and finally, 
on the 28rd of October, we were all 
concentrated in the vicinity of- the 
Red Cloud Agency to take part in the 
closing scene of the campaign and as- 
sist in the disarming and unhorsing 
of all the reservation Indians, 


858 


War 


General MacKenzie, with the Fourth 
Cavalry and a strong force of artillery 
and infantry, was already there, and 
as we marched southward to surround 
the Indian camps and villages from 
the direction of Hat Creek our array 
was not unimposing, numerically. The 
infantry, with the ‘‘Weak-horsed” cav- 
alry, moved along the prairie road. 
Colonel Royall’s command (Third Cav- 
alry and Noyes’ Battalion of the 
Second) was away over to the east- 
ward, and well advanced, so as to 
envelop the doomed villages from that 
direction. We of the Fifth spread out 
over the rolling prairie to the west, 
and in this order all moved towards 
Red Cloud, twenty odd miles away. 
It was prettily planned, but scores of 
wary, Savage eyes had watched all 
Crook’s preparations at the agency. 
The wily Indian was quick to divine 
that his arms and ponies were threat- 
ened, and by noon we had the dismal 
news by courier that they had stam- 
peded in vast numbers. We enjoyed 
the further satisfaction of sighting 
with our glasses the distant clouds of 
dust kicked up by their scurrying 
ponies. A few hundred warriors, old 
men and “blanket Indians,” surrend- 
ered to MacKenzie, but we of the Big 
Horn were empty handed when once 
more we met our brigadier upon the 
following day. 


The Messiah War 

A Paiute Indian named Wovaka, but 
better known as Jack Wilson, by rea- 
son of the fact that he had grown up 
in the family of Mr. David Wilson 
near Pyramid Lake, Nevada, was suf- 
fering from a fever at the time of the 
total eclipse of the sun, January 1, 
1889. The Paiutes were naturally 
sun worshipers, and ‘the eclipse al- 


War 


ways caused great excitement and 
consternation among them. Jack was 
a mild, kindly dispositioned fellow, © 
very industrious and trustworthy, and 
held in high esteem by both Indians 
and Whites. He spoke the English 
language fairly well and possessed the 
rudiments of English education. At 
the time of the eclipse he claimed to 
have fallen asleep in the day time, 
and to have been taken up to heaven, 
where he saw God and all the people 
who had died long ago engaged ‘in 
their old time sports; all happy and 
forever young. It was a pleasant land 
and full of game. After showing him 
all, God told him he must go back to 
earth and tell his people they must 
be good and love one another, have no 
quarreling and live in peace with the 
whites. That they must work and not 
lie and steal. That they must put 
away all the old practices that savor- 
ed of war. That if they faithfully 
obeyed his instructions they would at 
last be reunited with their friends in 
the other world, where there would 
be no more death or sickness or old 
age. He was then instructed in the 
dance which he was commanded to 
bring back to his people. By _ per- 
forming this dance at intervals for 
five consecutive days each time they 
would secure this happiness to them- 
selves and hasten the event. Finally 
God gave him control over the ele- 
ments so that he could make it rain 
or snow or be dry at his will, and ap- 
pointed him his députy to take charge 
of affairs in the west, while governor, 
meaning President Harrison, would 
attend to matters in the east and Gou 
himself would attend to affairs in the 
world above. Jack then returned to 
earth and began to preach as he was 
directed, convincing the people by ex- 


859 


War 


ercising the wonderful powers that 
had been given him. It will be seen 
at once that Jack’s revelation embrac- 
ed the old pagan superstition in which 
he had been reared, together with the 
tenets of the Christian religion in 
which he had been instructed during 
the Tater years of his residence with 
Mr. Wilson, who with his family were 
religious people. Jack at this time 
was about 35 years of age. 


The declaration of his revelation set 
the Paiutes and all of the adjoining 
tribes instantly into a great religious 
fervor, and in a very short time knowl- 
edge of his profession had been car- 
ried to all the Indians in all of the 
tribes on the continent. It is marvel- 
ous how rapidly this sort of news 
traveled among them, and the reader 
may be sure that the tale lost nothing 
in its pilgrimage. The first knowledge 
of the Messiah craze reached the 
Sioux in the summer of 1889, by let- 
ters received at Pine Ridge from 
tribes in Utah, Wyoming, Montana, 
Dakota and Oklahoma. As these let- 
ters were sent to many Sioux who 
did not read, they were taken to Wil- 
liam Selwyn to be interpreted to them, 
and, therefore, knowledge of the 
movement soon came to the agency 
officials. In the fall of 1889 the mat- 
ter had so much interested the Pine 
Ridge Dakotas that a great council 
was held to discuss the subject, at- 
tended by Red Cloud, Man Afraid, 
Little Wound, American Horse and 
very many others of’the older Indians 
who still took pride in adhering to the 
antiquated tribal customs. At this 
council it was determined to send a 
delegation to Pyramid Lake to learn 
more of the new Messiah, and Good 
Thunder, Flat Iron, Yellow Breast, and 
Broken Arm from Pine Ridge, Short 


War 


Bull and one other from Rosebud, and 
Kicking Bear from Cheyenne River 
agency were elected as such dele- 
gates. They at once started on their 
journey to the West and soon began 
to write from Wyoming, Utah and be- 
yond the mountains confirming all that 
had been said of the advent of a re- 
deemer. They were gone all winter 
and their return in the spring of 1890 
aroused an intense excitement among 
the Sioux, who had been anxiously 
awaiting their report. All the dele- 
gates believed that there was a man 
near the base of the Sierras who was | 
the Son of God, who had once been 
killed by the Whites, and who bore on 
his body scars of the crucifixion. He 
was now returning to punish the 
whites for their wickedness, especially 
for their injustice toward the Indians. 
With the coming of the spring of 1891 
he would wipe the whites from the 
face of the earth and would then 
resurrect all the dead Indians, bring 
back the buffalo and other game, and 
restore the supremacy of the aborigi- 
nal race. He had before come to the 
whites, but they had rejected him. 
He was now the God of the Indians 
and they must pray to him and call 
him Father and prepare for his awful 
coming. 


This report was an awful and un- 
justifiable exaggeration of what Jack 
Wilson actually taught. The latter 
took pains to write down his mes- 
sage, and there was absolutely noth- 
ing in it to justify the Sioux version. 
Here is Jack’ Wilson’s message var- 
batim: 

“When you get home you must 
make a dance to continue five days. 

Dance four successive nights and 

the last night keep up the dance 


until the morning of the fifth day, 
when all must bathe in the river 


860 


War 


and then disperse to their homes. 

You must all do in the same way. 

“I, Jack Wilson, love you all and 
my heart is full of gladness for 
the gifts which you have brought 
me. When you get home I shall 
give you a good cloud which will 
make you feel good, I give you a 
good spirit and give you good paint. 
I want you to come again in three 
months, some from each tribe. 

“There will be a good deal of 
snow this year and some rain, in 
the fall there will be such rain as 
I have never given you before. 

“Grandfather (meaning himself, 
the Messiah) says when your 
friends die you must not cry. You 
must not hurt anybody or do harm 
to anyone. You must not fight. 
Do right always. It will give you 
satisfaction in life. 

“Do not tell the white people 
about this. Jesus is now upon 
earth. He appears like a cloud. 
The dead are all alive again. I 
do not know when they will be 
here, maybe in the fall or in the 
spring. When the time comes there 
‘will be no more sickness, and every- 
one will be young again. 

“Do not refuse work for the 
whites and do not make any trouble 
with them until you leave them. 
When the earth shakes, at the com- 
ing of the new world, do not be 
afraid, it will not hurt you. 

“T want you to dance every six 
weeks. Make a feast at the dance 
and have food that everyone may 
eat. Then bathe in the water. That 
is all. You will receive good words 
from me sometimes. Do not tell 
lies.” 

Manifestly Short Bull, who at once 
became the leader of the delegation 
to the Messiah, disregarded the last 
injunction of the Messiah, not to tell 
lies. 

It was in April, 1890, that the dele- 
gates returned to Pine Ridge with 
their reports. A council was at once 
called to discuss the matter, but Sel- 
wyn, who was himself an educated 


full blood Sioux and post master at 


War 


Pine Ridge, reported the project to 
the agent, Major Gallagher, and Good 
Thunder and two others were arrest- 
ed and imprisoned for two days. The 
council was not held, but Kicking 
Bear, who had been off to the Arapa- 
hoes, enroute to his home at Cheyenne 
River, stopped at Pine Lodge and told 
them that the Arapahoes were already 
dancing and could see and talk with 
their dead relatives, while in the 
dance. The excitement which the 
agent had thought smothered by the 
arrest of the leaders, broke out again 
with added strength. Red Cloud him- 
self declared his adhesion to the new 
doctrine and said his people must do 
as the Messiah commanded. A great 
council was held on White Clay 
Creek, a few miles from the Pine 
Ridge Agency, and the ghost dance 
was formally inaugurated. Short Bull 
and others of the delegates acting as 
priests and leaders in the ceremony. 
The religious fervor into which these 
people were thrown was unparalleled 
and beyond all rational explanation. 
They dreamed dreams and saw vis- 
ions. The visible presence of their 
long departed relatives and friends 
was something real and tangible to 
them. They were simply laboring un- 
der some strange psychologic influ- 
ence not susceptible of explanation. 
Before going into the dance the men 
fasted for twenty-four hours, and then 
at daylight entered the sweat houses 
for religious purification, preliminary 
to painting themselves for the dance. 
The sweat house is a small circular 
framework of willow branches driven 
into the ground and bent over and 
brought together at the top in such 
a way that when covered with blan- 
kets or robes. the 
a dimunitive round top tepee just high 


structure forms 


861 


War 


enough to enable several persons to 
sit or stand in a stooping posture in- 
side. The doorway faces the east, 
and at the distance of a few feet in 
front of the door way is a small 
mound of earth on which is placed a 
buffalo skull with the head turned as 
if looking into the lodge. The earth 
of which the mound is formed is taken 
from a hole in the center of the lodge. 
Near the sweat house on the outside 
there is a tall sacrifice pole, from the 
top of which are strung strips of 
bright colored cloth, packages of to- 
bacco, or other offerings to the deity 
invoked by the _ devotee. Fresh 
bundles of the fragrant wild sage are 
strewn on the ground inside of the 
sweat house, and a fire is kindled 
outside a short distance away. In this 
fire stones are heated by the medicine 
man and when all are ready, the de- 
votees, stripped to the breech cloth 
enter the sweat house. The stones 
are then handed into them by the 
priests by means of two forked sticks 
and are deposited by him in the hole 
in the earth in the center of the 
lodge. Water is then passed in to 
him, which is poured over the hot 
stones until the whole interior is fill- 
ed with steam and he sits in this ab- 
original Turkish bath until his body 
is dripping with perspiration. During 
this time the doctors outside are do- 
ing their part in the way of praying 
to the gods and keeping up the sup- 
ply of hot stones and water until, in 
their estimation, he has been suffic- 
iently purified physically or morally, 
when he emerges, plunges into the 
neighboring stream and resumes his 
clothing. After this the dancer was 
painted by the medicine man, the de- 
sign, and color being determined by a 
previous trancevision. This process 


War 


occupied most of the morning, so 
that it was about noon before the 
circle for the dance was formed. A 
small tree was planted in the center 
of the circle with the American flag 
floating from the top. Around the 
base of the tree sat the priests. A 
young woman standing within the 
circle gave the signal for the perform- 
ance by shooting into the air toward 
the cardinal points, four sacred ar- 
rows, made after the old primitive 
fashion with stone heads and dipped 
in the blood of a steer before being 
brought to the dance. These were then 
gathered up and tied ‘to a branch of the 
tree, together with the bow. During 
the dance this young woman _ stood 
within the circle, holding a red stone 
pipe towards the west, the direction 
from which the Messiah was to ap- 
pear. The performers, men and wom- 
en, sat on the ground in a large 
circle around the tree. A plaintive 
chant was then sung, after which at 
the signal by the priests the dancers 
rose to their feet, joined hands and 
began to chant the opening song and 
to move slowly around the circle from 
right to left. The dance was thus 
kept up until the performers were ut- 
terly exhausted and fell in a trance. 
This religious excitement spread rap- 
idly to all of the Dakota reservations, 
but the real disturbance was confined 
to Pine Ridge. Rosebud, Hump’s band 
of Minneconjous on the Cherry Creek, 
belonging to the Cheyenne River 
agency, and to Sitting Bull’s band on 
Grand River, belonging to the Stand- 
ing Rock reservation. The Indians 
independent of the religious move- 
ment, attendant upon the Messiah 
craze, had some serious grounds of 
complaint against the whites at this 
juncture, and designing men among 


862 


War 


them took advantage of the religious 
sentiment to foment hostile senti- 
ments, not perhaps with a view of 
inciting an outbreak, but rather to se- 
cure a reform of the evils and ad- 
ditional supplies. It cannot be said 
from any evidence yet produced that 
the reservation Dakotas had any defi- 
nite plan of resorting to open warfare. 
The bad condition in the relations be- 
tween the whites and Indians at this 
juncture were due to several causes. 
_ The signing of the treaty of 1889 by 
which the great Sioux reservation was 
broken up had been earnestly oppos- 
ed by the old heathen Indians, such 
as Red Cloud and Sitting Bull, who 
argued strenuously that the Indians 
would be more than ever at the mercy 
of the whites if this thing was done, 
and particularly that the _ rations 
would be cut off. Under the Black 
Hills treaty of 1876, it will be remem- 
bered that the government bound it- 
self to supply the Indians with full 
rations, or so much thereof as should 
be needed, until they became self 
supporting. At about this time the 
Indian department had concluded that 
the Indians never would become self 
supporting or make any progress in 
that direction so long as full rations 
were issued to them, and it was there- 
fore resolved to begin a process of 
gradual reduction of supplies, hoping 
thereby to induce the Indians to great- 
er effort to supply their own needs. 
Unfortunately this experiment was 
taken immediately after the signing 
of the treaty of 1889 and appeared to 
be a prompt fulfillment of the prophe- 
sies of Red Cloud and Sitting Bull. 
Again, 1889 and 1890 were the most 
disastrous years in the history of Da- 
kota Agriculture. By reason of the 
great and far reaching droughts thou- 


War 


sands of white settlers were compel- 
led to leave their homes on the fertile 
and ordinarily productive lands east 
of the Missouri, and the feeble at- 
tempts of the reservation Indians at 
agriculture proved a total failure. 
Thus they were greatly limited, not 
only in the ordinary supplies received 
from the government, but entirely de- 
prived from any returns from their 
own labor. These conditions produc- 
ed great distress among them, and in 
many of the camps the inhabitants 
were for months on short rations and 
at the verge of starvation. The situ- 
ation was one well calculated, inde- 
pendent of any other exciting cause, 
to drive the Indians to hostility, and 
supplemented by the Short Bull vers- 
ion of the Messiah theology, the Sioux 
believed the time had come when with 
a little assistance on their part the 
whites would miraculously be swept 
from the face of the earth. Another 
serious complication grew out of the 
change of agents at Pine Ridge Agen- 
cy. In the early autumn of 1890, and 
while the ghost dance excitement was 
at its height, Major Gallagher, who 
had occupied the position for four 
years, was succeeded by Dr. Royer. 
Royer’s appointment was purely po- 
litical. He-was totally inexperienced 
in Indian affairs, and upon the test 
proved to lack tact, judgment and 
courage. The Indians were quick to 
perceive his weakness and from the 
first showed little respect for his 
authority and within a few days began 
to treat him with utter contempt, and 
in the emergency which confronted 
him the agent called upon the mili- 
tary for support in preserving order 
upon the reservation... This was the 
first time since the establishment of 
the agency at Pine Ridge that the 


863 


War 


military had been called into requisi- 
tion. Never before had there been an 
emergency in which a Dr. McGilly- 
cuddy or a Major McLaughlin were 
so essential to the preservation of 
peace as at this time. It may safe- 
ly be assumed that had Dr. McGilly- 
cuddy been at the helm there would 
have been no bloodshed, no soldiers, 
and the Messiah war would have been 
wholly averted. From 1879 to 1886 
Pine Ridge was in charge of Dr. V. 
T. McGillycuddy, a man of unflinch- 
ing courage, determined will and 
splendid executive ability. Taking 
charge of these Indians when they 
had come fresh from the warpath, he 
managed them for seven years with- 
out a soldier nearer than sixty miles 
away. Relying on the Indians them- 
selves, he introduced the principle 
of home rule by organizing a force of 
fifty Indian police, drilled in regular 
cavalry and infantry tactics. With 
these he was able to thwart all the 
mischievous schemes of Red Cloud, 
maintain authority and start the In- 
dians well on the road to civilization. 

The department at once sent out 
instructions to the various’ agents to 
use every discreet means to prevent 
the dancing. This interference only 
increased the excitement. Short Bull, 
who had come into great prominence 
among the Indians, but who had been 
suppressed by Agent Wright at Rose- 
bud, his old home, had joined the 
dancers at Pine Ridge, and who dem- 
onstrated most progressive ideas, 
having been in the first place only a 
sort of John the Baptist in the wilder- 
ness declaring the coming of the Mes- 
siah at a definite time something 
more than a year in advance, on the 
3lst of October, 1890, boldly announc- 
ed himself as the true Messiah, and 


War 


declared that inasmuch as the whites 
had so seriously interfered in the 
ghost dance that he would at once 
“start this thing a running.” “I have 
told you that this would come to pass 
in two seasons, but since the whites 
are interfering so much I will advance 
the time from what my Father above 
told me to do, so the time will be 
shorter. * * * If the soldiers sur- 
round you four deep three of you on 
whom I have put holy shirts will sing 
a song that I have taught you, when . 
some of the soldiers will drop dead, 
then the rest will start to run, their 
horses will sink into the earth. The 
riders will jump from their horses but 
they will sink into the earth also. 
Then you can do as you desire with 
them. Now you must know this, that 
all the soldiers and that race will be 
dead. There will be only five thou- 
sand of them left living on the earth. 
My friends and relations, this is 
straight and true.” He then instruct- 
ed them to gather in a great camp 
at Pass Creek to await further in- 
structions. 

In the story that follows Professor 
James Mooney’s account of the Mes- 
siah War in South Dakota is almost 
literally followed, except that some 
portions not material to the coherent 
relation to the part of the Dakotas in 
it, and some editorial views, have been 
omitted. Professor Mooney’s  rela- 
tion is fair, impartial and exceeding- 
ly accurate: 

Soon afterward McLaughlin person- 
ally visited Sitting Bull at his camp 
on Grand River and attempted to rea- 
son with the Indians on the absurdity 
of their belief. In reply, Sitting Bull 
proposed that they should both go 
with competent attendants to the 
country of the Messiah and see and 


864 


War 


question him for themselves, and rest 


the truth or falsity of the new doc-. 


trine on the result. 
was not accepted. 
question that the leaders of the ghost 
dance among the Sioux were fully as 
much deceived as their followers. 

As the local agents had declared 
the situation beyond their control, the 
war department was at last called on 
and responded. On November 13th 
the president had directed the secre- 
tary of war to assume military re- 
sponsibility to prevent an outbreak, 
and on November 17th troops, under 
the command of General John R. 
Brooke, were ordered to the front. 
The general plan of the campaign was 
under the direction of General Nelson 
A. Miles, in command of the military 
department of the Missouri. On No- 
vember 19th the first troops arrived 
at Pine Ridge from Fort Robinson, 
Nebraska, and were speedily re- 
inforced by others. . Within a few 
days there were at Pine Ridge agen- 
cy, under the immediate command 
of General Brooke, eight troops of the 
Seventh Cavalry under Colonel For- 
syth; a battalion of the Fifth infantry, 
under Captain Capron, and a company 
of the Eighth infantry and eight com- 
panies of the Second infantry under 
Colonel Wheaton. At Rosebud were 
two troops of the Ninth Cavalry, with 
portions of the Eighth and Twenty- 
first infantry, under Lieutenant Col- 
onel Poland. Between Pine Ridge and 
Rosebud were stationed seven com- 
panies of the First infantry under 
Colonel Shafter. West and North of 
Pine Ridge were stationed portions of 
the First, Second and Ninth Cavalry 
under command of Colonel Tilford and 
Lieutenant Colonel Sanford. Further 
west, at Buffalo Gap, on the railroad, 


The proposition 


There can be no — 


War 


were stationed three troops from the 
Fifth and EHighth cavalry under Cap- 
tain Wells. Further north on the rail- 
road, at Rapid City, was Colonel Carr 
with six troops of the Sixth Cavalry. 
Along the south fork of Cheyenne 
River Lieutenant Colonel Offley took 
position with seven companies of the 
Seventeenth Infantry, and east of him 
was'7 stationed Lieutenant Colonel 
Sumner with three troops of the 
Hight Cavalry, two companies of the 
Third infantry, and Lieutenant Rob- 
inson’s company of Crow Indian 
Scouts. Some garrisons were also 
stationed at Forts Meade, Bennett and 
Sully. Most of the force was placed 
in a position between the Indians now 
gathered in the Bad Lands, under 
Short Bull and Kicking Bear, and the 
scattered settlements nearest them. 
Seven companies of the Seventh in- 
fantry, under Colonel Merriam, were 
also placed along Cheyenne River to 
restrain the Indians of Cheyenne Riv- 
er and Standing Rock reservations. In 
a short time there were nearly 3,000 
troops in the field in the Sioux coun- 
try. General Miles established his 
headquarters at Rapid City, South Da- 
kota, close to the center of disturb- 
ance. On December ist the secretary 
of the Interior directed that the 
agents be instructed to obey and co- 
operate with the military officers in 
all matters looking to the suppres- 
sion of an outbreak. 

Upon the first appearance of the 
troops a large number of Indians of 
Rosebud and Pine Ridge, led by Short 
Bull, Kicking Bear and: others, left 
their homes and fled to the rough, 
broken country known as the Bad 
Lands, north west of the White River 
in South Dakota, on the edge of 
Pine Ridge reservation, and about 


865 


War 


fifty miles northwest of the agency. 
In their flight they destroyed the 
houses and other property of the 
friendly Indians in their path and com- 
pelled many to go with them. They 
succeeded, also, in capturing a large 
portion of the agency beef herd. Oth- 
ers rapidly joined them until soon a 
formidable body of 3,000 Indians had 
gathered in the Bad Lands, where, pro- 
tected by the natural fastness and 
difficulties of the country, their future 
intentions became a matter of anxious 
concern to the settlers and the author- 
ities. 

From the concurrent testimony of 
all the witnesses, including Indian 
Commissioner Morgan and the Indians 
themselves, this flight to the Bad 
Lands was not properly a _ hostile 
movement, but a stampede caused by 
panic at the appearance of the troops. 

The Sioux nation numbers over 
25,000 with between 6,000 and 7,000 
warriors. Hardly more than 700 war- 
riors were concerned altogether, in- 
cluding those of Big Foot’s band and 
those who fled to the Bad Lands. None 
of the Christian Indians took any part 
in the disturbance. 

While it is certain that the move- 
ment towards the Bad Lands, with 
the subsequent events, was the result 
of panic at the appearance of the 
troops, it is equally true that the 
troops were sent only on the request 
of the civilian authorities. On this 
point General Miles says: “Not until 
the civil agents had lost control of the 
Indians and declared themselves pow- 
erless to preserve peace, and the In- 
dians were in armed hostility and 
defiance: of the civil authorities, was 
a single soldier moved from his garri- 
son to suppress the general revolt.” 
Throughout the whole trouble Major 


War 


McLaughlin at Standing Rock consist- 
ently declared his ability to control 
his Indians without the presence of 


' troops. 


In accordance with instructions 
from the Indian office, the several 
agents in charge among the Sioux had 
forwarded lists of disturbers whom it 
would be advisable to arrest and re- 
move from the Indians, using the mili- 
tary for the purpose if necessary. The 
agents at the other reservations sent 
in altogether the names of about fif- 
teen subjects for removal, while Royer 
at Pine Ridge forwarded as a “con- 
servative estimate” the names of 
sixty-four. Short Bull and Kicking 
Bear being in the Bad Lands, and 
Red Cloud being now an old man and 
too politic to make much open demon- 
stration, the head and front of the of- 
fenders was Sitting Bull, the irrecon- 
cilable; but McLaughlin, within whose 
jurisdiction he was, in a letter of No- 
vember 22d, advised that the arrest 
be not attempted until later in the 
season, as at the date of writing the 
weather was warm and pleasant—in 
other words, favorable to the Indians 
in case they should make opposi- 
tion. The worst element had with- 
drawn to the Bad Lands, where they 
were making ro hostile demonstra- 
tions, but were apparently badly 
frightened and awaiting developments 
to know whether to come in and sur- 
render or to continue to retreat. The 
dance had been generally discontinued 
on the reservations, excepting at Sit- 
ting Bull’s camp on Cheyenne River. 
The presence of troops had stopped 
the dances near the agencies, and the 
secretary of the interior, in order to 
allay the dissatisfaction, had ordered 
that the full ration due under the 
treaty should be issued at all Sioux 


866 


War 


agencies, which at the same time were 
placed under the control of the mili- 
tary. Such were the conditions on 
the opening of December, 1890. Every- 
thing seemed to be quieting down, 
and it was now deemed favorable time 
to forestall future disturbance by re- 
moving the ringleaders. 

Agent McLaughlin at Standing Rock 
had notified the department some 
weeks before that it would be neces- 
sary to remove Sitting Bull and sev- 
eral others at no distant day to put 
an end to their harmful influence 
among the Sioux, but stated also that 
the matter should not be precipitated, 
and that when the proper time came 
he would accomplish the undertaking 
with his Indian police without the aid 
of troops. As soon as the war de- 
partment assumed control of the Sioux 
Agencies, it was determined to make 
an attempt to secure Sitting Bull by 
military power. Accordingly orders 
were given to the noted scout, William 
F. Cody, better known as Buffalo Bill, 
who was well acquainted with Sitting 
Bull and was believed to have influ- 
ence with him, to proceed to Standing 
Rock agency to induce him to come 
in, with authority to make such terms 
as might seem necessary, and if un- 
successful, to arrest him and remove 
him from his camp to the nearest post, 
Fort Yates. Cody arrived at Fort 
Yates on November 28th, and was 
about to undertake the arrest, when 
his orders were countermanded at the 
urgent remonstrance of Agent Mc- 
Laughlin, who represented that such 
a step at that particular time was 
unwise, as military interference was 
liable to provoke a conflict, in which 
the Indians would have the advant- 
age, as the warm weather was in their 
favor. He insisted that there was no 


War 


immediate danger from the dancing, 
and that at the proper time—when 
the weather grew colder—he would 
take care of Sitting Bull and the 
other disturbers, whose removal he 
advised with the aid of the Indian po- 
lice, whom, in all the years of. service 
he had always found equal to the 
emergency. The attempt was accord- 
ingly postponed. In the meantime 
Sitting Bull had promised to come 
into the agency to talk over the sit- 
uation with the agent, but failed to 
keep his engagement. A close watch 
was kept over his movements, and the 
agent was instructed to make no ar- 
rest except by authority from the mil- 
itary or the secretary of the interior. 

There is no question that Sitting 
Bull was plotting mischief. His prev- 
ious record was one of irreconcilable 
hostility to the government, and in 
every disturbance on the reservation 
his camp had been the center of fer- 
ment. It was at his camp and on 
his invitation that Kicking Bear had 
organized the first ghost dance on the 
reservation, and the dance had been 
kept up ever since in spite of the 
remonstrance of the agent. At the 
same time the turbulent followers of 
the medicine man took every oppor- 
tunity to insult and annoy the peace- 
able and progressive Indians who re- 
fused to join them, and until these 
latter were forced to make complaint 
to the agent. In October, while the 
dance was being organized at his 
camp, Sitting Bull had deliberately 
broken his “pipe of peace’ which he 
had kept in his house since his sur- 
render in 1881, and when asked why 
he had broken it, he replied that he 
wanted to die and wanted to fight 
first. From that time he discontin- 
ued his regular visits to the agency. 


867 


War 


It became known that he contem- 
plated leaving the reservation to visit 
the other leaders of dissatisfaction at 
the southern Sioux agencies, and to 
frustrate such an attempt the agent 
had gradually increased the number 
of police in the neighborhood of his 
camp, and had arranged for speedy 
information and prompt action in 
case of any sudden move on his part. 


Forseeing from the active move- 
ment of the military that the arrest 
of Sitting Bull was liable to be order- 
ed at any moment, and fearing that 
such action might come at an inop- 
portune time and thus result in 
trouble, McLaughlin made arrange- 
ments to have him and several dis- 
turbers arrested by the Indian police 
on the night of December 6th, the 
weather and other things being then, 
in his opinion, most favorable for the 
attempt. On telegraphing to the In- 
dian department, however, he was 
directed to make no arrests except- 
ing upon orders from the military 
authorities or the secretary of the in- 
terior. In reply to a telegram from 
General Ruger, McLaughlin stated 
that there was no immediate need of 
haste, and that postponement was 
preferable, as the winter weather was 
cooling the ardor of the dancers. 


On December 12th the military or- 
der came for the arrest of Sitting Bull. 
Colonel Drum, in command of Fort 
Yates, was directed to make it his 
personal duty to secure him and to 
call on the agent for assistance and 
co-operation in the matter. On con- 
sultation between the commandant 
and the agent, who were in full ac- 
cord, it was decided to make the ar- 
rest on the 20th, when most of the 
Indians would be down at the agency 


War 


for rations, and there would conse- 
quently be less danger of a conflict at 
the camp. On the 14th, however, late 
Sunday afternoon a courier came in 
from Grand River with a message 
from Mr. Carignan, the teacher of the 
Indian school, stating, on information 
given by the police, that an invitation 
had just come from Pine Ridge for 
Sitting Bull asking him to go there, 
as God was about to appear. Sitting 
Bull was determined to go, and sent 
a request to the agent for permission, 
but in the meantime had completed 
his preparations. to go any how in 
case permission was refused. With 
horses already selected for a long and 
hard ride, and the police urgently 
asked to be allowed to arrest him at 
once, as it would be a difficult mat- 
ter to overtake him after he had once 
started. 

It was necessary to act immediately, 
and arrangements were made between 
Colonel Drum and Agent McLaughlin 
to attempt the arrest at daylight the 
next morning, December 15th. The 
arrest was to be made by the Indian 
police, assisted, if necessary, by a de- 
tachment of troops, who were to fol- 
low within supporting distance. There 
were already twenty-eight police un- 
der command of Lieutenant Bull 
Head, in the immediate vicinity of 
Sitting Bull’s camp on Grand River, 
about forty miles southwest of the 
agency and Fort Yates, and couriers 
were at once dispatched to these and 
to others in that direction to concen- 
trate at Sitting Bull’s house, ready 
to make the arrest in the morning. 
It was then sundown, but with loyal 
promptness the police mounted their 
ponies and by riding all night from 
one station to another, assembled a 
force of forty-three trained and de-- 


868 


War 


termined Indian police, including four 
volunteers, at the rendezvous’ on 
Grand River before daylight. In per- 
forming this courier service Sergeant 
Red Tomahawk covered the distance 
of forty miles between the agency 
and the camp, over an unfamiliar 
road, in four hours and a quarter; 
and another, Hawk Man, made 100 
miles, in a roundabout way, in twenty- 
two hours. In the meantime two 
troops of the Highth cavalry, number- 
ing 100 men, under the command of 
Captain E. G. Fechet, and having 
with them a Hotchkiss gun, left Fort 
Yates at midnight, guided by Louis 
Primeau, and by a rapid night march 
arrived within supporting distance 
near Sitting Bull’s camp just before 
daybreak. It was afterward learned 
that he had a guard about his house 
for his protection for several nights 
previous but on this particular night 
the Indians had been dancing until 
nearly morning, and the house was 
consequently left unguarded. 

At daybreak on Monday morning, 
December 15th, 1890, the police and 
volunteers, forty-three in number, un- 
der the command of Lieutenant Bull 
Head, a cool and reliable man, sur- 
rounded Sitting Bull’s house. He had 
two log cabins, a few rods apart, and 
to make sure of their man, eight of 
the police entered one house and ten 
went into the other, while the rest 
remained on guard outside. They 
found him asleep on the floor in the 
larger house. He was aroused and 
told that he was a prisoner and must 
-go to the agency. He made no objec- 
tion, but said, “All right; I will dress 
and go with you.” He then sent one 
of his wives to the other house for 
some clothes he desired to wear, and 


War 


asked to have his favorite horse sad- 
dled for him to ride, which was done 
by one of the police. On looking 
about the room two rifles and several 
knives were found and taken by the 
police. While dressing, he apparent- 
ly changed his mind, and began abus- 
ing the police for disturbing him, to 
which they made no reply. While 
this was going on inside, his follow- 
ers, to the number of perhaps 150, 
were congregating about the house 
outside, and by the time he was dress- 
ed an excited crowd of Indians had 
the police entirely surrounded and 
were pressing them to the wall. On 
being brought out, Sitting Bull be- 
came greatly excited and refused to 
go, and called on his followers to 
rescue him. Lieutenant Bull Head 
and Sergeant Shave Head were stand- 
ing on each side of him, with Second 
Sergeant Red Tomahawk guarding be- 
hind, while the rest of the police were 
trying to clear the way in front, when 
one of Sitting Bull’s followers, Catch- 
the-Bear, fired and shot Lieutenant 
Bull Head in the side. Bull Head at 
once turned and sent a bullet into the 
body of Sitting Bull, who was also 
shot through the head at the same 
moment by Red Tomahawk.  Ser- 
geant Shave Head was shot by an- 
other of the crowd and fell to the 
ground with Bull Head and Sitting 
Bull. Catch-the-Bear who had fired 
the first shot, was immediately shot 
and killed by Alone Man, one of the 
police, and it became a desperate 
hand-to-hand fight of less than forty- 
three men against more than a hun- 
dred. The trained police soon drove 
their assailants into the timber near- 
by, and then returned and carried 
their dead and wounded into the house 
and held it for about two hours, until 


869 


War 


the arrival ‘of the troops under Cap- 
tain Fechet, about half past 7. The 
troops had been notified of the peri- 
lous situation of the police by Hawk 
Man, who had volunteered to carry 
the information from Sitting Bull’s 
camp. He succeeded in getting away, 
assisted by Red Tomahawk, although 
so closely pursued that several bul- 
lets passed through his clothing. ‘In 
spite of the efforts of the hostiles, the 
police also held possession of the cor- 
ral, which Sitting Bull had filled with 
horses in anticipation of his flight. 
When the cavalry came in sight over 
a hill, about 1500 yards distant from 
the camp, the police at the corral 
raised a white flag to show where 
they were, but the troops, mistaking 
them for hostiles, fired two shells at 
them from the Hotchkiss, when Ser- 
geant Red Tomahawk, who had taken 
command after the wounding of his 
superior officers, paraded his men in 
line and then rode out alone with a 
white flag to meet the troops. On the 
approach of the soldiers, Sitting Bull’s 
warriors fled up Grand River a short 
distance and then turned south across 
the prairie toward Cherry Creek and 
Cheyenne River. Not wishing to cre- 
ate such a panic among them as to 
drive them into the hostile camp in 
the Bad Lands, Captain Fechet pur- 
sued them only a short distance and 
then left them to be handled by other 
detachments in that direction. Their 
wives and their families, their prop- 
erty and their dead, were left behind 
in the flight. As soon as_ possible 
Captain Fechet also sent word, by 
some Indian women, to return to their 
homes and they would not be molest- 
ed. To further reassure them, the 
troops at once began their march 


War 


back to the post. As a result of this 
sensible policy, very few of the Sit- 
ting Bull band joined the hostiles. 
They had made no resistance to the 
troops, but fled immediately upon 
their appearance. 


The fight lasted only a few minutes, 
but with terribly fatal results. Six 
policemen were killed or mortally 
wounded, including the officers Bull 
Head and Shave Head, and one other 
less seriously wounded. The hostiles 
lost eight killed, including Sitting Bull 
and his son Crow Foot, 17 years of 
age, with several wounded. During 
the fight women attacked the police 
with knives and clubs; notwithstand- 
ing the excitement the police simply 
disarmed them and put them in one 
of the houses under guard. 


‘The warmest praise is given the In- 
dian police for their conduct on this 
occasion by those who are most com- 
petent to judge. Some who thus faced 
death in obedience to orders had near 
relatives among those opposed to 
them. Agent McLaughlin, in one of- 
ficial letter, says that he cannot too 
strongly commend their splendid cour- 
age and ability in this action, and in 
another letter says: “The details of 
the battle show that the Indian police 
behaved nobly and exhibited the best 
of knowledge and bravery, and a rec- 
ognition of the government for their 
services on this occasion is richly de- 
served. * * * JT respectfully urge 
that the interior department coop- 
erate with the war department in ob- 
taining congressional action which 
will secure to these brave survivors. 
and to the families of the dead a full 
and generous reward.” Colonel Drum, 
under whose orders the arrest was 
made, after stating that Sitting Bull 


870 


War 


was not hurt until he began strug- 
gling to escape and until one of the po- 
lice had been shot, adds: “It is also 
remarkable that no squaws or chil- 
dren were hurt. The police appear to 
have constantly warned the other In- 
dians to keep away, until they were 
forced to fight in self defense. It is 
hardly possible to praise their conduct 
too highly.” Notwithstanding the rec- 
ommendation of the commissioner of 
Indian affairs, congress has taken no 
action in recognition of their services 
of this occasion. 


Before the action orders had been 
sent to the police to have with them 
a wagon, in order to convey Sitting 
Bull quickly away from the camp, so 
as to avoid trouble, but in the excite- 
ment of preparation this was over- 
looked. The police returned to the 
agency late in the afternoon, bringing 
with them their dead and wounded, 
together with two prisoners and the 
body of Sitting Bull, which was turn- 
ed over to the military authorities 
at Fort Yates. The four dead police- 
men were buried at the agency the 
next day with military honors. Bull 
Head and Shave Head died in the hos- 
pital soon afterward with the conso- 
lation of having their friends around 
them in their last moments. A few 
days later Rev. Thomas L. Riggs, who 
never in his life failed the Sioux in 
time of need, went out to Sitting 
Bull’s camp and buried the dead hos- 
tiles. The agent states that the large 
majority of the Indians were loyal 
to the government, and expressed 
satisfaction at what they considered 
the termination of the disturbance. 
Couriers were again sent after the 
fleeing Indians by McLaughlin, warn- 
ing them to return to the agency, 


War 


where they would be safe, or suffer 
the consequences if found outside the 
reservation. Within a few days near- 
ly 250 had come in and surrendered, 
leaving only about one-third still out. 
Most of these soon after sur- 
rendered with Hump on Cherry Creek, 
while the remainder, about fifty, join- 
ed Big Foot or went on to Pine Ridge. 


On December 18th the Indians who 
had already fled to the Bad Lands at- 
tacked a small party of men on Spring 
Creek of Cheyenne River. Major 
Tupper, with 100 men of Carr’s divis- 
ion, were sent to the rescue, and a 
skirmish ensued with the Indians, 
who were concealed in the bushes 
along the creek. The government 
wagons, while crossing the _ creek, 
were attacked by the hostiles, who 
were finally driven off by reinforce- 
ments of cavalry under Captain Wells. 
On the same date over 1000 Indians 
returned to Pine Ridge. News was 
received that there were still about 
1500 fugitives camped on Cheyenne 


‘River in the neighborhood of Spring 


Creek. 


The most dangerous leader of dis- 
satisfaction in the north after the 
death of Sitting Bull was considered 
to be Hump, on the Cheyenne River 
reservation. The agent in charge had 
long before recommended his remov- 
al, but it was thought that it would 
now be next to impossible to arrest 
him. Hump, with his band of about 
400 persons, and Big Foot, with near- 
ly as many, had their camps about the 
junction of Cherry Creek and Chey- 
enne River. For several weeks they 
had been dancing almost constantly, 
and were very sullen and apparently 
very hostile. After serious considera- 
tion of the matter, the task of secur- 


871 


War 


ing’ Hump was assigned to Captain 
E. P. Ewers of the Fifth infantry, who 
had had charge of this chief and his 
band for seven years, and had their 
full confidence and respect. He was 
then on duty in Texas, but was order- 
ed forward and reported soon after 
at Fort Bennett, on the border of the 
reservation. So dangerous was Hump 
considered to be, that civil agents did 
not think it possible even for the of- 
ficer to communicate with him. How- 
ever, Captain Ewers, without troops 
and attended only by Lieutenant Hale, 
at once left the fort and rode out sixty 
miles to Hump’s camp. Hump at the 
time was twenty miles away and a 
runner was sent for him. Immediate- 
ly upon hearing that Captain Ewers 
was in the vicinity he came to him 
and was told that the division com- 
mander desired him to take his people 
away from the hostiles and bring 
them to the nearest military post. He 
replied that if General Miles sent for 
him he would do whatever he desir- 


ed. He immediately brought his peo-- 


ple into Fort Bennett and complied 
with all the orders and instructions 
given him and subsequently rendered 
valuable service for peace. Thus an ele- 
ment regarded as among the most dan- 
gerous was removed. After coming into 
the fort, Hump enlisted as a scout under 
Captain Ewers, and soon afterward, 
in connection with the same Lieuten- 
ant Hale, proved his loyalty by bring- 
ing about the surrender of the Sit- 
ting Bull fugitives. Subsequently 
Captain Ewers further distinguished 
himself by conducting the Northern 
Cheyenne—who were considered as 
particularly dangerous, but who re- 
garded Captain Ewers with absolute 
affection—from Pine Ridge to Tongue 
River, Montana, a distance of 300 


War 


miles, and in the most rigorous of the 
winter season, without an escort of 
troops and without the loss of a single 
life or the commission by an Indian 
of a single unlawful act. 

The Sitting Bull fugitives who had 
not come in at once had fled south- 
ward toward their friends and near 
relatives of Cheyenne River reserva- 
tion, and were encamped on Cherry 
Creek, a few miles above its junction 
with Cheyenne River at Cheyenne 
City. As their presence there could 
only serve to increase the unrest 
among the other Indians in that vicin- 
ity, and as there was great danger 
that they might attempt to join those 
already in the Bad Lands, Captain 
Hurst of the Twelfth infantry, com- 
manding at Fort Bennett, directed 
Lieutenant H. E. Hale on December 
18th, to go out and bring them in. On 
arriving at Cheyenne City the officer 
found it deserted, all the citizens ex- 
cepting one man having fled in alarm 
a short time before, on the report of 
Narcisse Narcelle that the Sitting Bull 
Indians were coming and had sworn 
to kill the first white man they met. 
Having succeeded in frightening the 
whole population Narcelle left at once 
for the fort. 

After some difficulty in finding any- 
one to assist him, Hale sent a police- 
man to bring back Narcelle, and sent 
out another Indian to learn the situ- 
ation and condition of the Indian 
camp. His only interpreter for the 
purpose was Mr. Angell, the single 
white man who had remained, and 
who had learned some of the Sioux 
language during his residence among 
them. While thus waiting, a report 
came that the Indians had raided a 
ranch about ten miles up the creek. 
Not hearing from his scouts, the lieu- 


872 


War 


tenant determined to go alone and 
find the camp, and was just about to 
start when Hump, the late dangerous 
hostile but now an enlisted scout, rode 
in with the news that the Sitting Bull 
Indians were approaching only a short 
distance away, and armed. Although 
from the reports there was every rea- 
son to believe that they had just de- 
stroyed a ranch and were now coming 
to attack the town, the officer, with 
rare bravery kept his determination 
to go out and meet them, even with- 
out an interpreter, in the hope of pre- 
venting their hostile purpose. Hump 
volunteered to go with him. The two 
rode out together and soon come up 
with the forty-six warriors in the 
party, besides women and children, 
wagons and ponies. Says the officer, 
“I appreciated the importance of the 
situation, but was absolutely power- 
less to communicate with the Indians. 
I immediately formed the opinion that 
they could be easily persuaded to 
come into the agency if I could but 
talk with them. While I was trying 
by sign to make them. understand 
what I wanted, Henry Angell rode 
into the circle and took his place at 
my side. This generous man had not 
liked the idea of my going among 
the Indians, and from a true spirit of 
chivalry had ridden over to “see it 
out.” Verily, while such men as 
Ewers, Hale and Angell live, the day 
of chivalry is not gone by. 

With Angell’s assistance as _ inter- 
preter, the officer told the Indians that 
if they would stay where they were 
for one day, he would go back to the 
agency and return within that time 
with the chief (Captain J. H. Hurst) 
and an interpreter, and no soldiers. 
They replied that they would not 
move, and, having directed Angell to 


War 


kill a beef for them, as they were 
worn out and well nigh starving, and 
leaving Hump with them to reassure 
them, the lieutenant rode back to Fort 
Bennett, forty miles away, notified 
Captain Hurst, and returned with him, 
Sergeant Gallagher and two Indian 
scouts as interpreters, the next day. 
Knowing the importance of haste they. 
started out on this winter -ride of 
forty miles without’ blankets or ra- 
tions. 

On arriving Captain. Hurst told 
them briefly what he had come for, 
and then, being exhausted from the 
rapid ride and knowing that an In- 
dian must not be hurried, he order- 
ed some beef and a plentiful supply 
of tobacco for them, and said that 
after he and they had eaten and rest- 
ed they could talk the matter over. 
In the evening the principal men met 
him and talked with him over a pipe 
saying that they had left Standing 
Rock agency forever; that their great 
chief and friend, Sitting Bull, had been 
killed there without cause; that they 
had come down to talk with their 
friends on Cherry Creek about it, but 
had found them gone, and consequent- 
ly were undecided as to what they 
should do. The captain replied that 
he had come as a friend; that if they 
would surrender their arms and go 
back with him to Fort Bennett, they 
would be provided for and would not 
be harmed; that he could make no 
promises as to their future disposi- 
tion; that if they chose to join Big 
Foot’s camp, only a few miles up the 
river, the result would be their certain 
destruction. After deliberating among 
themselves until midnight, they came 
in a body, delivered a number of guns,,. 
and. said they would go back to the 
fort. Accordingly they broke camp 


873 


War 


the next morning and arrived at Fort 
Bennett on December 24th. The en- 
tire body numbered 221, including 
fifty-five belonging on Cherry Creek. 
These last were allowed to join their 
own people, camped near the post. 
The Sitting Bull Indians, with some 
others from Standing Rock, number- 
ing 227 in all, were held at Fort Sully, 
a few miles below Fort Bennett, un- 
til the close of the trouble. Thirty- 
eight others of the Sitting Bull band 
had joined Big Foot and afterward 
fled with him. 

After the death of Sitting Bull and 
the enlistment of Hump in the gov- 
ernment service, the only prominent 
leader outside of the Bad Lands who 
was considered as possibly dangerous 
was Sitanka, or Big Foot, whose vil- 
lage was at the mouth of Deep Creek, 
a few miles below the forks of Chey- 
enne River. The duty of watching 
him was assigned to Lieutenant Col- 
onel E. V. Sumner of the Eighth cav- 
alry, who had his camp just above the 
forks. Here he was visited by Big 
Foot and his head men, who assured 
the officer that they were peaceable 
and intended to remain quietly at 
home. 

Friendly relations continued until 
the middle of December, when Big 
Foot came to bid good bye, telling 
Sumner that his people were all go- 
ing to the agency to get their annui- 
ties. A day or two later the order 
came to arrest Big Foot and send him 
as a prisoner to Fort Meade. Believ- 
ing that the chief was acting in good 
faith to control his warriors, who 
might easily go beyond control were 
he taken from them, Colonel Sum- 
ner informed General Miles that the 
Indians were already on their way to 
the agency; that if Big Foot should 


War 


return he (Sumner) would try to get 
him, and that otherwise he could be 
arrested at the agency if necessary. 
Soon after, however, the report came 
that Big Foot had stopped at Hump’s 
camp on the way to the agency, to 
meet the fugitives coming south from 
Sitting Bull’s camp. 

On the receipt of this information, 
Sumner at once marched down the 
river with the intention of stopping 
Big Foot. When about half way to 
Hump’s camp, Big Foot himself came 
up to meet him, saying that he was 
friendly, and that he and his men 
would obey any orders that the offic- 
ers might give. He stated that he 
had with him 100 of his own Indians 
and thirty-eight from Standing Rock, 
(Sitting Bull’s band). When asked 
why he had received these last, know- 
ing that they were refugees from their 
reservation, he replied that they were 
his brothers and relations; that they 
had come to his people hungry, foot- 
sore, and almost naked; and that he 
had taken them in and fed them, and 
that no one with a heart could do any 
less. 

Sumner then directed one of his of- 
ficers, Captain Hennisee, to go to the 
Indian camp with Big Foot and bring 
in all the Indians. The officer start- 
ed and returned the next day, De- 
cember 21st, with 333 Indians. This 
large number was a matter of sur- 
prise in view of Big Foot’s statement 
shortly before, but it is possible that 
in speaking of his party he intended 
to refer only to the warriors. They 
went into camp as directed, turned 
out their ponies to graze, and were 
fed, and on the next morning all start- 
ed quietly back with the troops. As 
they had all along appeared perfectly 
friendly and compliant with every or- 


$74 


War 


der, no attempt was made to disarm 
them. On arriving near their own vil- 
lage, however, it became apparent 
that Big Foot could not control their 
desire to go to their homes. The 
chief came frankly to Sumner and 
said that he himself would go wher- 
ever wanted, but that there would be 
trouble to force the women and chil- 
dren, who were cold and hungry, away 
from their village. He protested also 
that they were now at home, where 
they had been ordered by the govern- 
ment to stay, and that none of them 
had done anything to justify their re- 
moval. As it was evident that they 
would not go peaceably, Colonel Sum- 
ner determined to bring his whole 
force on the next day to compel them. 
In the meantime he sent a white man 
named Dunn, who had a friendly ac- 
quaintance with Big Foot, to tell him 
that the Indians must obey the order 
to remove. Dunn delivered the mes- 
sage and returned, being followed lat- 
er by the interpreter, with the state- 
ment that the Indians had consented 
to go to the agency, and would start 
the next morning, December 23rd. 
That evening, however, scouts came in 
with the word that the Indians had 
left their village and were going 
southward. It was at once thought 
that they intended turning off on an- 
other trail to the agency, but instead 
of doing so they kept on in the di- 
rection and Pine Ridge and the refu- 
gees in the Bad Lands, taking with 
them only their ponies and tipi poles. 

The cause of the precipitate flight 
after the promise given by Big Foot 
is somewhat uncertain. The _ state- 
ment of the interpreter, Felix Be- 
noit, would make it appear that the 
Indians were frightened by Dunn, 
who told them that the soldiers were 


87 


War 


coming in the morning to carry them 
off and to shoot them if they refused 
to go. While this doubtless had. the 
effect of alarming them, the real 
cause of their flight was probably the 
fact that just at this critical juncture 
Colonel Merriam was ordered to move 
his command up Cheyenne River to 
join forces with Sumner in compell- 
ing their surrender. Such is the opin- 
ion of General Ruger, who states of- 
ficially that “Big Foot and adherents 
who had joined him, probably becom- 
ing alarmed on the movement of Gen- 
eral Merriam’s command from Fort 
Bennett and a rumor that Colonel 
Sumner would capture them, eluded 
Colonel Sumner’s command and start- 
ed for the Pine Ridge reservation.” 


This agrees with the statement 
of several of the survivors’. that 
they had been frightened from 


their homes by the news of Mer- 
riam’s approach. Sumner, in his re- 
port, calls attention to the fact that 
they committed no depredations in 
their flight, although they passed sev- 
eral ranches and at one time even 
went throtgh a pasture filled with 
horses and cattle without attempting 
to appropriate them. He ailso ex- 
pressed the opinion that Big Foot was 
compelled unwillingly to go with his 
people. The whole number of fugi- 
tives was at least 340, including a few 
from the bands of Sitting Bull and 
Hump. Immediately on learning of 
their flight Colonel Sumner notified 
General Carr, commanding in the di- 
rection of the Bad Lands. 

Nearly 3,000 troops were now in the 
field in the Sioux country. This force 
was fully sufficient to have engaged 
the Indians with success, but as such 
action must inevitably have resulted in 
wholesale killing on both sides, with 


H) 


War 


the prospect of precipitating a raiding 
warfare unless the hostiles were com- 
pletely annihilated, it was thought 
best to bring about a surrender by 
peaceful terms. 

The refugees in the Bad Lands who 
had fled from Pine Ridge and Rose- 
bud had been surrounded on the west 
and north by a strong cordon of troops, 
operating under General Brooke, which 
had the effect of gradually forcing 
them back toward the agency. At 
the same time that officer made every 
effort to expediate the process by 
creating dissensions in the Indian 
camp; and trying in various ways to 


induce them to come in by small par- - 


ties at a time. To this end the In- 
dians were promised that if they com- 
plied with the orders of the military 
their rights and interests would be 
protected, so far as it was within the 
power of the military department to 
accomplish that result. Although 
they had about lost confidence in the 
government, these assurances had a 
good effect, which was emphasized by 
the death of Sitting Bull, the arrest 
of Big Foot, and return of Hump to 
his agency, and the steady pressure of 
the troops from behind; and on De- 
cember 27, 1890, the entire force broke 
camp and left their stronghold in the 
Bad Lands and began moving in to- 
ward the agency at Pine Ridge. The 
several detachments of troops followed 
behind, within supporting distance of 
one another, and so closely that the 
fires were still burning in the Indian 
camps when the soldiers moved in 
to occupy the same ground. 

As early as December 6th a con- 
ference had been brought about at 
Pine Ridge, through the efforts of 
Father Jutz, the priest of the Catholic 


War 


mission, between General Brooke and 
the leading chiefs of both friendlies 
and “Hostiles.” Although no definite 
conclusion was reached, the meeting 
was a friendly one, ending with a feast 
and an Indian dance. The immediate 
effect was a division in the hostile 
camp, culminating in a quarrel be- 
tween the two factions, with the result 
that Two Strike and his party left 
the rest and moved in toward the 
agency, while Short Bull and Kicking 
Bear retreated further into the Bad 
Lands. On hearing of this condition ° 
of affairs, General Brooke sent out 
American Horse and Big Road with a 
large party of warriors to meet Two 
Strike and go back with him to per- 
suade the others, if possible, to come 
in. At the same time the troops were 
moved up to intercept the flight of 
the: hostiles. 


On Christmas day the Cheyenne 
scouts, camped on Battle Creek north 
of the Bad Lands, were attacked by a 
party of hostiles led by Kicking Bear, 
in person. The fight kept up until 
after dark, several being killed or 
wounded on both sides, but the hos- 
tiles were finally driven off. 


But the tragedy was near at hand. 
Orders had been given to intercept 
Big Foot’s party in its flight from 
Cheyenne River towards the Bad 
Lands. This was accomplished on De- 
cember 28th, 1890, by Major Whitside 
of the Seventh Cavalry who came up 
with him a short distance west of the 
Bad Lands. Not having succeeded in 
communicating with the refugees who 
had fled there, and who were already 
on their way to the agency, Big Foot 
had made no stop, but continued on 
also toward Pine Ridge. On sighting 
the troops he raised a white flag, ad- 


876 


War 


vanced into the open country and ask- 
ed for a parley. This was refused by 
Major Whitside who demanded an un- 
conditional surrender, which was at 


once given, and the Indians moved on - 


with the troops to Wounded Knee 
Creek, about twenty miles northeast 
of Pine Ridge agency, where they 
camped as directed by Major Whitside 
with four additional troops of the 
Seventh cavalry, which, with the 
scouts under Lieutenant Taylor, made 
up a force of eight troops of cavalry, 
one company of scouts, and four 
pieces of light artillery (Hotchkiss 
with a total force of 470 men, as 
guns), against a total of 106 warriors 
then present in Big Foot’s band. A 
scouting party of Big Foot’s band was 
out looking for the camp of Kicking 
Bear and Short Bull, but as these 
chiefs, with their followers were al- 
ready on their way to the agency, the 
scouting party was returning’ to 
rejoin Big Foot when the fight oc- 
curred the next morning. It was the 
intention of General Miles to send 
Big Foot and his followers back to 
their own reservation, or to remove 
them altogether from the country un- 
til the excitement had subsided. 


At this time there were no Indians 
in the Bad Lands. Two Strike and 
Crow Dog had come in about a week 
before and were now camped close 
to the agency. Kicking Bear and 
Short Bull, with their followers, 
had yielded to the friendly persuasions 
of American Horse, Standing Bear and 
others who had gone out to them in 
the interests of peace, and both par- 
ties were now coming in, and had ar- 
rived at the Catholic Mission, five 
miles from the agency, when the bat- 
tle occurred. 


War 


On the morning of December 29th, 
1890, preparations were made to dis- 
arm the Indians of Big Foot’s band, 
preparatory to taking them to the 
agency and thence to the railroad. 
In obedience to instructions the In- 
dians had pitched their tepees on the 
open plain a short distance from the 
creek, and surrounded on all sides by 
the soldiers. In the center of the 
camp the Indians had hoisted a white 
flag as a sign of peace and a guaran- 
tee of safety. Behind them was a dry 
ravine running into the creek, and on 
a slight rise in the front was post- 
ed the battery of four Hotchkiss ma- 
chine guns, trained directly on the In- 
dian camp. In front, behind, and on 
both flanks of the Indian camp were 
posted the various troops of cavalry, 
a portion of two troops, together with 
the Indian scouts, being dismounted 
and drawn up in front of the Indians 
at a distance of only a few yards from 
them. Big Foot himself was ill of 
pneumonia in his tepee, and Colonel 
Forsyth, who had taken command as 
senior officer, had provided a tent 
warmed with a camp stove for his 
reception. 


Shortly after 8 o’clock in the morn- 
ing the warriors were ordered to come 
out from the tepees and deliver their 
arms. They came forward and seated 
themselves on the ground in front 
of the troops.’ They were then or- 
dered to go by themselves into their 
tepees and bring out and surrender 
their guns. The first twenty went 
and returned in a short time with only 
two guns. It seemed evident that 
they were unwilling to give them up, 
and after a consultation of the oficers, 
part of the soldiers were ordered up 
to within ten yards of the group of 


877 


War 


warriors, while another detachment of 
troops was ordered to search the te- 
pees. After a thorough hunt these 
last returned with about forty rifles, 
most of which, however, were old and 
of little value. The search had con-- 
sumed considerable time and created 
a good deal of excitement among the 
women and children, as the soldiers 
found it necessary in the process to 
overturn the beds and other furniture 
of the tepees, and in some instances 
drove out the inmates. All this had 
its effect on their husbands and bro- 
thers, already wrought up to a high 
nervous tension, and not knowing 
what might come next. While the 
soldiers had been looking for the guns, 
Yellow Bird, a medicine man, had 
been walking about among the warr- 
iors, blowing on an eagle bone whistle, 
and urging them to resistance, tell- 
ing them that the soldiers would be- 
come weak and powerless, and that 
the bullets would be unavailing 
against the sacred ‘“ghostshirts,” 
which nearly every one of the Indians 
wore. As he spoke in the Sioux lang- 
uage, the officers did not at once 
realize the dangerous drift of his talk, 
and the climax came too quickly for 
them to interfere. It is said one of 
the searchers now attempted _ to 
raise the blanket of a warrior. Sud- 
denly Yellow Bird stooped down and 
threw a handful of dust into the air, 
when, as if this were the signal, a 
young Indian, said to have been Black 
Fox, from Cheyenne River, drew a 
rifle from under his blanket and fired 
at the soldiers, who instantly replied 
with a volley directly into the crowd 
of warriors, and so near that their 
guns were almost touching. From the 
number of sticks set up by the Indians 
to mark where the dead fell, as seen 


War 


by the author a year later, this one 
volley must have killed nearly half 
the warriors. The survivors sprang 
to their feet, throwing their blankets 
from their shoulders as they rose, and 
for a few minutes there was a terri- 
ble hand to hand struggle where every 
man’s thought was to kill. Although 
many of the warriors had no guns, 
nearly all had revolvers and knives 
in their belts under their blankets, 
together with some of the murderous 
war clubs still carried by the Sioux. 
The very lack of guns made the fight 
more bloody, and it brought the com- 
batants to closer quarters. 


At the first volley the Hotchkiss 
guns trained on the camp opened fire 
and sent a storm of shells and bul- 
lets among the women and children, 
who had gathered in front of the te- 
pees to watch the unusual spectacle 
of military display. The guns poured 
in 2-pound explosive shells at the rate 
of nearly fifty per minute, mowing 
down everything alive. The terrible 
effect may be judged from the fact 
that one woman survivor, Blue Whirl- 
wind, with whom Mr. Mooney con- 
versed, received fourteen wounds, 
while each of her two little boys were 
also wounded by her side. In a few 
minutes 200 Indian men, women and 
children, with sixty soldiers, were ly- 
ing dead and wounded on the ground, 
the tepees had been torn down by the 
shells and some of them were burn- 
ing above the helpless wounded, and 
the surviving handful of Indians were 
flying in wild panic to the shelter of 
the ravine, pursued by hundreds of 
maddened soldiers and followed by a 
raking fire from the Hotchkiss guns, 
which had been moved into position 
to sweep the ravine. 


878 


War 


There can be no question that the 
pursuit was simply a massacre where 
fleeing women with infants in their 
arms; were shot down after resistance 
had ceased and when almost every 
warrior was stretched dead or dying 
on the ground. On this point such 
a careful writer as Herbert Welsh 
says: “From the fact that so many 
women and children were killed, and 
that their bodies were found far from 
the scene of action, as though they 
were shot down while fleeing, it would 
look as though blind rage had been at 
work, in striking contrast to the mod- 
eration of the Indian police at the 
Sitting Bull fight when they were as- 
sailed by women.” The testimony of 
American Horse and other families 
is strong in the same direction. Com- 
missioner Morgan in his official report 
says that “Most of the men, including 
Big Foot, were killed around his tent, 
where he lay sick. The bodies of the 
women and children were _ scattered 
along a distance of two miles from the 
scene of the encounter.” 

This is no reflection on the human- 
ity of the officer in charge. On the 
contrary, Colonel Forsyth had taken 
measures to guard against such an 
occurrence by separating the women 
and children, as already stated, and 
had also endeavored to make the sick 
chief, Big Foot, as comfortable as 
possible, even to wait on him on the 
night of the surrender. Strict orders 
had also been issued to the troops 
that women and children were not to 
be hurt. The butchery was the work 
of infuriated soldiers whose comrades 
had just been shot down without cause 
or warning. In justice to a brave regi- 
ment it must be said that a number of 
the men were new recruits, fresh from 
eastern recruiting stations, who had 


War 


never before been under fire, were 
not yet imbued with military disci- 
pline, and were probably unable in the 
confusion to distinguish between men 
and women by their dress. 

After examining all of the official 
papers bearing on the subject in the 
files of the war department and the 
Indian office, together with the official 
reports of the commissioner of Indian 
affairs and the secretary of war and 
the several officers engaged; after 
gathering all that might be obtained 
from unofficial printed sources and 
from conversation with survivors and 
participants in the engagement on 
both sides, and after going over the 
battle ground in company with the 
interpreter of the scouts engaged, 
Professor Mooney arrives at the con- 
clusion that when the sun rose on 
Wounded Knee on the fatal morning 
of December 29, 1890, no trouble was 
anticipated or premeditated by either 
Indians or troops; that the Indians 
in good faith desired to surrender 
and be at peace, and that the officers 
in the same good faith had made pre- 
parations to receive their - surrender 
and escort them quietly to the reser- 
vation; that in spite of the pacific in- 
tent of Big Foot and his band, the 
medicine man, Yellow Bird, at the 
critical moment urged the warriors 
to resistance and gave the signal for 
the attack; that the first shot was 
fired by an Indian, and that the In- 
dians were responsible for the engage- 
ment; that the answering volley and 
attack by the troops was right and 
justifiable, but that the wholesale 
slaughter of women and children was 
unnecessary and inexcusable. 

Authorities differ as to the number 
of Indians present and killed at Wound- 
ed Knee. General Ruger states that 


879 


War 


the band numbered about 340, includ- 
ing about 100 warriors, but Major 
Whitside, to whom they surrendered, 
reported them officially as numbering 
120 men and 250 women and children, 
a total of 370. This agrees almost 
exactly with the statement made to 
the author by Mr. Asay, a trader, who 
was present at the surrender. General 
Miles. says that there were present 
106 warriors, a few being absent at 
the time in search of the party under 
Kicking Bear and Short Bull. Among 
those who surrendered were about 
seventy refugees from the bands of 
Sitting Bull and Hump. No exact 
account of the dead could be made im- 
mediately after the fight, on account 
of a second attack by another party 
of Indians coming up from the agency. 
Some of the dead and wounded left 
on the field were undoubtedly carried 
off by their friends before the burial 
party came out three days later, and 
of those brought in alive a number 
afterward died of wounds and expos- 
ure, but received no notice in the of- 
ficial reports. The adjutant general, 
in response to a letter of inquiry 
states that 128 Indians were killed 
and thirty-three wounded. Commis- 
sioner Morgan, in his official report, 
makes the number killed 146. Both 
these estimates are evidently too low. 
General Miles, in his final report, 
states that about 200 men, women and 
children were killed. General Colby, 
who commanded the Nebraska state 
troops, says that about 100 men and 
over 120 women and children were 
found dead on the field, a total of 
about 220. Agent Royer telegraphed 
immediately after the fight that about 
300 Indians had been killed, and Gen- 
eral Miles, telegraphing on the same 
day, says, “I think very few Indians 


War 


have escaped.” Fifty-one Indians 
were brought in the same day by the 
troops, and a few others were found 
still alive by the burying party, three 
days later. A number of these after- 
ward died. No considerable number 
got away, being unable to reach their 
ponies after the fight began. General 
Miles states that ninety-eight warriors 
were killed on the field. The whole 
number killed on the field or who later 
died of wounds and exposure, was pro- 
bably very nearly 300. 

According to an official statement 
from the adjutant general, thirty-one 
soldiers were killed in the battle. 
About aS many more were wounded, 
one or two of whom afterward died. 
All of the killed, excepting Hospital 
Steward Pollock and an Indian scout 
named High Backbone, belonged to 
the Seventh Cavalry, as did probably 
also nearly all of the wounded. The 
only commissioned officer killed was 
Captain Wallace. He received four 
bullet wounds in his body and finally 
sank under a hatchet stroke upon his 
head. Lieutenant E. A. Garlington, 
of the Seventh cavalry, and Lieutenant 
H. L. Hawthorne, of the Second artil- 
lery, were wounded. The last named 
officer owed his life to his watch, 
which deflected the bullet that other- 
wise would have passed through his 
body. 

The heroic missionary priest, Father 
Craft, who had given a large part of 
his life to work among the Sioux, by. 
whom he was loved and respected, had 
endeavored at the beginning of the 
trouble to persuade the stampeded 
Indians to come into the agency, but 
without success, the Indians claiming 
that no single treaty ever made with 
them had been fulfilled in all its stip- 
ulations. Many of the soldiers being 


880 


War 


of his own faith, he accompanied the 
detachment which received the surren- 
der of Big Foot, to render such good 
offices as might be possible to either 
party. In the desperate encounter he 
was stabbed through the lungs, but 
yet, with the bullets flying about him 
and hatchets and war clubs circling 
through the air, he went about his 
work, administering the last religious 
consolation to the dying until he fell 
unconscious from loss of blood. He 
was brought back to the agency along 
with the other wounded, and although 
his life was despaired of for some 
time, he finally recovered. In talking 
about Wounded Knee with one of the 
friendly warriors who had gone into 
the Bad Lands to urge the hostiles 
to come in, he spoke with warm ad- 
miration of Father Craft, and Profes- 
sor Mooney asked why it was, then, 
that the Indians tried to kill him. He 
replied, “They did not know him. 
If he had worn his black robe no In- 
dian would have hurt him.” On in- 
quiring afterward, Professor Mooney 
learned that this was not correct, as 
Father Craft did have on his priestly 
robes. From the Indian statement, 
however, and the well known affection 
in which he was held by the Sioux, 
it is probable that the Indian who 
stabbed him was too much excited at 
the moment to recognize him. 

The news of the battle was brought 
to the agency by Lieutenant Guy Pres- 
ton of the Ninth Cavalry, who, in com- 
pany with a soldier and an Indian 
scout, made the ride of sixteen or eigh- 
teen miles in a little over an hour, 
one horse falling dead of exhaustion 
on the way. There were then at the 
agency, under the command of General 
Brooke, about 300 men of the Second 
infantry and fifty Indian police. 


War 


The firing at Wounded Knee was 
plainly heard by the thousands of 
Indians camped about the agency at 
Pine Ridge, who had come from the 
Bad Lands _to surrender. They were 
at once thrown into great excitement, 
undoubtedly believing that there was 
a deliberate purpose afoot to disarm 
and massacre them all, and when the 
fugitives—women and children, most 
of them—began to come in, telling 
the story of the terrible slaughter of 
their friends and showing their bleed- 
ing wounds in evidence, the camp was 
divided between panic and desper- 
ation. A number of warriors mounted 
in haste and made all speed to the 
battle-ground, only two hours distant, 
where they met the troops, who were 
now scattered about, hunting down 
the fugitives who might have escaped 
the first killing, and picking up the 
dead and wounded. The soldiers were 
driven in toward the center, where 
they threw up _ intrenchments, by 
means of which they were finally able 
to repel the attacking party. With 
the assistance of a body of Indian 
scouts and police they then gathered 
up the dead and wounded soldiers, 
with some of the wounded Indians and 
a few other prisoners to the number of 
fifty-one, and came into the agency. 
In the meantime the hostiles under 
Two Strike had opened fire on the 
agency from the neighboring hills and 
endeavored to approach, by way of a 
deep ravine, near enough to set fire 
to the buildings. General Brooke, de- 
siring to avoid a general engagement, 
ordered out the Indian police—a splen- 
didly drilled body of fifty men—who 
gallantly took their stand in the cen- 
ter of the agency enclosure, in full 
view of the hostiles, some of them 
were their own relatives, and kept 


881 


War 


them off, returning the fire of be- 
siegers with such good effect as to 
kill and wound several others. The 
attacking party, as well as those who 
rode out to help their kinsmen at 
Wounded Knee, were not the Pine 
Ridge Indians (Oglala), but the Brules 
from Rosebud under the lead of Two 
Strike, Kicking Bear, and Short Bull. 
On the approach of the detachment 
returning from Wounded Knee, almost 
the entire body that had come in to 
surrender broke away and fell back 
to a position on White Clay Creek, 
where the next day found a camp of 
4,000 Indiang, including more than 
1,000 warriors now thoroughly hostile. 
On the evening of the battle General 
Miles telegraphed to military head- 
quarters, “Last night everything look- 
ed favorable for getting all the In- 
dians under control; since report 
from Forsyth it looks more serious 
than at any other time.” It seemed 
that all the careful work of the last 
month had been undone. 

The conflict at Wounded Knee bore 
speedy fruit. On the same day, as 
has been said, a part of the Indians 
under Two Strike attacked the agency 
and the whole body of nearly 4,000 
who had come in to surrender started 
back again to entrench themselves in 
preparation for renewed hostilities. 
On the morning of December 30th, 
the next day after the fight, the wagon 
train of the Ninth cavalry (colored) 
was attacked within two miles of the 
agency while coming in with supplies. 
One soldier was killed, but the Indians 
were repulsed with the loss of several 
of their number. 

On the same day news came to the 
agency that the hostiles had attacked 
the Catholic mission five miles out, 
and Colonel Forsyth, with eight troops 


War 


of the Seventh cavalry, was ordered 
by General Brooke to go out and drive 
them off. It proved that the hostiles 
had set fire to several houses be- 
tween the mission and the agency, 
but the mission had not been disturb- 
ed. As the troops approached the hos- 
tiles fell back, but Forsyth failed to 
occupy the commanding hills and was 
consequently surrounded by Indians, 
who endeavored to draw him into a 
canyon and pressed him so closely 
that he was obliged three times to 
send Back for reinforcements. Major 
Henry had just arrived at the agency 
with a detachment of the Ninth ca- 
valry, and on hearing the noise of fir- 
ing started at once to the relief of 
Forsyth with four troops of cavalry 
and a Hotchkiss gun. On arriving 
on the ground he occupied the hills 
and thus succeeded in driving off the 
hostiles without further casualty, and 
rescued the Seventh from its danger- 
ous position. In this skirmish, known 
as the “Mission fight,” the Seventh 
lost one officer, Lieutenant Mann, ana 
a private, Dominic Francischetti, kill- 
ed and seven wounded. 

On New Year’s day of 1891, three 
days after the battle, a detachment 
of troops was sent out to Wounded 
Knee to gather up and bury the In- 
dian dead and to bring in the wounded 
who might be still alive on the field. 
In the meantime there had been a 
heavy snowstorm, culminating in a 
blizzard. The bodies of the slaugh- 
tered men, women and children were 
found lying about under the _ snow, 
frozen stiff and covered with blood. 
Almost all the dead warriors were 
found lying near where the fight be- 
gan, about Big Foot’s tepee, but the 
bodies of the women and children 
were found scattered along for two 


882 


War 


miles from the scene of encounter, 
showing that they had been killed 
while trying to escape. A number of 
women and children were found still 
alive, but all badly wounded or fro- 
zen, or both, and most of them died 
after being brought in. Four babies 
were found alive under the _ snow, 
wrapped in shawls and lying beside 
their dead mothers, whose last thought 
had been for them. They were all 
badly frozen and only one lived. The 
tenacity of life so characteristic of 
wild people as well as of wild beasts 
was strikingly illustrated in the case 
of these wounded and helpless women 
and children who thus lived for three 


days in a Dakota blizzard, without 
food, shelter or attention to their 
wounds. 


A long trench was dug and into it 
were thrown all the bodies, piled one 
upon another like so much cordwood, 
until the pit was full, when the earth 
was heaped over them and the funeral 
was complete. Many of the bodies 
were stripped by the whites, who went 
out in order to get the “ghost shirts,” 
and the frozen bodies were thrown in- 
to the trench, stiff and naked. They 
were only dead Indians. As one man 
of the burial party said, “It was a 
thing to melt the heart of a man, if 
it was of stone, to see those little 
children, with their bodies shot to 
pieces, thrown naked into the pit.” 
The dead soldiers had already been 
brought in and buried decently at the 
agency. When the writer visited the 
spot the following winter, the Indians 
had put up a wire fence around the 
trench and smeared the posts with 
sacred red paint. 

The Indian scouts at Wounded 
Knee, like the Indian police at Grand 
River and Pine Ridge, were brave and 


War 


loyal, as has been the almost univer- 
sal rule with Indians when enlisted in 
the government service, even when 
called on, as were these, to serve 
against their own tribe and relatives. 
The prairie Indian is a born soldier, 
with all the soldier’s pride of loyalty to 
duty, and may be trusted implicitly 
after he has once consented to enter 
the service. The scouts at Wounded 
Knee were Sioux, with Philip Wells as 
interpreter. Other Sioux scouts were 
ranging the country between the ag- 
ency and the hostile camp in the Bad 
Lands and acted as mediators in the 
peace negotiations—which led to the 
final surrender. Fifty Cheyenne and 
about as many Crow scouts were also 
employed in the same section of the 
country. Throughout the entire cam- 
paign the Indian scouts and _ police 
were faithful and received the warm- 
est commendation of the officers. 

On New Year’s day, 1891, Henry 
Miller, a herder, was killed by Indians 
a few miles from the agency. This 
was the only noncombatant killed by 
the Indians during the entire cam- 
paign, and during the same _ period 
there was no depredation committed 
by them outside of the reservation. 
On the next day the agent reported 
that the school buildings and Episco- 
pal Church on White Clay Creek had 
been burned by the hostiles, who were. 
then camped to the number of about 
3,000 on Grass Creek, fifteen miles 
northeast of the agency. They had 
captured the .government beef herd 
and were depending on it for food. 
Red Cloud, Little Wound and their 
people were with them and were re- 
ported as anxious to return, but pre- 
vented by the hostile leaders, Two 
Strike, Short Bull and Kicking Bear, 
who threatened to kill the first one 


883 


War 


who made a move to come in. A few 
days later a number of Red Cloud’s 
men came in and surrendered, and re- 
ported that the old chief was practi- 
cally a prisoner and wanted the sold- 
iers to come and rescue him from the 
hostiles, who were trying to force him 
into the war. They reported further 
that there was much suffering from 
cold and hunger in the Indian camp, 
and that all the Oglala (Red Cloud’s 
people of the Pine Ridge) were in- 
tending to come in at once in a body. 

On the third a party of hostiles at- 
tacked a detachment of the Sixth ca- 
valry under Captain Derr on Grass 
Creek, a few miles north of the agency, 
but were quickly repulsed with the 
loss of four of their number, the troops 
having been reinforced by other de- 
tachments in the vicinity. In this en- 
gagement the Indian scouts again dis- 
tinguished themselves. The effect of 
this repulse was to check the west- 
ward movement of the hostiles and 
hold them in position along White 
Clay Creek until their passion had 
somewhat abated. 

On January 5th there was another 
encounter on Wounded Knee Creek. 
A small detachment which had been 
sent out to meet a supply train coming 
into the agency, found the wagons 
drawn up in a square to resist an at- 
tack made by a band of about fifty 
Indians. The soldiers joined forces 
with the teamsters, and by firing from 
behind the protection of the wagons 
succeeded in driving off the Indians 
and killing a number of their horses. 
The hostiles were reinforced, how- 
ever, and a hard skirmish was kept 
up for several hours until more troops 
arrived from the agency about dark, 
having been sent in answer to a cour- 
ier who managed to elude the attack- 


War 


ing party. The troops charged on a 
gallop and the Indians retreated, hav- 
ing lost several killed and wounded, 
besides a number of their horses. 

In the meantime overtures of peace 
had been made by General Miles to 
the hostiles, most of whose leader: 
he knew personally, having received 
their surrender on the Yellowstone 
ten years before, at the close of the 
Custer war. On the urgent repre- 
sentation of himself and others, con- 
gress had appropriated the necessary 
funds for carrying out the terms of 
the late treaty, by the disregard of 
which most of the trouble had been 
caused, so that the commander was 


‘now able to assure the Indians that 


their rights and necessities would re 
ceive attention. Théy were urged to 
come in and surrender, with a guaran: 
ty that the general himself would re- 
present their case to the government 
At the same time they were informed 
that retreat was cut off and further 
resistance would be unavailing. An 
additional step toward regaining their 
confidence, the civilian agents were re- 
moved from the several distributing 
agencies, which were then put in 
charge of military officers well known 
and respected by the Indians. Chey- 
enne River agency was assigned to 
Captain L. H. Hurst, the Rosebud 
agency to Captain K. M. Lee, while 
Royer at Pine Ridge was superseded 
on January 8th by Captain F. E. 
Pierce. The last named officer was 
afterwards relieved by Captain Charles 
G. Penny. 

The friendly overtures made _ by 
General Miles, with evidences that the 
government desired to remedy their 
grievances, and that longer resistance 
was hopeless, had their.effect on the 
hostiles. Little Wound, Young-Man- 


884 


War 


Afraid-of-His-Horses (more properly 
Young-Man-of-Whose-Horses - they - are 
Afraid), Big Road and other friendly 
chiefs, also used their persuasions with 
such good effect that by January 12th 
the whole body of nearly 4,000 Indians 
had moved into within sight of the 
agency and expressed their desire for 
peace. The troops closed in around 
them, and on the 16th of January, 1891, 
the hostiles surrendered, and the out- 
break was at an end. They complied 
with every order and direction given 
by the commander, and gave up nearly 
200 rifles, which, with other arms al- 
ready surrendered, made a total of be- 
tween 600 and 700 guns, more than 
had ever before been surrendered by 
the Sioux at one time. As a further 
guaranty of good faith, the commander 
demanded the surrender of Kicking 
Bear and Short Bull, the principal 
leaders, with about twenty other pro- 
minent warriors as hostages. The de- 
mand was readily complied with, and 
the men designated came forward vol- 
untarily and gave themselves up as 
sureties for the good conduct of their 
people. They were sent to Fort Sheri- 
dan, Illinois, near Chicago, where they 
were kept until there was no further 
apprehension, and were then returned 
to their homes. After the surrender 
the late hostiles pitched their camp, 
numbering in all 742 tepees, in the 
bottom along White Clay Creek, just 
west of the agency, where General 
Miles had supplies of beef, coffee and 
sugar issued to them from the com- 
missary department, and that night 
they enjoyed the first full meal they 
had known in several weeks. 


Thus ended the so-called Sioux out- 
break of 1890-91. It might be better 
designated, however, as a Sioux panic 


War 


and stampede, for, to quote the ex- 
pressive letter of McGillycuddy, writ- 
ing under the date of January 15, 1891, 
“Up to date there has been neither 
a Sioux out-break or war. No citizen 
in Nebraska or Dakota has been killed, 
molested, or can show the scratch of 
a pin, and no property has been des- 
troyed off the reservation.” Only a 
single noncombatant was killed by the 
Indians, and that was close to the 
agency. The entire time occupied by 
the campaign, from the killing of Sit- 
ting Bull to the surrender at Pine 
Ridge, was only thirty-two days. The 
late hostiles were returned to their 
homes as speedily as possible. The 
Brule of the Rosebud, regarded as the 
most turbulent of the hostiles, were 
taken back to the agency by Captain 
Lee for whom they had respect, found- 
ed on an acquaintance of several 
years’ standing, without escort and 
during the most intense cold of win- 
ter, but without any trouble or dis- 
satisfaction whatever. The military 
were returned to their usual stations, 
and within a few weeks after the sur- 
render affairs at the various agencies 
were moving again in the usual chan- 
nel. 


War With Spain. 

At the outbreak of the War with 
Spain in the spring of 1898, Col. Mel- 
vin Grigsby, of Sioux Falls, at the 
time attorney general of South Dako- 
ta and a veteran of the Civil War, or- 
ganized the Third U. S. Volunteer Ca- 
valry, which was known as “Grigsby’s 
Cowboys.” This regiment consisted 
of twelve troops, of which five were 
from South Dakota, four from Mon- 
tana, two from North Dakota and one 
from Nebraska. The South Dakota 
contingent was as follows: 


885 


War 


Colonel Melvin Grigsby, Sioux Falls. 

Lieutenant-Colonel Charles F. Lloyd, 
(U. S. Army) Yankton. 

Major Robert W. Stewart, Pierre. 

Troop A, Captain Seth Bullock, Dead- 
wood. 

Troop B, Captain John Foster, Cham- 
berlain. 

Troop C, Captain George  E. 
Belle Fourche. 

Troop D, Captain John E. Hammond, 
Sturgis. 

Troop E, Captain Joseph 
Pierre. 


Hair, 


B. Binder, 


The troops were formally mustered 
in at Sioux -Falls May 12 to 23, and 
were ordered at once to the Federal 
encampment at Chickamauga Park, 
on the famous battle ground of the 
Civil War in northern Georgia, there 
to train for expected service in Cuba. 
Here, due to bad sanitation, an epide- 
mic of typhoid raged; many of the 
men suffered from it and _ several 
deaths occurred among the South Da- 
kotans. The regiment did not get to 
the front, but soon after the peace 
treaty was mustered out on September 
8th. 


Those dying in the service were: 

Bahler, George, Sturgis 

Beach, Algernon J., Sioux Falls 

Copelin, William F., Hot Springs 

Gilligan, Martin, Deadwood 

Lawrence, Herbert F., Pierre 

McLaren, George, Lead 

Williams, William R., Lead 

In addition to the First South Dako- 
ta Volunteer Infantry, which served 
in the Philippines, and the five troops 
of Grigsby’s Cowboys, who were en- 
listed for Cuba, a considerable number 
of South Dakota men served in the 
Cuban campaign and took part in the 
battle before Santiago. Among these 
were the following: 

Major Frank H. Edmunds (q.v.), 1st 

U. S. Infantry, of Yankton. 


Major Joseph B. Sanborn, 1st Ili: 
nois; Yankton. 


War 


Fred G. Hughart, Lieut., 2nd Michi- 
gan; Sioux Falls. 

Capt. Alexander Sharp (Navy), 
commander of “Vixen;” Yankton. 

James A. Hand (Navy), Ensign; 
Parker. 

Chris Nelson, musician, First U. S. 
Cavalry; Dell Rapids. 

John Campbell McArthur, Lieuten- 
ant, 3rd U. S. Infantry; Aberdeen. 

Harry Barr, corporal, 2nd Infantry, 
Aberdeen (3rd U. S. Infantry?) 





“Grigsby’s Cowboys” by O. L. Sues 
(1899). 


10. Philippine Insurrection 


In the war with the Filipinos, re- 
sulting from the War with Spain, 
1898, South Dakota contributed the 
First South Dakota Infantry. The out- 
line of the organization was as fol- 
lows: | 
; Colonel Alfred B. Frost, of Brook- 
ings. 

Lieutenant-Colonel Lee Stover, Wa- 
tertown. 

Major Charles A. Howard, Aberdeen. 

Major William F. Allison, Brook- 


ings. 
Dr. Rodell C. Warne, Surgeon, 
Mitchell. 


Rev. Charles Mott Daley, Chaplain, 
Huron. 

Adjutant Jonas H. Lien, Sioux Falls. 

Company A, Captain Arthur L. Ful- 
ler, Pierre. 

Company B, Captain Alonzo B. Ses- 
sions, Sioux Falls. 

Company C, Captain 
Gray, Yankton. 

Company D, Captain Clayton P. Van 
Houten, Worthing. 

Company E, Captain George W. Lat- 
tin, DeSmet. 

Company F, Captain 
Brockway, Sioux Falls. 

Company G, Captain Roy Rob Mc- 
Gregor. 

Company H, Captain Charles H. 
Englesby, Watertown. 

Company I, Captain Paul D. McClel- 
land. 

Company K, Captain 
Sheldon, Aberdeen, 


William S. 


Charles L. 


Palmer D. 


886 


War 


Company L, Captain William Mc- 
Laughlin. 

Company M, Captain Frank W. Med- 
bery, Deadwood. 

The organization was developed 
from the First Regiment, South Da- 
kota National Guard. War with Spain 
was declared on April 25th, the Na- 
tional Guard was ordered by Governor 
Lee to mobilize at Sioux Falls on 
April 30th and was mustered into the 
service of the United States at once; 
the regiment entrained for the Philip- 
pines on May 29, arriving in San 
Francisco June 2d. After 7 weeks of 
intensive training the regiment left 
San Francisco on July 23 upon the 
transport, “Rio Janeiro,’ and reached 
Cavite, August 25th. 

The organization participated in the 
following engagements: 

Block House No. 4, February 5, 1899. 

LaLoma Church, February 5. 

Polo, March 25. 

Meycanayan, March 26. 

Marilao, March 27. 

Malolos, March 30. 

Guiguinto, March 30. 

Quingua, April 23. 

Pulilan, April 23. 

Pulilan No. 2, April 24. 

Calumpit, April 24. 

Bagbag River, April 25. 

Santo Tomas River, April 28. 

San Fernando, May 5. 

San Fernando No. 2, May 25-6. 

Hell’s Corner, San Fernando, June 2. 

Hell’s Corner, San Fernando, June 7. 

On August 12, 1899, the regiment 
embarked at Manila on the transport 
“Sheridan” and arrived in San Fran- 
cisco, September 10. There it was 
mustered out on October 5 and reach- 
ed home amid the general rejoicing 
of the people on October 14. Presi- 
dent McKinley came to meet the re- 
turning heroes. 

The following account of the activ- 
ities of the First South Dakota Infan- 


War 


try in the Philippines, from the arriv- 
al of the last detachment on Septem- 
ber 2, 1898, is from Captain Frank 
W. Medbury’s story first published as 
an appendix to the work “Campaign- 
ing in the Philippines,” 1899: 

“The regiment remained at Cavite 
about two weeks helping to _ police 
the old city, which looked as though 
it had not been thoroughly cleaned 
up during the last few centuries. On 
September 10th, the expectation of 
trouble on the Manila side of the bay 
caused the regiment to be ordered 
there, and on the 12th, the first and 
third battalions went into quarters at 
No. 12 Gral Sloano, the second bat- 
talion occupying the old Spanish bar- 
racks near the Luneta. Drills and 
parades were kept up as they had been 
at San Francisco, though occupying 
much less of our time, for the hot 
sun of early autumn could not be en- 
dured long. 

September 17th we were given the 
duty of guarding Bilibid prison, and on 
October 5th, were relieved from this, 
and given the outpost in front of the 
insurgent block-house No. 4. October 
20th the second battalion relieved a 
battalion of the First California Vol- 
unteers at No. 10 Malacanan—the old 
Governor-General’s palace, where Gen- 
eral Otis made his headquarters. This 
we considered no slight compliment 
for our regiment, as General Otis is 
an old soldier and very particular in 
respect to the conduct of troops. But 
at this time we had guards, also, at 
the headquarters of Major-General 
MacArthur and _ Brigadier-Generals 
Hale and Miller. 

The truly war-like part of our work 
began with the duty on outpost, which 
was located about two miles from Ma- 
lacanan in a grove of perhaps ten 


887 


War 


acres’ extent and about four hundred 
yards from blockhouse No. 4. On our 
right were the First Colorado and 
First Nebraska Regiments, which, with 
the First South Dakota, formed the 
second brigade, second division. On 
our left were the Pennsylvania and 
Kansas outposts. Under the direction 
of Colonel Frost, Lieutenant E. E. 
Young had made a careful survey of 
the ground about our outpost which 
it would be necessary for the regi- 
ment to cover and hold in case of 
open hostilities. It was here that our 
men first became accustomed to lying 
out under an enemy’s guns, first learn- 
ed to watch the Filipinos, carefully 
noting their movements and reporting 
only circumstances of importance. 
Here was an opportunity to bring into 
play all the alertness taught in con- 
nection with guard duty and readiness 
in the use of the rifle, resulting from 
much drill. Our outpost was in an 
unfavorable place, with amigos living 
near, who were frequent visitors to 
our post, and also the insurgents op- 
posite. Narrow paths, made dark at 
night by thick hedges, gave opportun- 
ity for the stealthy native to use his 
bolo, but this was tried only once. 
The event occurred on the night of 
January 10th when two natives at- 
tacked Private Thomas Smith of Com- 
pany E, one from behind striking him 
across the cheek with a heavy knife. 
Smith, stunned by the blow, recovered 
sufficiently to train his Springfield 
upon the first at very short range and, 
reloading, to wound the other as he 
tried to escape through the brush. 
This was first blood on both sides, 
for South Dakota, and terminated, as 
nearly all attacks upon American sol- 
diers by the bolo-men did, with the 
slight wounding of the soldier attack- 


War 


ed and the death of the hombre at- 
tacking. 

Hostile demonstrations, such as the 
advancing of skirmish lines in the 
direction of our outposts, attempts to 
pass small bodies of armed men 
through our lines and the parading of 
troops with the evident desire of show- 
ing their strength, continued to in- 
crease and cause frequent alarms. 
Several times the call to arms sound- 
ed, but it was not until the evening 
of February 4th, that volley firing on 
the outpost announced that the ball 
had really opened. The cause for the 
first burst of firing was the general 
preparedness of the insurgents to be- 
gin active hostilities; the occasion 
was the firing upon a party of insurg- 
ents by a Nebraska sentinel, past 
whom they tried to march, and would 
not halt when challenged. Immedi- 
ately after first gun was discharged, 
the whole insurgent line, some fifteen 
kilos in length and extending in a 
semi-circle about the city, began a 
perfect fusilade upon the American 
outposts. 


This time at the call to arms nearly 
every man was in line including the 
special duty men and those who be- 
fore had thought themselves sick. 
With Colonel Frost at their head, the 
battalions were marched out to the 
support of our. outpost, which was 
commanded this day by Lieutenant 
Foster. The firing having ceased 
about the time we reached the line, 
Lieutenant Colonel Stover was left 
with Companies F, and I, at the out- 
post and, after waiting two hours 
without further developments, the oth- 
ers returned to quarters. Scarcely 
were they comfortably in bed when 
at 3 a. m. a renewal of the firing 
brought them again out to the line. 


888 


War 


It was now evident that there was to 
be a general attack on our lines 
and rather than permit the rebels to 
do all the attacking General Otis de- 
termined to take a hand in it him- 
self. So the various regiments that 
were to form the firing line took up 
their positions during the night and 
in line of skirmishers, lay down to 
await the developments of the morn- 
ing. 

Our line had been formed along the 
crest of a hill from which we could 
look over a narrow valley to the in- 
surgents’ position. We joined in a con- 
tinuous line, with Colorado on the 
right and with Pennsylvania on. the 
left. The men took such cover as they 
could find behind the rice dikes and 
listened to the Mauser bullets as they 
sang through the air. But the song 
was no lullaby and few eyes were 
closed in sleep that night. As the 
morning dawned we tried to locate 
the enemy who had been and was 
still doing so much shooting from 
bamboo thickets and the block-house, 
but they were seldom to be seen, for 
the use of smokeless powder did not 
disclose their positions. Nevertheless 
we sent volleys occasionally into the 
bamboo thickets, where we knew they 
must be, and awaited somewhat anx- 
iously the order to advance. At about 
8:30 a. m., two guns of the Utah Light 
Battery began to throw shells into the 
block-house and a little fortification 
near it. At the same time Colonel 
Frost directed that Company K, should 
echilon on A, to protect the right flank 
and should remain in the fortification 
when it was taken. The companies 
I, F, and H, which were in advance of 
the general line on the left, being at 
the outpost, were to join on and ad- 
vance with it. Companies G, M and L 


War 


were to go straight for the block- 
house. The Colonel then gave the or- 
der “Rapid fire,” and soon the whole 
valley was filled with the smoke of 
our black powder and resounded with 
the noise of battle. Then came the 
order “Cease firing!’ As the sound 
died away, on our side every soldier 
held his breath for he knew what was 
coming next. 


At the command, that whole line of 
men must leave its protection and 
among the flying missles advance over 
the open field against an unknown 
number of rifies. Faces were blanch- 
ed, hands a little unsteady and 
thoughts turned quite as much toward 
home and friends as to the possibil- 
ities of that coming charge. “To the 
charge!”’ comes the Colonel’s voice, 
steady as on parade. “MARCH!” and 
the whole line as though animated by 
but one mind springs forward. With 
a yell that might easily discourage 
the Sioux, they start down the hill, 
firing as they go. Hats are lost, hav- 
ersacks and blankets dropped, leaden 
missiles from the ridge in front fly 
hissing over or throw little clouds of 
dust here and there, but the line 
Sweeps on, keeping as perfect order 
as when on the Presidio. Company 
A, on the right has occupied the fort- 
ifications, H, has joined on the left, 
and as the line reaches’: the base of 
the hill upon which the block-house is 
located, it breaks in several places to 
pass clumps of.thorny bamboo. Now 
the charge develops into a race to see 
who shall reach the block-house first. 
Men are out of breath. Their rifle 
barrels are so hot they cannot touch 
them. But a last dash, a yell, and the 
line rushes upon the block-house to 
find only a few of the bravest defend- 
ing their position, while the open field 


889 


War 


beyond is strewn with their dead and 
fleeing braves. Some one proposes 
three cheers for Colonel Frost, and 
they are given with a will, for has he 
not been with the foremost in the 
charge? Has he not proven himself 
a fearless and able commander? 


Almost immediately the bugle 
sounded the assembly and the compa- 
nies forming sent a few volleys into 
the trees in the direction taken by 
the departing insurrectos. Hardly 
had we found ourselves in possession 
of No. 4 when a shout on our right 
told us that Colorado had _ taken 
block-house No. 5, and in a few min- 
utes the Pennsylvanians came out to 
our left, deployed in the valley and 
finally captured the fortified Chinese 
Hospital that had been used for in- 
surgent headquarters. About 3 p. m., 
when the Pennsylvanians were still 
fighting back of the hospital, Colonel 
Frost ordered an advance toward La 
Lome Church. Company L remained 
at the block-house and Company F at 
the old out-post position, leaving only 
Companies I, G, M, H, and K in the 
line of skirmishers. -For more than a 
mile the line swept over the open 
country, while, as usual, the insur- 
gents were behind earthworks and con- 
cealed by trees. But their earthworks 
this time proved their destruction, for 
sixty-five Fillipinos remained in them 
until the Americans got within short 
range, and then, trying to escape, 
made themselves easy targets. The 
church, its tower and the wall sur- 
rounding it swarmed with soldiers. 
The strong stone fort two hundred 
yards beyond was also filled. Our 
men climbed over the wall into the 
church yard, where a short conflict 
at close quarters occurred, but only 
a few rebels remained there, for as we 


War 


came over the wall at the south side 
they made their exit at the north. 
As they fled from the church they 
were joined by those from the stone 
block-house beyond, thus clearing the 
enemy from in front of the Pennsyl- 
vanians and establishing the fact, 
which since has been proven many 
times, that the proper way to fight 
Fillipinos is to take their position by 
a bold dash and not lie behind cover 
to exchange shots—a method of war- 
fare in which they delight. 


The companies having been reform- 
ed, were advanced a short distance 
beyond the church where all lay down; 
they needed rest badly. Many, during 
this long run in the hot sun, were 
fairly overcome by heat, not a few 
being unable to keep up with the line. 
The day’s work had cost us three men 
killed and two wounded. 


Toward the evening the Pennsyl- 
vanians took position in the line of 
the fort and the church, while our 
companies were stationed in a line 
extending from near the church past 
block-house No. 4. The line thus es- 
tablished on February 5th remained 
with but slight advances to obtain 
better positions until the 25th of 
March, when the general advance be- 
gan. During the battles just describ- 
ed, Companies B, C, D and E remained 
as guards in the city. They had an op- 
portunity to exchange numerous shots 
with the natives who hid behind stone 
walls or shot from windows. Com- 
panies D and E had to repulse a light 
attack upon General Otis’ quarters 
from across the Pasig River, but the 
determined uprising in the city that 
had been planned to co-operate with 
the rebels from without failed to 
materialize. 


890 


War 


For the following six weeks our 
troops were. practically under fire 
every day. Trenches were built to 
make an almost continuous line along 
our. whole front and shelter tents 
were pitched near the trenches. The 
companies that had been guarding the 
first and third battalions’ quarters 
were relieved and the two on guard 
at Malacanan so rotated that each 
company had three days in the city 
and eighteen on the line. Guard duty 
at this time was very severe, the man 
being on guard half the time, and be- 
ing compelled frequently to take posi- 
tions in the trenches because rebel 
sharpshooters, out of range of our 
Springfield rifles, entertained us with 
their Mausers. At 7 a. m., February 
23rd, a body of 500 insurgents came 
out upon the open field in front of 
Companies K, E and M on our left. 
They deployed into line of skirmishers 
and began to advance. When within 
1000 yards they opened fired. At 800 
yards distance our companies return- 
ed the compliment, when the enemy 
ceased advancing and moved by the 
left flank. Taking advantage of the 
cover afforded by the sunken road 
which runs at right angles to the line 
of our trenches, a part of them moved 
up to within 200 yards of Companies 
EK and M, At 9 o’clock Colonel Frost, 
observing that their left flank was ex- 
posed, sent out Companies A and B 
and the band out to give them a flank 
fire. This had the desired effect, for 


they withdrew, but not until they had. 


killed one man in Company C, wound- 
ed three in Company M, and one in 
Company B. Concealed by the trees, 
to which they had withdrawn, they 
moved again by the left flank and at- 
tacked our right, but received so warm 
a reception there, also, that at noon 
they left the field altogether. 


War 


The nervous strain to which this 
duty subjected both officers and men 
soon began to tell on their health and 
on March 25th, the number of men for 
duty on the line had decreased to 586. 
But all were anxious for the advance 
to Malolos which they hoped would 
put an end to the rebellion. 


On the afternoon of March 24th, or- 
ders were given that each man be is- 
sued 200 rounds of ammunition and 
one day’s travel rations. At dark, 
leaving the tents standing, the Com- 
panies closed in on the left to be ready 
after an early breakfast for the for- 
ward movement. 


As the first gray streaks of dawn 
announced the coming day the regi- 
ment formed for battle with the Tenth 
Pennsylvania on the left, and the First 
Nebraska on the right, climbed over 
our earthworks and the long campaign 
was begun. The line looked almost 
spectral as the forms of the men were 
outlined against the sky and all moved 
forward in perfect silence. After go- 
ing thus for nearly a mile, suddenly, 
crack, sounded a rifle directly in our 
front. Almost immediately the en- 
gagement became general, a great 
roar filling the valley. The firing ex- 
tended away to the right in front of the 
Nebraskans. But scarcely had _ the 
battle begun when, boom, roared one 
of Utah’s field guns quite up in front 
of the firing line. Its heavy projectile 
crashed through the trees and burst 
with a loud report among the insur- 
gents’ trenches. The battle lasted for 
about half an hour, the insurgents 
making a determined resistance but 
they finally had to give way and seek 
shelter in the rough lava country fur- 
ther back, though the place they left 
was well protected by brush and bam- 
boo fences, as well as by nature. The 


891 


War 


long line continued its advance, having 
made scarcely a pause for this engage- 
ment. Although it was not yet sun- 
rise, a running fight began that lasted 
nearly all the forenoon. Here and 
there a dead or wounded Filipino, told 
of the struggle they were making. 
During the afternoon we crossed the 
Novaleches Road, which was to have 
been our destination for that day, but, 
after pushing for some distance, we 
were halted at dark on a little table- 
land just across the Tuliahan River. 
Early the next morning, March 26th, 
we started forward, but were soon 
formed into columns four and marched 
down an excellent road toward Polo. 
Here we first saw the signal corps at 
work. They were stringing insulated 
wire along the road quite up at the 
front, throwing it upon the bushes at 
the roadside or upon the ground. 

Changing direction to the right we 
left the Polo road and soon bullets 
began to fly about us with unpleasant 
frequency and this fact may have hast- 
ened the deployment from column to 
line of skirmishers. 


The battle of Meycauayan was the 
fiercest yet fought by our regiment. 
The Pennsylvanians were off to the 
left at Polo. Nebraska had not yet 
arrived on the iine. Leaving Major 
Howard’s battalion to protect the 
flank, Colonel Frost pushed forward 
with the first and third battalions to- 
ward the river and across the railroad. 
Beyond the river, the insurgents had 
trenches on both sides of the track. 


A deep marsh prevented our advance. 


on the left, while a sort of lagoon 
stopped us on the right. This left the 
railroad grade as the only means of 
approach. Lieutenant Colonel  Sto- 
ver’s battalion poured in so hot a 
fire upon the trench to the left of the 


War 


bank that it was evacuated. The third 
battalion, after firing a few volleys at 
a retreating train was swung to the 
right and, using the railroad grade for 
protection, fairly caught the Filipinos 
in their trenches on the right since 
they had no way of escape except over 
an open field. It was during this en- 
gagement that Second Lieutenant 
Holman, then quartermaster sergeant, 
seeing the bridge on fire ran out un- 
ordered at the imminent peril of his 
life and extinguished the flames. The 
bridge thus saved was used almost 
immediately by our men in crossing, 
while the steel bullets glanced from 
the iron frame and went whirring 
away through the air. Soon, line was 
formed on the other side and the Fili- 
pinos dispersed, leaving a long row 
of their dead to show where they had 
stood so well. But the loss was not 
all on their side. General Hale having 
come up, was wounded here, Captain 
Crayenbaugh of his staff was killed 
and Lieutenant Pratt, then sergeant, 
was severely wounded. During this 
engagement the second battalion was 
twice thrown out against flank at- 
tacks, but besides repelling these suc- 
ceeded mostly in wading muddy 
streams and marshes, and at evening 
camped some distance in the rear of 
the firing line. At about dark, the 
provision train finally overtook us, 
after we had been traveling two days 
on the first day’s rations. 


On the following morning at 4 


‘o’clock we were up and going. A 


great deal of maneuvering resulted in 
placing the brigade in column of fours 
along the railroad, the First South Da- 
kota ‘volunteers ahead, as advance 
guard. The second battalion was sent 
forward in line of skirmishers on the 
right of the track and 400 yards ahead 


892 


War 


of the support. Between the support 
and reserve there was a distance of 
500 yards, while the main body fol- 
lowed the reserve at 600 yards. Thus 
the main body was fully a mile behind 
the firing line. 


At 10 a. m., with no enemy in sight, 
the advance began. Colonel Frost, as 
had always been his custom, took com- 
mand of the firing line. It had been 
supposed that no enemy was in front 
because none could be seen. A great 
mistake had been made, for we were 
approaching Marilao river and, as af- 
terward discovered, Aguinaldo had de- 
termined to stop the advance of the 
Americans at that place. We had 
sent hither his most trusted officers 
and his best-trained troops to fill the 
trenches that lined the river and com- 
manded the level ground in front. 
Forseeing an advance into this place, 
troops had been so stationed as to 
pour in a fearful fire from three direc- 
tions. The ties had been removed 
from the railroad bridge and a stone 
barricade built across the north end. 
A few insurgent -sharpshooters had 
been sent forward about a mile to 
where a fringe of trees covered a rise 
of ground. This grove we took at a 
dash, and emerging on the other side 
came into full view of their concealed 
positions. Then began a charge such 
as will not often be repeated in his- 
tory. Less than two hundred men 
went charging across an open field 
against 4000 native soldiers, armed 
with Mauser and Remington rifles, 
and protected by a deep river and 
good earthworks. Orders were sent 
to the first and third battalions to 
hurry to the support of the second, 
which it was now evident, had run in- 
to an insurgent trap. When it had 
approached to within 100 yards of the 


War 


river the companies became separat- 
ed on account of the clumps of Bam- 
boo. Company H turned a little to 
the right through an opening and di- 
rected its fire against sharpshooters 
along the river. Company M, on 
the right of the trees that grow 
along the railroad, was_ shooting 
straight ahead into the _ trenches. 
Companies D and E, on the left, were 
directed to cross on the railroad 
bridge and flank the trenches to their 
right. 

When the line got within seventy- 
five yards of the river it was joined 
by the first battalion, and, what were 
left of these two battalions—many 
having been wounded or overcome 
with heat—dashed across the remain- 
ing space to the river where, some 
running down to the water’s edge 
found the fords, while others _ pro- 
tected their crossing by firing from the 
bank. As soon as the first had gain- 
ed the opposite bank the rest waded 
across, or Swam, and were joined 
by the third battalion which had 
made the long run from the position 
of the reserves through a perfect 
shower of bullets. On the left, the 
same success had attended our ad- 
vance. A few of the most daring at 
first climbed upon the grade and cross- 
ed the bridge on the narrow iron 
stringers, while the enemy’s bullets 
flew thick and fast from every direc- 
tion. Others followed, and deploying 
again drove the enemy from the river, 
but he did not propose to stay away 
and, as he was forming a line in plain 
sight, it became evident that he meant 
to attack this small body that had just 
crossed. The little Nebraska fieldgun 
had been brought up to the bridge 
but the gunners could conceive no 


way in which to get it across. It was 


893 


War 


evident that four men could not keep 
hold of it and walk the narrow strips, 
of iron. Captain Van Houten,. First 
South Dakota Volunteers, had crossed 
the bridge with his company and see- 
ing the need for the cannon returned 
to hurry it up. He solved the diffi- 
culty by seizing the gun from the car- 
raige and alone carrying it across the 
bridge, while at least one bullet glan- 
ced from its smooth surface. Dropped 
on the other side, it was soon mounted 
and barking an angry farewell to the 
fleeing red-breeches. But it was hard- 
ly fair to mention particular cases of 
bravery unless we call the roll of the 
whole 200 men who crossed the river 
in that first dash. Later, will be given 
the names of Lieutenants Lien, Adams 
and Morrison, and of twenty-nine 
others hit on the field in front of the 
trenches. The number of the enemy’s 
dead will never be known and it is 
not pleasant to recount, for many of 
them were brave men who died like 
true soldiers. Among these was Agui- 
naldo’s adjutant-general, who kept on 
fighting at the bridge until no man 
was left standing with him, and he 
finally fell mortally wounded. 


Towards evening of this eventful 
day the insurgents returned to at- 
tack our. position. Perhaps, after 
what they had seen during the last 
three days, they dreamed that it was 
easier to capture a position than to 
hold it. But ere this the Third Artil- 
lery, as infantry, had crossed and tak- 
en position along the left of the track, 
and Nebraska had taken up her posi- 
tion on the right. Although the ene- 
my made our position an uncomfor- 
table one for awhile, repeated volleys 
soon discouraged him and he was 
again driven to cover, followed by the 


Nebraskans for some distance, who. 


War 


returned to their position for the 
night. 

The charge at Marilo River was 
perhaps the most brilliant of the cam- 
paign. When we take into considera- 
tion the great odds in favor of the ene- 
my, their numbers and position, their 
modern rifles and tactics copied as 
nearly as possible from ours, and our 
own disadvantage in having to pass 
over open fields, with our main body 
so far in rear as to be useless until 
after the enemy had been driven en- 
tirely away from their entrenchments, 
the magnitude of the undertaking 
seems appalling. Nothing but the 
greatest dash and exhibition of Ameri- 
can courage could have accomplished 
it. Once again we realized the bene- 
fits of our hard drill and strict disci- 
pline which kept every man in his 
place moving with even intervals 
wherever directed. The perfect fight- 
ing machine which it had been desired 
to make of the regiment, here proved 
its existence. 

No advance was made on March 
28th. All were very glad of an op- 
portunity to rest, even though they 
had to stay in an open field with no 
protection from the sun. For three 
days we had marched or run over a 
rough country. We had waded rivers 
and slept in our wet clothes. We had 
filled our canteens from all sorts of 
wells and creeks. No wonder the men 
slept in the bright sunshine. Scouts 
reported that the rebels were again 
entrenched two miles ahead, and that 
the rice fields for more than a half the 
way had been flooded. 

Such was the prospect of the 29th, 
when about 9 a. m., the bugle sounded 
“forward.” After a very tiresome 
march through the _ flooded fields, 
where the men waded knee-deep in 


894 


War 


soft mud, the enemy was driven from 
his trenches and about noon, columns 
of four were again formed on the 
railroad to cross some unfordable riv- 
ers. The Tenth Pennsylvanians was 
sent ahead as advance guards. We were 
just passing Guiguinto, when sud- 
denly, from across the deep river in 
front came a volley of Mauser bullets. 
The Second Battalion was deployed to 
the right under fire, and while it was 
engaging the enemy across the river, 
General MacArthur ordered the others 
to be taken around to the right, in an 
attempt to flank the enemy. This was 
found to be impracticable, on account 
of the deep river and dense jungle. 
The first and third battalions re- 
turning, followed the second across 
the bridge, and after a long run by 
the flank where all were exposed to a 
fearful fire, they took position on the 
right of Pennsylvania and began pour- 
ing volleys into the woods ahead. The 
men were thoroughly exhausted by the 
long run across the bridge, and in rear 
of the Pennsylvanians, where, they 
dared not fire, the bullets were flying 
thick, cutting off twigs above them, 
rattling through the dry bamboo fence 
or splashing the mud of many creeks 
and marshy places. Before the whole 
regiment had passed along, the path 
was strewn with wounded men and 
those overcome with the heat. Those 
who got to-their position in the line 
felt relieved when they could take 
part in the action. Finally, the enemy 
was driven out of range and a new 
line established for the night. Next 
morning the Nebraska Regiment join- 
ed us, and after some lively bombard- 
ing of the forest in front by the sixth 
Artillery the line started forward in a 
drenching rain. 


89 


War 


We were then only four miles from 
Malolos, and had heard exaggerated 
reports of tfie great earthworks that 
had been thrown up around the city. 
And while we had no desire to take 
fortified places stronger than those 
behind us, we were anxious to see the 
capital of the so called republic. March 
30th was spent in making a great left 
wheel to place in the line in position 
for the next day’s work. The last day of 
March was to see the supreme effort. 
The plan was to have the three regi- 
ments of the second brigade move for- 
ward in echelon from the right, the 
first. of Nebraska Regiment, starting 
immediately after the artillery had 
shelled country in our front for fifteen 
minutes, the First South Dakota and 
Tenth Pennsylvanians starting five or 
ten minutes later, respectively, each 
commanding officer taking his direc- 
tion by the compass and moving sev- 
enty degrees west of north. At 7 a. 
m. the bombarding began, and in half 
an hour all were moving forward with 
a determination to see the _ thing 
through. 


We met no enemy until within a 
short distance of Malolos when, look- 
ing through the bamboo grove that 
grows along the creek, we could see 
the Filipino soldiers lined up on the 
plain in front of the city apparently 
unconscious of our approach. With- 
out waiting for them to open the ball 
we sent several volleys that broke 
their line completely and sent them 
flying for cover across the railroad 
grade. Then, as we crossed the creek 
and came out on the open field, the 
enemy now lined up behind the em- 
bankment, had us at great disadvan- 
tage, for we had to make a complete 
left wheel under a heavy fire. The 
change of direction was made, how- 


5 


War 


ever, as perfectly as though no enemy 
had been near, and when charging up 
to the railroad grade, we drove the 
Filipinos away and out of range into 
the woods beyond. 

Malolos had fallen, The Twentieth 
Kansas, coming up on the left of the 
railroad, occupied the principal part 
of the city which, instead of being the 
strongly fortified place of which we 
had heard, was no more thoroughly 
protected than the other towns, and 
its best buildings which may have 
been the imposing structures that the 
adventurer’s government was credited 
with possessing, were smouldering 
ruins. The regiment was quartered in 
empty huts that line the bank of Malo- 
los Creek, and a strong line of out- 
posts placed in front at night. 

On the morning of April 1st, Major 
Howard’s battalion accompanied by 
Captain Lockett, Fourth Cavalry, with 
his scouts, was ordered out on a re- 
connoitering expedition to the Quingua 
River, a distance of about five miles 
northeast. Good roads, a_ beautiful 
country and the complete absence of 
rebel soldiers, would have made this 
trip a pleasant one had not the men 
been so thoroughly tired out and foot- 
sore. 

The Third Battalion, commanded by 
Captain Englesby since March 27th, 
did duty as provost guard of Malolos 
for one week, being returned for duty 
with the regiment on April 20th. Sever- 
al times during our stay here the regi- 
ment was turned out to repel attacks. 
At 3:30, April 11th, firing some dis- 
tance in the rear gave evidence that 
the Thirteenth Minnesota railroad 
guards were being attacked. The Se- 
cond Battalion was sent to their relief, 
arriving at Guinguinto just at daylight, 
while the cannon on the armored car 


War 


was still throwing bright flames to- 
wards the grove east of the road. The 
insurgents had already been routed, 
but leaving Company BH, at the station, 
D, H and M were deployed and sent 
out about two miles on their trail, try- 
ing upon them, with a great deal of 
satisfaction, the Krag-Jorgensen rifles 
just issued. Here, for the first time 
the First South Dakota Volunteers 
exchanged shots with the Filipinos, 
when our bullets went further than 
theirs. Returning to Guinguinto, we 
relieved Major Diggle’s battalion of 
the Thirteenth Minnesota, and to- 
wards evening our force, augmented 
by Companies C and L of the Third 
Battalion, guarded the railroad for six 
miles south of Malolos. The Minne- 
sotans returned during the afternoon 
of the 12th and our companies were 
taken back to quarters at Malolos on 
the train. 

Company B, which had been doing 
guard duty at Malacanan, was relieved 
and joined the regiment April 12th. 
This gave us eleven companies on the 
line. It was generally understood 
when we left the trenches, that Malo- 
los was to be the objective point, but 
once more we found ourselves advan- 
cing in the firing line with other vol- 
unteers, while the regulars were kept 
well back in reserve. The Malolos- 
Calumpti campaign began April 23rd. 
During the afternoon of that day the 
First Nebraska had gained a costly 
victory over the insurgents near .Guin- 
gua, losing their gallant leader, Colo- 
nel Stotsenberg. At 5 p. m. our regi- 
ment left its quarters at Malolos and 
started towards Quingua which place 
was reached at dark. We lay that 
night under the protection of the 
church wall, being wakened frequently 
by the crack of the sentinel’s rifle or 


896 


War 


the whistling of hostile bullets. In 
the morning, after some bombarding 
of the trenches on the opposite side, 
the regiment started to cross the river 
on a narrow foot-bridge. Company F, 
led by Captain Brockway, went first, 
and, contrary to expectations, met 
no resistance. 


Once across the river the brigade 
was formed in a line, with Nebraska 
on our left. The Tenth Pennsylvania 
regiment had withdrawn, and the Fif- 
ty-first Iowa came up as reserve in 
column of fours on the road in our 
rear. Two engagements are to be 
placed to our credit for this day. The 
first was about one mile from the riv- 
er, where we encountered entrench- 
ments from which the insurgents did 
not run and thirty-eight of them fell 
where they fought. Our loss was three 
killed and one wounded. The second 
engagement occurred just before dark 
as we were advancing towards Calum- 
pit. Trenches had been dug to com- 
mand a large open field which it was 
necessary for us to cross. But the 
field was bordered on our side by a 
dense jungle through which we could 
not move except in column files over 
narrow foot paths. The Filipinos at 
this place evidently desired to try the 
American plan of letting the attacking 
party get within short range before 
opening fire, at any rate within 600 
yards of them we came out of the jun- 
gle, reformed and started forward be- 
fore we received the first volley, then, 
amid a perfect shower of bullets, we 
made the run to the trenches on the 
other side, driving the Filipinos into 
confusion. 

Their earthworks at this place were 
quite complete, extending in a con- 
tinuous line for over a mile. Beside this, 
smaller trenches were placed so as 


War 


to command every foot of the open 
country. And yet in spite of their advan- 
tage, their loss of life was great, for 
before this time our men had become 
sufficiently accustomed to battle to 
use their rifles with great accuracy. 
A short time after we had halted, our 
ever faithful pack train, appeared on 
the scene with provisions and ammu- 
nitions. 

Early in the morning of the 25th, 
the advance was continued towards 
Calumpit River. Great camps were 
passed, where the natives taken out 
of Malolos and other places, had stop- 
ped. Some of these were still well 
populated with women and children, 
who seemed to expect fully that they 
were to be killed, but in every case 
they were treated kindly, and made to 
understand that no harm should come 
to them. As we came within range 
from Calumpit River a fearful fire was 
opened upon our line. The enemy had 
taken position on the opposite bank, 
where they had excellent fortifications. 
They had cut down all the trees and 
removed the houses from our side, 
compelling us to advance over an open 
field, absolutely unprotected. One span 
of the railroad bridge had been cut off 
and dropped into the river. The situa- 
tion was a desperate one, for in front 
of our line the river could not be ford- 
ed. Nevertheless, the charge was 
made quite up to the river’s bank, 
and there we lay, hardly seventy-five 
yards from their entrenchments, on 
level ground. They were kept from 
taking aim when they shot by the 
heavy fire from our rifles until Ne- 
braska having found the ford crossed 
and began a flank attack. At no place 
during the campaign had our men 
shown more perfectly the effect of 
thorough drill and discipline than here 


897 


War 


on the river’s bank, where, wholly ex- 
posed to the enemy’s fire, without the 
opportunity of doing him any consid- 
erable damage they lay and kept him 
employed until other troops could 
cross and attack his position by the 
flank. There was nothing of the stim- 
ulating effect of the charge to keep 
the men at their task, no possibility 
of the excitement which attends a 
rush over the enemy’s trenches—they 
were kept in their places merely by 
the habit of obeying orders and the 
fact that they knew no such move- 
ment as a retreat. Something of the 
severity of the fire may be judged by 
the ‘fact that within a few minutes 
seven in Company B were hit by the 
enemy’s bullets. As soon as the in- 
surgents found that they were attack- 
2d on the flank all was confusion in 
their trenches, as each one for him- 
self sought safety by the shortest 
route across the long bridge of the 
Rio Grande. - 

We camped here for the night, at 
the junction of the Calumpit and 
Quingua Rivers, the next morning 
crossing by the ford, and taking a 
position on the west side of the rail- 
road. For the first time there were 
American troops in front of us, since 
the First Brigade had advanced to 
the attack of Calumpit while we were 
held as support. All this day and the 
next Mauser bullets kept dropping 
among us or splashing in the river, 
for the firing line was less than two 
miles ahead. At 2 p. m., April 28th, 
we were hurried to the support of 
the First Brigade which was out of 
ammunition but had succeeded in 
driving the enemy away from the riv- 
er and beyond Apalit. We crossed 
the dismantled bridge over the Rio 
Grande, on the narrow side railing 


War 


and advanced some distance beyond, 
but were recalled to guard the rail- 
road and the bridge. Our First Batta- 
lion was left on the north side of the 
river; the Second and Third recros- 
sing, found quarters in Calumpit. Our 
hospital corps had quarters with the 
First ‘Battalion. And, to their praise 
let it be said, too much credit cannot 
be given the members of the hospital 
corps for their courageous, untiring 
efforts in ministering to the sick and 
relieving the suffering of the wound- 
ed. They worked long days, were fre- 
quently up at night, and after our 
duty in the trenches began, their work 
was doubled. But the place where 
they distinguished themselves was on 
the battlefield. Wherever the fight- 
ing was fiercest, there they might be 
found for there they were the most 
needed, and with their Chino litter- 
bearers, were at the side of a wound- 
ed man almost as soon as he had fal- 
len. Our chief surgeon, Major Warne, 
was much of the time in charge of 
the division hospital thus making the 
duty heavier on his assistants, Cap- 
tain Cox, Lieutenant Thompson, and 
last, but not least, our volunteered 
Red Cross doctor, Wilder Dwight, who, 
without other compensation than his 
expenses, served with the regiment 
throughout the campaign. 

Nor must we, while mentioning 
those who ministered to our comfort, 
neglect to remember our chaplain, 
Captain Daley. He was a welcome 
and frequent visitor to the sick in the 
hospital, bringing them little. things 
needed, writing letters for them, 
speaking cheerful and encouraging 
words, as only one accustomed to such 
can do. He was much upon the battle- 
field—a sort of auxilliary hospital 
corps. 


898 


War 


At Calumpit, all the companies of 
the regiment were represented, com- 
pany A having been relieved by a 
company of the Twenty-third Infan- 
try from General Otis’ headquarters, 
and returned to duty on the line. 
After a rest of three days, the regi- 
ment, accompanied by the. Fifty-first 
Iowa and a troop of the Fourth Caval- 
ry, went on exhibition to Pulilan. 
The column, under command of Gen- 
eral Hale, started at 5 a. m., crossed 
Calumpit River at the ford above men- 
tioned, and with its long train of 
ambulance wagons, escort wagons and 
buffalo carts reached Pulilan by 12 m. 
About three hundred armed Filipinos 
were found near the town by Major 
Bell’s scouts. These the Major with 
his little band suffered to escape. 
After encamping for the night in the 
most beautiful part of the country we 
had seen, the column returned to the 
Rio Grande and took quarters at Apalit. 


The next day, May 4th, saw us in 
column on the way to San Fernando. 
In front of Santo Toman there is a 
great swamp filled with muddy ditch- 
es and covered with tall marsh grass. 
To protect the right of the firing line, 
we were deployed to the right of the 
road and sent across the marsh. The 
sun beat down with intense heat, but 
our clothes, frequently wet by wad- 
ing ditches and creeks, revived us 
somewhat. We encamped for the 
night under a bamboo hedge _ that 
separates two great cane fields. From 
there some of the taller buildings of 
San Fernando could be seen, and dur- 
ing the night we watched the bright 
fires that told of the usual tactics of 
the Filipinos when about to leave. 
Next morning the city was found 
nearly deserted, but with only a few 
of the fine buildings destroyed. At 


War 


about 4 p. m. the regiment moved 
into the city, Colonel Frost having 
been appointed provost marshal, and 
began the work of guarding the prop- 
erty of the later residents. An inven- 
tory of the sugar ware-houses disclos- 
ed the fact that they contained over 
seven thousand tons of crude sugar. - 
There were also several machine-shops, 
carriage factories, brick-kilns, etc. 
But the great church, once the pride 
of the inhabitants, and said to have 
been the most wealthy church on the 
islands, was in ruins. 

When Nebraska was relieved, to be 
sent to the south line, May 19th, the 
First South Dakota Volunteers were 
sent to the north and given the task 
of guarding the city on that side, east 
of the track. Immediately after the 
taking of San Fernando, all insurgent 
troops had been withdrawn to a con- 
siderable distance, but they soon 
returned in small bodies to harass our 
outposts and keep the troops contin- 
ually alarmed. 


May 5th, at 1 p. m., they were dis- 
covered advancing through a cornfield 
with the expectation of surprising and 
cutting off our outpost. The regiment 
was hurried out, formed for attack 
under cover of the trees along the 
road and advancing into the tall cane, 
presented a line of battle to the 
startled Filipinos, where they looked 
for only a light guard. They opened 
fire upon us at scarcely a hundred 
yards’ distance but, true to their 
custom, began immediately to run, — 
thus making of themselves fair targets 
for our men. The line having been 
joined by Iowa on our right, started 
forward under orders to make a 
great left wheel and enclose the enemy 
against the troops on our left. This 
plan seemed the more feasible because 


899 


War 


of the dense jungle in front of our out- 
post in which the insurgents had dug 
trenches and arranged well-concealed 
rifle-pits; also the country beyond was 
open and allowed the natives, after 
some brisk firing across the cane- 
fields, to escape. They returned, how- 
ever, at 3 o’clock the next morning, 
only to give a more general movement 
directed against them, and to be driven 
back several miles from the city. 


A battalion of the Seventeenth In- 
fantry relieved us of a part of our out- 
post duty early in June, and on the 
10th, after having been on the firing 
line for a hundred and twenty-six days, 
the regiment was brought to Manila 
on a special train and encamped at 
Santa Mesa. It arrived at Camp 
Stotsenberg with 280 men for duty, all 
that were left of the 1000 men brought 
to Manila less than a year before. The 
total casualties, from February 5th to 
May 26th, were four officers killed 
and three wounded, seventeen enlisted 
men killed and ninty-five wounded. 
Seven of the ninety-five died of their 
wounds. The camp very much resem- 
bled a hospital, on account of the 
large number of sick in quarters, 
though many of these needed only 
rest and a little careful dieting for 
soon they began to return to duty. 
The usual routine of camp life was 
resumed. The band, once our pride 
was again giving its daily concerts, 
after having been for four months on 
the firing line. The men, so leng 
accustomed to the service brown, were 
issued new Kahki suits, and, though 
few in number, were again making 
a creditable appearance at parade. 
But so pleasant a condition of affairs 
could not continue long. On June 23rd, 
orders were received which once more 


War 


placed the regiment in the tren- 
ches. Major Howard’s Battalion re- 
lieved a battalion of the Twenty-first 
Infantry, guarding the line from the 
Pasig River to the Deposito. The 
first and Third Battalions were station- 
ed near San Francisco del Monte, 
guarding the line from the Baligbalig 
Road to the sunken road near La Loma 
Church. Here the out post duty, to 
which we had been so long accustomed 
seemed rather the natural condition. 
But there was no enemy in our immed- 
iate front to keep us alarmed, and 
soon the rest this gave us the oppor- 
tunity to get, put nearly all the men 
back on duty. August 5th, the regi- 
ment was relieved by the Twenty- 
fifth United States Infantry and went 
into quarters in Manila. 


On the morning of the 10th, to- 
gether with the Thirteenth Minnesota, 
we went on board the United States 
Army transport Sheridan. At day- 
light on August 12th we took our last 
look at Manila—the scene of almost 
exactly a year’s work—and started 
on our homeward journey. Four days 
later we arrived at Nagasaski, Japan, 
where we remained for three days 
while the ship was taking on coal. 
Through the efforts of Colonel Frost, 
who commanded this expedition, we 
had the pleasure of a trip through the 
Inland Sea and a stop of twenty-four 
hours at Yokohama, which place we 
left at 9 a. m. August 25th. After an 
uneventful trip across the. Pacific, the 
transport arrived at San Francisco 
September, 1899. 


The Losses. 
The following soldiers paid the full 
measure of devotion, in the Philippine 
Insurrection. 


900 


War War 


SEeeALI OS, SECT ATION stv ALOTLO WH, 6 <cniaks, & sO edb a eee o4 tle wee killed in action. 
MEET RICE ID ALDOUS Ftp AG iat gis fd aie oe Aas vcd habe din etch Mee puke Eh. died of disease. 
MMR AED VETO T EG Pc er A fe rare are 20 Ws ode Uva, © ‘cds 'pite, lore “o Tale 'ee'e “a'0'0 oo died of disease. 
RPP CLO UU POANtOMy ic cer ccc ccecsvedecels és CPOE IVE cL died of disease. 
mowoen, Mortimer Ce Watertown): vi. ec ede. ct AA died of disease. 
Pe POnry MN lAndreauy wi fe HG os OW ead oak cee ces Pee VO killed in action. 
era tA PIECES IOUS ALIS cs eis ace. Siete too oe fale ra eo ole nbs web eben ad died of disease. 
PRE  Dee ere chase ec ere chevars pda avs o cia ais «vce clans eoeisgue deca’ killed in action. 
RIPTIDE RE etre sce sce te sac ecclers faces est ae aets ss 6 oee died of disease. 
RG LIN PA ITIGE Use PONT Ft Picken tie a els cc we ab we ewes oe aMae, died of disease. 
AE BURT Sky Git ard ay Caen, ae ees eo SRR Pk 7 at Pe eee re eee died of wounds. 
OUI I erence a re once a as, «a tudthan Pel dat ardie Sveuaanacttaue: aoe died of disease. 
UES YAEL 98 OL RS tL 92s IAT. GRIM AIG IS bre ose acs 0.tupne bd pan ses ee as died of disease. 
perros Marlowe~riankintonmey foo 2. Sr ee killed in action. 
SIREMGRT SCE EOIN S DS As. SMe s dere Sis soress's CAM SURI OR age PIN ie died of disease. 
PURMRRRIR TSR ECOL Ee es che ail a wake ure 's «0h e Rint Rabe RTS ci a QaliEN To died of disease. 
EER YRC H grote it ori ciels fee as 6 Aakae chins satt tino Adages Znknce tbs died of disease. 
PUPEEPEMIPUVIETIEOUVV LITEETID Ett te eee hw ica acts cancccccscuasvnces died of disease. 
ee ESE RS Fite 5 EO ity eae ae ee ar ee ne a aay died of wounds. 
ETE MO tees Sa Bowe tS oe Brig IOS cawsd hs « States ackde csc Mak disGant . killed in action. 
MCMC TTL NCIS Se Ue cee Sag rt Sian Lose 3 ahd Bia da ag Acainatirery! «or Sok ak hc died of disease. 
MIRE SLLIEA REE (Sn EaOEn oye eto ersten ee leral er 6) a © € Gach 6's 6. ses nie wipes © Ae gin died of disease. 
MPRCIECRIET LITTON eee ec Oe at ee ccs reese recwcbecsereces died of disease. 
recur rect ti) Pinestone:) Minnitina’d. . oe OP, oe. killed in action. 
Sete SC eh TOU te cogs Ae eek. «EE leas Be SRS SEES wa died of disease. 
CE etree Tet ee a Far. ir ee kale /< aha. «REE cdistnos mgerd MY evan died of disease. 
RUPE PALWIETAC. PICTTO. cee sc ccc <a ta duns Kien a t.p.00m Wiis oye e drowned in service. 
IPC WOlM Gtr. CRs eee ts ce cc te ee ne eb eacucbee's died of disease. 
ian Oe rata sp etiicrir i Bh wud. . Pee OE DO. killed in action. 
a he erecta sl. <i euhety id Oise Pee 6 elvidece © ashe « killed in action. 
I TE Wasa es a a aso gti Rirn ais ah eranspy a cetsdwait bch ol ars killed in action. 
ESN AER, REC rar fle ge Biers a ere aie gsc 6c «0.6.6.0 0 e504 04,0 8,5!0.0 sae ees «0.0 died of diease. 
SEE DIT FEI A SIOUROP ALB. OUR Me cc re ete a eee e ewes cess killed in action. 
ities ames Pt DeStOne) MINN sears. doe ce ee REL Om died of disease. 
PPMP ERINCOUA,” MOGISON tis ati epics « ¢ Hoes Wate tackle We shanilix killed in action. 
NAA SIEOTD Sto) VV ITITOCO oon ogee 0.0 oie. Kivi elers ici a oye sO sn o ele + killed in action. 
REPU CR ie ea c ss cases ae winple s/auhhas « eee ana. bh died of disease. 
Peeeracken rigid.) Watertown, 20? .. 5 bie ns be tsetse oaks s Dive killed in action. 
De Te LOLS Fit tat . ete ) S49. « « wlealp s Biejd sey hs » Tae ewules died of disease. 
I CPE TTT YT to eG ares os eevee, 6 tcibetuy vhs: 6 He Ae’ (ota Cw nieve a singe died of disease. 
EMME UPUNE AYO CLT ClOE tee CREED ce ata ctle o (ace «: andicul epesepresi varie acxj'e/t niapete died of disease. 
UY PURI Feet PET O WATS) pts. Coes cnc cc ct cee cece vc estons died of wounds. 
MeN AOR ee NOVie Bis. DOOM 5s ekels cc ces occas oes wes tee se ee’s killed in action. 
Pet SOT sViartili 2G) VANKCOM! ein wc. s cele ens ew ne ewes eee died of disease. 
EME AATEC Te. oiler e ghar s ciate, © afece's a Glevalghele se@inie Siurs.n save: o sks < killed in action. 
NON VY PEO TID VL: SELOWCATIN te Li Ae citthe oo ahem s0's. 0.00.0 040 ces nine ea te died of disease. 
eee rT RR RCN CREE corte CAINE e oa s s 6 as sce weir sieleoe 0 viens ee killed in action. 
mrescucr st Norien 6. capi. CIty, «2. os 6. Shee aloe Cee ee aE died of wounds. 
Prouty, Charles R., Yankton, ..... Na 6 so RR ERIS IEE IE A. AIT. died of disease. 
BTEC VL ge, cles cre re tee Pe ite so Biswas Sua erste te ae ae ee died of disease. 
eee Se IGOMITG OA cibnie bore eis). Aa taslolale » apc. cunye we aug temas eepesee died of disease. 
Mrmr MOtLUOWIN.... oaduui bh. aviteAied voascevccssccbe Midaieenictisn oaks killed in action. 
eae cer CLOL Signed srauitie We leak a Vy sek ceca ee eb ome eve OE wu died of wounds. 
FoCmoela. Victor’ b:, Oil City, os oo ees). SORTS SO agin died of disease. 
SEES a De er ee ee eee On ee Pee nS ee eer eee died of disease. 
Cog i TE a Th PRT MES NR ARIE SS es eee) oe a Re ae died of wounds. 
eee Vee eee Ve ig ais rn deck acc cies wees as oe tes i Be died of disease. 
PH OVA OA, Fer See tee aes SwileewielsCeceeecwweeeeen died of disease. 


War 


Smith WoilhaniiB asc es Bowe weenie 
Stover, Roy W., Watertown, ........... 


Stutz, Charles, 


UpptendahkHenry A.; 00.4.0 6c see cc es 
Whitman, Joseph W., i. 66. oe cee Fee. 
Wiekhem s.dirdsoneP,. Ca. 28 wank. tees 
Wilotiiinrvingid 5 secs. tap pee pees 


Mexican Border Military Demonstra- 
tion. 

In the Spring of 1916, due to repeat- 
ed trespasses upon our soil and upon 
American citizens in Mexico by the 
warring factions there, President Wil- 
son resolved to make a show of mili- 
tary strength along the Mexican bor- 
der and on June 19th ordered the 
National Guard mobilized. The Fourth 
South Dakota Infantry consequently 
mobilized at Camp Hagman, _ three 
miles northeast of Redfield, on June 
23, and recruiting until it had 1000 
men, kept in training until July 31, 
when it entrained for San Benito, 
Texas, where it spent the autumn and 
winter. 

The regimental officers were as fol- 
lows: 

Colonel Boyd Wales 

Lieutenant-Colonel William A. Haz- 

le 

Majors James McNenny, M. lL. 

Shade, Edward A. Beckwith, and 

later, Lawrence H. Hedrick (vice 

McNenny). 

There were twelve companies; a 
machine gun company; a medical corps 
and a supply company; fifteen organi- 
zations in all. 


The regiment remained in camp at 
San Benito until February 17, when 
it was ordered north and was muster- 
ed out at Camp Crook, Omaha, March 
3, 1917. There were two deaths of 
men in the regiment during its ser- 
vice, David Poppleton, -drowned at 
Redfield and Michael F. Seuelly, who 
fell from a wagon, breaking his neck 
at San Benito. 


oeoeeveeree eevee ee eee ee ee & 


War 


o's olge hs ERI G24 hes RE CE eee died of disease. 
Pe eee ee 8. died of disease. 
5 ithe hay? Gap) chants ‘,.....died of disease. 


When the men returned in the 
spring of 1917 the State paid to each 
man in the service $75 as a bonus. 





Laws, 1917, ch. 51. 
general, 1918. 


12. World War. 

It is too early and the information 
is too little organized to yet adequate- 
ly treat the part of South Dakota in 
the World War. A few of the salient 
facts only can be presented. 

Only a month elapsed after the 
Fourth regiment (S. D. Infantry) re- 
turned from the demonstration’ upon 
the Mexican Border before war was 
declared against Germany on April 
6, 1917. Immediately the young men 
began to volunteer their services 
while the regiment with its organi- 
zation intact stood expectantly await- 
ing mobilization, which in fact did not 
occur until July 15. Meanwhile the 
government was preparing for the se- 
lective draft. During the war there 
were three registrations of the young 
men, as follows: 


Report, Adjutant- 





June. 6, 19 lis acavh . Soe 58,872 
June. 6, 1918.23... ene ae 5,197 
September 12, 1918........... 77,179 
Total registrations .......... 141,248 


The report of the adjutant-general 
shows the following recruits from 
South Dakota: 





Voluntary enlistments......... 10,268 
Selective draft.....5..3.02.0% 21,517 
Navy and Marine Corps....... 1,006 
Total contribution of men .... 32,791 


The Fourth Infantry was the only 
organization that maintained through- 


902 


War 


out the war any semblance to a South 
Dakota body of troops.Our men gener- 
ally were scattered broadcast through- 
out the entire Army and thus was lost 
that pride that made the volunteers so 
potent in every war to which they 
have been called. 


In the main the old Fourth regiment 
of South Dakota Infantry, that is to 
say Companies A, B, C, D, H, M, and 
the headquarters company were incor- 
porated into the 147th Field Artillary 
and took with them the staff, Col. Boyd 
Wales and Lieutenant-Colonel William 
A. Hazle. Companies I, K and L were 
transferred to the 146th machine gun 
battalion, and the machine gun com- 
_pany (from Ipswich) was given to the 
148th Machine Gun Battalion. Com- 
panies E, F and G were placed in the 
116th Supply Train, Major Myron 
L. Shade, commanding. These alone, 
as South Dakota Organizations, main- 
tained their identity. These organiza- 
tions fought all along the front from 
May, 1918, until November 11, being in 
the thick of the fighting at Chateau 
Thierry in July, at St. Mihiel in Sep- 
tember and through the Argonne For- 
est in October and November. 


Col. Charles H. Englesby promoted 
the organization of a South Dakota 
regiment of cavalry, which was mus- 
tered into the service, but was almost 
at once broken up and the men scat- 
tered throughout the army. Aside 
from these organizations the record 
of South Dakota in the world war is 
the story of individual soldiers. These 
soldiers rendered devoted service in 
every arm of the great war-machine. 
How many went over-seas is not 
known, and it is unlikely that a record 
showing the number could be com- 
piled. 


War 


While our men were following the 
line of duty in France and wherever 
the fortunes of war directed, many 
men and women volunteered for war- 
service at the front and at home. 
Many went to France for the Red 
Cross, Young Men’s Christian Asocia- 
tion, Knights of Columbus, Library 
Service and as nurses. There are no 
consolidated reports of numbers. At 
home the people worked in an exalted 
spirit that accomplished prodigious re- 
sults. No effort was beyond the peo- 
ple and no sacrifice too great to be 
withheld. 


Hist., IX, 23-4; X, 39-44. 


Council of Defense. 


During the war in Europe a State 
council of defense was created, in the 
first instance by appointment of Gov- 
ernor Norbeck (May, 1917), without 
authority of law, but authorized by 
chapter 61, laws of special session, 
1918. The executive committee con- 
sisted of Charles H. Anderson, Pierre; 
George W. Wright, Huron; D. W. Hic- 
ky, Belle Fourche; Olaf Eidem, Brook- 
ings; Gary T. Notson, Mitchell. There 
were sub-committees with chairmen as 
follows: Food, George Dixon, Water- 
town; Agriculture, W. S. Hill, Mit- 
chell; Distribution and marketing, E. 
C. Perisho, Brookings; Woman’s Ac- 
tivities, Helen S. Peabody, Manufact- 
uring and mining, W. W. Soule, Rapid 
City; Transportation and fuel, W. G. 
Bickelhaupt, Aberdeen; Finance, U. 
S. G. Cherry, Sioux Falls; Home De- 
fense, M. W. Davidson, Vermillion; 
Health, R. D. Alway, Aberdeen; Red 
Cross and Y. M. C. A., Theodore J. P. 
Giedt, Eureka; Legislation, S. E. Wil- 
son, Hot Springs; Liberty Loans, H. 
A. Oldham, Winner; Education and 
Publicity, W. R. Ronald, Mitchell. 


903 


War 


Subordinate councils of defense were 
organized in each county. In a gen- 
eral way the State council of defense 
supervised all war activities in the 
State. At the close of the war it 
published a very complete report. 
The following official figures indi- 

cate the volume of South Dakota ef- 
fort: 
Liberty bonds purchased 

faxes. 28 Gedires ol $109,627,200.00 
War Savings Stamps purchased 

nate DOM MA TIGR, ai aes 12,396,615.82 
Cash supplied to the government 

pete hone hemi tre etre mie eee $122,023,815.82 
Cash and material for Red Cross 


bi ie eh Pe tebe ee COE Seeds 2,190,271.00 
Gash, for. Y:. MieCa As 33 257,134.00 
Cash for other activities 

Fe es fies sar esate See ye rn ry 250,000.00 
Cash for United War Work 

er teieeS Sides olan tet de 592,397.43 
Jewish Relief Fund .... 46,350.70 
Total for activities ....$125,313,618.25 


The following list of men from 
South Dakota who died in the world 
war, 1917 and 1918 was prepared by 
the State council of defense and pub- 
lished in its final report; those who 
were killed in action are marked with 
a superior 1, and those who died from 
wounds with a superior 2: 


Aurora County 


John M. Sullivan, Stickney. 
Harry Hansen, Plankinton. 

Leo Dittrick, Stickney. 

Oliver L. Scott, White Lake. 
Agge C. Meier, White Lake.' 
Lewis C. Bogenhagen, White Lake. 
Arthur Markamp, White Lake. 
John Altman, White Lake. 
Nick Goeres, White Lake.' 
Leonard Vis, White Lake.' 
Andrew W. Johansen, Stickney. 


Brule County 


Oscar G. Potter, Chamberlain.' 
Carl W. Potter, Chamberlain. 
Tom Cummings, Vega. 

Stanley Burian, Vega. 

William P. Ryan, Kimball. 


War 


Oscar Millage, Pukwana. 

Elmer Newman, New Diggins, Wis. 
Earl A. Smith, Chamberlain. 

Owen M. Rose, Kimball. 

George Schmidt, Kimball. 


Buffalo County 


Joseph M. Abernathy, Richards. 
Fred Hare, Gann Valley. 
Victor P. Dripps, Gann Valley. 


Bennett County 
John H. Boesl, Allen. 
Alfred Richard, LaCreek.' 
Roy Lessert, Martin. 
George W. Stover, Martin. 
Walter E. Guede, Vetal. 
William D. Brown, Martin. 


Beadle County 


Christian T. Hanson, Bonilla. 
Henry G. Joekheick, Hitchcock. 
Carl J. Eckberg, Huron. 

Earl E. Harvey, Huron. 
James Houska, Huron.' 

David J. Powell, Vayland. 
Elmer C. Peterson, Vayland. 
Frank W. Shea, Wessington. 
Rudolph Koester, Wolsey. 
Albert R. Keuhn, Cavour. 
Arthur Cardwell, Huron. 
George E. Finicle, Huron. 
Philip Hill, Huron. 

William Reaves, Huron. 

Fred A. Quirm, Virgil. 

Dudley V. Burns, Wessington. 
David A. Thompson, Wessington. 
Clifton D. Radcliffe, Wolsey. 


Brookings County 


Frank A. Pike, Aurora. 
William Bower, Brookings.' 
Chas. Gamble, Brookings. 
George Dokken, Brookings. 
Bernard J. Handwerk, Bruce.’ 
George T. Waite, Bruce. 
Louis Krogman, Elkton. 

Otto P. H. Steuck, Elkton. 
Elmer Alexander, Volga. 
Melvin Burrows, Volga.' 
Stanley Burian, Volga. 

Geo. H. Warness, Volga. 
Harrold Dale Higgins, White.'! 
Leonard Feun, Brookings. 
Bror Axel Berglind, Brookings. 
Carl M. Sween, Brookings. 
Alvin Ness, Bruce. 

R. A. Crispin, Bruce. 


904 


War 


Wm. C. Westrum, Bruce. 
Glenn R. Stafford, Elkton. 
Geo. W. Quail, Sinai. 
Arthur M. Anderson, Volga. 
Joseph W. Hamrick, Volga. 
Frederick Jessen, Volga. 


Brown County 


Haakon Amundson, Aberdeen. 
Elmer Bowlby, Aberdeen.’ 
Arthur H. Bunce, Aberdeen. 
August Carro, Aberdeen. 
Frank Colon, Aberdeen." 
Thomas D. Cooper, Aberdeen. 
Charles C. Croal, Aberdeen.’ 
Paul Revere Conner, Aberdeen. 
David Reese Davies, Aberdeen. 
Bert Fox, Aberdeen. 

Ole Grong, Aberdeen. 

Albert K. Haleem, Aberdeen. 
Curtis Hall, Aberdeen. 
Merritt M. Hawkins, Aberdeen. 
Charles Karshki, Aberdeen. 
Christ Kason, Aberdeen. 

Edw. Louis Kunert, Aberdeen. 
Harlin K. Larson, Aberdeen.’ 
Harold Lee, Aberdeen. 

Charles Lehman, Aberdeen. 
Elmer Lindquist, Aberdeen. 


Geo. William Lutgen, Aberdeen. 


Frank Mattern, Aberdeen. 
Harold A. Moore, Aberdeen.” 
Edw. J. Moran, Aberdeen. 
James Reid, Aberdeen.' 
Nelson S. Raymish, Aberdeen. 
R. R. Rose, Aberdeen. 
Harry Percy Smith, Aberdeen. 
Lawrence Smith, Aberdeen. 
Ray J. Steers, Aberdeen. | 
Chester Trone, Aberdeen.' 
Ernest Tiffany, Aberdeen 
George R. Wade, Aberdeen. 
John Lee Welsh, Aberdeen. 
Fred Zick, Aberdeen. 

Marcus Zimmerman, Aberdeen.' 
Henry W. Artz, Mina. 

Louis Grams: Verdon. 

Roy I. Hall, Columbia. 

Abel Jones Hughes, Plana. 
Wm. Anton Koplin, Bath. 
Charles Nietert, Claremont. 
Carl John Osterloh, Hecla. 
Emory L. Peldo, Frederick. 
Edward Henry Schultz, Putney. 
Stanley Stearns, Hecla. 

Ross N. Stoddard, Westport. 


rn 


War 


Bon Homme County 


Benjamin Schultz, Avon. 
Emanuel Orth, Scotland. 
Elmer Spurrell, Springfield. 
Edwin D. Wood, Springfield. 
Peter J. Ferwerda, Springfield. 
Frank Dufek, Tyndall. 
Rudolph H. Pavel, Tyndall. 
George Ernest Thompson, Tyndall. 
George Fuerst, Scotland. 
Gustav Weidenbach, Scotland. 
Chas. Hatwan, Tabor. 

Stanley T. Kortan, Tabor. 
John Mudder, Tyndall. 
Stillman A. Pike, Tyndall. 


Butte County 


Ernest C. Bunny, Belle Fourche. 
G. A. Hetland, Belle Fourche. 
Leon A. Rathburn, Belle Fourche. 
M. W. Woodward, Belle Fourche. 
Chas. E. Gass, Belle Fourche. 
Reuben L. Peck, Belle Fourche.! 
Chris F. Roth, Belle Fourche. 
Carl Peck, Belle Fourche. 

Bert Howard, Belle Fourche. 
James Black, Belle Fourche. 
Waxy Miller, Belle Fourche. 
Harry Osloon, Belle Fourche. 
Leslie Osgood, Belle Fourche. 
Alfred J. Nive, Fruitdale. 

John F. Ellison, Fruitdale. 

Matt Emil Pale, Fruitdale.” 
Frank Ross, Nisland. 

Emil Gurwell, Nisland. 

Luoma Salmon, Arpan. 

Charles O. Leonard, Arpan. 
Oscar Iverson, Newell. 


Campbell County 


Theophil Bender, Java. 
Henry Junker, Java. 

George E. Frerking, Artas. 
Melvin Hornby, Selby. 

Lloyd V. Stout, Pollock. 
Rolland R. Rose, Pollock. 
William Zottnick, Pollock. 
Andrew Olson, Pollock. 
Maximillian Brandner, Herried. 
Frank A. Rasbeck, Herried. 
Henry Hoefner, Mound City.’ 
Fred T. Tronson, Mound City. 
Christ Rabenberg, Glenham 
Emanuel Trautmann, Artas.” 
John J. Albright, Pollock. 


J 


War 


Charles Mix County 


Gilbert C. Miley, Lake Andes. 
Jasper La Mont, Lake Andes. 
Mike Turek, Lake Andes. 
Wendall G. Swenson, Wagner. 
Joseph R. Zacharias, Wagner. 
Joseph Motonaha, Wagner. 
Elmer Greer, Wagner. 

Leo Crisman, Wagner. 

Frank Obershaw, Greenwood. 
Ulysses Reed Berry, Greenwood. 
Edward W. Brewster, Platte. 
Albert Olson, Platte.’ 

Ole F. Anderson, Platte.’ 
Cornelius Vandam, Platte.’ 
Nick Beltman, Platte. 

Mark Campbell, Platte! 
William J. Jacoby, Geddes.' 
Ora D. King, Geddes. 
Clarence Milness, Geddes. 


Clark County 


Henry G. Chatfield, Bradley. 
Philip H. Upton, Bradley.’ 
Alfred J. Smith, Clark. 

Fred Heath, Elrod. 

Clarence Kirkeby, Naples. 
Gustav A. Steen, Naples. 
Raymond H. Hanson, Vienna. 
Hugh Scanlon, Bradley. 
Emery D. Cloud, Clark. 
Ernest L. Cloud, Clark. 

Wm. A. John, Melham. 
Lyman F. Baker, Raymond. 
Antone Barrie, Raymond. 
Otto H. Disrud, Willow Lakes. 
Johnnie Fonken, Willow Lakes. 


Clay County 


Ludwig Peterson, Burbank.' 
Walter H. Anderson, Vermillion.' 
James T. Erickson, Vermilion. 
Elmer J. Wallace, Vermillion.’ 
Irwin A. Gingrich, Wakonda. 
Ellis Nelson, Wakonda. 

John S. Alne, Vermillion. 

Geo. A. Cowles, Vermillion. 
Harold B. McDonald, Vermillion.' 
Claire Blanchard, Wakonda. 
Oliver Hesla, Wakonda. 


Codington County 


Fred Daniel Bond, Florence. 
James T. Hurley, Florence.' 
Wm. G. Alden, Henry. 

Chris M. Walker, Henry. 
Ernest G. Aderhold, Watertown. 
John Fittie, Watertown. 


War 


Clarence Nutting, Watertown. 
Lloyd Short, Watertown.' 
Thomas L. Williams, Watertown. 
Clifford Bates, Watertown. 

Wm. Harding, Watertown. 
Herman Obewauf, Watertown. 
Frederick B. Doran, Florence. 
Arthur M. Hanson, Hanton. 
Walter E. Weich, South Shore. 
Pete A. Warrynen, Troy. 

Daniel B. Bannister, Watertown. 
Henry Krier, Watertown. 
Arthur E. Shale, Watertown. 
Nyles E. Towsley, Watertown. 
Don Bannister, Watertown. 
Jake Tolsma, Watertown. 
Martin Shale, Watertown. 


Corson County 


Andrew Ole Hatlestad, Athboy. 
Ralph L. Ankerson, Lightcap.” 
Alfred Johnson, Lightcap. 

Isaac Looking Back, Little Eagle. 
John Growler, Little Eagle. 
Reuben Kline, McLaughlin. 
Eugene Walking Shield, Wakpala. 
George Loves The War, Wakpala. 
Joseph Take The Shield, Wakpala.! 
Howard L. Harmon, Gopher. 
William L. McQuoid, Morristown. 
Arent Lilligard, Keldron. 

Philip Trager, Keldron. 

Jens Jenson, Isabel. 


Custer County 


Edward P. Korthaus, Buffalo Gap. 
Herbert R. Heidepreim, Custer. 
Marvin E. Sutherland, Custer. 
Carl Edward Clark, Custer. 
Joseph Wm. Keifert, Folsom. 
Adolph Forkel, Hermosa. 

Frank H. Koopman, Hermosa. 
Eugene Herbert, Bakerville. 
McKinley Shirley, Hot Springs. 


Davison County 


Emil H. Carlson, Ethan. 

Emil M. Rosenquist, Ethan. 
McKinley Pound, Mt. Vernon.! 
William H. Jordan, Mt. Vernon. 
William H. Coacher, Mitchell.” 
Colman E. O’Flaherty, Mitchell.' 
Clarence McCune, Mitchell. 
Lester L. Slagle, Mitchell.” 
Lloyd A. Bishop, Mitchell. 
Wilber T. Derr, Mitchell. 

Leroy Geo. Fox, Mitchell. 
Patrick H. McManamen, Mitchell. 
Robert Thompson, Mitchell. 


906 


War 


John Curtis Berry, Mitchell. 
Peter V. Brethorst, Mitchell. 
Howard Barton, Mitchell. 
Harold W. Gage, Mitchell. 
John W. Kempton, Mitchell. 
Emil Laurson, Mitchell. 

Ray L. McLean, Mitchell. 
David McConnell, Mitchell. 
Edward Schmidt, Mitchell. 
Oliver L. Scott, Mitchell. 
William B. Shepard, Mitchell.' 
Arthur Earle Shale, Mitchell. 
Carroll B. West, Mitchell. 
Raymond S. Calkins, Mitchell. 


Day County 


Carl Milbeck, Holmquist. 
Magnus Brendemoen, Roslyn.! 
Colonel H. Jones, Waubay. 
Herbert McKennett, With Canadian 
Forces. 
William Bauer, Webster. 
Paul Joe Kenning, Grenville. 
Walter E. Moorehouse, Bristol.' 
Walter R. Hoppner, Webster. 
Andy Engelhart, Waubay. 
Mike G. Tonkel, Grenville. 
Ray A. Brady, Waubay.' 
Albion S. Monson, Lily. 
Frank Scherber, Waubay. 
Frederick Monson, Waubay. 
Rudolph S. Baukol, Roslyn. 
Fred E. Romerein, Roslyn. 
Patsy Reese, Waubay. 
Robert W. Stine, Waubay. 
Horace C. Barse, Waubay.' 
Wm. L. Kesstner, Webster. 
Henry O. Osness, Pierpont. 
Carl V. Johnson, Roslyn. 
Otto N. Nolte, Butler. 
Martin Pionk, Grenville. 
Alfred Monshaugen, Roslyn. 
Roy Wilcox, Webster. 
Albert T. Fortune, Webster. 
Julius Hanson, Waubay. 
Fred Daniel Bond, Florence. 
Jake Olson, Webster. 
Oscar Lee, Butler. 
Arthur Christopherson, Waubay. 
Oscar Nymoen, Roslyn. 
Edwin Ronshaugen, Roslyn. 
Arvid Milbeck, Holmquist. 
Arthur McFadden, Webster. 


Deuel County 


William Gustafson, Clear Lake. 
Joseph P. Walker ,Clear Lake. 
Clifford F. Warner, Clear Lake. 
Jo Hunt Reaney, Clear. Lake. 


War 


Charles Curry, Clear Lake. 
Harry P. Hensler, Gary. 
Earnest Allen, Gary. 

Elmer R. Peden, Gary. 

Fred G. Kuchel, Gary. 

Joe B. Bach, Gary. 

Carl Solvsberg, Gary. 

Jacob Schepker, Brandt. 

Sever Knutson, Brandt. 

Eddie Thompson, Toronto. 
Lewis R. Bransrud, Toronto. 
Clarence Guy Erickson, Toronto. 
Geo. Evenson, Toronto. 

Alfred Holmstrom, Goodwin. 
Thorwald J. Roseland, Goodwin. 
Daniel J. Murphy, Revillo. 
Fred Ihrke, Altamont. 

Lloyd E. Black, Bemis. 

Carl A. Engen, Astoria. 

Jens E. A. Thompson, Astoria. 
Albert Haglund, Astoria. 

Ole Peter Bakken, Astoria.' 


Dewey County 


Joseph Dupree, Cheyenne Agency. 
David S. Larabee, Eagle Butte. 
Max Laurenz, Eagle Butte. 

Ernest L. Bouers, Eagle Butte. 
Philip M. Wright, Isabel.t 

Arthur C. Eberhart, Eagle Butte. 
Frank Kalisinishke, Isabel. 
Emerson S. Smith, Isabel. 
August Hageman, Lantry.' 

Isaac His Horse Is Fast, Whitehorse.' 
Eugene Gelino, Timber Lake. 


Douglas County 


Eugene M. McGrath, Armour.' 
Nels Leitru, Armour. 

John Stoltz, Jr., Armour. 

H. E. Crutchett, Armour. 
Frank W. Everson, Corsica. 
Hardy H. Lockwood, Corsica. 
Albert V. Erwin, Corsica. 
John Borman, Corsica. 
Henry Meurs, Corsica. 
Michael Laib, Delmont.' 

Earl Berry, Delmont. 

Joseph Breitbach, Delmont. 
Howard T. Huey, Delmont.' 
Joseph Tegethoff, Harrison. 
Marion B. Develder, Harrison. 
Fred F. Hoekman, Harrison.” 
Henry Hoekman, Harrison. 


Edmunds County 


Benjamin J. Picton, Beebe. 
Harry A. Stroup, Bowdle. 
John J. Gutjahr, Hosmer. 


907 


War 


Walter L. Stannard, Ipswich. 
Wm. C. Dickerson, Loyalton. 
Chester F. Troue, Mina. 
Einar Jorgenson, Mina. 
Wm. Keppler, Mina. 

Fall River County 
Peter Strickland, Edgemont." 
Herbert E. Willis, Edgemont. 


Leonard C. Fenn, Hot Springs. 
Geo. F. Knapp, Hot Springs. 


Arthur G. Fleming, Smithwick. 


Chas. W. Forney, Oelrichs. 
Henry Kaulterman, Oral. 

M. C. McFarland, Oral. 

Ernest R. Nefstad, Oral. 
Floyd R. Thomas, Oral. 

Oscar Bochert, Smithwick. 
Arthur Samuel Johnson, Provo. 


James I. Branaman, Smithwick. 


Faulk County 


Gus Anderson, Cresbard.* 
Charlie A. Newell, Cresbard. 
Jesse Lee Walrod, Chelsea. 
Ellis E. Hunt, Chelsea. 
Wm. J. Bowar, Faulkton. 


Ernest T. Foncannon, Faulkton. 


John J. Tomson, Rockham. 
Harvie Archie Knob, Seneca. 
Roy A. Whitney, Seneca. 

S. E. Peck, Burkmere. 


Walter Lester Seivers, Miranda. 


Edward Carl Kempe, Miranda. 


Grant County 


Ernest D. Birch, Albee.’ 
Andrew Gortum, Albee.’ 
George Van Erem, Big Stone. 
John F. Gertje, Big Stone. 
Albert A. Ross, Big Stone." 
Sylver Hagen, Marvin. 

Joe Busker, Milbank. 

Henry Dornbush, Milbank. 
Wm. James Ferguson, Milbank. 
Jerry S. Foss, Milbank.* 

Harry T. Albert, Milbank. 
Geo. H. Fritz, Revillo.* 

Ole Hoem, Revillo. 

Daniel J. Murphy, Revillo. 
Anthony J. Schloesser, Revillo. 
Roy E. Isaacson, Stockholm.* 
Carl T. Lundberg, Strandburg. 
Alec T. Hedman, Strandburg. 
Cc. W. Martens, Milbank. 


Gregory County 


Chas. C. Hampton, Burke. 
Willard E. Hess, Burke. 
Jas. R. Marsh, Burke." 


‘War 


Julius Ford, Dallas. 

Bertie L. Noah, Dallas. 
Andrew L. Mears, Dallas. 
Fritz A. Scheneman, Dallas.” 
Raymond A. Pike, Fairfax. 
Wm. Ernest Burke, Fairfax. 
Roy D. Garringer, Fairfax.’ 
Warren E. Benson, Gregory.’ 
James Esgate, Gregory. 
Thos. Goodwin, Gregory. 
Arthur Frazier, Herrick. 
Frank E. Drey, Lucas." 


Haakon County 


Lloyd W. Brooks, Elbon.? 

Charles Schwerdler, Philip. 
Clinton L. Cutler, Milesville. 
Bickford A. Welch, Midland. 


Hamlin County 
Johnnie Fonken, Bryant. 
Chris P. Johanneson, Bryant. 
Leo J. Mulcrone, Bryant.? 
Henry Meyer, Castlewood.' 
Arne B. Olson, Castlewood. 
Richard W. Reid, Castlewood. 
Geo. Rogers, Castlewood. 
John Cook, Hayti. 
Roy C. Olson, Hayti. 
Carl A. Schmidkunz, Hazel. 
Rudolph Karinen, Lake Norden. 
Niel J. Nelson, Lake Nordon.? 
Avid P. Wayrynen,Lake Norden. 


Hand County 


Neil Fox McMahon, Miller. 

Carl H. Schrader, Miller. 
Walter Walton, Miller. 

Bernard Huisman. 

Jesse E. Arbogast, Ree Heights. 
Henry C. Heasley, Ree Heights.! 
Ralph T. Freimark, St. Lawrence. 
David Thompson, Wessington. 


Hanson County 


Fred N. Rapp, Alexandria. 
Alva Mechling, Alexandria. 
Carl Christman, Alexandria. 
Conrad Christman, Alexandria. 
Francis P. Kennedy, Alexandria. 
Harry Hansen, Ethan. 

Willie Leo Parks, Ethan. 
Ephriam Johnson. Ethan. 
Robert J. Smith, Emery. 

Louis Anthony Fessler, Fulton. 
Albert A. Steen, Fulton. 
Patrick Alvin Bowling, Farmer. 
Willie Alvin Eich, Farmer. 
John Matthias Eich, Farmer. 


908 


War 


Harding County 


Frank Lang, Buffalo.* 

Albin Gorenc, Buffalo. 

Edward E. Lasseson, Buffalo. 
John M. Petterson, Buffalo. 
Elmer E. Albertson, Bullock.’ 
Chas. V. Wheat, Camp Cook. 
Frank Jupiter, Elder. 

Arthur Ruona, Fladmoe. 
Chris J. Nelson, Fladmoe. 
Clarence Lamphere, Gallup. 
Carl J. Hendrickson, Penville. 
Clarence G. Olson, Ralph. 
Philip Allerdings, Redig. 

Warl P. Willard, Harding. 
Iver Emil Holstein, Haley, N. D. 


Hughes County 


Geo. P. Graham, Blunt. 
James W. Laughlin, Harrold. 
Herman Schliepp, Harrold. 
Rolland F. Bagby, Pierre. 
Max J. Buker, Pierre.’ 

Frank R. Simm, Pierre. 

Robt. E. Huffman, Pierre.' 
Clarence Nelson, Pierre. 
Robt. E. Ruthford, Pierre. 
John C. Schoenberger, Pierre. 
Charles E. Thorne, Pierre.’ 
Joel R. Morrison, Pierre. 
Anthony Gillis, Pierre. 


Hutchinson County 


Jake Stukey, Freeman. 
Jacob J. Weber, Freeman.' 
Johannas Krutz, Kaylor.’ 
John Link, Kaylor. 

Peter Kessler, Menno. 
Luverne Thranum, Menno.' 
Matson O. Rames, Olivet.’ 
Wm. G. Schoessler, Parkston. 
Wilber Jelkin, Tripp.’ 


“Hyde County 
Walter C. Henkle, Highmore. 
Rudolph A. Larson, Highmore. 
Fredrick A. Schirrmacker, Highmore. 


Jackson County 


Boyd L. Pederson, Belvidere. 

Joseph Drips, Belvidere. 

Chas. L. Johnik, Cottonwood, 
Chas. L. Wedlock, Kadoka. 

Eugene C. Kingsbury, Cottonwood. 
Donald Wickerson, Kadoka. 

Cecil Root, Kadoka. 


Jerauld County 


John E. Willman, Wessington Springs. 
Glenn Fee, Wessington Springs. 


War 


Jones County 


Ander J. Anderson, Van Metre. 
Mons B. Monson, Van Metre. 
Leo A. Barrett, Draper. 
Milton A. Hunt, Draper. 
Harrold O. Hoisington, Rowe. 
George N. Johnson, Murdo. 
Lester L. McCloughan, Murdo. 
Thomas W. Taylor, Rowe. 


Kingsbury County 


Andrew E. Lofgren, Arlington. 
Nels P. L. Lynge, Arlington. 
Jens Nelson, Badger. 

Albert T. Kruse, Desmet.? 

Earl A. Lamont, DeSmet. 
Clarence Emil Neu, DeSmet. 
Theodore I. Olston, DeSmet. 
James Trenary, DeSmet. 

Walter Moody, DeSmet. 

Major R. Williams, DeSmet. 
Edwin L. Anderson, Erwin. 
Elmer William Sorenson, Erwin. 
Paul A. Hein, Esmond. 

Frank A. Atkinson, Iroquois. 
Geo. B. Atkinson, Lake Preston. 
Chas. A. Hegglund, Lake Preston. 
Louis H. Johnson, Lake Preston. 
Harold McGarvey, Lake Preston. 
Lester A. Becker, Oldham. 
Lawrence Bickett, Oldham. 
Otto Rudolph Edmunds, Oldham. 
David M. Kelley, Osceola. 

Levi S. J. Casper, Desmet. 


Lake County 


Wm. Kline, Chester. 

Albert Alme, Madison. 

Chas. C. Beechaum, Madison. 
Joe E. Dudley, Madison. 
Elmer E. Hackett, Madison.- 
Otto Haugen, Madison. 
Francis D. Moothart, Madison. 
Nels O. Stangeland, Madison. 
Eugene McKibbin, Madison.! 
Hjalmar Lunde, Madison. 
Wm. W. Stearns, Madison. 
Elmer Davis, Madison. 
Clifford Helmy, Madison. 
Raymond Schnell, Ramona. 
Henry Lewis Wolf, Ramona.’ 
Ralph R. Costlow, Wentworth. 
Ole Egge, Wentworth. 

Walter Friburghaus, Ramona. 
Carl Sheron, Nunda. 
Hjalmer Stenseth, Nunda. 


909 


War 


Lawrence County 


George A. Adamson, Lead. 
Russel Bateman, Lead. 
Oscar Bochert, Lead. 
Edith June Cattles, Lead. 
Jesse M. Christiansen, Lead. 
Peter Coppo, Lead. 
Harley Cox, Lead. 
Voegel Cox, Lead. 
Alex Davis, Lead. 
Robert P. Donalson, Lead. 
Edwin Ellis, Lead. 
Joseph Green, Lead. 
William A. Hansen, Lead. 
Philarned Larson, Lead.’ 
Louis Marcom, Lead. 
Eugene Moye, Lead. 
James E. Robbins, Lead. 
Batista J. Sbodio, Lead. 
Andrew Carstensen, Whitewood. 
Sam Kasari, Jr., Whitewood. 
Benjamin <A. Lockwood, Jr., 
wood. 
Ernest Seekins, Whitewood. 
Henry Carron, Terraville. 
Victor A. Johnson, Nemo. 
Glen C. Hampton, Nemo. 
John J. Juso, Englewood. 
Oscar Ruth, Central City. 
John Emil Salmon, Roubaix. 
Ralph Toomey, Spearfish. 
Gilbert C. Waterhouse, Spearfish. 
Carl A. Henry, Spearfish. 
Frank Westerland, Trojan. 


White- 


Lincoln County 


Conrad M. Ellingson, Canton. 
Christian A. Baty, Canton.! 
Christopher Pederson, Canton.’ 
Ed O. Peterson, Canton. 
Anthony Sletten, Canton. 
Pearly R. Marshall, Canton. 
Olaf Olson, Canton. 

Joe Knudson, Canton. 
William Webber, Canton. 

Guy Roath, Canton. 

Alvin T. Dempewolf, Harrisburg. 
Mike Heeren, Harrisburg. 
Carl J. Eckberg, Hudson. 
Albert H. Michael, Hudson.! 
Herbert E. Schwartz, Hudson. 
Alfred Olson, Hudson. 

Peter V. Brethorst, Lennox.’ 
Knut Hill, Lennox. 

Peter Lodmel, Lennox. 
Henry Burma, Lennox. 

Wm. R. Bradshaw, Worthing. 


War 


John B. Hoffman, Worthing. 
Ellis E. West, Worthing. 
Theo. A. Steensland, Beresford. 


Lyman County 


Albion Johnson, Kennebec.' 
Wm. E. Butwick, Presho.’ 
Wm. Mange, Presho. 

Frank P. Huntsman, Reliance. 
Leonard Prumbo, Reliance. 
Carl G. Rowland, Vivian. 


Marshall County 


Earl Wolph, Eden. 

Anton Deutsch, Eden. 

Peter Opitz, Eden. 

Ed Robertson, Veblen. 
Oscar Olson, Veblen. 

Elmer Enderson, Kidder. 
Herman Enderson, Kidder. 
Otto Stoa, Kidder. 

Albert Swift, Langford. 
Robert Woodruff, Langford. 
Emil Paterson, Newmark. 
Peter Brolander, Lake City.” 
Edmund Fossberg, Lake City. 
Leonard Swanson, Lake City. 
Albert Messer, Lake City. 
Harold Carlson, Amherst. 
Paul Wesley Dobbs, Britton. 
Victor Whittaker, Britton. 
Vernon W. Corey, Britton. 
Gust Carro, Langford. 
George Quist, Langford. 
Anton Hanson, Langford. 
Wm. Stolle, Langford. 

Clin Dunn, Langford. 

Henry Osness, Langford. 
Chas. E. Nelson, Langford. 


McCook County 


Jacop J. Hofer, Bridgewater. 

Earl G. Morrison, Bridgewater. 

Ole D. EHittreim, Montrose. 

Maurice L. Waul, Montrose. 

Frank J. Brune, Salem. 

Lawrence M. Miller, Salem. 

Frank N. Mootz, Salem. 

Delbert W. Cook, Spencer.' 

Chas. Lenard,. Spencer. 

Chas. S. Mann, Spencer. 
McPherson County 

Theodore Werre, Venturia, N. D. 

Jacob Klooz, Eureka. 

Robert Weller, Eureka. 

Roy Hickman, Leola.! 

George Evanson, Leola. 

Jacob Rau, Long Lake. 

Myron L. Stone, Leola. 


910 


War 


Meade County 


John B. O’Shea, Faith. 

Vernon L. Roberts, Faith. 
Horace H. Hussey, Faith. 

Max Buker, Boneita Springs. 
Robt. Cowen, Boneita Springs. 
-Glenn Hampton, Cedar Canyon. 


Joseph Ruttenbucker, Cedar Canyon. 


Ole Olson, Cedar Canyon. 
Joe Kammerer, Box Elder. 
Earl Babcock, Marcus. 
Lewis C. Bailey, Chalkbutte. 
Chris Johnson, Hereford. 
Frank Fox, Tilford. 
Edward Dillehe, Tilford. 
James Taylor, Aldeshot. 
Raymond Goiens, Sturgis. 
Park N. Suddeth, Sturgis. 
Frank May, Sturgis. 

Albert Bachand, Sturgis. 
Julius Bruhn, Sturgis. 

Wm. R. Matson, Marcus. 
Elton W. Weldin, White Owl. 


Mellette County 


James Witt, Norris.’ 
Henry M. Blanken, Norris. 
Silas Kitto, Runningville.t 
Andrew J. Paseka, Wood. 
Harold L. Koenig, Wood. 
J. J. Hofer, Farley. 
Lester Kemp, Wood.’ 

Guy Bruce, Whittaker. 


Miner County 


Henry Charley Roder, Howard. 
Raymond Harlow, Howard. 
Ingvald Dyvig, Howard. 

Louis Bernstader, Howard. 
Robert Chas. Laurson, Howard. 
William Holstrom, Howard. 
Nels Pearson, Howard. 

Otto Edmonds, Howard. 

Emil Peter Laurson, Howard. 
Delbert D. Graves, Carthage. 
Edwin J. Carter, Carthage. 
Louis Guy Gullickson, Roswell. 
George Nichols Fessler, Fulton. 
Orville B. Redding, Canova. 


Minnehaha County 


Henry T. Berdahl, Colton. 
Theodore Anderson, Sioux Falls." 
Clarence E. Babcock, Sioux Falls.’ 
Rollie Bedient, Sioux Falls. 
Frank W. Burk, Sioux Falls. 
Herbert S. Derome, Sioux Falls. 
Peter Halverson, Sioux Falls. 


War 


Roy Hostetter, Sioux Falls. 
Christ Fred Larson, Sioux Falls. 
Melvin L. Marvin, Sioux Falls.t 
Henry E. Larson, Sioux Falls. 
Oscar W. Nelson, Sioux Falls. 
Earl W. L Odell, Sioux Falls.’ 
Otto A. Pohle, Sioux Falls. 

James Edward Sweeney, Sioux Falls. 
Wm. C. Pohle, Sioux Falls. 

Peder S. Lodmel, Sioux Falls. 
Albert W. Wall; Sioux Falls. 
Walter E. Abraham, Sioux Falls. 
Christopher Anderson, Sioux Falls. 
John Martin Bliss, Sioux Falls. 
Joseph W. Breitbach, Sioux Falls. 
Conrad Christopherson, Sioux Falls. 
Joe Chamie, Sioux Falls.” 
Floyd Fleitz, Sioux Falls. 
Delmar E. McClure, Sioux Falls. 
Carl A. Hokanson, Sioux Falls.! 
Frank Devany, Dell Rapids. 
Earl H. Morgan, Dell Rapids. 
Roy Mousel, Dell Rapids. 

Edson Roy Shreve, Dell Rapids. 
John Herwith, Dell Rapids. 

Wm. H. Crippen, Humboldt. 
Edward G. Severson, Humboldt. 
Leo Mattison, Humboldt. 

Perry M. Wagness, Garretson. 
Martin H. Haugse, Garretson. 
Bernard O. Hegge, Garretson. 
Ellef O. Bakken, Baltic. 

Joseph A. T. Moe. 

John Simons, Rowena. 

Peter O. Peterson, Sherman. 
Henry G. Fix, Sherman. 

Martin S. Hendrick, Sherman. 
Edward P.Anderson, Hartford.' 
Lewis O. Haugse, Hartford. 
Joseph Gehler, Hartford. 

August P. Ideker, Hartford. 
Ferdinand Urban, Hartford.' 

Chris M. Johnson, Hartford. 
Arthur Erickson, Valley Springs. 
Jake W. Wassenburg, Valley Springs, 
Adolph Haugse, Colton. 

Andrew J. Johnson, Ellis. 

Arthur G. Lord, Sioux Falls. 
James C. Gordon, Sioux Falls. 
Herbert I. Hanson, Sioux Falls. 
Leroy S. Dalton, Hartford. 


Moody County 


Walter T. Kukuk, Colman. 
Mathew Lorang, Colman. 
Geo. H. Martinson, Colman. 
Philip Molskness, Colman, 
Thos. M. Jenks, Egan. 


911 


War 


Frederick C. Schroder, Egan. 
Dean W. Bigelow, Flandreau.' 
John J. Quinn, Flandreau. 
Agnus J. Hjelm, Trent.? 
George W. Pottratz, Ward. 


Pennington County 


Joseph Kammerer, Box Elder.” 
Ole Swanson, Box Elder.’ 

John W. Pierce, Creighton. 
Chas. Oberg, Deerfield. 

Peter C. Jensen, Keystone. 
Howard W. Snyder, Keystone. 
Alfred C. Hart, Rapid City. 
Richard P. Langdale, Rapid City. 
Grover C. McCarthy, Rapid City. 
Tennes Tonnyson, Quinn. 
Vaughan T. McGee, Rapid City. 
Geo. Smith, Rapid City.* 

Thos. C. Sweeney, Rapid City. 
Halley A. Trusty, Rapid City. 


Marion Wm. Fitzsimmonds, Rockford. 


Adolph T. Malby, Scenic. 
Ruben M. Dugdale, Silver City. 
Carrol A. McDonald, Wall.’ 
Wm. Paris, Wall. 


Perkins County 


Claire Malloy, Bixby. 

Walter M. Sorg, Coal Springs. 
Ole S. Brattvet, Lemmon. 

Leo E. Clark, Lodgepole. 
William Vobjeda, Lodgepole.* 
Reginald K. Saunders, Strool. 
Fred T. Kaulitz, White Butte. 
Frank J. Thomas, White Butte. 
Earl E. Davis, Whitney.’ 
Antone Carlstrom, Lever. 
Louis Brandsrud, Breckenridge. 
Antone C. Bastian, Chance. 
Fred Johnson, Bison. 

Simon N. Burke, Boehrs. 


Potter County 


Geo. Abourezek, Gettysburg. 
Lewis Ditmar, Gettysburg. 
Ernest Herron, Gettysburg. 
Wallace Hewitt, Gettysburg. 
Roy W. Weaver, Gettysburg. 
Carl Maas, Gettysburg. 
Andrew Gomulka, Lebanon. 
Carl Fred Dahnke, Lebanon. 
John Menkens, Lebanon.’ 
Carl Neis, Tolstoi. 

De Vere Smith, Gorman. 


Roberts County 


Quest J. Otto, Claire City.’ 
John F. Mongold, Corona. 


War 


Reginald Manley, New Effington. 
Truls A. Read, New Effington. 
Christ Veflen, New Effington. 
Norbert Opitz, Peever. 

Leo. E. Stovern, Rosholt.t 
Wm. T. Van Schack, Summit. 
Hans Swenson, Sisseton. 

Earl W. Woulph, Sisseton. 
Edward Otto, Sisseton.? 

Hugh Croft, Sisseton.? 

Wm. Westrom, Sisseton. 
Thomas McMann, Sisseton. 
Nick Strommen, Sisseton. 

Ray Brady, Wilmot. 

Alonzo Drake, Wilmot. 


Sanborn County 


Carol F. Jackson, Artesian.' 
Louis Jim Thompson, Letcher. 
Nilmer M. Moe, Woonsocket. 
Richard Strand, Storla. 


Shannon County 
Albert Chief, Ogallala. 


Spink County 


Fred Larson, Ashton. 

Earl. Lower, Ashton. 

Arthur H. Bunce, Ashton.' 
Wilbert G. Ayers, Ashton. 
Harry Milford, Frankfort.’ 
Robert H. Small, Ashton. 
Albert Roy Snyder, Athol. 
Walter W. Hierman, Doland. 
Robert W. Hahn, Doland.* 
Alfred M. Thompson, Doland. 
Louis F. Hajek, Doland. 
Robert Jaragoske, Athol. 
Jerry W. Harris, Mellette. 
Jeff Andrews, Mellette. 

Guy K. Vennetta, Mellette. 
Harry G. Jokheck, Hitchcock. 
Wm. Clay Kiser, Redfield.t 
Carlos W. Matheny, Redfield. 
Paul C. Myers, Redfield. 
Fred W. Donahey, Redfield. 
Arthur Beattie, Redfield. 

Joe Neville, Redfield. 

Naomi Templin, Redfield. 
Eugene C. Binger, Tulare.’ 
Arthur White, Turton. 


Stanley County 


Thos. W. Taylor, Rowe.’ 
Mons B. Monson, Van Metre. 
Raymond Laune, Wendte. 


912 


War 


Sully County 


Robert Sarbousek, Onida. 
Horace Yager, Onida.' 
Niels M. Hansen, Roy. 


: Todd County 

Chas. G. Desersa, Rosebud, 

Chas. G. Desersa, Rosbud. 

Allen Otterman, Rosebud. 

Chauncey Eaglehorn, Okreek. 

John Henry Brandt, Mission. 

Benjamin Comes From Scout, Rose- 
bud.t 

Joseph Otterman, Wososo. 

Carl E. Westlund, Mission. 


Tripp County 


Louis A. Ulstead, Colome. 
Lowell E. Waters, Colome. 

Ole Rembrant, Colome. 

Chas. J. Janousek, Hamill. 

Chris Jensen, Linden. 

Chester A. Blumenshine, McNeeleys. 
Leonard Pionthowski, Winner. 
John Little, Winner. 
Clement Silas Mortenson, Winner. 
Arroll R. Suesmilch, Winner. 
Louis C. Ivers, Winner. 
Frederick Harter, Witten.' 

Earl L. Bridgman, Witten. 


Turner County 


Fred T. Dwyer, Centerville. 
Frank Holcomb, Centerville. 
Daniel Devries, Chancellor. 
Christian Christianson, Hurley. 
Ralph M. Kelley, Hurley. 
Jacob Christenson, Hurley.’ 
Samuel W. Keller, Jr., Hurley.’ 
Nels Nelson, Hurley. 

John Hoffman, Marian Junction. 
Jacob D. Schmidt, Marion Junction. 
Samuel S. Buse, Marion Junction. 
Rensko Whitkop, Monroe. 

Wm. T. Pascoe, Parker. 

Frank W. Marsh, Parker. 

Geo. BE. Sperbeck, Parker.? 

Nels Peterson, Parker. 

Roy M. Jackson, Parker. 
Joseph Vurm, Parker.’ 

Harold H. Mabee, Parker. 
Archie M. Clikeman, Parker. 
Lewis O. Hasse, Parker. 
Arthur Schucknecht, Parker. 
Hans C. Nelson, Viborg. 

Ole Alendal, Viborg. 

Viggo Peterson, Viborg. 

Lars O. Hagen, Viborg. 

Ole A. J. Bragvatne, Viborg. 


War 


Union County 
Robert Cowen, Jr., Alcester. 
Statsfield Meadors, Beresford.' 
Victor E. Norling, Beresford. 
Olaf J. Bodeen, Beresford. 
Fred A. Olson, Beresford. 
Peter O. Rasmussen, Beresford. 
Carl N. Taft, Beresford. 
Frank E. Andrea, Beresford.” 
Clayton Smith, Elk Point. 
John T. Burke, Elk Point. 
Leo R. Montague, Jefferson. 
Carl Emil Westlund, Beresford. 


Walworth County 
Adolph H. Wolff, Java. 
Harry Sandy, Java. 
John Hartman, Java. 
Wilbert T. Rumsey, Glenham.' 
Harley Parker, Mobridge.' 
Frederick Schauer, Selby. 
Henry Spiry, Java. 
Sten Westburg, Le Beau, 


Yankton County 
James C. Haggin, Gayville.' 
Bennie Q. Quick, Gayville. 
Leander M. Young, Gayville. 
Niels P. Jensen, Irene. 
Carl John Aien, Irene. 
Iver L. Nelson, Irene. 
Chas. H. Smith, Irene. 
Chas. Peterson, Irene, 
Eddie Monkvold, Irene. 
Adolph Reister, Lesterville. 
Carl E. Westlund, Mission Hill. 
Frank F, Sedlak, Utica. 
Owen Geraldson, Utica.’ 
Albert Anderson, Volin. 
Edwin J. Carlson, Volin. 
Oscar Bruget, Volin. 
Alex Gustad, Volin. 
Geo. E. Frerking, Yankton. 
Edward A. Kundert, Yankton. 
Merritt J. De Camp, Yankton, 
Bowyer J. Ernest, Yankton. 
Roy Anderson, Yankton. 


Ziebach County 
Moses Clown, Dupree. 
George Diermier, Dupree. 
Edwin Flavius Hodgen, Dupree. 
Syril Hagerman, Eagle Butte. 
Carl Shuman, Isabel. 
Chas. E. Yousites, Red Elm. 
Henry L, G. Strommer, Red Elm. 
Jacob Christianson, Red Elm. 


“In compiling of the above list care 
was taken to have same as nearly cor- 


913 


War 


rect as possible, and to this end the 
Government reports were first gone 
over and list selected, with names clas- 
sified by counties, after which each 
county list was sent. to the various 
postmasters of each county, asking 
them to correct by addition of any 
names which they knew had been 
omitted, as well as to correct spelling 
wherever needed. Many changes were 
reported back to us, after which new 
lists were made and sent to each 
county auditor, with request that they 
make needed corrections and report 
same. Most of the Auditors respon- 
ded, whereby still another new list 
'was compiled, which is the basis of 
the report here given. A few counties 
were not heard from, therefore we as- 
sume there were no corrections to be 
made. 

“Care has been taken to not dupli- 
cate names, but there may be cases 
where more than one connty has re- 
ported a deceased soldier or sailor, 
owing to the fact that the post office 
address being in one county and so 
reported, might not be proof of the 
fact that the soldier was a resident 
there, he perhaps residing in an ad- 
jacent or near by county.” 

In addition to the foregoing com- 
piled by the state council of defense, 
from reports made by the county aud- 
itors, the war department published 
in the Official Bulletin, from day to 
day, during the war the following 
names of S. D. men: 


Killed in Action 
Alfred O. Anderson, Gary. - 
Horace C. Anderson, Vermillion. 
John Biederstadt, Herman: 
Rollie Bediant, Sioux Falls. 
Harold D. Blackwell, Fruitdale. 
William Bower, Brookings. 
Ole A. J. Bragvatne, Olberg. 
Conrad Christopher, Sisseton. 
Willard Davis, Aberdeen. 


914 


War 


Philip Dupree, Dupree. 

Milton D. Fulgham, Watertown. 
Hiner Hanson, Willow Lake. 
Neils M. Hanson, Roy. 

Andrew Hattlested, Ole. 

Carl J. Hendrickson, Penville. 
Jacob J. Hofer, Bridgewater. 
Alfred E. Hutchinson, Gregory. 
Elnar Jorgenson, Mina. 

Robert Emmett Kelly, Flandreau. 
Harvey H. Knoke, Seneca. 
Theodore Keraamo, Alcester. 
Ralph C. Leui, Comstock. 
William Lowry, Leola. 

George W. Miller, St. Onge. 
Lieut. Richard W. Moody, Newark. 
Barney S. Nieman, Olivet. 

Christ Nielson, Alpena. 

Emil Nelson, Alpena. weg 

B. J. Pohlpeter, Madison. .. 
Felix Renville, Peever. - 

Charles Rowe, Witten... = «4 ~.- 
Emanuel Steiger, Glenham,;~ ©. 
James Stifftail, ; 
Fred M. Unger, Parkston. 
Ludwig Wike, Bradley. 


Died of Wounds 


Joseph M. Abernathy, Richard. 
Edward Anderson, Hartford. 
Richard T. Donahue, Watertown. 
Leopold Goodhunder, Morris. 
William Keppler, Mina. 

Harold E. Mason, Sioux Falls. 
Frank Mattern, Mobridge. 
Edward J. Melmer, Lake Andes. 
Sidney Owens, Owanka. 

Luther J. Pullins, Owanka. 
Robert L. Vernon, Faith. 

Ole O. Romalo, Mobridge. 

Sorg, Walter M., Wessington Springs. 
William H. Taylor, Aldershot. 
Peter A. Wayrymen, Troy. 


13. The Bonus 

At the close of. the. World War the 
people, in gratitude‘for the service of 
the men in arms were moved by the 
feeling that the. compensation afford- 
ed them by the government while in 
service was inadequate and should be 
readjusted upon an equitable basis. To 
this end it was necessary to amend the 
Constitution and by chapter 36, Laws 
of 1920, such an amendment was sub- 


War 


mitted to the voters. At the election 
of 1920 this amendment was adopted 
by 93,456 to 56,366. Pursuant to this 
authorization the legislature of 1921 
by laws, chapter 363, provided for a 
bond issue of $6,000,000, from which 
each soldier who was a resident of 
South Dakota at the time of his en- 
listment was given as additional com- 
pensation the sum of one dollar for 
each day of service. To carry this 
act into effect an office was opened 
on July 1, 1921, and under the law all 
claims for bonus must have been filed 
before July 1, 1923; and have been 
paid and the office closed by Sep- 
tember 30, 1923. 


The following shows the transac- 
tions in the premises: 


Total claims filed ....... ~ 30,616.00 
WoOLan Claims  paids 223750. 28,876.00 
Total-sum paid: ss 340 50% $5,658,119.00 
Average payment ........ 195.94 
Cost of administration... 87,928.01 
Cost of handling each claim 2.87 


After the office was closed a few 
claims were presented, chiefly by men 
under disability, or by their depend- 
ents, and some of them appearing 
worthy, the legislature of 1925 appro- 
priated the sum of $35,000 and provid- 
ed for the examination of and payment 
of such claims as were found deserv- 
ing. 

14. U.S. Army Decorations. 

There are three war decorations for 
soldiers serving with marked distinc- 
tion in war. The highest is the Con- 
gressional Medal of Honor for most 
extraordinary heroism in battle, grant- 
ed only with the approval of Congress. 
The Distinguished Service Cross (like 
the British Victoria Cross) is awarded 
only to those persons who were dis- 
tinguished by extraordinary heroism in 
military operations against an armed 
enemy since April 6, 1917. When an 


War 


additional act of heroism is rewarded 
it is shown by a bronze oak leaf on 
the ribbon of the cross. 


The Distinguished Service Medal 
may be granted to either a man or a 
woman who is distinguished by ex- 
ceptionally meritorious service in war 
in a duty of great responsibility. Only 
one of each of these decorations can 
be conferred on any one person. 


Descriptions and pictures of these 
decorations are given in the’ book, 
“Heroes All!,” by H. R. Stringer (see 
note at end of article) and also the 
specific acts of gallantry by each per- 
son receiving the cross or medal. 


The following South Dakotans won 
the Distinguished Service Cross in the 
World War: 


Edwin L. Beard, Redfield 

Robert I. Birch, Albee 

Frank Albert Burroughs, Watauga 

Harry E. Flannery, Hills View 

Onno Groenenboon, Volga 

August Hageman, Lantry 

Frank A. Hamak, Wecota 

Leo Hand, Clear Lake 

Henry C. Harmon, Edgemont 

Elmer W. Highley, Sturgis 

Everett EK. Hovatter, Buffalo 

Reuben L. Johnson, Ashton 

John J. Kennedy, Hot Springs. 
Harold Ketchum, Alexandria 
Evan E. Lewis, Major, U. S. Army 

Arthur J. McCain, Watertown 

James A. Norton, Columbia 

Colman F. O’Flaherty, Mitchell 

John P. O’Rourke, Elk Point 

Olex Phillis, Mobridge. 

Fred N. Rapp, Alexandria 

Joseph R. Rousch, Draper 

Soren C. Sorenson, Lead 

Almon E. Sprague, Platte 

Charles EK. Thorne, Pierre 

George T. Waite, Bruce (has since 
died). 

Each of these men exhibited ‘“ex- 
traordinary heroism,” according to the 
official orders conferring the decora-- 
tion. O’Flaherty, O’Rourke, Rapp, and 


sé 


915 


1 


Wales, Colonel Boyd 


Thorne were killed in the service for 
which they were decorated. 





Hist., 27 (O’Flaherty): ‘‘Heroes All,” 
Je hynd ae prin) Wess Editor, Fasset Pub. Co., 
Washington, D. C., 1919. ‘‘Congressional 
Medal of Honor, Distinguished Service 
Cross and Medal’’—a book pub. by U. S. 
War Dept., 1919, pp. 676-9, 906, 908, 924. 
Ue S; Army Regulations (latest edition). 


Wales, Colonel Boyd, on October 5, 
1921 was awarded the U. S. Army Dis- 
tinguished Service Medal for “except- 
ionally meritorious and distinguished 
services” during the eampaigns in 
France in 1918, in which he command- 
ed “with marked ability” the 147th 
Regiment of Field Artillery, thus con- 
tributing greatly to the success of the 
57th Brigade of Field Artillery and the 
success of the 32nd Division of the 
American Expeditionary Force. 


War Decorations. The colors of the 
147th regiment of field artillery, U. S. 
Army, were decorated by the Minister 
of War of the French Republic for 
meritorious action in battle as cited 
in the following order of the Army 
COrpss) PALIN, JULY ascee aloe? FLAG 
147th Regiment of Field Artillery, U. 
S. Army, after having distinguished 
itself in supporting the American 
counter-offensive between the Marne 
and the Vesle, it acquired the finest 
title to glory in the combats of August 
28, 1918, around Juvigny, in accom- 
panying the attack of the infantry reg- 
iments of the 32nd Division, which 
won the admiration of the neighbor- 
ing French Divisions.” 


“In France’’—Record of 147th Field Ar- 
tillery. 


Croix de Guerre (Cross of War 
—French) was awarded in 1919 to the 
following soldiers of the 147th- Field 
Artillery from South Dakota: 


Ward, Rev. Joseph 


Colonel Boyd Wales, commanding 
Corporal Arlo W. Bredberg 
Corporal Frederick G. Bunch 
Sergeant Warren L. Cooper 
Corporal Charles M. Dalby 
Sergeant Leo L. Denbo 
Corporal Welles K. Egner 
Private Harley Gamber 
Private Homer Heath 
Corporal Earl Henderson 
Private George Kongle 
Corporal Philip T. Lee 
Corporal Ernest D. Lord 
Private Walter McCrum 
Private Hubert C. MacGee 
Corporal George T. Meats 
Private Harry A. Millener 
Corporal Edgar C. Morford 
Private Carlyle I. Ogders 
Private Carl L. Pitts 
Sergeant Thomas HE. Pitts 
Private Ernest L. Reck 
Sergeant Francis W. Rollins 
Corporal Lars Sand 

Private Charles E. Stoddard 
Corporal Oscar Voyen 
Private Donald A. Young 
Sergeant Floyd R. Young 


This decoration was perhaps accord- 
ed other South Dakotans. 





32d and 37th and 42d Divisions. 
From G. O. 68, War Dept., May 23, 1919. 


The Congressional Medal of Honor 
was awarded to Captain Frank S, 
Ross, of the First Regiment of North 
Dakota Infantry, in 1898 for gallantry 
and intrepidity in battle in the Philip- 
pines. Capt. Ross now lives in Pierre. 


War Creek is a south affluent of 
Bad River in southern Stanley County. 


Ward, James P., 1834-1916; native of 

; iron master; homesteaded 

in McCook County; veteran of Civil 
War; regent of education, 1891-3. 


Ward, Rev. Joseph, 1838-1889; born 
at Perry Center, New York, May 5th; 
educated at Phillip’s Academy, Brown 
University and Andover Theological 
Seminary; served in the Civil War, 


916 


Ward, Sarah Frances 


interrupting his course at Brown, but 
returning at the close of the war, he 
graduated and completed the seminary 
course at Andover in 1868, when he 
was married and came to Yankton. 
There he was for fourteen years pas- 
tor of the Congregational Church, and 
at the same time was a leader in many 
civic and educational enterprises and 
several attempts to establish indus- 
tries; was one of the small group that 
perfected the first definite organiza- 
tion for the division of the Territory 
and was a member of the constitu- 
tional conventions of 1883 and 1885. 
He formulated the State seal with its 
motto, ‘‘Under God the People Rule.” 
He was an influential member of the 
committee upon education. In 1872 he 
promoted the establishment of Yank- 
ton Academy, the first Secondary 
School in the northwest; in 1881 he 
promoted the establishment of Yank- 
ton College and became its first pre- 
sident, holding that position until his 
death on December 11, 1889. 





“Joseph Ward of Dakota,’ by G. H. 
Durand. 


Ward, Sarah Frances (Wood), 1841- 
1908; wife of Joseph Ward (q.v.) and 
daughter of Joseph Wood, of Central 
Falls, near Pawtucket, Rhode Island, 
at which place she was born. Upon 
her marriage in 1868 she came to 
Yankton. She was a woman of intelli- 
gence and culture. Her father was a 
wealthy cotton manufacturer, from 
whom she inherited a _ considerable 
fortune, perhaps $100,000, all of which 
she gave to assist her husband in es- 
tablishing Yankton College. It is per- 
haps within the fact, that but for her 
sacrifice the College could not have 
survived. 


Warner is a village in southwest 


Brown County. 


Warranty 
Warner, Fred W., ; born in 
Tazewell County, Illinois; located in 


Faulk County in 1901 and engaged in 
real estate and farming, afterwards 
near Philip, Stanley County; presi- 
dent of South Dakota Real Estate 
Men’s Association for two terms; leg- 
islator, 1909. 


“Warpath and Bivouac.” A story of 
the campaign against the Sioux In- 
dians in 1876, by John F. Finerty, cor- 
respondent of the ‘Chicago Times,” 
(1890). It contains an account of the 
Battle of Slim Buttes. 





Hist. VI, 493. 


Warranty. In South Dakota, in the 
absence of express agreements the law 
presumes a warranty in the following 
cases: He who sells personal proper- 
ty as his own warrants that he has 
good title; he who sells by sample 
warrants the bulk to be equal to the 
sample; he who sells, warrants that he 
has no knowledge of facts that would 
destroy the purchasers inducement to 
buy; he who sells any article of his 
own make warrants that it has no 
latent defects not disclosed to the buy- 
er and that it is made of good mater- 
ials; one who makes an article for a 
particular purpose warrants that it 
is reasonably fit for that purpose; he 
who sells a trade-marked article war- 
rants that mark to be genuine and law- 
fully used; he who sells an article 
to which is affixed a mark of quality, 
warrants the article to be true to the 
mark; he who sells any instrument of 
obligation warrants the instrument to 
be what it purports to be; he who sells 
articles of food warrants that they are 
sound and wholesome he who sells 
the good will of a business warrants 
he will not endeavor to draw off any 
of the customers. Except as above 


917 


Warren, Henry Kimball 


there is no implied warranty in any 
mere contract of sale. 


Code 939, 954. 


Warren, Henry Kimball, A. M., LL. 
D., 1858- ; born, Cresco, Iowa, May 
31st; graduate of Olivet College, Mich- 
igan; educator; president, Gates Col- 
lege, Neligh, Nebraska, 1889-1894; pre- 
sident, Salt Lake College, Salt Lake 
City, 1894-1895; president of Yankton 
College, 1895-1925. ° . 





“Yankton College,’ (history) by Ww. Jie 


McMurtry. Robinson, II, 1066. 
Warren, J. R., 1882- - porn sat 
Algona, Iowa, June 14th; came - to 


Spearfish, Lawrence County, S. D., in 
1889; engaged in printing and news- 
paper work; held several county and 
city offices; legislator, 1919, 1921, 1923. 


' Warren, Robert H., 1891-1916; native 
of Utah; son of Dr. Henry K. Warren; 
graduate of Yankton College, Rhodes 
scholar (Oxford University, England), 
1916; quit Oxford to join allies in 
France, before America entered the 
war; contracted fatal illness in service 
and died at Bordeaux, France. 


Wages. An employer has no exemp- 
tions against a judgment for labor. 
Wages are exempt from execution ex- 
cept for the necessities of life, and 
doctor’s bills. 





Code, 2668. 


Wagner is a city in southeast 
Charles Mix County. Population, see 
Census. “The Eagle,” established in 
1900, and “The Post,” in 1904, are its 
newspapers. 


Wagner, E. E., 1870- ; born in 
Lynn County, Iowa, October 22nd; 
studied law and admitted to the bar in 
1898; came to S. D. in 1893 and en- 
gaged in the practice of law at Alex- 


Waiver 


andria; State’s attorney of Hanson 
County one term; State Senator, 1905. 


Wagner, Henry Adam, _ 1871- 4 
born at Christnach, Grand Duche, De 
Luxemburg, June 11th; came to South 
Dakota in 1883, locating at Water- 
town; engaged in implement busi- 
ness; mayor of Watertown from 1912 
to 1917; State Senator, 1923, 1925. 


Wagner, James A., 1880- ; born 
near Tabor, Bon Homme’ County, 8S. 
D., July 11th; engaged in banking busi- 
ness in Tabor and stock farming; leg- 
islator, 1911; State Senator, 1921, 1923. 


Wagner, R. B., 1830-1898; veteran of 
the Civil War; territorial legislator 
and State regent of education; Wag- 
ner village is named for him. 


Wagon Creek is a small western 
branch of the little Missouri River in 
Harding County. 


Wagon Boxes, Battle of the, was 
fought August 2nd, 1867, near Fort 
Phil. Kearny, by 32 men under Major 
James Powell against the entire force 
of Red Cloud, presumed to have been 
about 3000. Red Cloud’s casualties 
are said to have been 1137. Maj. 
Powell reported 60 killed, 120 wounded. 





Hist:., II, 373; XI, 168) “Indians tients 
and Fighters,’ by Cyrus Townsend 
Brady. “Our Wild Indians,’’ by Colonel 
Richard I. Dodge, 480. 


Wagon Trains. See Ox-trains. 


Wahl, J. J., 1880- ; born in Hut- 
chinson County, S. D., January 2nd; 
engaged in general farming and stock 
raising; assessor for number of years 
and held several other township of- 
fices; legislator for Hutchinson Coun- 
ty, 1915, 1917; post office, Emery, Han- 
son County. 


Waiver. Anyone may waive the ad- 
vantage of a law intended solely for 


918 


Wakonda 


his benefit; but a law established for 
a public reason cannot be waived by 
a private agreement. 





Code. 44. 


' Wakonda is a town in northern Clay 
County. Founded by the Western 
Town Lot Conpany in 1888. Wakonda 
is a Sioux Indian word meaning “to 
worship.” Population, see Census. 
“The Monitor,” established in 1891, is 
its newspaper. 


Wakpala is a village in eastern Cor- 
son County. There is an Episcopal 
mission and boarding school here. 


Waldron, George P., 1821-1896: b. 
New Hampshire; lawyer; in Sioux 
Falls, .1860; in Yankton, 1862-73; 
member of first legislature (1862) and 
afterward appointed by Lincoln, pro- 
vost marshal (1862-65); in Stanley 
Co., 1873-96; probate judge, 1890. 





Hist., X, 398, Robinson, II, 1440. 


Waldron vs. Black Tomahawk was a 
noteworthy case which defined the 
rights of mixed bloods in the tribal 
lands and annuities. The printed evi- 
dence in the case, which was conducted 
for the mixed bloods by Charles E. De- 
Land, has been preserved and gives 
a vast amount of historic lore pertain- 
ing to the genealogies of the mixed 
bloods of South Dakota, many of 
-whom have distinguished ancestry. 


_ Wales, Col. Boyd, 1873- ; born, 
Brownville, Nebraska, Aug. 10; settled 
in Dakota Territory and educated at 
State College; sergeant, First South 
Dakota Volunteer Infantry, in Philip- 
pines, 1898-9; Colonel, Fourth South 
Dakota Infantry on Mexican border, 
1916-17; Colonel, 147 Field Artillery, 
serving with distinction in France in 
World War. (See “Decorations” under 


Wall, Thomas G. 


War.) Commissioner, State land set- 
tlement board from 1919. 


Walker is a discontinued p. o. in 
northern Corson County. 


Walker, F. E., 1872- >? Orn sin 
Grinnell, Iowa, January 5th; came to 
Hot Springs, in 1906; engaged in the 
practice of surgery and medicine; 
State Senator, 1915. 


Walker, Ray D., 1874- ; born at 
Potosi, Wisconsin, September. 10th; 
came to Stanley Co., S. D. in 1905; en- 
gaged in practice of law in Fort Pierre; 
legislator, 1921. 


Walkes, Herman; 1859- >; born at 
Hanover, Germany, Sept. 2nd; came to 
America in 1866 and to Bon Homme 
Co., near Avon, in 1879; engaged in 
farming; held several municipal and 
county offices; legislator, 1905. 


Walkes, Klas, 1864- ; Avon; born 
in Germany, October lst; came to 
South Dakota in 1878 and settled in 
Bon Homme County; engaged in farm- 
ing; legislator, 1909. 


Wall, is a town in eastern Penn- 
ington County. Population, see census. 
“The Record,” established in 1907, is 
its newspaper. 


Wall Canyon is on north side of 
Cheyenne River in Fall River Co. 


Wall Lake is a small lake in south- 
western Minnehaha County. It is a 
bird refuge and a summer resort. 


Wall of the Bad Lands. Generally 
the Bad Lands are within a deep basin 
three or four hundred feet below the 
surrounding prairies. The rim of this 
basin, which usually is very precip- 
itous, is called “The Wall.” 


Wall, Thomas G., 1880- ; Newell; 
born at Red Oak, Iowa, August 8th; 


919 


Wallace 


came to Butte Co., in 1902; engaged in 
practice of law, also stock ranching; 
legislaor, 1921, 1923. 


Wallace is a village in n. w. Coding- 
ton County. Population, see census. 
“The Scout,” established in 1915, is its 
newspaper. 


Wallace, D. C., 1875- ; Wessing- 
ton Springs; born at Earlville, Hlin- 
ois, October 16th; in banking business 
in Alpena, Jerauld Co., 1894-1903; in 
Wessington Springs since 1903; county 
treasurer, 1903-7; in real estate busi- 
ness since 1907; legislator, 1911. 


Wallace, John J., 1864- ; born at 
Clinton, Ontario, Canada, August 20th; 
came to Britton in 1883; engaged in 
farming; held several township offices; 
legislator, 1921, 1923. 


Wallace, Reuben, 1813- ; born in 
_ Vermont; settled in Bon Homme 1858; 
member first legislature, 1862; in Co. 
B, Dakota militia, 1862; afterward, 
register, U. S. land office, Vermillion; 
later, treasurer, Union Co. 


Hist., X, 428. 


Walpole, William, 1846-1916 ;nat- 
ive of Ireland; pioneer farmer of Yank- 
ton County, known as the Sage of 
Walshtown; served in the Indian War 
of 1863; engaged in transportation to 
the Black Hills 1876-1880. 


Waltner, A. J., 1877- ; Freeman; 
' born in Yankton County, S. D., January 
19th; engaged in banking and grain 
buying; held numerous city and town- 
ship offices; legislator, 1913, 1915. 


Walworth County. Created, 1873; 
organized, 1883; named for Walworth 
County, Wis., bounded on the north by 
6th standard parallel; on the east by 
the line dividing ranges 73 and 74; 
west 5th P. M.; on the south by the 


Waverly 


5th standard parallel; on the west by 
the center of the main channel of 
the Missouri River; settled in 1875 by 
Antoine LeBeau; County seat, Selby; 
area 474,880 acres. County seat was 
first at LeBeau, but voted to Bangor 
in 1884 and to Selby in 1904. 





Code, p. 151. 

Wamdesapa (Black Eagle), correctly 
Wanmdesapa, a joint chief, with his 
brother Tasagi, of the Wakpekute 
Sioux, who resided on the Minnesota 
and Cannon Rivers. He became jealous 
of his brother’s popularity and killed 
him; for this crime he was driven 
away by his people. He surrounded 
himself with a small band of rene- 
gades and located upon the Vermil- 
lion River in what is now McCook 
County, South Dakota, whence he 
made forays upon the Iowa tribes and 
frontier settlements. He was the 
father of the infamous Inkpaduta. 


Wampum. The elephant tusk sea- 
shell, employed by the coast Indians 
as money and known among the 
Algonkin aS wampum, was conveyed. 
by aboriginal commerce to the Dak- 
otas, and even to this day is found 
among them and is highly prized by. 
its possessors, 


Wanamaker is a p. o. in s. e. Wash- 
abaugh County. 


Wanblee is a village in central Wash-. 
abaugh County. 


Waubay is a town in s, e. Day 
County. Population, see census. “The 
Clipper and Advocate” established in 
1890, is its newspaper, 

Waubay Lake is the largest of the 
lakes of the east coteau in eastern 
Day County. 

Waverly is a village in n: e. Coding- 
ton County. 


920 


W,.. G. Te. 


W.C. T. U. The Womans Christian 
Temperance Union in Dakota was 
organized at Yankton, Nov. 14, 1879. 
The wife of Governor William A. 
Howard was the first president; Mrs. 
George W. Kingsbury, vice president; 
Secretary, Mrs. Stewart Sheldon. 


Wealth. The total wealth of the 
State of South Dakota at statehood, 
(1890) was $425,000,000, and in 1922 
it was $2,926,000,000 or an increase of 
588.4 per cent. In 1890 the per cap- 
ita wealth was $1293 and in 1922 it 


was $4482 or an increase of 240.6 per 


cent. The value of the annual product- 
ions in 1900 was (approximately) 
$106,500,000 and in 1924 the product- 
ion was $401,083,000 or an increase of 
276.6 per cent. 





“UO: S$. Statistical Abstract, 1923,” p. 
738; ‘“‘Annual Review of the Progress of 
South Dakota,’’ 1901 and 1924. 


Weather. See Climate. 


Years of record 
Mean temperature 
Highest temperature 
Lowest temperature 
Mean annual precipitation 
Highest annual precipitation 
Lowest annual precipitation 
Average velocity, wind 
Highest wind 

In addition to these government sta- 
tions there are 89 volunteer observers 
in the service of the Weather Bureau, 
distributed throughout the State, each 
of whom is equipped with standard 
instruments supplied by the U. S. gov- 
ernment. 

The longest record of precipitation 
is in the central part of the State and 
was kept at Fort Sully from 1868 to 
1891 and since 1891 at Pierre. Here- 
with is given the seasonal (April to 
August, inclusive) and the annual pre- 
cipitation as indicated by these rec- 
ords for the period of fifty-six years: 


oer eee eee eee eee eee ener eene 


eee eer ee ere eee eee esto ene 


oot er eoeo eee eee owe eer eeone 


oe eee ewe wee eee ern eensnee 


ose eee were eevee 


ore eee eee wree 


ov eee eee ereee 


oseerereer ee eee eevee 


oer er eee eee eee eee eer eee e eens 


Weather 


Climate 

The climate of South Dakota is af- 
fected by many conditions, as vary- 
ing altitude, proximity to the moun- 
tains, chinook winds and other phe- 
nomena. Despite the conclusions of 
the weather bureau, there can be no 
doubt that it is favorably affected by 
settlement and cultivation, rains com- 
ing more seasonably; the conserva- 
tion of the water in the soil since 
cultivation (which in the native con- 
dition ran off without penetrating the 
sod), which in turn produces evapora- 
tion appreciably affecting the atmos- 
phere. 

1. Weather 

There are four fully equipped 
weather bureaus in South Dakota, lo- 
cated respectively at Huron, Pierre, 
Rapid City and Yankton. The table 
gives comparative information from 
these stations from establishment to 
1922: 








3 | Huron | Pierre | Rapid | Yankton 
sf ie | 42. 32. 45. 50. 
reese 43.6 46.7 46.2 47.0 

S chile ROS. 110. 106. 107. 
estomtina bo —40. —34. —36. 
ay 0 20.78 17.23 17.65 25.70 
aus | 30.14 23.57 27.14 40.95 
ele eae 10.19 7.82 9.61 14.40 
es ate 9.5 8.8 8.0 8.1 
Say 72.0 70.0 66.0 80.0 
Year Seasonal Annual 
USO 5S bd share, sueve ote te.’ 13.43 16.15 
ELON cee ttt aye hed ear 10.35 17.48 
OU od tothe ited ie tee in Setar Peas 23.74 
UB rae Aha Sean cues oats, oak oe 16.99 19.42 
LS Co staan. ial ater eneh areken ers 11.58 14.62 
STE etc ee coeds 12.74 16.24 
LS TO Als eteenstehehews wh eceue 10.35 13.99 
T8tG. SPs es ee 12.82 19.54 
Tai keys hen ee! A Re 14.45 22.91 
UOT Srersterssuetsss, <nekeatso.s 17.36 20.19 
LSM. .Sijkay o ob tk. 20.80 23.50 
LoS OR pers terns hele one 13.13 15.66 
LSSE Or .. oreale te tae ote 9.88 14.85 
LEQ ce paar d sists stairs 9.31 12.20 
dS CR giodewes Ca ee 16.00 19.91 
PRSAUS OL ata a 3 6.79 T1:$7 
TSR ccs oe ad tis tats Sate 17.31 22.72 
OOO ae t reteterectere: tre 12.57 16.00 
LOR lees: pee. tae tet 12.22 14.26 
LS Siar ketsie. cre cceusickslele 12.86 14.77 
PSSST: ra eA SES 11.82 15.29 
1 ee Cn eee ee 9.42 13.28 
USS Darederece vers ete ena tener e 8.94 13.18 


Weather 
Year Seasonal Annual 
1.892 21. eee hs 12.36 18.81 
doh Spar Sin. eee nc oe 8.49 14.56 
THBGs SAM So Se ees 4.18 7.82 
1 89 Dake. cccAiee <A eae 12.94 16.85 
LEGOF reno. ere Goes 11.00 17.35 
1SS7 tPA. ES. 12.98 16.85 
LS OS Ree ee eee 9.05 10.65 - 
LOO 9 epee te tern ees 13.90 20.00 
LDOO. Ans Sitters. Care kia 10.89 - 16.81 
OO te teen sh cats B ddeoe 17.04 
LOZ He Sit en wae 13.88 20.04 
OS er es eines 14.48 19.53 
By Ea ee ta aa a ei 6.02 9.47 
L905aGeste. . ees: 16.02 Data laeking 
DOUG Siac stern oa et, 14.74 22.06 
TOOT. eee 11.56 14.02 
TOO Re acdc uve. 12.21 19.10 
TOG Meee octets, ee 8.58 12.99 
VAIO: eS ea 6.40 Data lacking 
85) eee ams I, SY 7.60 12.67 
TOU Zee ae ee 10.54 Data lacking 
LOA Bes Spe cokes aye ES Sig 11.45 
dea ES sapenerin ip eee a SS OR 14.76 20.29 
LS LD eee sete: tenis ote cnet 15.98 28257 
1916 Boe Stee Were 16.35 20.52 
gE aE Seno iawn gna e 10.56 14.87 
1S PSe Rete. ELITE 10.16 17.68 
D919 Biteieicte oii 18.65 22.83 
1920... eres. See 17.48 22.83 
UO eae. iy atone Se Bae ha 1.9.47 


The rainfall for the growing months, 


representative places was: 





4 

Q, 

< 
A berdéen 422. ie oe eh Ce oe ras Tea 
Brookings \ ii. stim «ts swe aieeow ae | 1.82 
TOUpO KR MSGR EL on Ab oasis « tee we | 1.28 
Highmore! <b eo F088 See eee | 1.40 
FLUron pest. a Rees Ee eee “92 
FIEMMON oot. och anche cise eee ree .40 
Milbank 8.77720 ett acs ais us fete eben eae 2.70 
IMI CCH EL eae ee ces te eer ae 1.40 
PIATRA Aen cee ete eek ee Ee eee .99 
Rapids CIty wipers 2. eee ee ee .34 
Slo Ux ball sawn st ae cee ie ee 1.41 
WELOPLOWN' = f. wiul er babteaia tae eee | .97 
SS dette tts Re a AE os eee ae | 1.81 


Yankton 


3. Temperature 


The annual mean temperature for 
the state is 44°. The absolute maxi- 
mum ever recorded is 114° and the 
absolute minimum reaehed is -46°. 
These extremes are rare. Owing to 
altitude, humidity and other phenom- 
ena, neither extreme is so oppressive 
here as in lower altitudes. The aver- 
age temperature for January, our cold- 
est month, is 9.5 above zero and for 


Weather 


Year Seasonal Annual 
1982).....22680).. 2 13.64 "419.47 
VO 38 ow wecn oe eueouaae 15.07 17,28 
1994 Lot Aa Ne 10.27 17.47 
AVETALRES oie tens VZ-16 17.06 
2. Average Annual Precipitation 


The following is the average annual 
rainfall for the entire State for the 
years indicated: 


189000 Frese 16.43 1907... oe ee 18.92 
1892), 21.0% 20.05 1908... Sree! 25.10 
1899 oo a ceueks 24.41 1909 aunb foe me 23.69 
L893 TRTS ae 17.93 1910... cee 15.49 
18943. x80, 42 15.30 191 acs AAs 19.18 
ASSG SOLE he 16.05 1912.42.07 18.50 
1896ee0 5.04, 24.14 1915%%, 0th ea 17.89 
1897. & pac. Se 21.09 1914... Manne 21.57 
1898, Srpoee 16.50 1915. Faw see 28.54 
1S9SINOI. 18 20.16 1916, AE Soe 20.90 
1 OG 0 Ta eee 23.05 1917 Wes ante 16.77 
190072 oe 22.76 1918......,.- 21.91 
1902: fiat ae 19.92 1919, .ond-wen cess 
1S0S teen Uaes 22.92 1920-235 = eae 27.44 
1904 Se. snc Re 18.46 1921 2.35%) 25948289 
19050, 26.68 1923... pcs 21.61 
1906. {eke 27.95 1929592 ee 22.17 


April to August, inclusive, for 1924 at 


See 
pple ay ea 
s ] Ce = oo | sa | oS 
= ar) fa) <q HM Nr Ad 
2.04 | 3.84 | 1.77 | 2.78 | 13.14 | 14.83 | 26.37 
1.32 | 6.66 | 1.22 | 3.89 | 14.91 | 16.30 | 20.97 
44 | 5.24 | 3.29 | 1.35 | 11.60 | 14.50 | 15.16 
'50 | 5.66 | 2.11 | 1.13 | 10.80 | 17.63 | 17.86 
1.15 | 7.78 | 2.55 | 4.50 | 16.90 | 14.28 | 20.94 
149 | 4195 | 2.49 | 1.15 | 9.48 | 15.41 | 13.62 
1.19 } 5.12 | .95 | 5.47 | 15.43 | 10.74 | 23.71 
1.29 | 4.60 | 1.89 | 2.37 | 11.55 | 20.87 | 24.51 
24 | 5.19 | 1.11 } 2.74 | 10.27 } 15.07-] 17.00 
"53 | 2.27 | 2.33 | 1.19 | 6.66 | 23.20 | 17.71 
1:35 | 4.73 | .79 | 2.58 | 10.80 | 19.93 | 25.49 
1.72 | 5.86 | 2.96 | 5.83 | 17.34 | 11.75 | 21.93 
1.25 | 5.36 | 1.48 | 2.52 | 12.43 | 22.22 | 26.02 


July, our hottest month, is 71.5 above, 
Huron data. 


Killing frosts 

The following table, prepared by the 
Federal Crop Service from the consol- 
idated data provided by the Weather 
Bureau, gives the period of expect- 
ancy for killing frosts at the points 
named; together with the average 
open season at points named: 


922 


Weather 
Spring 
Vy re oe SoBe hae May 12-15 
ESTOOKINGS 42", 4, Phen ee May 17-23 
WEE KAE . «coro bid to Gat oooh May 17 
LSS ES 1 Tac aes Si ak etl ce een al May 
Fitivonens OS. AB Ao! May 9-14 
MA TTET TROND a 0 Ss ete cy. op hex ois os behkd sews May 14 
RRL LIC ee. Rages nec cern ce May 10-13 
NET Chelt eS, : AeA .Siene. 3: May 8-12 
LES ee fe 2 CPS eee eee Apr. 30-May 2 
Rapid City seo, Ses ee, May 4- 8 
TREGMEIGAR ces 5. falas. ~ Sheislers.e « May 13 
Sioux. Pallis Sehsastive... May 3- 8 
VER OP COW Tl © Rei dlvigie 9) od ease ce May 12-19 
Rareata eerie ss et a, May 1- 2 
5, Wind 


The average wind velocity is 9.5 
miles per hour. The following is the 
wind scale observed by the weather 
bureau: 


Designation Miles per hour 
(PERU) eee Oe ae From 0to 3 
WOM UE cnet «isc, Sidi ves eee & Over 3 to 8 
Pients wreeze eit SATE oy il SrtOnus 
Gentles preeze is. . sect. eos Logs 
Moderate breeze °s......... ee LOutorcs 
Bresne breeze. .ifsisk. laws hecoetones 
shigcin=pTateys Re wees ee eee eee et Oe RA 
Moderate’ ' gales... e006... “« 34 to 40 
Reset le le eee Pf ““ 40 -to 48 
Sexe le TELE MEW CRED a es a a “* 48 to 56 
Miholesraled Js eol 2 ik. “ 56 ‘to 65 
ese a: tela wees oy ss +. 0p to. 75 
PTB ae: ft elste ee als 8 aie es en onl hs) 


A tornado, according to Webster, 
is “any violent windstorm;” and a 
Cyclone is “A violent storm charac- 
terized by high winds rotating about 
a calm center of low atmospheric 
pressure.” In most scientific works 
cyclones as herein described are call- 
ed tornadoes. 

Comparatively, the average velocity 
of the wind in South Dakota is little 
different than elsewhere in this lati- 
tude, as indicated by the following 
figures given by the U. S. Weather 
Bureau: Average wind velocity at 
New York, 16.6 miles per hour; Chi- 
cago, 11.8; Washington, 6.4; Des 


Moines, 7.6; St. Paul, 11.9; Pierre, 8.8. 


6. Notable Storms 
In the early period, when the prai- 
ries were unbroken and unfenced; 
when the farm plants were mere 
shacks, much inconvenience was suf- 


Weather 


Autumn Frostless days 
Sept. 22-24 133 
Sept. 24-Oct. 10 135 
Sept. 24-25 131 
October 7 155 
Sept. 28-Oct. 9 144 
Oct. 6 145 
Sept. 28-Oct. 4 142 
Sept. 18-29 17 
Oct. 4-8 158 
Sept. 29 146 
Sept. 24-28 136 
Sept. 28-Oct. 10 152 
Sept. 17-24 127 
Oct. 5-10 158 


fered during winter snow-storms, 
which came with blinding force not 
experienced in later times. About 
1870 these winter storms were called 
blizzards, from an Irish colloquialism 
meaning blistered, and the name has 
been generally adopted, and in prac- 
tice is applied to any. severe- winter 
storm. 


Historically, a severe storm with 
deep snow and high wind was report- 
ed by Lieutenant Pike as of October 
15, 1806, occurring upon the upper 
Mississippi; it perhaps extended over 
the Dakota region. October 15, 1857, 
Lieutenant Warren reported another 
similar storm upon the Niobrara Riv- 
er; October 15, 1863, Sergeant English 
reported a great storm which overtook 
Sully’s army near Pierre, blockading. 
the roads and destroying many of the 
animals. The great storm of Octob- 
er 15, 1880, is one of the historic 
land-marks ef the northwest. These 
are notable for their unseasonable- 
ness, even more than for their sever- 
ity. Another unseasonable storm fell 
on April 20, 1873 and is known as 
the Custer storm, because it caught 
General Custer, with the Seventh Cav- 
alry, at Yankton, unprotected. The 
most notable winter storm of history 
fell upon January 12, 1888. It came 
without warning, out of a _ beautiful 
morning and raged for twelve hours. 
with awful violence, the wind attain- 


9 
=> 


Weather 


ing a velocity of 66 miles per hour, 
while the air was filled with particles 
of ice. It fell in the day time when 
many persons were absent from their 
homes. . One hundred twelve persons 
Jost their lives and many others suf- 
fered permanent injury. The storm 
moved from west to east breaking 
upon Missouri River points before 9 
o’clock in the morning and had reach- 
ed the eastern sections about noon. 
No other winter storm of exceptional 
severity has occurred. 


The most disastrous summer wind- 
storm in the history of the State oc- 
curred about 6 p. m., June 14, 1924. 
A sultry day with a slight breeze 
from: the southwest and a thunder- 
storm coming up from the west 
against the wind were the chief pre- 
liminary conditions. Suddenly the 
wind shifted to the northwest and a 
straight gale blew increasing in vio- 
lence until it reached 82 miles per 
hour, which rate was maintained with- 
out deviation for 12 minutes, during 
which the destruction of roofs and 
frail buildings was unprecedented 
over an area one hundred miles wide 
and extending from the Cheyenne 
southwest into Iowa; haybarns, at that 
period empty, generally went down 
before the hurricane. The lives of 
eight persons were crushed out, Mrs. 
Peck at Stephen Mission, Lloyd and 
Wendall Meyers, Salem, Mrs. G. M. 
Christianson, Eagle Butte, Mrs. A. C. 
Larson, Canton, Nels Haugen, Faulk- 
ton, Paul Nelson, Sully County, H. G. 
Thompson, Crow Creek. The _ prop- 
erty loss is estimated at ten million 
dollars. 


7. Cyclones 


The region has been notably. ex- 


empt from these destructive storms; 
no one of serious consequence hav- 


Weather 


ing occurred, though small twisters 
have appeared and wrought limited 
damage in several localities. In 1883 
one passed near Huron and excellent 
photographs were obtained of it, said 
to be the first snap-shots of a cyclone 
secured. It did little damage. 


8. Hurricanes 
High winds of great violence have 
occasionally occurred, one in June, 
1902, causing much wreckage at 
Beresford, and one in 1907 at Willow 
Lake; one at Mt. Vernon July 13, 1907. 


Cloudbursts 

This phenomena is of rare occur- 
rence. In June 1909 one occurred in 
the Rapid City region, which in a few 
moments raised the streams to flood 
stage, destroyed much property, put 
the railroads out of commission and 
caused a general blockade for a week. 
In June 1920 a cloud burst flooded the 
Medicine Creek Valley, and destroyed 
the railroad from Blunt to Rousseau. 


9. Hailstorms 

The region is subject to hailstorms 
which are destructive to agriculture. 
These vary in intensity and frequency 
in different years, some seasons being 
practically exempt. Usually they are 
limited in extent running in strips 
from one to five miles in width and 
from three to fifteen miles in length. 


10. Drought 

A study of the tables of rainfall 
given in this article indicates the re- 
currence of dry periods. These have 
occurred three times during the fifty- 
six year period; in 1882-3, 1889-4 and 
1911-12. That of 1880 came after gen- 
eral settlement but before any wide- 
spread conservation of moisture in 
the cultivated soil and in consequence 
was disastrous. That of 1911 did not 
sq.,.seriously affect the cultivated 


924 


Weaver, John R. 


regions but was severe upon the 
homesteaders who, at that period, 
were swarming over the trans-Mis- 
souri region. 


Weaver, John R., 1858- ; Clare- 
mont; born near Greenville, Michigan, 
December 29th; came to Brown Co., 
in 1885; engaged in lumber, coal and 
implement business and later in gen- 
eral mercantile business; held several 


township and town offices; State 
Senator, 1907, 1909, 1911. 
Webb, F. M., 1859- ; Hitchcock; 


born at Dartford, Wis.; agent and 
operator on C. and N. W. Ry., thirteen 
years; came to Dakota and was em- 
ployed by the same company until 
1890, when he entered the mercantile 
business in Hitchcock, Beadle Co.; 
mayor of Hitchcock several terms; 
legislator, 1905. 


Webster is a city in suthern Day 
County. Population, see census. “The 
Reporter and Farmer,” established in 
1881, is its newspaper. County seat. 


Webster, 
tors. 


Harry Daniel see: Sculp- 


a 
Wecota is a village in northern 


Faulk County. 


Weide, Adolph, 1860- ; Revillo; 
born near Berlin, Germany, April 2nd; 
came to South Dakota in 1881; engag- 
ed in blacksmithing until 1885; later 
handled farm machinery and engaged 
in farming; member, Republican cen- 
tral committee; legislator, 1907, 1909, 
1911. 


Weights and Measures. The sale of 
all commodities by weight or measure 
in South Dakota is regulated by law. 
All weights, scales and measures are 
subject to inspection by the railroad 
commission. The use of false weights 


Weights and Measures 


or measures is punishable by fine and 
imprisonment. The legal weight in 
pounds avoirdupois for commodities 
sold by the bushel is as follows: 


ADDlOSBe ers se hal ale See oe ee 48 
mOMes.) dried  .AeGt...dk... 9. . ole. 24 
AITAILAMSECCU fo. oie ede CAEL ee et. ve ad, 60 
REDON Ob Shi Sites arbi aes Me ee tho AE LAS 48 
OAS, oRTCOM one cl OME Vark . ccdgmktts, « 50 
GRU mur vee ode. oe. to ee. ae 60 
Beane qiinis, dry. aiiteted. A522. 2a RN 56 
SCOURS Meer ar ee tet es ek te cn hae Fee ae 56 
FOES UMS PRCER ME. yor alse ee hk eee 14 
BYOOnN COrn.GBECL U6 t, onaane. ak aut 50 
BSCS TIOLTUIUS TT fo... siete cee. oe ee wk 14 
CAarrorees...05 FOP etae. at a Ged LE 5C 
SUCK Wheater aren Gee ee eee 48 
Worn. ONSGO Die: ae Tews se Malate sl, 70 
WASLOTME DCA Sie atin act ee 50 
Corny meal Lae eeee. Sus Fe Le ae 50 
(lONOTA SCLC gab c6 i thevcht icin he ato enee oe 60 
Seiaae HOLE Heo re ee eee ee 56 
Cormesh eed: tea so. takes fern 56 
(FUCTIINI DOL S eres aa.cf sealibs recreate a eee 48 
Grapes; Gunstemmed oaree cs. «sees 40 
FLOM Ds SECC nee sisictdeere oho as ave ae ee 44 
PTLOROLYmILULUS it reteecein o ceee ots cane ais on ere 50 
TUN PaTiane SSediy rise.) bt. eet 50 
eehishe Veror many a tee en He ESAS GAA coe eee 56 
Le WOU Se ace ie it eR a ES iy, Mh 80 
Niillete! SACGeUrRtRy. srk s HAST ome 50 
AC See eePae ates soc acuenautt Stemerneel ooaiemeiemoeatien ch oseeoae 32 
RAGING Sel. cee aes cnet. SR 52 
(@ren(ar ticle Cia SAA & Ss Er ee oo Pee 30 
OPEL Oe GCA SN TY ote ceiietere rs cietrtrtterchers 0 scatene 14 
QOsSALoworanesewsd. (se clare crear tenee SPs 
PAN SNIPS eee ogee Deere eeeeroe md ae weit ok Shan Mets 48 
JEPEPENG) OUST S hin, Meiesnss i Bey ty aR fs 46 
Peaches dried) . 224 Seater. 33 
EAGAN UES seal, Depate sich AD sspsv ok reach ieee ek are 20 
PP CAE S PRE Ms ere com esi oh ta tebesae eae cue t ize, easton 45 
PCAs, RErOSnii) Ais. Sued CA ne 56 
eve WE ewe Bel Wei Wal dy Re “Chay en a is ie ee fee 60 
EZVUITVIS ERIC E ote es oo eer ae a aie ae eee cane ets 48 
PODGCOrT i eshellGd, situs ctsss hs 5.06 ea age ee 56 
I OUCOLI a Olle COUN a atte ctr oies ons cdecele eats 70 
IPGEBEOES WA hte ats Oe SR oh: HR 60 
GiIIINCOS Me itr ova sca oe beke Aides hess faker antes 48 
EVR OISNe Se CO Meets eel dais Litictelevetane Ores er stethe 50 
Rape Seeds cc.) ieee uid ene aes Bs ee 50 
FVEGCIEO DS COCM ie te orc crate cra aha eect theta: cn ahelenets 14 
TEs v We Mokena hey ay oe Gamo ACLe AR ee Aopen cy DACs 50 
Pe ee ean ceeete tao erecere chcre cuerel ee ete aie ener 5o 
Sal tue etre Els pclerdecke. active biereine er’... Gigi hes 80 
SUL estar nin iednvana ccc rtarensiene © Satna fetes 130 
Sorghumbisecdeeee. el Mase. Vi ee 50 
SG wae eee ee Boise oie atest vans bc dee cles [apes opeeues 45 
Sree MICOLIL © ee keredd cistekensreele ne oe oc tire scare ens 50 
SVC Ge DOLHCOCSA UW. sfatcbee s said lade sts wpede «oP 54 
MIN OCN Va RO GU cece ienols o bites che. saath eer gear eke 45 
MOTI ARCOCST ee Fn tite 6 Sheree et wate es 0 el ehe one x5 50 
TUTNiPS HRSee See res. Rebate oes. sieset caves (ererp ree 5D: 
Walnuts, hulled hg DGPS OAR A By seliy SRI, ( 50 
WAL TT) tr eictete chet cee ievou che ke. cheteieceie: vite ete .. 60 
All root crops not specified. LOE Rv ard stoke 50 


A barrel for liquids shall contain 313% gal- 
lons, a hogshead, 2 barrels. 

A liquid gallon shall contain 231 cubic 

. inches. 

A barrel of flour shall weigh 196 pounds. 

A barrel of unslacked lime shall contain 
200 pounds. 


925 


Welch, H. H. 


A barrel for potatoes, apples, pears or 
other fruit shall have an interior capac- 
ity of 7,056 cubic inches. 

Coal, coke or charcoal shall be sold only 
by weight. 





Laws +1919, chap. 358. 


Welch, H. H., 1864- ; born at 
Marshalltown, Iowa, July 28th; moved 
to Dakota in 1883; engaged in farm- 
ing and stock raising; in the mercan- 
tile business; since 1897 in Carthage, 
Miner Co.; since 1904, pres., bank of 
Carthage; State Senator in 1907. 


Welch, Irving H., 1860- ; born 
on a farm in Van Buren County, Mich., 
July 16th; taught school, 1881; settled 
in Douglas County, 1882; engaged in 
newspaper business, 1882-1885; post- 
master at Grand View, 1884; moved 
to Charles Mix County, 1886 and en- 
gaged in live stock and _ banking; 
moved to Platte in 1900 and mayor 
three years; engaged in real estate, 


loan and live stock business; legis- 
lator, 1903. 
Welch, J. D., 1848- ; Parkston; 


born in Washington County, Iowa, Jan. 
26th; Civil War veteran; drove to Dak- 
ota in a “prairie schooner” in 1869; 
settled in Hutchinson Co. where he 
was a farmer; engaged in mercantile 
business and other important enter- 
prises; legislator, 1905. 


Weller, Charles S., 1878- ; born 
at Oxford Junction, Iowa, March 21st; 
came to Mitchell, South Dakota in 
1888; engaged in real estate and farm- 
ing; legislator, 1915; was first to sug- 
gest to the British government the 
use of tanks in the great war. 


Wellington, Raynor G. 1880- : 
born Boston Aug. 31; A. B. Harvard, 
_1902, A. M. 1903; same U. of Berlin 
1904 and U. of Wis. 1910; Professor 
American History U. S. D. since 1917. 


Washabaugh County 


Wells, Frank E., 1884- ; born 
at Laporte City, Iowa, Dec. 20th; came 
to South Dakota in 1909, locating 
at Witten; county auditor of Tripp 
County from 1912 to 1917; State Rail- 
road Commissioner, 1917-18. 


Wellsburg is a discontinued p. 0. 
in n. w. Haakon County. 

Wendte is a village in southern Stan- 
ley County. Named for H. F. Wendte, 
a German who formerly lived at Pon- 
ca, Nebraska. 


Wenslaff, Gustave G., LL.D. 1865- 
; educator; came to Yankton, 
1874; graduate, Yankton College, 1888; 
professor of philosophy, Yankton Col- 
lege, 1893-98; President, Southern Nor- 
mal School, Springfield, 1908-19; auth- 
or of philosophical works; lives in 
Los Angeles, Cal. See ‘Mental Man.” 





Kingsbury, V, 749. 

Wentworth is a town in eastern 
Lake County. Population, see census. 
“The Enterprise,” established in 1900, 
is its newspaper. 


Wartenburg, Prince Paul Charles 
Henry Augustus, of the paltry king- 
dom of Wartenburg in East Prussia, 
visited Fort Pierre in 1830. He was 
born 1785 and died 1852. He remain- 
ed at the post three days (March 
9-13) and then left on a hunting trip 
toward Fort Laramie. 





Hist., 1X, 99. 


Washabaugh Agreement. 


See Ind- 
ian Treat-es, 12. ; 


Washabaugh County, created, 1883; 
unorgainzed, named for Frank J. 
Washabaugh (q. v.); bounded on the 
north by White River; on the east by 
the Rosebud Indian reservation; on 
the south by the north line of town- 
ship 39; on the west by the 5th guide 


926 


Washabaugh, Frank J. 


meridian. Population is chiefly Ind- 
ian. Area 685,440 acres. 


Washabaugh, Frank J., 1849-1902- 
; born in Bedford County, Penn., 
July 2; graduate, LaFayette College; 
lawyer; member of Territorial coun- 
cil, 1883, 1885, 1887 and 1889; State 
senator, 1889, 1891; was judge of the 
Eighth Judicial Circuit at death. 


Washington County. Created, 1883; 
unorganized; named for George Wash- 
ington; bounded on the north by 
the main channel of White River; on 
the east by the 5th guide meridian 
west 6th P. M.; on the south by the 
north line of township 38; on the west 
by Fall River and Custer Counties. 
Area; 740,480 acres. 


Washing out the Boat. In the 
cholera years, 1847-1853, practically 
every steam boat brought the cholera 
up the Missouri River. It was the 
practice to stop at the mouth of the 
Big Sioux and “wash out the boat,” 
that is, to clean up and disinfect. 
Neverthless the cholera reached the 
Sioux and upper tribes and wrought 
great havoc among them. 


Wasta is a village in n. e. Penning- 
ton County. Population, see census. 
“The Gazette,” established in 1907, is 
its newspaper. 


Watapapa Lake is in northern Grant 
County, two miles southeast of Sum- 
mit. 

Watauga is a village in n. w. Cor- 
son County. 


Waterman is a R. R. station in 


southern Faulk County. 
Waterpower.. 


Waters, Glen M., 1885- ; born at 
Miller, Hand County, S. D., Sept. 23rd; 
educated, Univs. of Minn. and Chi- 


See Hydro-Electric. 


‘ Kampeska. 


Watson, Thomas C. 


cago; engaged in the practice of law; 
city attorney of Miller, 1910; State 
Senator, 1915, 1917. 


Watertown is located on the upper 
Sioux River, three miles east of’ Lake 
It is an important trade 
center, wholesaling and machinery dis- 
tribution point. It was founded in 
1878 and named for Watertown, New 
York, whence some of its first settlers 
came. It is served by the North- 
western, Great Northern, St Louis and 
Cedar Rapids railways. Eight R. R. 
lines radiate from the city, affording 
exceptional distribution facilities. It 
is the county seat of Codington Coun- 
ty. A state insane asylum has been 
located there but has~ not yet been 
developed. Its water supply comes 
from Kampeska, a_ spring-fed lake. 
Lake Kampeska is a summer resort 
of growing fame. Population, see 
census. “The Daily Public Opinion,” 
and the weekly “Watertown Herald” 
are its newspapers. 


“Water, Underground, of Western 
Great Plains,” by N. H. Darton (q. v.). 
This exhaustive work is principally 
devoted to South Dakota, and. gives 
the logs of a vast number of artesian 
wells, and also a great deal of popular 
geology. Perhaps in no other publi- 
cation vare the geologic formations 
underlying the prairies of South Dak- 
ota so lucidly exhibited to the layman. 


Watkins, J. E., 1858- ; Loomis; 
born at Radnor, Ohio, May 7th; came 
to South Dakota in 1885; held several 
school and town offices; legislator, 
1913. . | 

Watson, Thomas C., pioneer of 


Union County, 1860; wounded by party 
of Inkpaduta’s Indians that. attacked 


927 


Watwood, Edgar 


the settlement on Brule Creek in 1865 
and killed LaMoure, 





Hist., X, 515-6, Kingsbury, I, 151, 417-9. 
W atwood,Edgar, ; Philip; came 
to South Dakota in 1888; engaged in 
farming; county auditor of Haakon 
County since 1915; State Senator in 
1919. 


Wentzy, Harry, 1874-1924; Rapid 
City; born at Gebweiller, Alsace, 
France, January 26th; started in news- 
paper business; later banking; presi- 
dent of six banks in the Black Hills; 
legislator, 1919, 1921. 


Wescott is a discontinued p. o. in 
western Brule Co. 


Wesleyan University, Dakota. See 
Education, 22. 

Wess, Earl, 1881- ; Watertown; 
born at Watertown, March 20th; 
engaged in farming; held several 
school and township offices; legisla- 


tor, 1925. 


Wessington is a town in western 
Beadle County. Named from a nearby 
range of hills. Population, see census. 
“The Times-Enterprise,” established 
in 1906 is its newspaper. 


Wessington Hills is an abrupt range 
of the Missouri Coteau, in Jerauld 
County. 


Wessington Springs is a city in 
n. e. Jeruald County. Has medicinal 
springs. Population, see census. “The 
Republican,” established in 1883, and 
“The Democrat,” in 1909 are its news- 
papers. 


“Westerners, The.” a romance of 
the Black Hills, by Stewart Edward 
White (q. v.) 


Westerville is a discontinued p. o. 
in central Clay Co. 


Wheeler, George E. 


Westfork 
Haakon Co. 

Westover is a discontinued p. o. in 
southern Jones Co. 


is a p, Oo, in northern 


West Point is often used to indicate 


‘the United States Military Academy 


at West Point, N. Y. 
Acadamy. 


See Military 


Westport is a village in northern 


Brown Co. 
Weta is a village in s. w. Jackson Co. 
Wetonka is a town in s. e. McPher- 
son Co. 


Wewela is a village in s. e. Tripp 
Co, 


Wheat. See Agriculture, 6. 
Wheaton, Prof. A. H., 1851- : 


- born in Fond du Lac, Wis., April ist; 


steamboat man; laborer in saw mills; 
sailed on the lakes in the summer, 
sometimes worked in lumber woods 
in the winter and drove logs down 
the river in the spring; built first 
cheese factory in Waushara County, 
Wisconsin; champion butter maker 
of the world at the Centennial Exposi- 
tion in Philadelphia; moved to Clark 
County, 1882, upon large farm; first 
man to talk on the platform in the 
interest of the dairy industry, address- 
ing farmers’ institutes; built various 
creameries in the State; appointed 
Food and Dairy Commissioner in 1907. 


W. G. Draw is a small creek in 
eastern Fall River County. 


Wheeler is a village in western 
Chas, Mix Co. Site of one of the five 
state bridges. 


Wheeler, George E., 1860- ; born . 
in New York; manager, Cascade Mills, 
Sioux Falls, since 1879; member, leg- 
islature, 1885. 





Ftist- (inn. Co--- 106. 


928 


Wheeler, S. A. 


Wheeler, S. A., 1841-1917; former 
State commissioner of Labor Statis- 
tics. 


“Where the Trail Divides.” A South 
Dakota Romance by Dr. Will O. Lilli- 
bridge (q. v.) : 


Wherry, Jesse. A Virginian, ap- 
pointed by Lincoln register of the 
Vermillion Land Office. He came to 
Dakota but did not qualify. On one 
occasion he engaged in a fist fight 
with Gov. Jayne over a bill extending 
the franchise to mixed bloods. 
lin Taylor says of him, “‘ He possessed 
the characteristic traits of the better 
class of southern people. Sensitive in 
his nature and strong in his likes and 
islikes. He was qualified to move 
in any society.” While upon a trip 
up the Missouri River he was acciden- 
tally shot. 


Whetstone Agency Post. Establish- 
ed, 1878; located on west bank of Mis- 
souri, at mouth of Whetstone Creek, 
30 miles above Fort Randall. It was a 
one company post and contained the 
usual assortment of buildings built 
of cottonwood logs. Abandoned, April 
30, 1872. 





Hist. VIII, 99. 


Whetstone Creek rising in western 
Gregory County, flows east and falls 
into the Missouri River below Mule- 
head. The Brule Indian Agency (now 


at Rosebud) formerly was at the mouth. 


of this stream. 


Whetstone Island is in the Missouri 
River just below Mulehead Point, near 
the mouth of Whetstone Creek. 


Whetstone River rises in the coteau 
in central Roberts County and flows 
southeast through Grant Co. and into 
Minnesota River. Milbank is located 


Frank- 


White Ghost 


upon the west branch of Whetstone 
River. 


Whiskey Island is in the Missouri 


River near Fort Bennett, below Little 
Bend. 


Whiskey Jack (the Canadian Jay). 
See Birds. 


Whitcher, Ephriam, 1846-1916; 
ive of New Hampshire; 
Black Hills transportation. 

White is a city in n. e. Brookings Co. 
Population, see census. ‘The Leader” 
established in 1900, is its newspaper. 


nat- 
notable in 


“White Buffalo Festival of the Unc- 
papa,” by Alice Fletcher, is a study 
of a very important ceremony of the 
Teton Sioux; published in the Report 
of the Peabody Museum for 1884. 


White Butte is a village in northern 
Perkins Co. 


White, Chauncey A., 1875- ; Flor- 
ence; born at Plainview, Minnesota, 
July 24th; came to Dakota in 1883; 
engaged in farming and stock raising; 
held various township and_ school 
offices; legislator, 1919. 


White Clay Butte is in central Jones 
County, north of Murdo. 


White Clay Creek rises in Northern 
Nebraska and flows across Shannon 
Co. to White River. 


White Clay Hill is a butte in north- 
eastern Meade County. 


White C. W., 1879- ; Vivian; born 
near Sheldon, Iowa, May 10th; came 
to South Dakota in 1904; engaged in 
stock raising, farming and land and 
loan business; legislator, 1913. 


White Ghost, 1835- 1904; he succeed- 
ed his father, Bone Necklace, as chief 
of the Yanktonais about 1865. About 
that time the Yanktonais settled upon 


929 


White, J. V. 


the reservation at Fort Thompson. 
White Ghost spent his active life at 
Fort Thompson and died there about 
1904. Born near LeBeau, Walworth Co. 
He said that he gave help to the Fool 
Soldiers in the rescue of the Shetak 
captive women, Nov., 1862. 


Hist., XI, 235 n..11,. -Brief Hist., 127-9. 


White, J. V., 1854- ; born in Hend- 
ricks County, Indiana, Dec. 10. Quak- 
er; educated in Whittier College; set- 
tled in Clay County, 1878; territorial 
legislature, 1887 and 1889. 


White Deer is a p. 0. in n. w. Corson 
Co. 


White Lake is a considerable lake 
in western Aurora County. It was 
visited by Catlin in 1832. 


White Lake is a city in western 
Aurora Co. Population, see census. 
“The Aurora County Standard,” estab- 
lished in 1882, and “The Wave” in 1892, 
are its newspapers. 


White Owl is a village in eastern 
Meade Co. 
White Owl Feather Creek is an 


affluent of Cherry Creek in eastern 
Meade Co. 


White River rises in northwestern 
Nebraska, near Crawford, and enters 
South Dakota near the southwest cor- 
ner of Shannon County, running north- 
east through Shannon and Washington 
Cos., thence due east to the Missouri. 
It traverses the Bad Lands and takes 
its name from the milky color of the 
water due to the white volcanic ash 
carried from the Bad Land region. 


White River is a town in central 
Mellette Co. Population, see census. 
“The Mellette Co. News,” established 
in 1907, is’ its newspaper. 


Whitewood Creek 


White Rock is a town in n. e. Roberts 


Co. Population, see census. “The 
Journal,” established in 1889 is its 
newspaper. 


White, Stewart Edward, 1873-....; 
native of Michigan; graduate, Michigan 
University and Columbia Law School; 
in 1898 came to Rapid City and located 
mining claims in Rapid Canyon; spent 
two years there, during which he 
accumulated the experience that result- 
ed in his first two novels, “The Wesern- 
ers” and “The Claim Jumpers.” 


Whitetail Summit is a railroad sta- 
tion in central Lawrence Co. 


White Thunder Creek raises in nor- 
thern Todd County and flows across 
Mellette Co. to the White River. 


White, T. L., 1861- ; Wessington 
Springs; born in Marshall County, 
West Virginia, March 4th; came to 
South Dakota in 1893; engaged in real 
estate business; legislator, 1909; State 
Senator, 1913. 


White Water Creek rises in eastern 
Pennington Co. and flows east into Bad 
River. 


White Willow Creek is a southern 
branch of Bad River in central Jack- 
son Co. 


Whitewood is a town in central Law- 
rence Co. Founded in 1888 by the 
Pioneer Town Site Company. Named 


; for the trees which grow along White- 


wood Creek near there. Population, 
see census. “The Plaindealer,” es- 
tablished in 1889, is its newspaper. 


Whitewood Creek rises in the moun- 
tains south of Lead, runs through 
Deadwood northeast to the Belle 
Fourche. The great placer diggings 
at Deadwood were chiefly on White- 
wood and Deadwood Creeks, the latter 


930 


Whiting, Charles S. 


joining Whitewood Creek in Deadwood 
City. 


Whiting Charles S. 1863-1922; born 
in Olmstead County, Minnesota May 
25; studied law in Michigan and Min- 
nesota law schools, graduating from 
Minnesota in 1889 and at once settled 
in practice at Desmet; county attorney 
Kingsbury County four terms; judge 


Ninth Circuit, 1903-1908; supreme 
judge 1908 to death. 
Whiting, John E., 1860- ; born at 


Carmi, Illinois, February 22; graduate 
Carmi Normal School; settled at 
Woonsocket, 1882, member constitu- 
tional convention, 1883; county attor- 
ney, Sanborn County, several terms; 
legislator, 1909,1911. 


Whitlock, John E., born in Fulton 
County, N. Y; came to Dakota in 
1882; engaged in the banking business; 
in Gettysburg, Potter Co., since 1883; 
State Senator 1897, 1901, 1905, 1913, 
1915. 


Whitney is a p. o. in n. e. Perkins 
Co. 

Whitney, Odell K., 1884- ; Philip; 
born in Jerauld County, S. D. December 
31st; engaged in practice of law at 
Philip since 1911; has been states 
attorney and county judge of Haakon 
County; State Senator, 1925. 


Whitney, Oliver W. was the father- 
in-law of Gen. Edward S. McCook, sec- 
retary of the Territory, who was killed 
by Peter P. Wintermute in 1873. Pres- 
ident Grant appointed Whitney to fill 
out the unexpired term of his son-in- 
law. He came to Dakota with Mc- 
Cook and made his home in the 
McCook household. 


Whittemore, W. E., 1868- ; Estel- 
line; born in Saratoga County, N. Y., 
February 22nd; engaged in real estate, 


Wilcox, Fred M. 


live stock and farming; came to Dak- 
ota in 1882; legislator, 1907, 1913; 
State Senator, 1915, 1917. 


Whorton, Daniel P., 1857- ; Wol- 
sey; born in Jasper County, Iowa; 
came to South Dakota in 1882; retired 
farmer; held several town offices; leg- 
islator, 1911. 


Wickens, George Ernest, 1888- : 
born in Lincoln, Nebraska, February 
17th; came to Avon, Bon Homme Co., 
in 1898; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; active in farmers cooperative 
organizations; legislator, 1925. 


Wickre, Jacob O., 1888- ; born at 
Langford, South Dakota, May 24th; 
engaged in farming and live stock busi- 
ness; held township and school offices; 
legislator 1919, 1921; working for 
improvement of agricultural condi- 
tions; State Senator, 1923. 


Wide Sandy Creek is a southern 
branch of the Grand River in Harding 
County. 


Widlon, John, 1867- ; born in 
Sweden, July 2nd; came to South Dak- 
in 1883 and to Viborg, Turner Co., 
1898; established and published, ‘“Vi- 
borg Enterprise”; legislator, 1915, 
1917; register, U. S. land office, 
Gregory, and later at Pierre. 


Weirsbeck, H., 1858- ; Water- 
town; born at Ottawa, Illinois, May 
12th; came to South Dakota in 1879; 
city marshal, deputy sheriff and later 
county sheriff in 1906; State Senator, 
1911. 


Wilcox, Fred M., 1858- ; born in 
Fremont County, Iowa, September 
15th; came to Beadle Co., Dakota in 


March, 1880 and engaged in real estate 
and loan business; State Senator, 1903; 
went to southern California about 
1906. 


931 


Wild Bill 


Wild Bill. See Hickok, James But- 
ler. 


Wild Cat. See Cat. 


Wilkins, Turney M. was appointed 
by President Grant secretary of Dak- 
ota Territory, 1869-70, to fill the unex- 
pired term of S. L. Spink, elected 
delegate to Congress. Wilkins was 
appointed from Iowa. 


Will. Any person of sound mind 
and 18 years of age may make a will, 
disposing of his estate. Wills are of 
three kinds; formal, written olograph- 
ic, being wholly in the hand-writing of 
the testator and need be in no partic- 
ular form so long as the desire of the 
testator is expressed; nuncupative or 
unwritten, made in view of immediate 
death or when in grave peril. A formal 
written will must be signed at the 
bottom in the presence of two witness- 
es who must certify that they signed 
the same as witnesses, at the request 
of the testator, who signed the will in 
their presence, and that they signed 
as such witness in the presence of the 
testator and of each other; and that 
the testator declared to them that the 
document so signed was his last will. 
The witnesses must add to their names 
their places of residence. The mar- 
riage of a testator after executing a 
will revokes such will, unless provis- 
ion has been made for spouse or issue. 





Code, 604-642. 

Will, H. P., 1862- ; Wessington 
Springs; born in Clayton County, Iowa, 
June 12th; came to Jeruald Co., S. D. 
in 1883; engaged in farming and stock 
raising; State Senator, 1917, 1919, 1921. 


Willett is a village in n. w. Harding 
Co. Population, see census. 


Williams, Andrew, ; Leola; born 
at Pickereltown, Ohio; came to South 


Williamson, Rev. John P. 


Dakota in 1883; engaged in mercantile 
business; has been county judge, re- 
gister of deeds and state‘s attorney; 
State Senator, 1911. 


Williams, Joseph A., 1879- ; born 
Washington, Ind.; Feb. 22; studied 
in Vincennes U. and Valpariso U.;A. B. 
U. of Ind. 1906; A. M. 1910 Ph. D. 1924; 
U. of Chicago, and Columbia U. Prof. 
Education and director of Summer 
School, State College since 1921. 


Williams, R. H., 1843- ; Brook- 
ings; born in England, December 10th; 
came to South Dakota in 1879; engaged 
in mercantile business and later the 
banking business; has been alderman 
of Brookings; State Senator, 1909. 


Williams, Roy, 1856- ; born in 
Wisconsin; Sioux Falls, 1884; presi- 
dent, board of charities and correc- 
tions, 1889; mayor, 1893. 


Williams, Richard, 1857- +; born 
at Cambria, Wis., May 16; came to 
Dakota in 1880 and settled first in 
Brown County; moved to Langford, 
Marshall Co., in 1887 and engaged in 
hardware business; deputy assessor of 
Brown County; president, board of 
trustees, Langford; State Senator, 
1889, 1899, 1901, 1905. 


Williamson, A,, ; Woonsocket; 
born at Cordova, Illinois; came to 
South Dakota in 1900; engaged in 
farming; State Senator, 1909. 


Williamson, J. H., 1859- ; born 
July 30th, in Starks, Somerset County, 
Maine; lawyer; located in Madison in 
April 1889; police and city justice, 
several years; county judge of Lake 
County, four years; State Senator, 
1901, 1903. 


Williamson, Rev. John P., 1835-1917; 
born at Lac qui Parte, Minnesota; said 
to have been first white child born 


932 


Williamson, R. F. 


in that State; son of Thomas S. Wil- 
liamson, notable medical missionary 
to the Sioux; educated at Marietta Col- 
lege; became missionary to the San- 
tee Sioux at Redwood Falls, Minne- 
sota, 1860, but was absent when the 
massacre occurred in 1862; came to 
Dakota with the Santee, who were 
removed from Minnesota to Crow 
Creek, 1863; but when the Indians 
went to Nebraska (1866)Mr William- 
son went with them to Santee Agency; 
but in March, 1869 he became the 
minister to the Yanktons at Green- 
wood, where he established his home 
and lived the remainder of his years; 
he was missionary superintendent of 
the Presbyterian missions and schools 
throughout the Sioux country, extend- 
ing from Greenwood to Devils Lake, 
North Dakota and into Montana. 





“John P. Williamson,’’ Memoir, by Bar- 
ton. 


Williamson, R. F., 1883- ; born at 
Oronoco, Minnesota, June 24th; educat- 
ed, Northwestern and Minn. Univs.; 
came to Aberdeen, S. D. in 1904; attor- 
ney; state’s attorney of Brown County, 
1919, 1923;legislator, 1923, 1925. 


Williamson, William, 1875- ; born 
in Mahaska Co., Iowa, Oct. 7; came to 
South Dakota, 1882, where he farmed, 
taught school and in 1905 graduated 
from the South Dakota Law School; 
homsteaded in Lyman County, and was 
state‘s attorney 1905-1911; judge 12th 
circuit 1911-1921; elected to congress 
1921 and continues in the position. His 
home is in Oacoma. 


Willis, Hugh Evander, 1875- : 
born in Vermont; graduate of Yankton 
College; dean, North Dakota Law 
School, 1917-22; professor of law, U. 
of Indiana, 1922-; author of many law 
books. 


Wilson, C. M. 


Willow. See Trees. 


Willow Creek is a stream running 
into the Belle Fourche River from 
the north in Butte County. 


Willow Creek is a branch of the 
Missouri River in Armstrong Co. 


Willow Creek is a northern branch 
of Bad River in eastern Stanley 
County. Sitting Bull was born on this 
stream about 18 miles from Fort Pierre. 


Willow Creek is a northern affluent 
of Skunk Creek in central Minnehaha 
County. 


Willow Creek, rising in McPherson 
County, runs east to the Elm River in 
Brown Co. 


Willow Creek falls into the Big Sioux 
River from the east at Watertown. 


Willow Lake is in Southern Clark 
County; upon it is located the town 
of the same name. 


Willow Lake is a town in southern 


Clark Co. Population, see census. 
“The News,” established in 1888, is 
its newspaper. 

Wills. See -Will. 

Willsie, Myron, ; Rapid City; 


State Senator in 1905 and 1907. 


Wilmot is a city in southern Roberts 
Co. Population, see census. ‘“The 
Republican,” established in 1894, and 
“The Enterprise,” in 1917, are its news- 
papers. 


Wilson, C. M., 1851- ; Huron; 
born on a farm in Sullivan County, Ind- 
jana; engaged in farming; located 
in Dallas County, Missouri, in 1870 and 
engaged in newspaper work; later 
studied law and came to Dakota in 1882 
and engaged in loan and insurance bus- 
iness; admitted to the bar in 1883; held 


933 


Wilson, James W. 


several county and city offices; leg- 
islator, 1905. 


Wilson, James W., 1869- ; born 
Traer, Iowa Feb. 12; Iowa State Col- 
lege B.S. 1896; M.- 5S: 1898; GL. D: 
U.S. D. Professor of Animal Husband- 
ry and director of the Experiment Sta- 
tion, State College. 


Wind. 


Wind Cave, Wind Cave Park. 
Black Hills, 4. 


See Climate. 


See 


Windstorm. See Climate, 5-8. 


Winfred is a town in western Lake 
Co. “The Dispatch,” established in 
1904, is its newspaper. 


Wingerd, A. B., 1868- ; Winner; 
born in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, 
December 13th; came to South Dak- 
ota in 1909; engaged in farming and 
raising of pure bred cattle and hogs; 
legislator, 1919. 


Wingert is a station in n. w. part of 
Minnehaha County. 


Winnebago is a tribe of Siouan Ind- 
ians whose historic habitat was in Wis- 
consin. In 1863 they were removed to 
Fort Thompson and established upon 
a reservation there; but soon they were 
transferred to eastern Nebraska. 


Winner is a city in central Tripp 
County. Population, see census. “The 
Tripp County Journal,’ established in 
1908, “The Advocate,” established in 
1910, and “The Journal,” established in 
1917, are its newspapers. 


“Winning of the Bronze Cross, The,” 
is a Philippine romance by O. W. 
Coursey (dq. Vv.) 


Winning Orations. See Literature 
of South Dakota, VIII, College Ora- 
tions. 


Wintermute-McCook 


Winona and St. Peter Railway is 
now Chicago and Northwestern Rail- 
way from Winona, Minnesota, to 
Watertown. That line was built to 
Gary in the autumn of 1872 and graded 
to Lake Kampeska that year. In 1873 - 
it was ironed as far as Lake Kampeska 
in order to hold the land-grant of every 
alternate section in a strip 20 miles 
wide. An excursion train was run from 
Chicago to Lake Kampeska in June, 
1873, but there was no further traffic 
over the line beyond Gary until the 
track was rebuilt in the summer of 
1878. For several years the road was 
not operated beyond Marshall, Minne- 
sota. 


Winship is a R. R. station in north- 
ern Brown Co. 


Wintering Grounds. See Ebbett’s 


Wintering Grounds. 


Wintering Posts. In addition to the 
regularly established Forts the fur 
companies maintained many wintering 
posts where traders and clerks were 
established with wares for exchange 
forfur. These posts were set up wher- 
ever a band of Indians settled down 
for the winter, but as these settle- 
ments were always where there were 
timber and shelter most of them were 
at well recognized points, as at Little 
Bend, the Little Cheyenne, Swan 
Creek, at the Forks of the Cheyenne, 
Cherry Creek, at the mouths of the 
Little White and of the Wounded 
Knee; at Rondell on the James, at 
Waantan’s village on the Elm and at 
various points on the Moreau and 
Grand rivers. 


Wintermute-McCook. September 11, 
1873, Edwin S. McCook, Secretary of 
Dakota Territory, was:shot and killed 
by Peter P. Wintermute, a banker of 
Yankton, as the immediate result of 


934 


Wipf, A. A. | 


a bar-room brawl, though it had its 
antecedents in a political quarrel. The 
case excited great interest because of 
the prominence of the parties. 
result of the first trial the defendant 
was found guilty of manslaughter and 
was sentenced to ten years in the 
penitentiary; the supreme court set 
aside the verdict and ordered a new 
trial; a change of venue was secured 
to Clay County, the case was tried 
there August 10, 1875, and Winter- 
mute was acquitted. He returned to 
his former home in New York and 
died there in January, 1877. 


Wipf, A. A., 1868- ; Freeman; 
born in Taurida, Russia, September 
12th; came to South Dakota in 1876; 
practicing physician; State Senator, 
19138. 


Wipf, D. D., 1872- ; born at Hut- 
terthal, South Russia, August 4th; 
came to Hutchinson Co., 1879; farmer, 
school teacher and business man; dep- 
uty county treasurer, 1897-1900; elect- 
ed county auditor in 1900; Secretary 
of State, 1905-1909. 


Wipf, John J., 1870- ; Freeman; 
born in South Dakota, November 12th; 
formerly engaged in school teaching 
but later general merchant at Free- 
man; town clerk; legislator 1903, 1909, 
1911, 1925. 


Wishart, Joseph S., 1892- ; Dead- 
wood; born in Chadron, Nebraska, 
February 2nd; came to Deadwood in 
1914; lawyer; legislator, 1925. 


Wist is a discontinued postoffice 
in northeastern Day Co. 


Withee, Ephraim, 1845- ; Parker; 
born in Bingham, Maine, June 25th; 
came to Dakota in 1875; retired farm- 
er; held various township offices; leg- 
islator, 1893, 1913, 1915, 1917. 


As the. 


Wolf Bounty 


“With Carrington on the Bozeman 
Trail.” A historic romance for boys, 
by Joseph Mills Hanson (q. v.). Re- 
lates the experience of a boy in the 
Red Cloud War of 1866-8. 1912. 


“With Sully in the Sioux Land.” A 
historic romance for boys, by Joseph 
Mills Hanson (q. v.) It is a story of 


the campaigns of 1863-5 in the Da- 
kota country. 1910. 
Witte, C. F. H., 1861- ; born in 


farmer, Minnehaha Coun- 
proprietor, Minnehaha 


Wisconsin; 
ty, 1879; 
Springs, 1898. 


Witten 
Tripp Co. 


is a town in northwestern 


Wittenberg is a discontinued post- 
office in central Hutchinson Co. 


Wiittmayer, J. B., 1878- ; Eureka; 
born at Tyndall S. D., August 20th; 
engaged in farming and live stock rais- 
ing; county auditor of McPherson 
County from 1913 to 1916; legislator, 
1919, 1921, 1923. 


Wixson, Eli B., 1833-1908; first set- 
tler of Elkpoint; postmaster, 1860-2, 
1865-9; sergeant of Co. B, First Da- 
kota Cavalry, 1862-5. 


Wolf Bounty. South Dakota pays 
the following bounties for the destruc- 
tion of wolves and other predatory 
animals: 

Each grown buffalo, black or gray 


Wot 3h SIA STITT, . RS $5.00 
Each pup buffalo, black or gray wolf 
RR SRI. MR SRR OTT 2.00 
Each mountain lion (cougar).. 3.00 
macirteoy ote 554 SFiAVaES. SFP, 2.00 


There is a standing appropriation 
of $13,000 annually, and the payment 
of the above bounties is subject to be 
scaled to the proportionate share of 
the entire appropriation, so that no 
deficiency shall exist at any time. 


935 : 


Wolf Creek 


Wolf Creek is a western tributary 
to Turtle River in Hand County. 


Wolf Creek, rising in southeastern 


Hanson County, runs southwest to — 


James River in central Hutchinson 
County. There is an important Hut- 
terisch Bruderen Colony at the mouth 
of this stream. 


Wolf Creek rises in north central 
Buffalo Co. and runs south to the 
Missouri River near the mouth of 
Crow Creek. ; 


Wolfram. See Metals. 


Wolsey is a town in western Beadle 
Co. Population, see Census. “The 
Beadle Co. Herald,’ established in 
1903, is its newspaper. 


Wolzmuth,. John, ; Spearfish; 
born at Whitesboro, N. Y.; came to 
South Dakota in 1876; engaged in re- 
tail hardware business; legislator, 
1905, 1911, 1913. 


Woman’s Christian Temperance Un- 
ion. See W. C. T. U. 


Woman’s Clubs. 


Woman’s Relief Corps, auxilliary to 
the Grand Army of the Republic, was 
first organized as Carlton Relief Corps 
No. 1 at Parker early in 1884; the De- 
partment in Dakota Territory was or- 
ganized at Sioux Falls, on September 
11, 1884, by Mrs. Alma §S. Bennett, of 
Sioux Falls. There were at that date 
corps at Parker, Huron, Sioux Falls, 
Yankton, Egan and Hurley. On June 
1, 1900 there were 48 corps with 1279 
members; January 1, 1924 there were 
40 corps with a total of 2647 members 
in good standing. While the G. A. R. 
has steadily declined the W. R. C. has 
as steadily grown. For complete ros- 
ters of the officers of the W. R. C. 
from its organization see the annual 


Woods, William Robert 


journal of the proceedings of the de- 
partment of S. D. for any year. 


Woman’s Suffrage. See Suffrage. 


“Woman with a Stone Heart, The’ ; 
A romance by O. W. Coursey (q. v.). 


Wood is a village in s. e. Mellette Co. 


Wood, E. H., 1874- ; Pierre; born 
at Northville, Minn., September 26th; 
came to South Dakota at an early age; 
county superintendent of schools from 
1898 to 1902; legislator, 1913. 


Woodburn, Ethelbert C., 1875- : 
born Fowler Ind. June 26; A. B. Ind- 
iana U. A. M. Chicago U. LL. D. Yank- 
ton College. President Spearfish Nor- 
mal since 1918; president S. D. E. A. 
1924. 


Woodford, G. R., 1859- ; Mans- 
field; born at Lewinton, Wisconsin, 
December 2nd; came to South Dakota 
in 1882; engaged in farming; legis- 
lator, 1917, 1919. 


Woodruff, Edwin Blanchard, 1872- 

; born Delhi, N. Y. June 3; Ed St. 

Stephens College Columbia U. Berkley 

Divinity School. Dean Calvary Cathe- 
dral, Sioux Falls. 


Woodruff, James, 1864- ; born in 


Illinois; printer, Sioux Falls, 1885; 
legislator, 1899. 
Woods, Delos M., 1876- ; Ravinia; 


born in Madison County, Iowa, Novem- 
ber 6th; came to South Dakota in 1905; 
engaged in farming and live stock 
raising; legislator, 1915, 1917. ~ 


Woods, William Robert, 1879- ; 
born in Smith County, Kansas, Nov- 
ember llth; located on a ranch in 
Custer County, 1898; engaged in farm- 
ing and stock raising; was agricultural 
extension lecturer, 1911-1917; State 
Senator, 1923. 


: 936 


Woodrow Wilson 


Woodrow Wilson. See Presidential 
Visits. | 


Woodville is a R. R. station in west- 
Lawrence Co. 


Woodworth, Dr. Rollin E., 1865- —— ; 
born in New York; graduate, Univer- 
sity of the City of New York; physi- 
cian; resided in Sioux Falls, 1881; 
superintendent, State Sanitarium for 
the Tubercular at Custer, 1909. 


Wool. See Agriculture, 11%. 


Wooley, John H., 1873- ; High- 
more; born at Bannister, Michigan, 
April 21st; came to Hyde County in 
1884 and engaged in the real estate 
and drug business; legislator, 1907, 
1909: 


Woonsocket is a city in western San- 
born Co. Population, see census. 
“The Sanborn Co. Herald-Times,” es- 
tablished in 1882, and “The News,” 
in 1884, and the “Sanborn Co. Farm 
Bureau News,” established in 1918, are 
its newspapers. 


Words. The meaning of words in 
any law “are to be understood in their 
ordinary sense, except when a contrary 
intention plainly appears.” 





Code, 6. 


Workman’s Compensation. S. L. 
1917, chap. 278 and subsequent acts 
provide a complete procedure for the 
compensation of workmen injured in 
the course of employment. The em- 
ployer is deprived of all common law 
defenses and is consequently compelled 
to purchase insurance covering possi- 
ble injuries to his workmen. The act 
is administered ~by a deputy in the 
office of the State Industrial Com- 
missioner. 


Code, 9398-9491. 


World War. See under War, 12. 


Wright, Geo. W. 


Worthing is a town in northern 
Lincoln Co. “The Enterprise,” estab- 
lished in 1892, is its newspaper. 


Worthless Creek is a northern trib- 
utary to Moreau River in Ziebach Co. 


Wosunk, Theodore, 1877- ; born 
in Kerson Province, Russia, May 18th, 
came to Dakota in 1886; engaged in 
real estate and farming in Campbell 
Co.; State Senator, 1909; in Aberdeen 
since 1909; veteran of Spanish-Ameri- 
can War; legislator, 1923. 


Wososo is a p. 0. in n. w. Todd Co. 


Wounded Knee is a small creek 
tributary to the White River in Wash- 
ington County. From 1830 there was 
a trading station at the mouth of it. 
Chiefly known because of the ruthless 
destruction of the band of Big Foot, 
a Minneconjou chief, by U. S. Cavalry 
under Colonel Forsyth, Dec. 29, 1890. 
See Battle of Wounded Knee under 
War, 8. 


Hist., II, 490. 

Wray, Andrew N., 1879- ; born 
Bennezette, Iowa, July 15; B.Di. Iowa 
State Teachers College; M.Di. Wis. U.; 
A.B. University of Minnesota, head 


dept. sociology and economics, Nor- 
thern Normal. 
Wray, Ed. M., 1880- ; Holabird; 


born in Johnson County, Iowa June 
29th; came to South Dakota in 1908; 
engaged in farming; legislator, 1923. 


Wrecks. See Steamboat Wrecks. 
Wren. See Birds. 
Wright, George W., ; Huron; 


born in Illinois; came to South Dak- 
ota in 1882; successful business man 
and real estate dealer; common coun- 
cil of Huron for two years; legislator, 
1911; State Senator, 1913; Chairman 
of State Republican Committee. 


937 


Wright, J. C. 


Wright, J. C., 1874- ; Volga; 
born in Coopersville, Mich., September 
18th; came to Brookings County in 
1882; engaged in farming; legislator, 
1925, 


Writing. See Contracts. 


Written Contracts. See Contracts 


required in Writing. 





Wrong. In law “no one can take 
- advantage of his own wrong.” 

Code, 49. 

Wrongs. “For every wrong there 


is a remedy.” 





Code, 55. 

Wumkes, W. W., 1885- ; born at 
Lennox, Lincoln Co., S. D. April 17th; 
dealer in land, cattle and investments; 


958 


Wyoming 


member, Board of Education, Lennox; 
legislator, 1923, 1925. 


Wyandotte is a discontinued p. o. 
in s. w. Perkins Co. 


Wykoff, Benjamin, 1849- ; born 
in New York City; farmer and county 
treasurer, Flandreau, 1878. 


Wyman, Alfred Lee, 1874- ; born 
in Yankton, December 9th; attorney; 
states attorney of Yankton Co., 1905-8, 
1913-19; legislator, 1909; State Sen- 
ator in 1911; mayor of Yankton, 1915. 


Wyman, Frank D., 1889-1913; pioneer 
of Yankton; State senator; steward, 
state hospital for the insane. 


Wyoming. A large part of Wyoming 
was in Dakota Territory until 1868. 


Yahota 


Yahota is a R. R. station in eastern 
Codington Co. 


Yale is a village in eastern Beadle 
Co. “The Echo,” established in 1907, 
is its newspaper. 


Yale Band. A party of young Con- 
gregational clergymen, graduates of 
Yale College, consisting of Alden B. 
Case, Pliny B. Fisk, Philip E. Holp, 
William B. Hubbard, George Lindsey, 
John R. Reitzel, Charles W. Shelton, 
William H. Thrall and George B. 
Trimble, who in 1881 came to South 
Dakota as missionaries of the church. 
They were met at Chicago by Dr. 
Joseph Ward and Rev. Charles M. Shel- 
don and conducted to their Dakota 
fields. Of the number only Dr. W. H. 
Thrall remains, now pastor of the 
church at Brentford, but for thirty 
years superintendent of the conference. 
See Religion, 6. 


Yankton. Founded, 1858; named for 
Yankton band of Sioux who formerly 


»ecupied the townsite; capital, Dak- 
ota Territory, 1861—1883; seat of 
Yankton College, founded in 1881. 


Has Milwaukee, Northwestern and 
Great Northern railways; combination 
R. R. and wagon bridge across the 
Missouri River built by the citizens; 
home of the Gurney Seed and Nursery 
Company. Population, see census. 


Yankton Agreement. See Indian 
Treaties, 8. 


Yankton College. See Education. 


“Yankton College.” A_ historical 
sketch of Yankton College from its 
foundation to 1907, by Prof. William 
J. MeMurtry, LL.D. 


Yankton County. Created and organ- 
ized, 1862; named for the Yankton 


Yankton County Bonds 


band of Sioux Indians; bounded on 
the north by north line of township 
96; on the east by line separating 
ranges 53 and 54; on the south by 
main channel of the Missouri River; 
on the west by the west boundary 
line of range 57, west 5th P. M. Set- 
tled in 1859 by Joseph R. Hanson and 
others. County seat, Yankton Co.; 
seat of Yankton College and State 
Hospital for the Insane. Area, 334,720 
acres. 





Code, p. 152. 


Yankton County Bonds. To secure 
the construction of the Dakota South- 
ern Railway from Sioux City to Yank- 
ton, at an election held Sept. 2, 1871, 
the citizens voted a bonus of $200,000 
in the bonds of the county. The con- 
tract with the railroad company pro- 
vided that the headquarters and shops 
should be located in the city of Yank- 
ton. The road was built according to 
contract but the headquarters and 
shops were not placed there. The 
people in consequence repudiated the 
bonds for a time, and finally compro- 
mised the matter and paid the great- 
er portion of them. In 1882 Dakota 
applied for division and admission; 
but Senator Eugene Hale, of Maine, 
protested such action because of the 
repudiation of these bonds, many of 
which were in the hands of his con- 
stituents. But for this a Republican 
Congress would at that time have vot- 
ed admission. The matter was soon 
after adjusted; but in the meantime 
President Cleveland and a Democratic 
Congress were chosen, and admission 
was not consonant with their policy; 
consequently admission was deferred 
7 years. 


Kingsbury, 646. 


939 


Yankton Indian Agency 


Yankton Indian Agency is in Chas. 
Mix County. 


Yankton Indians. A band of the 
Sioux, who occupied the region about 
the present city of Yankton and are 
now domiciled in Charles Mix County. 
They have abandoned tribal relations. 
They number 1928. 


Yankton Jubilee. The city of Yank- 
ton celebrated the jubilee of its his- 
tory, June 11, 1911, with festivities 
continuing for a week. Among the 
notable visitors were C. J. Holman, 
of Iowa, who built the first house in 
Yankton in 1858 and Governor Wil- 
liam Jayne, first territorial governor, 
and John H. Shober, first president 
of the territorial council. 


Yankton Treaty. See Indian Treat- 
ies, 2. 


Yeager, S. S., 1867- ; Webster; 
born in Chickasaw County, Iowa, De- 
-cember 25th; engaged in farming, 
lumber and coal business; located in 
Day County in 1882; held several 
school, township and county offices; 
State Senator in 1909. 


' Yellow Banks River rises in several 
heads in western Grant County and 
runs east into Minnesota. 


Yellow Medicine Creek rises in 
western Bennett Co. and flows north- 
west across Washington Co. to the 
White River. 


Young, Evan €E., 1878- ; born 
Kenton, Ohio, Aug. 17; came to South 
Dakota in infancy; educated School 
of Mines; in Philippine War; after- 
ward captain and adjutant in regular 
army; Envoy Extraordinary and Min- 
ister Plenipotentiary to Ecquador, 


Young, Sutton E. 


1911-12; Minister to Dominican Repub- 
lic, 1925-. 


» deca, brad tyre The Young Men’s 
Christian Association has numerous 
organizations in the State and has at- 
tempted to maintain a State supervis- 
ory organization with little success. 
It has organizations among the men 
of most of the colleges and Universi- 
ties; in Aberdeen and Sioux Falls it 
maintains commodious buildings with 
all modern appointments for the con- 
venience of its patrons. 


Younger and James Brothers. In 
the “Argus-Leader,” Sioux Falls, J. A. 
Derome published between March 22, 
and June 14th, 1924, twelve articles 
giving the history of the Younger- 
James Band of desperadoes in South 
Dakota, in connection with the North- 
field, Minnesota, robbery and escape 
therefrom afterward. The Youngers 
were apprehended near Watonwan, 
Minnesota; but two of the James Boys, 
Jesse and Frank, escaped and crossed 
into South Dakota, north of Valley 
Springs; they stole a pair of blind 
horses from Andrew Nelson, Sept. 17, 
1876, nearby and were seen at Shind- 
lar; afterward, near Canton, they 
forcibly exchanged the blind horses 
for the best horses selected from the 
teams of Peter Wahl and Andrew 
Shuelson, and made off to the South. 
There is doubt about their complete 
course, but it appears that they did 
no go far into South Dakota. 


Youngquist, E. V., - ; Car- 
ter; born in Iowa; came to South Da- 
kota in 1908; engaged in banking busi- 
ness; legislator, 1913. 


Young, Sutton E., 1847-19 
Ohio; 


; born in 
graduate of Hiram College, 


940 


Young, Sutton E. 


1871; superintendent City Schools, 
Sioux Falls, 1881-4; lawyer; Speaker, 
first State legislature; superintendent, 
State Training School at Plankinton 
at time of death. 





Hist., Minn. Co., 750. 


Young, Warren 


Young, Warren, 1854- ; born in 
Boone County, Indiana, October 2nd; 
moved to Brule County, S. D., in 1883 
and engaged in farming, grain buy- 
ing, and live stock dealing and real 
estate; legislator, 1903, 1905. 


941 


Zafft, Paul F. 


Zafft, Paul F., 1863- ; Waubay; 
born in Brandenburg Province, Ger- 
many; came to South Dakota in 1879; 
engaged in general merchandise busi- 
ness at Canistota, 1890, and in same 
business at Waubay in 1894; legisla- 
tor, 1905. 


Zeal is a post office in eastern Meade 
County. 


Zeigler is a post office in northern 
Hyde County. 


Zell is a village in southeastern 
Faulk County. Founded by the West- 


ern Town Lot Co. in 1886. Named 
from the Zells of Germany. 
Zeller, George, 1867- ; Java; 


born in southern Russia, June 3rd; 
came to Dakota in 1884; engaged in 
farming; legislator, 1919. 


Zeona is a post office in southwest- 
ern Perkins County. 


Ziebach County. Created, 1911; or- 
ganized, 1911. Named for Frank M. 
Ziebach (q. v.); bounded on the north 
by the north line of township 17; on 
the west by the 102d meridian; on 
the south by the center of the main 
channel of Cheyenne River; on the 
east by the line separating ranges 24 
and 25, east B. H. M., to the line sep- 
arating townships 12 and 13 north; 
thence west 18 miles along such town- 
ship line to the 6th guide meridian, 
B. H. M., thence north along said 
guide meridian. County seat, Dupree; 
area, 1,263,360 acres. 





Code, p. 152. 


Zoske, Alfred 


Ziebach, Frank M., 1830- ; born 
in Union County, Pennsylvania; es- 
tablished the Yankton Dakotan, now 
the Press and Dakotan June 6, 1861. 
He was a captain in command of the 
militia during the Indian uprising of 
1862 and the territorial officers being 
absent from the territory, he became 
known as Governor Ziebach, a title 
that still clings to him; he has been 
actively in business until the present 
year, (1925) at Winner, but has taken 
his residence at Wessington Springs. 


Ziebach, Jacob E., (Tom) 1858- 4 
born in Sargents Bluffs, Iowa, March 
1; came to Dakota, 1861; educated in 
Yankton schools; has been. U. S. com- 
missioner, postmaster at Scotland, 
special agent of the United States to 
protect Alaska seal industry, 1894-97, 
legislator, 1909, 1911, 1913; State sen- 
ator, 1915; rural credits commission- 
er, 1917-1925; engaged in banking at 
Wessington Springs. 


Zink, Wiltiam, 1869- ; Wessing- 
ton Springs; born in Missouri, Febru- 
ary 27th; came to Jerauld County in 
1886 and later engaged in the hard- 
ware and implement business; served 
two terms as county auditor; legis- 
lator, 1907. 


Zitkala. See Old Indian Legends. 


Zoske, Alfred, 1875- ; born in 
Germany, April 22, and educated 
there; settled in Lyman County in 
1890; legislator, 1913; State senator, 
1915; rural credits commissioner, 1917- 
1925; resides in Deadwood. 


942 


FINIS 


And this must be the utter end:— 
Unrealized the glowing dream 
Dakota, of a graphic blend. 
Revealing thee in vivid gleam. 


—= 


Ends thus too oft prophetic dream, 
And yet, sans vision, there’s no gleam. 


943 


Addenda 


The following articles were inad- 
vertently omitted from their regu- 
lar alliteration. 





Allen, Jay B., 1891- ; A. B., Sioux 
Falls College; Ph.D., U. Chicago; ac- 
tive in religious education; president 


State Sunday School Association; 
Sioux Falls. 

Allen, William C., 1869- ; born 
Columbia Co., Wisconsin; president 


Dakota Farmer Company. 


Atlantic Yellowstone Pacific High- 
way an important trans-continental 
route, the latest to be projected 
through South Dakota. It enters 
South Dakota at Sioux Falls where 
the national headquarters of the trail 
are located. Generally it follows the 
line of the Custer Battlefield Trail to 
Rapid City, and thence by way of Hot 
Springs to Lusk, Wyoming. 


Ayres, George V., 1852- ; born 
Wyoming, Penn., Nov. 15; pioneer 
Black Hills, 1876; Receiver U. S. Land 
Office, Rapid City; active in masonry; 
Deadwood. 


Baker, William L., 1860- ; born 
in Nelson, N. Y., April 9; pioneer 
banker, Sioux Falls. 

Bakewell, Robert C., 1886- ; born 
Plankinton, Sept. 5; ed., U. S. D.; 


Judge Fifth Circuit; Mitchell. 


Batcheller, John Wesley, 1868- : 
born Yankton Jan. 28; educated Yank- 
ton College and N. W. U.; president 
S. D. Farmers’ Union. 


Beck, Ambrose B., 1879- ; born 
Sinking Springs, Penn., Dec. 18; came 
to South Dakota 1881; judge First 
Circuit, Geddes. 


Beckwith, Lt. Col. Edward A., 1879- 
* born Titusville, Penn., Dec. 19; 
ed. Pulaski Academy; served in Phil- 


ippine and World Wars; in France 
cited by Pershing for distinguished 
and exceptional gallantry. 


Bellamy, Paul, 1877- ; born 
Knoxville, Iowa, Nov. 17; B. S., Cor- 
nell College; served in Philippine war; 
Secretary State Cement commission; 
register U. S. Land Office, Rapid City. 


Billinghurst, Charles B., 1854- 4 
born Juneau, Wisconsin; president 
State Historical Society, 1923. 


Bonham, Willis H., 1847- ; born 
Newton, Ill., pioneer editor Deadwood, 
1877; postmaster of Deadwood. 


Borglum, Gutzon, 1867- ; born in 
Idaho March 25 of Danish ‘parents; 
spent his youth at Fremont and 
Omaha, Nebraska, where he was: edu- 
cated in the public schools. Early 
developed aptitude for art, both in 
painting and modeling; having at- 
tracted wide attention for his youth- 
ful work, he went to Paris in 1890 
and studied in Julien Academy and 
Ecole des Beaux Arts, and was made 
an associate of the Paris Salon where 
his compositions were given the high- 
est commendation. Returned to 
America for two years and then es- 
tablished himself in London and Paris 
until 1901, there he came under the 
patronage of the Duchess of Marl- 
borough who brought him prominent- 
ly to the attention of the art circles 
of both continents. Since 1901 he has 
resided in America. His more not- 
able work includes, ‘“Pursued” in the 
Royal Palace at Berlin, ‘Mares of 
Diomedes” in the Metropolitan Mu- 
seum, “The Twelve Apostles,” in 
Cathedral of St. John the Divine; “I 
have Piped and Ye have Danced” in 
St. John’s Cathedral. The massive 
portrait of Lincoln in the Rotunda of 
the Capitol, and many equestrian and 


944 


Addenda 


portrait statues. He has been. most 
industrious, and his work is probably 
more widely distributed than that of 
any other sculptor. His last great 
work has been the Confederate Me- 
morial on Stone Mountain, near At- 
lanta; this most massive work ever 
undertaken contemplated a frieze 150 
feet wide running entirely across the 
face of the mountain for a distance 
of about one-half mile, with a great 
central group of equestrian portraits 
embracing the more notable confed- 
erates. The work had progressed un- 
til the bust of Lee was complete and 
those of Stonewall Jackson and Jef- 
ferson Davis far advanced, while the 
entire central group were blocked out, 
when because Mr. Borglum demand- 
ed a more efficient administration of 
the funds he was removed from the 
work. It stands incompleted. 

In September 1924 upon invitation 
Mr. Borglum visited the Black Hills 
where in the vicinity of Mount Har- 
ney he found massive granite of gsuit- 
able texture to bear a great memorial 
and provision is well advanced for its 
execution. See Black Hills, also 


Mount Harney Memorial Association ° 


(in Addenda). 


Bridges, The. The legislature of 
1923 made provision for naming the 
Missouri River Bridges in the follow- 
ing concurrent resolution proposed by 
Mr. Erskine and unanimously adopt- 
ed: 

Whereas, the programme for the 
erection of five bridges across the Mis- 
souri River, inaugurated by this Legis- 
lature, founds an enterprise of the 
most tremendous import in the prog- 
ress and development of this State 
of sunshine and hopefulness, and 


Whereas, these great bridges will 
stand for centuries as monuments to 


Addenda 


the constructive, far visioned states- 
manship of this period, joining as they 
will the ends of the State into one 
magnificent commonwealth, accessible 
to all for commercial and social inter- 
course; binding the golden fields of 
the east with the golden sands of the 
west; uniting in one grand and infi- 
nite panorama the billowing, herd 
flecked, garden bedecked plains with 
the scenic wonderland of the moun- 
tains, and exhibiting to the world the 
most varied scenery, upon the grand- 
est scale, ever combined within the 
boundaries of a single State, and 


Whereas, each of the bridges will 
be well calculated as memorials to 
distinguished South Dakotans or im- 
portant events in our State history; 
therefore 


BE IT RESOLVED BY THE SEN- 
ATE OF THE STATE OF SOUTH 
DAKOTA, THE HOUSE OF REPRE- 
SENTATIVES CONCURRING: 

That the citizens interested in these 
bridges be enjoined to assemble at 
the several sites to celebrate the Na- 
tional Independence, on July 4, 1923, 
and upon that occasion, by some pop- 
ular method select the individual, or 
the event, which they desire to com- 
memorate. 

That the State Bridge Engineer pro- 
vide in the plans for each such bridge 
a tablet or other suitable method of 
recording, upon the bridge the indi- 
vidual or event so commemorated. 


Pursuant to this resolution the cit- 
izens of Pierre and of Fort Pierre vot- 
ed in July 1923 to call the bridge con- 
necting those points, “The Pierre and 
Fort Pierre Bridge, dedicated to the 
memory of Stephen Return Riggs, who 
preached the first Christian sermon 
in South Dakota at Fort Pierre, Sep- 
tember 20, 1840, and his devoted sons, 


945 


Addenda 


Alfred Longley and Thomas Lawrence 
Riggs who have directed their lives in 
this field to the regeneration of a na- 
tion.” 


On Tuesday September 1, 1925, the 
Rosebud bridge having been complet- 
ed it was dedicated by Governor 
Gunderson with an elaborate cere- 
mony. It was an occasion when the 
people of a large territory assembled 
to express appreciation of the great 
utility thus provided by the common- 
wealth. 


On September 22, 1925, the Cham- 
berlain bridge was likewise complet- 
ed, dedicated and thrown open to the 
public. The very full programme in- 
cluded a reproduction Custer’s last 
fight,—tthe Battle of the Little Big- 
horn,—in which vast numbers of 
Sioux and the Cavalry from Fort 
Meade took part. Every feature was 
filmed as a part of a notable dramatic 
production, “The Last Frontier.” 


Brown, James, 1858- ; born Ayr- 
shire, Scotland, Oct. 12; lawyer; math- 


ematician; U. of lowa; president 
State Bar Association; Chamberlain. 
Brown, Matthew A., 1887- ; born 


Kimball, Oct. 10; A. B., Yankton; 
Rhodes Scholar, M. A., Oxford; law- 
yer; Chamberlain. 

Burtt, Benj. H., 1861- DOL 


Utica, Ind., Jan. 12; Oberlin College; 
long pastor, Huron; moderator State 


Conference. 

Case, George W., 1861- ; born 
Luzerne, Pa., March 3; lawyer; state 
senator 1897; Register Watertown 
Land Office; Watertown. 

Carruth, Fred Hayden, 1862- - 


born Lake City, Minn., Oct. 31; U. of 
Minnesota; notable founder and hu- 
morous editor of the Estelline Bell; 


Addenda 


author, “Track’s End,” and “Voyage 
of the Rattletrap.” 


Clover, Samuel T., 1859- ; born 
London, Eng., Aug. 13; established 
Argus-Leader, Sioux Falls; author, 
“Dakota Zephyrs.” 

Cherry, U. S. G., 1863- ; born in 
Lewistown, Ohio, Dec. 2; George 
Washington U.; in Sioux Falls since 
1887; lawyer; Democratic nominee 


for supreme judge 1904; for U. S. Sen- 
ator 1920, 1924; member council of 
defense during World War. 


Chippewa, or Ojibwa. The bands of 
Chippewa who ranged about Pembina, | 
traditionally frequently invaded South 
Dakota in attacks upon the Sioux and 
we have one historic record of such 
an invasion. Tanner’s Narrative tells 
of it, but upon this occasion when 
they came up the Red River to the 
Coteau at the head of the Minnesota 
they did not encounter the enemy and 
soon returned to Pembina. The Chip- 
pewa, an Algonkin people apparently 
never had a habitation upon our soil. 


Clough, Francis E., 1878- ; born 
LaCrosse, Wisconsin, Feb. 9; Boston 
University, Rush Medical; chief sur- 
geon Homestake Hospital, Lead; pres- 
ident State Medical Association. 


Cottam, Gilbert G., 1873- ; born 
Manchester, Eng.; served in World 
War, captain and major Medical 
Corps; was in France during war; 
president State Medical Association. 


Crill, Louis N., 1867- ; born 
Spraguesville, Iowa; Missouri Valley 
College; active in progressive poli- 
tics; senator 1893, 1897; democratic 
candidate for governor, 1922. 


James R., 1862- ; born 
Mass., March 2; former 


Dalton, 
Abington, 


946 


Addenda 


secretary-treasurer Columbus College; 
father Sunshine Trail. 


Davenport, Herbert J., 1861- : 
born Wilmington, Vt., Aug. 10; Ph. B., 
U. S. D.; Harvard Law School; Leip- 
_ zig U.; Ecole des Sciences Politiques; 

Ph. D., Chicago U. Spent boyhood at 
Scotland, S. D.; superintendent Sioux 
Falls Schools; Prof. Economics Cor- 
nell U. since 1916; author half dozen 
works on economics. 


Dawes, Henry E., 1860- ; born 
Independence, Iowa, Sept. 17; ed- 
ucated Northwestern Normal College; 


post graduate U. of Neb.; originator 
touch system of typewriting; supt. 
Anti-Saloon League. 

Dillman, Willard, 1872- ; .born 


Long Lake, Minn.; educated State Col- 
lege and U. of M.; founded Revillo 


Revelle; author of ‘Across’ the 
Wheat,” a volume of South Dakota 
verse. 

Divorce in Dakota — From _ the 
beginning divorce was a_ matter 
of great scandal in Dakota _ Ter- 
ritory. The third bill introduced 


in the House of the first session of 
the Territorial Legislature at Yank- 
ton was one granting a divorce to 
Minnie Omeg from her husband, C. 
Omeg. The record does not reveal 
any information upon which the legis- 
lature acted in the premises or that 
C. Omeg had any information of the 
proceeding or opportunity to be heard. 
On the sixth day of the session, A. 
W. Puett, a lawyer, representing Clay 
County, introduced the bill, and it 
was referred to the committee upon 
judiciary who reported it favorably. 
It passed the house on the fifteenth 
day by a unanimous vote and was on 
that day transmitted to the Council. 
On the sixteenth day it passed the 


Addenda 


Council and in due course was ap- 
proved by Governor Jayne. The di- 
vorce was complete within ten days 
after the introduction of the bill; Mr. 
C. Omeg was doubtlessly greatly 
pleased when the news finally reach- 
ed him that he was a free man. 


One other divorce was granted at 
this first session which in this day 
would have created a sensation. We 
get no contemporary mention of it. 
Even M. K. Armstrong, the legislator 
and newspaper correspondent, did not 
deem it worthy of a note in his cor- 
respondence. One day—to be exact, 
April 25, 1862 — General William 
Tripp, an elder half-brother of Bart- 
lett Tripp, appeared in the lobby of 
the House. In fact the entire session 
was held in the home of General 
Tripp at the corner of Broadway and 
Fourth. Hon. A. W. Puett, observ- 
ing the distinguished Dakotan, mov- 
ed that he be invited to occupy “a 
seat within the bar of the House at 
pleasure.” 


A few moments later, Hon. C. Mc- 
Bride, representative from Cole (now 
Union) County, introduced House file 
No. 81, “An act to dissolve the mar- 
riage contract between Sarah A. 
Tripp and William Tripp.” The bill 
was referred to the judiciary com- 
mittee. The next morning that com- 
mittee, consisting of Moses K. Arm- 
strong, A. W. Puett, and George P. 
Waldron, reported the bill favorably. 
It passed the House unanimously; but 
two members Bligh E. Wood and J. 
A. Jacobson, who were at all times 
opposed to the legislative divorce pro- 
ceedings, were excused from voting. 
Perhaps they did not wish to go upon 
the record as opposing the distinguish- 
ed General Tripp. The bill was forth- 
with messaged over to the Council. 


947 


Addenda 


I quote the entire record in that body: 

“House of Representatives, April 26, 
1862. Mr. President: I have to in- 
form you that the House has passed 
House file No. 81; ‘An Act to dissolve 
the marriage contract between Sarah 
A. Tripp and William Tripp,’ and the 
concurrence of the council is respect- 
fully requested.” 

—J. R. Hanson, Chief Clerk. 

“House bill No. 81 ‘Bill to dissolve 
the marriage contract between Sarah 
A. Tripp and William Tripp’ taken up. 

“On motion, rules suspended. 

“The bill read first, second, and 
third time, and put upon its passage. 

“Ayes and noes ordered. 

“Resulted, ayes 6, noes 0, as fol- 
lows: 

““Ayes — Messrs. Bramble, Cole, 
Deuel, Gregory, Stutsman, and pres- 
ident. 

“Bill passed, and title agreed to.” 

Not to exceed 18 hours had elapsed 
from the time General Tripp appear- 
ed upon the scene until his divorce 
was granted. 

Sarah A. Tripp was not in Dakota 
at any time. On April 25, she was 
at her home in Farmington, Maine 
and of course had not the slightest 
intimation of the proceeding at Yank- 
ton. From a gentleman wholly con- 
versant with the situation I have the 
information that the urgency was due 
to the fact that General Tripp was at 
the time “under contract to marry 
another woman where time was of 
the essence of the agreement.” This 
woman had long been his housekeeper 
and they were married immediately 
upon the passage of the Tripp divorce 
act. 

The excuse for this high handed ac- 
tion was that there was no law pro- 
viding for divorce proceeding in the 


Addenda 


courts. This was true, but it would 
have been no more difficult to enact 
a procedure than to grant a divorce 
directly. In any event there was no 
justification for the summary proceed- 
ing without any attempt to give the 
defendant an opportunity to be heard. 
General Tripp himself was a good 
lawyer and certainly knew his divorce 
was worthless. 

In the second session two divorces 
were granted and one refused. As 
before the proceeding was arbitrary 
and summary. The case of Hammond 
v. Hammond, in which divorce was 
refused was an extreme one but well 
illustrates the spirit of that time. The 
bill was introduced on December 31, 
and referred to the committee on 
Public Buildings, who on the next leg- 
islative day reported it favorably and 
it passed the Council with one oppos- 
ing vote. It was sent to the House 
and referred to the committee upon 
Internal Improvements, who at once 
reported it back, recommending indefi- 
nite postponement; and the report 
was adopted. 

No divorce was granted by the 
third session, nor was any bill for di- 
vorce introduced. - But at that session . 
a divorce act with court procedure 
was provided. It assigned six grounds 
for divorce: adultery, habitual 
drunkenness, impotency, conviction of 
felony, cruel and inhuman treatment, 
and any other cause which prevent- 
ed the parties from living happily to- 
gether. The complainant must have 
been a resident of the territory for 
one year. 

Notwithstanding this procedure had 
been provided, a divorce was granted 
by the fourth session, and the com- 
plainant accompanied her petition 
with strong ex-parte testimony in sup- 


948 


Addenda 


port of her case. It appears to have 
been meritorious for Governor Ed- 
munds approved the bill, although the 
record does not indicate that the de- 
fendant had notice. 

In the next session, that for 1865-6 
both houses passed an act “to release 
Georgeanna H. Young from the bonds 
of matrimony” and sent it to Govern- 
or Edmunds, who returned the bill 
to the House with the following veto 
message: 


“Dakota Territory, Executive Office, 
Yankton, January 9, 1866 

Sir:—I have the honor to return 
herewith, without my. approval, giving 
my reasons therefor, An act to re- 
lease Georgeanna H. Young from the 
bonds of matrimony. 

“Marriage contracts are by all en- 
lightened communities considered of 
a most sacred and binding character 
upon the parties entering into such 
contracts. The higher the civilization 
the more sacred are such contracts 
held. This being the case, contracts 
of this character should not be lightly 
broken, or interfered with, and when 
they are, such interference should, 
in my opinion, be by no doubtful 
authority. I have carefully consider- 
ed this question in connection with 
this subject and have been led to the 
conclusion that inasmuch as the Leg- 
islative Assembly of this Territory 
has heretofore enacted a law, (chap. 
18, laws of 1863-4) providing a mode 
by which divorces may be granted 
by the courts of this Territory, upon 
the parties making the necessary proof 
in such cases. And inasmuch as there is 
great doubt in my own mind about such 
power being vested in the Legislative 
Assembly of this Territory by an act 
of Congress, delegating powers to the 
Legislative Assembly thereof, and 


Addenda 


there being no question as to the pow- 
er of the Legislature to provide by 
law, a mode by which the parties de- 
siring it may obtain relief from con- 
tracts of this character through the 
properly constituted courts of this 
Territory, notwithstanding my earnest 
desire to cooperate with the Legisla- 
ture (Legislative) Assembly on all 
subjects which in its wisdom it may 
see fit to Legislate upon, I feel it my 
imperative duty to return this bill 
without my approval. 

I am Sir, Very Respectfully Your 
Ob’t Serv’t, 

Newton Edmunds, Governor. 


“Hon. G. B. Bigelow, Speaker of the 
House of Representatives.” 


By a vote of 12 to 9, a two-thirds 
majority being necessary, the House 
failed to pass the bill over the veto. 
There was never again any attempt 
to secure a legislative divorce. 

When it came to revising the laws 
of the Territory in 1877 to produce 
the first Dakota Code, it was found 
necessary to except the divorce acts 
of the early sessions in the general 
repealing clause lest family relations 
might be disturbed. It appears to 
have been the judgment at this time 
that such acts were absolute nulli- 
ties and would not have stood, had 
appeal been taken to the federal 
courts. 


Chapter I of the Laws of 1865-6 was 
a complete civil code adopted bodily 
from New York. It embraced in sec- 
tions 59 to 64 a very complete chapter 
upon personal relations. But two 
grounds were assigned for absolute 
divorce: adultery and imprisonment 
for life. Both parties must have been 
a resident of the territory when the 
the adultery occurred, thus precluding 
immigrant divorces. This act stood 


949 


Addenda 


but a single year, when it was super- 
seded by Chapter 16 of the laws of 
1866-7 which recognized seven grounds 
for divorce: bigamy, separation for 
five years, adultery, impotency, ex- 
treme cruelty, habitual drunkenness, 
and imprisonment for felony. Only 
ninety days residence in the Terri- 
tory was required before commence- 
ment of action; but it had the salu- 
tary provision that the action must 
be brought in the county where the 
plaintiff resided. Thus the law re- 
mained until the revision of 1877 
which carefully rewrote the entire law, 
explicitly defining the various causes 
which, briefly, were adultery, extreme 
cruelty, willful desertion, willful neg- 
lect, habitual intemperance, and con- 
viction of felony. Ninety days in the 
territory constituted residence and the 
limitation as to place of trial was re- 
moved. During this period and until 
the early eighties the appeals to the 
divorce courts were rare and only 
made by good faith residents of the 
territory. Chiefly the actions were 
based upon desertion and, in the main, 
were brought by men who had come 
into Dakota to get free farms, and 
whose wives had refused to follow 
them. When the boom came on about 
1880 the condition was greatly chang- 
ed. The territory was filled with ad- 
venturers who discovered that mar- 
riage bonds could be easily broken 
here, and they sent the information 
back to their intimates in the east. 
So it began to be noticeable that in- 
dividuals came to Dakota especially 
to establish a residence and secure a 
divorce. The commercial side of the 
business made its appeal to a certain 
class of lawyers and the opportunity 
presented was given wide publicity by 
press agents and by direct advertise- 


Addenda 


ment. Many eastern publications of 
national circulation carried the ad- 
vertising of Dakota divorce lawyers. 
Sioux Falls became the mecca and 
soon a considerable colony of divorcees 
was established there. The business 
proved profitable to hotels and some 
other lines of business and, ‘in spite 
of a strong public sentiment against 
it, was conducted without legislative 
interference for a quarter of a cen- 
tury. Newspapers and magazines were 
filled with references to Sioux Falls, 
Dakota divorces, and other propa- 
ganda intended to promote the divorce 
business. Short stories and at least 
one book of fiction were founded upon 
the divorce colony. 


As easy as were the terms of resi- 
dence there was shameful abuse of 
that privilege and apparently the 
courts were exceedingly complacent. 
One of the alleged practices, so noto- 
rious that a legislative bill sought to 
defeat it, was for a non-resident appli- 
cant for divorce to file with his case 
receipt for board and rent for a per- 
iod covering the legal residence re- 
quirement. -These receipts were ac- 
cepted by the courts as prima facie 
evidence of legal residence, though 
as a matter of fact he might not have 
been here for more than a casual visit, 
and it was asserted that in some cases 
the applicant had not been within the 
state at all until he appeared in court 
to receive his decree. 


While many applicants apparently 
enjoyed the limelight publicity given 
to them, usually great secrecy was 
maintained. The leading divorce law- 
yer of Sioux Falls brought all of his 
cases in the courts of counties dis- 
tant from that city. No papers were 
filed in the case until the day of the 
hearing when lawyer, applicant, and, 


950 


Addenda 


if necessary, witnesses, appeared in 
some county seat where court was in 
session, or the judge was in chambers. 
The hearing was had and, if the de- 
cree was granted, the necessary rec- 
ord was made. No one at such county 
seat knew anything of any one con- 
nected with the case. 


A few celebrated cases heralded 
broadcast gave international notoriety 
to Dakota divorces. Chief among 
these was the case of Madame De- 
Stuers, wife of a French marquis, who 
secured a divorce at Sioux Falls, and 
the matter was played up by newspa- 
pers everywhere. Upon receiving her 
decree she at once married Count 
Zborowski which made a= splendid 
climax from the newspaper viewpoint. 
The wife of James G. Blaine, Jr., son 
of the statesman, established a resi- 
dence in Sioux Falls and secured a 
divorce; as did Florence Bigelow 
Dodge, daughter of John Bigelow, the 
philanthropist; Mrs. Roland B. Moli- 
neaux, an actress who was the wife 
of a son of the notable general of the 
Civil War. Freddy Gebhardt, satellite 
of Lily Langtry, the English beauty, 
secured a divorce to enable him to 
marry the Jersey Lily but she refused 
him and married Sir Hugo de Bathe. 
Then there were Bruce Crane, the 
notable landscape artist, and Mrs. Wil- 
liam Rhinelander Stewart, who im- 
mediately thereafter married the fa- 
mous millionaire “Silent” Smith, whom 
she induced to settle enough wealth 
upon her daughter Anita Stewart to 
enable her to marry Prince Braganza, 
. the pretender to the throne of Portu- 
gal. These were some of the more cel- 
ebrated cases. In very many instances 
the divorcees left Dakota on the first 
train after their decrees were signed, 
never to again be found upon our soil; 


Addenda 


frequently they left after marriage 
upon the very day to a lover who had 
waited for the divorce. 


The situation was not without its 
humor, and pioneers are still chuck- 
ling over a stunt pulled off by Bob Fitz- 
simmons, the pugilist, and his wife. 
One spring Mrs. Fitzsimmons appear- 
ed in Sioux Falls to establish a resi- 
dence for the purpose of securing a 
divorce. She employed counsel, and 
apparently a press agent likewise, for 
the business was played up in head- 
lines all over America. She _ took 
quarters in the Cataract hotel, head- 
quarters of the colony, and in a short 
time Bob showed up seeking a recon- 
ciliation. The madame was adamant 
and would not even see him. Day 
after day he hung about seeking an 
interview and was bleary-eyed with 
grief over the persistence of his wife 
in her determination to throw him 
over. At times it was more than he 
could bear and he bellowed his woe 
vociferously and with flooding tears, in 
public places. One day however she 
relented and they appeared in the din- 
ing room together with every indi- 
cation of abiding affection. The next 
night they gave a benefit performance 
in which they enacted the whole story 
in a playlet they had composed be- 
fore coming to Sioux Falls. (There 
was an incident, not apropos, which 
may bear relating in connection with 
the affair. While Bob was hanging 
about awaiting the mellowing of his 
wife, he gave an exhibition of his skill 
as a blacksmith by shoeing a horse. 
So vast a crowd thronged in to see 
him work that the shop was wrecked 
and blacksmith, forge, kicking horse 
and a very large number of specta- 
tors were precipitated into the base- 


951 


Addenda 


ment. Bob escaped without injury 
but several were severely hurt.) 

The volume of business was certain- 
ly greatly exaggerated by the divorce 
colony propagandists. For most of the 
period there is no ready method of 
ascertaining the number of divorces 
granted, but the business was certain- 
ly never more flourishing than in its 
last years. Beginning with July, 1905, 
the state began to assemble the di- 
vorce statistics and so for the last 31%4 
years before the reform we have ac- 
curate knowledge. 

The reformed divorce measure be- 
came effective January 1, 1909. From 
July 1, 1905 until that date there were 
1,958 divorces or at the average rate 
of 559 per year. This was the rate 
for the open divorce period. For 1909 
and 1910, after the beginning of the 
closed period, there were 496 and 511 
respectively. Thus it will be seen 
that the number of immigrant divorces 
was but nominal. A better test is by 
a comparison with population: 


Divorces 
Year Divorces Population perM 
1905 508 454,424 a ina be § 
1910 511 583,888 87 
1915 528 583,747 .90 
1920 687 636,547 1.08 


While the divorce propagandists 
would have one believe the immigrant 
divorcees were a tax upon the re- 
sources of Dakota to find entertain- 
ment for them, the above figures in- 
dicate that open divorce only in a 
nominal way -increased the natural 
percentage of divorces in South Da- 
kota. 

In truth the greatest evil of the sys- 
tem was the bad notoriety it gave to 
the state, and the fact that a few 
notorious persons of not too fragrant 
reputations came among us to flaunt 
their shame in the faces of our chil- 


Addenda 


dren. The better class did deeply re- 
sent this evil notoriety but it was 
long before sound public opinion could 
overcome the influence of a few law- 
yers and a few hotels who were mak- 
ing profit from it. Among those who 
actively combatted the divorce evil 
for many years were Bishop W. H. 
Hare of the Episcopal Church, Dr. 
Henry K. Warren, president of Yank- 
ton College, and Thomas Sterling, 
former U. S. Senator. Bishop Hare 
was regarded as the leader of the 
movement for divorce reform. From 
the beginning the Catholic and Luth- 
eran elements in the population were 
a unit for the reformation. 

Thus we became a state under a 
statute that permitted a non-resident 
to come into the state and nominally 
establish a residence for ninety days 
and then begin divorce proceedings 
which might be terminated within a 
couple of months thereafter, if utter 
good faith were shown. But in prac- 
tice it was a law that invited fraud, 
which was at times doubtlessly re- 
sorted to. Of the so called immigrant 
divorcees scarcely one ever became a 
genuine resident of the state. 


In the first session of the State Leg- 
islature in 1890, Rev. George Norbeck, 
father of U. S. Senator Peter Nor- 
beck, was a_ representative from 
Charles Mix County, and greatly in- 
terested himself to secure better mar- 
riage and divorce laws. He was suc- 
cessful in reforming the marriage 
laws, but his divorce reform bill got 
no farther than the pocket of the 
chairman of the judiciary committee. . 

In 1893 Harlan P. Packard, repre- 
sentative of Spink County introduced 
H. B. 90, extending the time of resi- 
dence before beginning divorce pro- 
ceedings to six months. In the Sen- 


2 


Addenda 


ate the bill was amended so as to re- 
quire the applicant to be a resident 
of the state for a full year before the 
divorce could be granted. The bill 
passed both houses with scarcely any 
opposition and it was hailed as a long 
step forward, but in practice there 
was no. great improvement, and 
the old evils and _ old _ practices 
prevailed about-as much as before. 
At the next session the friends 
of reform rallied for a finish fight. 
The measure proposed was Senate 
Bill 144 by Hon. L. W. Aldrich of 
Miner County. The bill as_ intro- 
duced required a full year’s residence 
before commencing action. The op- 
position to this bill was adroitly man- 
aged by Nye E. Phillips who succeed- 
ed in reversing its intent. In the 
Senate it was amended to six months, 
which did not at all help the situation, 
and eliminated the requirement of the 
act of 1891 for a full, year before the 
decree could issue. It went over to 
the House in this form, there to be 
opposed by the reformers and spon- 
sored by the divorce forces. It was 
up for final passage March 1, and the 
reformers hoped to delay action until 
the session expired. One of the his- 
toric filibusters of the South Dakota 
legislature was upon this measure. 
Eighteen roll calls were had upon mo- 
tions for delay, but finally a vote upon 
the bill was forced and it failed of 
passage by a vote of 40 to 38. |. 

In 1897 the reform bill got no far- 
ther than reference to the judiciary 
committee. In 1899 Hon. Thomas S. 
Everitt of Spink proposed a bill re- 
quiring one year of residence and 
providing “that no receipt in payment 
for any residence, apartment or flat, 
or for board at any hotel in this state 
shall be accepted by any court of jur- 


952 


Addenda 


isdiction as presumptive evidence of 
bona fide residence.” The bill. was 
indefinitely postponed. 


In 1901, a one year bill was report- 
ed out unfavorably and the report was 
adopted, killing the bill. After this 
the friends of reform seemed to feel 
there was no hope of legislative relief 
and no bill changing the residence re- 
quirement was introduced for six 
years. Thus far every governor had 
been silent in his messages so far as 
the divorce issue was concerned, but 
in his retiring message to the session 
of 1907, Governor Samuel H. Elrod 
ventured to say: “All will admit that 
divorces are too easily obtained in 
South Dakota and the fact is before 
you.” Public sentiment had begun to 
deem the situation intolerable. 


The climax came in that session of 
1907, Hon. Ivan T. Lothrop, Senator 
from Charles Mix, introduced Senate 
Bill No. 95 which provided that no 
divorce should be granted unless the 
plaintiff had “been an actual resident 
in good faith of this state for one 
year, and of the county wherein the 
action is commenced for three months 
before the commencement of the pro- 
ceeding.” The bill was referred to 
the judiciary committee of the Sen- 
ate of which Hon. Charles H. Dillon 
was chairman. The committee divid- 
ed, the favorable majority report be- 
ing signed by John C. Jenkins, of 
Brookings, D. Robertson, of Spink, W. 
E. Sweeney, of Lyman, and M. L. 
Tobin, of Beadle. The minority “do 
not pass,” by Charles H. Dillon of 
Yankton, W. B. Dudley of Fall River, 
and Ivan Goodner of Hughes. When 
the time arrived for the consideration 
of these reports, Mr. Lothrop secured 
reference to the committee of the 
whole Senate. In the committee there 


9 
.3 


Addenda 


was a protracted fight, with many 
dilatory motions, but in the end the 
majority report was adopted and up- 
on February 28, it was passed by a 
vote of 30 to 12. 

The bill reached the House on 
March 1, and upon second reading 
Mr. Cable of Lincoln moved to refer 
it to the committee of the whole 
House. This was to keep it out of 
the judiciary committee known to be 
unfriendly and after some parliamen- 
tary sparring the motion was lost. 
Speaker Chaney then took the reins 
in his own hands and referred the bill 
to the committee on State Affairs, a 
large majority of which was favorable 
to the bill. The committee favorably 
reported it and it reached the cal- 
endar for passage on March 6. The 
session was to end on March 8, and 
the opposition, aware that it would 
certainly pass if a vote were reached, 
proposed tu filibuster it over the ses- 
sion. A conference was held on the 
evening of the 5th and it was propos- 
ed to secure one day of delay by in- 
voking the rule that by request of fif- 
teen members action upon an amend- 
ment to any pending bill must be 
deferred to ‘the next legislative day. 
Consequently it was arranged that 
Charles S. Eastman, representative 
from Fall River, was to propose an 
inconsequential amendment and that 
it should be deferred upon a petition 
of fifteen, which was prepared await- 
ing the occasion. Unfortunately for 
the opposition this programme was 
revealed to the friends of the measure 
and they were prepared to block it. 
Instantly when the speaker had de- 
clared the bill upon its final passage, 
Mr. Eastman and Mr. Cable sprang 
to their feet. The chair recognized 
Mr. Cable who moved the previous 


Addenda 


question. Wilbur S. Glass, chairman 
of the judiciary committee and recog- 
nized floor manager of the opposition, 
moved an amendment and was declar- 
ed out of order. It was indeed a tense 
and dramatic moment. Mr. Glass, a 
lawyer of ability, aggressive, dominat- 
ing, self-confident, and doubting not 
his superior strategy, was completely 
staggered by the tactics of:the pro- 
ponents of the measure. His face 
flamed, the arteries of his neck swell- 
ed, and one of his friends said later 
that he feared apoplexy. When Glass 
recovered himself, he undertook by 
vehement declamation to over-awe the 
friends of the bill, but Speaker Chaney 
smiled down upon him complacently 
and firmly maintained his position. 
Mr. Glass appealed from the decision 
of the chair, but the chair was sus- 
tained. . The previous question pre- 
vailed and by a vote of 67 to 18 the 
bill passed. It. was a fitting ending 
to an ever memorable period in South 
Dakota history. 

The opponents of divorce reform 
however were not content. Any de- 
lay in the operation of the act meant 
additional business in the divorce 
courts. The act was submitted to the 
referendum. It was voted. upon at 
the general. election of 1908 and was 
approved by a vote of 60,211 for to 
38,749 against. Thus was the reproach 
lifted from the fair name of South 
Dakota. 


Droppers, Dr. Garrett, 1860- ; 
born Milwaukee, Wisconsin, April 12; 
A. B., Harvard; M. A., Berlin; presi- 
dent S. D. U., 1898-1906; envoy to 
Greece, 1915-20; now resides at Wil- 
liamstown, Mass. 


Duluth, Daniel Greyselon, 1645-1709; 
born at Lyons, France; early explor- 


954 


Addenda 


er of the northwest and perhaps the 
first white man to stand upon South 
Dakota soil. The record is not whol- 
ly clear. On July 2, 1679 he estab- 
lished himself with the Sioux at Mille 
Lac, Minnesota, and planted the 
King’s arms there. He thence visited 
the Songastikons (Sisseton) and 
Houetbatons (Wahpeton) at their 
mountain 120 leagues to the -South- 
west. Dr. Louise Kellogg the notable 
antiquarian of Wisconsin construes 
this to mean that Duluth in the au- 
tumn of 1679 visited the Sisseton and 
Wahpeton upon the coteau west of 
Bigstone lake, and her view is gener- 
ally supported by students of north- 
western history. One hundred twenty 
leagues (360 miles) southwest from 
Mille Lac would reach the Missouri 
river at Pierre, but it is known that 
the French explorers almost inva- 
riably exaggerated distances; for in- 
stance John Valle told Lewis and 
Clark that he had spent the past win- 
ter 300 leagues up the Cheyenne; in 
fact there is hardly a record of esti- 
mated distances made by them that is 
not extreme. The Sissetons and 
Wahpetons from an early date rang- 
ed upon the coteau west of Bigstone. 
This coteau is the first “mountain” 
encountered southwest of Mille Lac. 
There is much to indicate that Duluth 
upon this occasion did enter South 
Dakota. 

Dutcher, Raymond Adams, 1886- > 
born at Raymond March, 28; B. S. 
State College, Ph. D. U. of Minnesota. 
A foremost authority upon vitamins. 
Fenelon, John J., 1861- =; born 
Brandon, Wisconsin, June 20; Pioneer 
farmer and banker of Campbell Coun- 
ty; legislator 1893. 

Fort George, (Military) The records 
of the transaction are obscure but in 


Addenda 


1855 the government purchased old 
Fort George, located on the west side 
of the Missouri twenty miles below 
Fort Pierre. There is but one return 
from this post dated July 31,1855. Itis 
made by Capt. W. H. Wessels, and 
indicates that the post was occupied 
by Company G. Second Infantry upon 
July 15. The return shows that the 
buildings were dismantled and that 
everything of value was transferred 
to Fort Pierre. 


Fort Lookout, (Military). This post 
was located on the west side of the 
Missouri about 12 miles below Big 
Bend. In June 1856 General (then 
Captain) Nathaniel Lyon, of Company 
B. Second U. S. Infantry, marched 
down from Fort Pierre and located, 
surveyed and built the post. Augustus 
Meyer, a musician in the company, 
gives the only lucid account extant of 
the enterprise. 


“The site for Fort Lookout was well 
chosen. The river channel was on that 
side and the banks high enough not to 
overflow. The wooded bottom land 
extended 200 yards back from the 
river and then ascended fifty feet above 
the water on an easy grade to the 
plateau. Small water courses in ra- 
vines at right angles to the river and 
about one half mile apart drained the 
plateau on which the fort was built. 
There was plenty of woods in sight 
along the river banks as far as we 
could see. 


“As soon as our camp was perma- 
nently established at the top of the 
slope we prepared to erect the neces- 
sary buildings. Gangs of men were 
sent to the woods to cut trees, trim 
them and haul in the logs. Others 
were set to work making brick for the 
chimneys and bake ovens out of some 
suitable clay and sand discovered near 


955 


Addenda 


the river bank. The bricks were made 
in moulds burned in the usual way 
and they answered the purpose very 
well. Every man not required for 
guard duty was set to work either as 
a mechanic. or laborer. Carpenters, 
framers, masons and all other me- 
chanics received forty cents per day 
and the laborers twenty-five cents per 
day, extra pay for ten hours. 


The available material from Fort 
Pierre was rafted down and a steam- 
boat brought up from Omaha a full 
cargo consisting of military stores, 
doors, sash, hardware, shingles, lime 
etc. 

There was a cow and some hogs 
assigned to Captain Lyon. A small 
herd of beef cattle was driven in from 
the settlements. With this boat came 
a master mechanic and two trained 
carpenters. The master mechanic 
at once set up whip saws to prepare 
boards for flooring and roofing. 


“Captain Lyon laid out the post 
with generous dimensions. He occupi- 
ed ground for two regiments; the 
parade ground was large enough to 
maneuver a brigade of troops. The 
plan was a parallelogram except at the 
west end where the officers houses 
formed a semicircle. In October we 
were able to occupy our quarters 
which appeared palatial to us! The 
winter was passed in comfort. 


“HKarly in May orders were received 
to abandon Fort Lookout. We went 
into camp and began to tear down the 
company quarters. They were built 
of hewn logs which it was desirable 
to save. We also took down the 
officers’ houses. All this material was 
hauled down to the river bank and 
made into a raft and floated down to 
Fort Randall. We left the chimneys 
standing but removed the doors and 


Addenda 


sash.” A steamboat transported the. 
troops to Randall. 


Foster, Eugene I., 1887- ; born 
at Stillwater, Minnesota March 24; 
in Sioux Falls since 1908; Major in 
147th Field Artillery, World War. 


Fox, Lawrence Keith, 1894- ; born 
Doon, Iowa Nov. 6; A. B. S. D. U. 
veteran World War; served in France 
and Germany; author Fox’s Who’s 
Who Among South Dakotans; Assist- 
ant Superintendent Department of 
History. 


Gamble, Helen Howell, born at Say- 
prook, Ill., Secretary Board of Regents 
of Education. 


Gaffy, Loring E., 1850- ; born 
Clinton, New York, January 12; locat- 
ed in practice of law at Deadwood, 
1877; judge Sixth circuit 1894-1906. 


Gardner, Archibald K., 1867- 
born Newton, Iowa, Dec. 3; educated 
at Grinnell and Iowa: U.; general at- 
torney for C. and N. W. Ry. in South 
Dakota since 1897. 


Garland, Hamlin, 1860- ; born 
Salem, Wisconsin, Sept. 3; settled in 
McPherson County, 1883; author of 
international standing; much of his 
early work pertained to South Dakota; 
see Literature. 


Gossage, Alice, 1858- ; born Lodi, 
Wisconsin; located in Vermillion when 
7 years old, pupil in “The little log 
school house in the ravine,” wife of 
Joseph B. Gossage; about 1895 her 
husband’s health failed and she took 
upon herself the management and edi- 
torial responsibility of the Daily 
Rapid City Journal which she contin- 
ued for thirty years. 


Gossage, Joseph B., 1852- ; born 
Wapello, Iowa; established Rapid City 
Journai 1878. 


956 


Addenda 


Grantham, Edwin L., 1866- ; born 
Daviess Co., Missouri, Dec. 30; compil- 
ed and annotated, “Statutes of South 
Dakota, 1899,” General Solicitor Mil- 
waukee Ry., in South Dakota since 
1918. 


Gray, Capt. William S., 1874- : 
born Ivanhoe, Ill., June 18; graduate 
Yankton College; captain in Philippine 
War, on Mexican border and in the 
World War; commandant State Sol- 
diers’ Home since 1922. 


Hall, Charles Stuart, 1889- 
Hiram, Ohio, Jan. 3; B. S., Hiram 
College, studied in Chicago U. and 
Columbia; president S. D. E. A. 1925; 
High School supervisor, Department 
of Education. 


; born 


Harneyisms. When General Harney 
came to the Missouri river in 1855 the 
government had already located the 
military post at Fort Pierre, for the 
reason that it was the nearest point 
to the Black Hills and Fort -Laramie. 
The river was low and the landing 
bad so he abandoned the place because 
of “an insuperable objection to this 
as a military post, viz. That freight 
cannot be landed from steamers with- 
in five miles of the fort above, on this 
side, or three miles below.” He then 
selected Fort Lookout as the site, be- 
cause a fence could be built across the 
gorge of Big Bend and provide, ‘an 
admirable enclosure for our stock, a 
a range of thirty miles with plenty 
of fine grass, both prairie and bottom. 
Unless directed to the contrary I shall 
move as soon as I can obtain the use 
of a steamer to transport our stores.” 
Col. Lyon was placed in charge and 
he laid out and built an admirable fort 
before the hard winter of 1856 came 
on; the secretary of war however de- 
termined that the main post should 


9 


ad 


a 


Addenda 


be near the Niobrara and in the early 
spring of 1857 Lyon was directed to 
dismantle Lookout and transport all 
movable property to Handy’s Point, 
(Fort Randall.). 


Harris, Kennett, 1865- ; 
England; lived 14 years in southern 
Black Hills and_ established’ the 
“Hesperian,” writer of wide fame. 
His best work still is of the Black 
Hills. 


Hart, William H., 1864- - born 
Winona, Minnesota, March 20; settled 
with his parents at Bath, Brown 
County 1881; appointed cadet to West 
Point from South Dakota; now quar- 
termaster general of the army. 


Hengel, Anthony D., 1857- ; born 
Luxemburg, pioneer merchant of 
Pierre, president First National Bank. 

Henry, George H., 1870- ; born 
Mineral Point, Wisconsin; private sec- 
retary to Gov. Norbeck during the 
World War, secretary state Highway 
Commission, 1919-1925. 


Hertz, Rudolf, 1892- ; born in 
Hamburg, Germany; graduate Oberlin, 
general missionary to Dakota Sioux, 
succeeding Thomas L. Riggs. 


Hill, William S., 1863- >; born 
Edgar Co., Illinois, June 3; in South 
Dakota since 1886; member state board 
of agriculture; president Farm Bureau; 
member U. S. Shipping Board since 
1924. 


Hipple, John E., 1865- * born 
Perry Co. Pennsylvania July 20; set- 
tled in South Dakota 1879; established 
Parkston Advance; state auditor 1893- 
97; publisher and editor Capital Jour- 
nal Pierre; postmaster and mayor of 
Pierre. 

; born 


Hohf, Dr. Julius A., 1875- ‘ 
in Plymouth Co. Ia.; M. D. Northwest- 


* born in 


7 


Addenda 


ern U.; in practice at Yankton since 
19138. 


Hutterische Bruder Gemeinde. A 
society located at various points in 
South Dakota. There are communi- 
ties in Bon Homme, Hutchinson, Han- 
son, Sanborn and Beadle Counties. 
During the World War, pursuant to 
their religious belief these people 
wished to remain non-combatant but 
their young men were drafted and 
compelled to serve. There were other 
complications which induced many of 
them to withdraw from the United 
States and locate in Canada. A case 
involving their liability for federal 
taxation arose in 1919 and the gener- 
al condition of their living is so lucid- 
ly stated in the report of the Board 
of Tax Appeals (June 1925, p. 1208) 
that it is here reproduced: 

1. The taxpayer was incorporated 
under the laws of the State of South 
Dakota in August 1905. The purposes 
of the corporation, as expressed in 
the preamble of its article of incor- 
poration, were as follows: 


For the purposes of promoting, en- 
gaging in and carrying on the Chris- 
tian religion, Christian worship, and 
religious education and teachings, ac- 
cording to our religious belief that all 
members should act together as one 
being, and have, hold, use, possess and 
enjoy all things in common, we all 
being of one mind, heart and soul, 
according to the word of God revealed 
to us. 


2. The taxpayer was incorporated 
by descendants and followers of a re- 
ligious order which was founded in 
Europe several hundred years ago and 
which had as one of its chief prin- 
ciples the leading of a communistic 
life by its members in accordance 
with precepts contained in the New 
Testament, as interpreted by them. 
The practice of this religion in the 


Addenda 


United States was inaugurated by cer- 
tain colonists who came from Europe 
and settled in what is now Bon 
Homme County, S. Dak., in the year 
1874. Shortly thereafter they formed 
a corporation under the laws of the 
Territory of South Dakota, which held 
the land and other property used in 
the communistic life of the members. 
Some of the land was acquired by the 
members by preemption and home- 
stead rights under the public land laws 
of the United States and transferred 
by them to the taxpayer, and some of 
it was acquired by purchase. The 
Hutterische Bruder Gemeinde was in- 
corporated in August, 1905, as above 
stated, and succeeded to the lands and 
other property of the predecessor 
owners. 


3. The taxpayer had no capital 
stock and no stockholders. Its mem- 
bers consisted only of those who sub- 
scribed to the religious beliefs and 
practices: of its organizers. 


4. Every person upon joining the 
taxpayer was required to transfer and 
renounce to it any property then own- 
ed or thereafter acquired by him, 
which property was to be owned, 
used, and held by the taxpayer for 
the common use, interest, and benefit 
of all its members. No member, or 
heir or representative of any mem- 
ber, was entitled to have or receive 
any part of any property owned or 
acquired by the taxpayer, whether 
upon severance of his membership or 
upon his death, or upon dissolution of 
the taxpayer, or otherwise. 


5. All members were required to 
give all their time and services to the 
taxpayer for the purposes for which 
it was formed, and to have their hus- 
bands, wives, and children who were 
nonmembers reside with and be sup- 


958 


Addenda 


ported and instructed by the taxpayer, 
according to its requirements and be- 
liefs, so long as they should obey its 
rules, but such persons were required 
also to give their entire time and 
services to the taxpayer for the pur- 
poses thereof. ; 

6. No member of the taxpayer or 
any nonmember husband, wife, or 
child of a member, received or was 
entitled to receive any compensa- 
tion for services to the taxpayer other 
than the necessities of life, namely, 
clothing, food, and lodging of a plain 
and simple character, and medical at- 
tention when required. 


7. The property of the taxpayer 
consisted of agricultural lands, build- 
ings, machinery, and equipment for 
the raising and manufacturing of 
farm products, and buildings used for 
religious worship and educational in- 
struction, and for living purposes by 
members and their families. During 
the year 1919 the taxpayer owned 
about 9,597 acres of agricultural lands, 
which were situated in Bon Homme 
County, S. Dak. The value of all the 
property owned by the taxpayer was 
estimated by it in its income and 
profits-tax returns for the year 1919 to 
be $1,184,000. 

8. The taxpayer maintained its 
own church and school in a building 
owned and constructed by it for the 
purpose. The members and their fam- 
ilies lived in dormitories and each 
family occupied from one _ to- four 
rooms according to the size of the 
family; all dined in one dining room 
and had one kitchen. The members 
held regular church services on Sun- 
days. On week days they had general 
church services each evening and 
each member was required to have in- 
dividual prayer before retiring. <A 


Addenda 


public school was conducted in a 
building owned by the taxpayer, ac- 
cording to the State requirements, and 
every morning before school com- 
menced and again in the afternoon 
after school was dismissed religious 
services were conducted in German. 


9. The taxpayer produced farm prod- 
ucts such as grain, livestock, butter, 
cream, milk, eggs and poultry, fruit 
and vegetables. It also owned and 
operated facilities for converting agri- 
cultural raw materials into finished 
products. During 1919 it owned and 
operated two grist mills, a broom fac- 
tory, corncribs, machine shop, cream- 
ery, carpenter shop, shoemaker shop, 
and ferryboat. The products from 
the above sources were used to pro- 
vide subsistence for the members of 
the taxpayer and their families. The 
taxpayer also sold products from the 
above sources, including grain, dairy 
products, fruit, cattle, brooms, hides 
and furs, flour, and services of the 
carpenter shop, machine shop, shoe- 
maker shop, and ferryboat to the pub- 
lic at large at the market prices. The 
greater part of such sales. to the pub- 
lic was in the form of farm and dairy 
products and livestock. In 1919 the 
gross income of the taxpayer from its 
sales of products to the public amount- 
ed to $96,264.05. After subtracting al- 
lowable expenses, including deduc- 
tions for ordinary and necessary busi- 
ness expenses, interest, taxes, depre- 
ciation, and losses, the net income. of 
the taxpayer for 1919, as reported on 
its income-tax return for that year, 
amounted to $25,933.46. 


10. The income of the taxpayer, 
above what was needed by the mem- 
bers and their families and for main- 
taining its operations, was used to 
purchase additional lands,  build- 


959 


Addenda 


ings, and equipment for the purposes 
of the corporation. The taxpayer had 
no investments in stocks, bonds, or 
other securities, but kept its spare 
funds invested in lands. At the be- 
ginning of the year 1919 it had on 
hand cash in the amount of approxi- 
mately $1,293. The taxpayer borrow- 
ed money from outsiders at various 
times, and during the year 1919 its 
outstanding interest-bearing indebted- 
ness was $72,000. The borrowed funds 
were used to maintain the operations 
of the taxpayer. During the year 1919 
the taxpayer had about 122 members, 
not including those of their families 
who were not members, and its net 
taxable income for the year as de- 
termined by the Commissioner was 
$20,843.73. Based on this net income 
the Commissioner has determined a 
deficiency against the taxpayer for the 
year 1919 in the sum of $1,884.37, 
which deficiency is disclosed in a de- 
ficiency letter dated January 12, 1925. 


11. The taxpayer was dissolved on 
November 2, 1923, and all of its real 
and personal property was transferred 
to certain trustees in trust for the 
members and for carrying out the pur- 
poses for which the corporation was 
formed. The taxpayer and the Com- 
missioner agree that.if the taxpayer 
is properly taxable upon its income 
for the year 1919, under the Revenue 
Act of 1918, the deficiency of $1,884.37, 
as determined by the Commissioner, is 
the correct deficiency in tax. 


Hyde, Charles L., 1860- ; born 
Lincoln, Illinois; ed. Lincoln College; 
in South Dakota since 1885; banker 
and most extensive land owner of 
the state. 


Jewett, Harvey C., 1865- ; born 
Newark, Ohio, Aug. 5; founder of 


Addenda 


Jewett Brothers, wholesalers, of Aber- 
deen and Sioux Falls; 1883. 


Johnson, A. C., 1861- ; born Craw- 
ford Co. Pennsylvania May 20; LL. B. 
Kent College of Law, settled in Spink 
County 1883; auditor line elevators; 
special agent, Northwestern; traffic 
manager, vice president, since 1920. 


Jones, David Franklin, 1867- : 
born Fish Creek, Wisconsin Oct. 27; 
Ph. G. Northwestern; prof. pharmacy 
State College; member state board of 
pharmacy; in business at Watertown. 


Kellar, Chambers, 1867- ; born 
Memphis, Tennessee, March 4; B. 8S. 
Vanderbilt U.; General Counsel Home- 
stake Mining Company, Lead. 


Kraushaar, William F., 1893- : 
born Waverly, Iowa, June 4; ed. North- 
ern Normal; Kansas U. and University 
of Minnesota. Supt. Mobridge City 
Schools. 


Kopperud, Andrew, 1880- ; born 
DeSmet Oct. 8; ed. Madison Normal; 
State College; banker; president State 
Bankers Association, 1923; director 
Federal Land Bank, Omaha. 


Kyle, James H., 1854-1901; born 
Xenia, Ohio February 24; studied at 
Illinois University and graduated from 
Oberlin; afterward he graduated from 
Western Theological Seminary and 
entered the Congregational ministry; 
came to Dakota territory in 1885 and 
served the church at Ipswich four 
years when he became financial sec- 
retary of Yankton College; in 1890 he 
organized the Congregational church 
in Aberdeen and became its pastor. 
A year later he was elected U. S. Sen- 
ator by a fusion of democratic and 
populist votes in the legislature and 
continued in that position until his 
death. 


960 


Addenda 


Kyle’s Election.. The election of 
James H. Kyle to the United States 
Senate was a unique experience in 
American politics. In the summer 
of 1890 he had recently located in 
Aberdeen. As the fourth of July ap- 
proached Mr. T. V. Eddy of Water- 


town who had been invited to speak, 


at the last moment, found it impos- 
sible to appear; the committee in 
charge decided to invite “the new 
preacher,’ as an emergency substitute. 
Kyle accepted and having little time 
for preparation found an address which 
he had heard Prof. John M. Gregory, 
regent of the University of Illinois de- 
liver in 1877. It was an extreme ar- 
raignment of the federal government, 
condemning the tariff, and the financial 
systems of the United States. It was 
a sweet savor to the populists. He 
delivered it to a vast audience assem- 
bled in the street from the upper 
balcony of the old Sherman Hotel. 
That afternoon the populists held 
a mass county convention for the 
nomination of members of the leg- 
islature. They nominated a candidate 
for senator who made a speech of 
acceptance so radical that the saner 
leaders of the party realized it dis- 
qualified him as a candidate and he 
was induced to withdraw. The names 
of several other candidates were con- 
sidered and for one reason or another 
rejected. Finally Mr. C. H. Pleasants 
said: ‘“What’s the matter of nominat- 
ing that preacher that spoke this 
morning; I’ve forgotten his name.” 
The suggestion took and the nomina- 
tion was made although no one present 
could recall the name. It was later 
inserted in the ticket by the commit- 
tee. He was elected. 


When the legislature assembled at 


Addenda 


Pierre in January 1891 it was composed 
of the following: 


Senate House Total 


Republicans ...... 23 62 85 
BPopulistemngad. 2s 14 43 57 
Democrats <....... 8 19 27 

Totali:se6 . act. Fest 45 124 169 


Necessary to choice 


Thus it will be observed the repub- 
licans had a majority of one on joint 
ballot, and divided the House evenly. 
Charles X. Seward of Codington coun- 
ty had been elected as an independent 
republican. If he continued loyal 
to his party the republicans would 
control. Upon the day of the organi- 
zation of the legislature Mr. Beach, a 
populist from Clark county was ab- 
sent so that with Seward’s vote the 
republicans could organize the house. 
The fusion however made Mr. Seward 
its candidate for speaker; Robert Bu- 
chanan was the republican candidate 
for the position. Mr. Buchanan by 
courtesy voted for Mr. Seward and 
Seward reciprocated. Buchanan had 
61 votes and Seward 62. This action 
placed the fusion in control of the 
house, and to make their position 
doubly sure they unseated two repub- 
licans and substituted two populists. 

Gideon C. Moody was the republican 
candidate for re-election to the Unit- 
ed States Senate; Bartlett Tripp was 
the democratic candidate and the pop- 
ulists did not at once concentrate 
upon one candidate. There was a 
long drawn out deadlock and as the 
balloting progressed Mr. Kyle came 
into the field. 


In Illinois the number of republicans 
upon joint ballot was 100, of the 
democrats 101 and there _ were 
three populists. Observing the leg- 
islative situation in Illinois and South 


961 


Addenda 


Dakota Hon. Jerry Simpson, M. C. of 
Kansas, a populist proposed that an 
arrangement be entered into between 
the democratic and populist parties 
that would insure a democratic sen- 
ator from Illinois and a Populist from 
South Dakota. At the time a Senato- 
rial deadlock existed in each state. 
Purusant to this suggestion Speaker 
Seward went to Illinois on February 
13” to arrange details. The evidence 
is not complete as to precisely what 
was agreed upon except that the dem- 
ocrats were to have Illinois and the 
Populists South Dakota. Mr. Seward 
reached Illinois on the 14th and that 
night wired his friends in Pierre. The 
15th was Sunday and Monday morning 
Mr. Kyle was elected by the fusion of 
Populist and Democratic votes. In 
Illinois, Gen. John M. Palmer was 
elected democratic senator with the 
aid of populist votes. 





Legislative journals, 1891; Chicago Tri- 
bune, February 10, 1891; “A True Story 
of the BPlection of James H. Kyle,’’ by 
W. P. Butler. 

Le Sueur Tradition. There has long 
been a tradition that Charles Pierre 
Le Sueur visited the Sioux River at 
Sioux Falls in 1683. The following 
version was related to the author in 
March 1883 by Edward Duffield Neill, 
then president of Macalester College: 

“When the report was received in 
Canada that La Salle had demonstrat- 
ed that the Mississippi river flowed 
down to the Gulf of Mexico, Le Sueur 
and his kinsman LeMoyne, (D’Iber- 
ville) conceived a plan to secure furs 
on the Mississippi and float them to the 
gulf and thence to the English market, 
thus avoiding the payment of tribute 
to the Canadian government upon the 
shipment. With this in view Le Sueur 
secured a stock of goods and came 


Addenda 


west, while Le Moyne took a small 
ship and went to the gulf. 

When Le Sueur reached the Missis- 
sippi he was chagrined to find that 
Frontenac had anticipated the trick 
and had policed the Mississippi at 
Rock Rapids. Not to be defeated in 
his undertaking Le Sueur conceived 
the plan of going far west to some 
stream which he beliéved he would 
find that entered the Mississippi be- 
low Rock Island and trading upon it 
circumvent the police station. He 
consequently struck west from the 
mouth of the Wisconsin and found no 
river that seemed to answer his neces- 
sities until he reached the Big Sioux 
at Sioux Falls. 


Here he found a large community 
of Omaha Indians to whom he brought 
the first white wares, and for a very 
small expenditure secured a fabulous- 
ly large amount of fur. He built flat 
boats below the falls and carried his 
booty down the Big Sioux, Missouri 
and Mississippi to the gulf where Le- 
Moyne was waiting and carried the 
furs away to London. Le Sueur him- 
self did not go down to the gulf but 
securing a small amount of fur on the 
Mississippi carried it back to Canada 
and dutifully paid the tax upon it. 

An unidentified writer in the To- 
ronto Globe for about 1887 in effect 
tells the same tale fixing the date of 
the enterprise at 1683. 


For many years I have endeavored 
to secure some verification of this re- 
port. Apparently Dr. Neill left no 
record of it. However in his history 
of Minnesota he publishes De L’Isle’s 
map, made in 1702, from information 
given him by Le Sueur and upon it is 
laid down a mark leading from the 
mouth of the Wisconsin to Sioux Falls 
and this mark is labeled “Chenan 


962 


Addenda 


(Chemin) des Voyageurs,” (track of 
the voyagers) which gives some sup- 
port to the tradition of a visit to 
Sioux Falls by Le Sueur, but nowhere 
have I been able to get substantial 
proofs. 

In 1913 while working upon the 
Verendrye papers I submitted the mat- 
ter to Dr. Benjamin Sulte, the notable 
Canadian historical authority and he, 
with his usual care, went through all 
available records of the ancient period 
and made extensive notes which he 
supplied to me. He did not find the 
definite proof but declares: ‘As an 
opinion I say that Dr. Neill is likely 
right. Pierre Le Moyne and Le Sueur 
were both given to the fur business, 
no matter how they did it.” 

Dr. Sulte made diligent effort to dis- 
cover the whereabouts of these wor- 
thies in 1863 but was only partially 
successful. Le Sueur was in bad repute 
in Canada at the time. Sulte quotes 
the court record (Council Souverain 
de Quebec) for July 14th, 1681: “Pierre 
Le Sueur, now in the prison of this 
town under the accusation of having 
gone to the far away nations and 
made a traffic with them contrary to 
law. He acknowledges the fact that 
he had been at Sault Ste. Mary and 
no further, because that, when there 
the Rev. Father Bailloquet, Jesuit, 
had told him he was wrong in doing 
so. He adds that from the moment 
he left his companions and remained 
in the service of the Jesuits of the 
Saut who employed him to go from 
mission to mission without any pay 
or benefit of my fur trade. He is con- 
demned to a fine of 100 francs as a 
mild punishment.” It was but a few 
months after this that the news of 


Addenda 


La Salle’s discovery electrified 
traders of Canada. 


Dr. Sulte, finds in Tanquay, V. 375 
that “in 1683 Le Sueur goes down the 
Wisconsin, then up the Mississippi to 
trade with the Sioux.” This would 
place him in a position to have made 
the trip to the Falls of the Big Sioux 
at the very time the tradition says 
he did make the trip. 


We hear no more of Le Sueur until 
1689 when he was again on the Mis- 
sissippi with Nicolas Perrot in his 
treaty making business and thereafter 
he was operating about the great 
lakes until 1695 when Frontenac sent 
him to build a post at Lake Pepin at 
about the present location of Red- 
wing, Minnesota, and that fall he re- 
turned to Canada taking with him 
the Sioux Chief Cioascate (as the 
French spelled the name phonetically) 
and 12 canoe loads of Indians. Le- 
Sueur stayed in Canada the following 
winter and the Sioux Chief died there. 
While in Canada Le Sueur told the 
authorities about the mines of which 
he had heard on the upper Minnesota 
river. In the spring of 1696 he seems 
to have hurried back west with his 
Indians and then was again in Que- 
bec in the autumn whence he sailed 
by permission of Frontenac to France 
to secure royal permission to open the 
mines. He secured the backing of 
the court and returned to the Missis- 
sippi by way of the gulf having first 
visited Canada, in the winter of 1699 
and the following summer with a 
party of 19 Frenchmen ascended the 
‘Mississippi and Minnesota to the vic- 
inity of Mankato, where that autumn 
he built Fort L’Huillier, upon a high 
bluff on the east side of the Blue 
Earth river and just below the mouth 


the 


° 
oO 


Addenda 


of the Le Sueur. No more beautiful 
or sightly location could have been 
chosen. Dr. Neill in his history of 
Minnesota, pp. 162-63 says: “He com- 
menced his operations, not only with 
a view to the trade of beaver, but also 
to gain a knowledge of the mines 
which he had previously discovered.’ 
From this post it is certain that his 
traders,—if he did not personally— 
traded west to the Sioux river. 


While Dr. Sulte was able thus to 
trace the whereabouts of Le Sueur 
for most of the time from 1681 for- 
ward, he was not so fortunate in the 
case of Le Moyne for the same period 
though he found nothing that would 
indicate that he was not absent upon 
this enterprise at the time suggested 
by Dr. Neill. 

In 1702 D’Iberville as governor of 
Louisiana made a report to the French 
Government upon conditions in his 
domain in which he recommended the 
diversion of the western fur trade 
from the Canadian to the Mississippi 
route. Count Pontchartrain, the French 
minister in commenting upon this rec- 
ommendation thus illuminates’ the 
character of Le Sueur: 


“It ought not to be surprising that 
M. D’Iberville proposes the one named 
Le Sueur to go among these nations, 
being a man of his own, having mar- 
ried his first cousin, and one of the 
most ardent from Canada for the trade 
of the woods, having done nothing else 
for forty years, at first under pretext 
of stopping the war among themselves 
and with the Foxes and other neigh- 
boring nations, at which he was not 
successful, although he was many 
times under express orders from M. 
de Frontenac, contenting himself with 
bringing back beavers, and then he 
has proposed to his majesty to ex- 


Addenda 


plore the mines in the very Sioux 
country. He has been there for the 
sake of Canada under this pretext. 
* * * Tt appears that he has been 
driven from the banks of the Missis- 
sippi * * * through the precautions of 
Messrs. de Callieres and de Cham- 
pigny who have been fully convinced 
that this particular man had no other 
design than to carry-on trade, and 
not at all the intention of being use- 
ful to the King.” 


On the contrary Margry gives a 
good deal of information which leads 
one to conclude that Le Moyne was 
entirely ignorant of the mouth of the 
Mississippi until the. 31st of March 
1699 when he made the discovery and 
Le Sueur who was with him at once 
embarked up the stream upon his fa- 
mous expedition which resulted in the 
founding of Fort L’Huillier. In a con- 
siderable correspondence which Le- 
Moyne sends to the Minister of Ma- 
rine under date of June 28, 1698, nor 
in his journal of the trip of 1699 is 
there a single suggestion that he had 
ever seen the region previously. All 
of this material will be found in 
Margery, Book 4. ‘‘Decouverte Par 
Mer des Bouches Du Mississippi, et 
Ktablissements de Le Moyne D’Iber- 
ville sur Le Golfe du Mexique. 


This correspondence with others 
connected with it shows that Canada 
was tremendously wrought up over 
the Mississippi establishments and 
against Le Moyne and LeSueur to- 
ward the end of the seventeenth and 
the beginning of the eighteenth cen- 
turies. 

To summarize the entire evidence it 
appears entirely possible that LeSueur 
should have visited Sioux Falls as 
early as 1683 and during the follow- 
ing fifteen years may have explored 


964 


Addenda 


all of that region repeatedly. His 
map of 1702 confirms this view and 
there is nothing whatever that com- 
bats it. 

It seems quite improbable that he 
sent furs down the Mississippi at 
that time, or that Le Moyne conspired 
with him in the matter, but it does 
appear that later he did engage in 
illicit trade in the west and that his 
cousin Le Moyne was no doubt a party 
to it. That Dr. Neill was perhaps 
mistaken by a dozen years or so in 
the date of the enterprise. Certainly 
the legend that Le Sueur visited Sioux 
Falls before the year 1700 is as well 
supported as are many facts accepted 
as settled history. 


Lewis, Leora J., born Rapid City; 
librarian; field librarian State Free 
Library Commission since 1918. 


Liquor Legislation in Dakota—More 
than forty years elapsed after white 
trade was well established in South 
Dakota before any attempt was made 
to regulate the traffic in intoxicants. 
Spirits was a part of the outfit of 
every trader and it was early discov- 
ered that a better bargain could be 


' struck with an inebriated Indian than 


with a sober one. Consequently the 
customers who assembled about the 
trading stores were studiously inebri- 
ated before commerce was undertak- 
en. Chittenden thus describes the 
‘Situation in these earlier times: 


“Liquor was the most powerful 
weapon which the traders could 
employ in their struggles with one 
another. Its attraction for the In- 
dian was irresistible, and by means 
of it he could be robbed of every- 
thing he possessed. * ** 

-“In retailing the poisonous stuff 
(a pure article never found its 


965 


Addenda 


way to the Indian) the degree of 
deception and cheating could not 
have been carried further. A bane- 
ful and noxious substance to begin 
with, it was retailed with the most 
systematic fraud, often amounting 
to a sheer exchange of nothing for 
the goods of the Indian. It was the 
policy of the shrewd trader first to 
get his victim so intoxicated that 
he could no longer drive a good 
bargain. The Indian, becoming 
more and more greedy for liquor, 
would yield up all he possessed for 
an additional cup or two. The vora- 
cious trader, not satisfied with sell- 
ing his alcohol at a profit of many 
thousand per cent, would now be- 
gin to cheat in quantity. As he 
filled the little cup which was the 
standard of measure, he would 
thrust in his big thumb and dimin- 
ish its capacity by one-third. Some- 
times he would substitute another 
cup with the bottom thickened up 
by running tallow in until it was 
a third full. He would also dilute 
the liquor until, as the Indian’s 
senses became more and more be- 
fogged, he would treat him to 
water pure and simple. In all this 
outrageous imposition, by which 
the Indian was virtually robbed of 
his goods, it must be confessed 
that the tricks of the trader had 
at least this in their favor that 
they spared the unhappy and de- 
luded savage from a portion of the 
liquor which he supposed he was 
getting. The duplicity and crime 
for which this unhallowed traffic 
is responsible in our relations with 
the Indians have been equalled but 
seldom in even the most corrupt 
of nations.” 


Addenda 


These practices became a national 
scandal and in 1830 congress enacted 
a law prohibiting the sale of liquors 
to Indians and the transportation of 
intoxicants into the Indian country. 
So far as Missouri River trade was 
concerned it was the endeavor of the 
officials to prevent the traders from 
carrying liquor with them when they 
left the settlements; but no great 
craft was required to evade the in- 
spectors and the flow of intoxicants 
to the upper river was not seriously 
impeded. Audubon, the naturalist, 
who visited the Dakota country. in 
1843 is charged with materially as- 
sisting in an evasion of the law. He 
mentions the affair himself, but the 
details of it are given in Chittenden’s 
Karly Steamboat Navigation on the 
Missouri River. Learning the im- 
possibility of enforcing the prohibition 
by the inspection of stores at St. 
Louis, an army officer was stationed 
at Bellevue, “at the edge of the wil- 
derness,” and all stores taken past that 
point were examined for contraband 
liquors. Audubon traveled upon the 
steamboat Omega and on the 10th of 
May the boat was stopped by Captain 
Burgwin, who, with his company of 
dragoons, was encamped four miles 
above Bellevue. Chittenden’s version 
follows: 


“The boat left her mooring at 
Bellevue at daylight next morning, 
but had scarcely gotten under way 
when a couple of rifle shots were 
fired across her bow. She brought 
to at once and made for the shore. 
_ There Captain Sire found a lieu- 
tenant in charge of a few dragoons, 
who had come from his camp four 
miles distant. The young officer 


came on board and presented to: 


Captain Sire a polite note from 


966 


Addenda 


Captain Burgwin, commander of 
the camp, stating that his orders 
required him to inspect the boat 
before letting her proceed. 


“This was like a dash of cold 
water to the buoyant spirits of 
Captain Sire, and none the less so 
to Audubon, to whom, as well as to 
the company, the loss of the liquid 
portion of the cargo would have 
been irreparable. The naturalist 
had a permit from the government 
to carry with him a quantity of 
liquor for the use of himself and 
party, and upon showing his cre- 
dentials to the young officer he 
was, to use his own words, ‘im- 
mediately settled comfortably.’ But 
in the moment of his good for- 
tune he did not forget his compan- 
ions who were not yet ‘settled com- 
fortably.’ He understood that time 
was required to prepare for the ap- 
proaching function, and he could at 
least help to secure this time by 
delaying inspection as long as pos- 
sible. He accordingly expressed a 
desire to visit the camp, and the 
lieutenant detailed a dragoon to 
accompany him. The great natu- 
ralist rode four miles to call upon 
an obscure army officer whom he 
could see in a short time by wait- 
ing at the boat. The officer was 
overwhelmed at the honor of the 
visit, and when Audubon offered 
to present his credentials he po- 
litely and gallantly replied that his 
name was too well known through- 
out the United States to require 
any letters. Audubon says of the 
occasion: ‘I was on excellent and 
friendly terms in less time than it 
has taken me to write this ac- 
count of our meeting.’ Between 
his entertaining conversation and 


Addenda 


the shooting of some birds he con- 
trived to detain the Captain for a 
good two hours before they return- 
ed to the boat. 

“The time had not been wasted 
by Captain Sire and his loyal 
crew. The shallow hold of the 
steamboat of those days was divid- 
ed lengthwise into two compart- 
ments by a partition or bulkhead 
running the full length of the boat. 
A narrow-gauge tramway extended 
down each side of the hold its en- 
tire length, the two sides connect- 
ing with each other by a curve 
which passed under the hatchway 
in the forecastle. Small cars re- 
ceived the cargo let down through 
the hatchway, and carried it to its 
place in the hold or brought it out 
again when the boat was being un- 
loaded. A car could. pass from the 
stern of the boat on one side of 
the hold around the curve in the 
bow and to the stern of the boat 
on the other side. There being no 
windows in the hold, everything 
was buried in blackness a few 
feet from the hatchway. Work- 
men were lighted to their labors 
by means of candles. 

“During the absence of Audubon 
the crew had loaded all the liquor 
upon the cars, and had run them 
down on one side of the hold far 
enough from the hatchway to be 
entirely concealed in the darkness. 
They were carefully instructed in 
the part they had to play in the 


approaching comedy, and _ very 


likely were put through a prelimi- 
nary rehearsal or two. 


“When Captain Burgwin arrived 
in Audubon’s company he was re- 
ceived most hospitably and treat- 
ed to a luncheon, in which was in- 


967 


Addenda 


cluded, as a matter of course, a 
generous portion from the private 
store embraced in Audubon’s ‘cre- 
dentials.’ By this time the young 
Captain was in most excellent 
temper and was quite disposed to 
forego the inspection altogether. 
But the virtuous Sire would not 
have it so. ‘I insisted, as it were,’ 
says the worthy navigator in his 
log of May 10, ‘that he make the 
strictest possible search, but upon 
the condition that he would do the 
same with other traders.’ 


“A proposition so eminently fair 
was at once agreed to by the in- 
spector, whose mellow faculties 
were now in a most accommodat- 
ing condition. The shrewd steam- 
boat master, who never forgot to 
be sober when his company’s in- 
terests were at stake, escorted the 
officer down the hatchway, and to- 
gether they groped their way along 
the hold by the light of a not too 
brilliant candle. It may be imagin- 
ed with what zeal the scrupulous 
Captain thrust the ineffectual flame 
into every nook and corner, and 
even insisted that the inspector 
move a box or bale now and then 
to assure himself that everything 
was all right. 

“Arrived at the foot of the hold 
they passed through an opening 
and started back on the other side. 
The officer was doubtless too much 
absorbed with the _ effects of 
his recent collation to notice the 
glimmer of light under the hatch- 
way at the other end of the boat, 
where a miniature train with its 
suspicious cargo was creeping 
stealthily around the curve and 
disappearing toward the — side 
which they had just left. The 


Addenda 


party finished their inspection, and 
everything was found quite as it 
should be. With many protesta- 
tions of good will the clever hosts 
and their delighted guest parted 
company, and the good Captain 
Sire went on his way rejoicing.” 
Already, however, the government 
had discovered that no complete re- 
striction of.the traffic could be ef- 
fected by this system of inspection 
and in 1842 had appointed Major 
Andrew Drips, “Indian Agent for the 
tribes on the upper Missouri,” and an 
agency was established at Fort Pierre. 
From his instructions formulated by 
Indian Commissioner T. Hartley 
‘Crawford it will be seen that he was 
in effect “Federal Prohibition Enforce- 
ment Officer,” for the Indian country: 

“Sir: You have been appointed 
by the president with the advice 
and consent of the Senate, Indian 
agent for the tribes of the upper 
Missouri. * * * 

“The principal object in making 
the appointment is to insure ef- 
fectual means of preventing the in- 
troduction of ardent spirits into 
the Indian country. * * * 

“You are fully authorized by law 
to eject all who go into the In- 
dian country to sell whiskey. 

“It is all important that you 
should be as much as possible with 
the Indians and endeavor by every 
argument to gain their confidence 
at least of the better part of them. 
In doing so you will find sources 
of information that can be obtain- 
ed in no other way. When once 
convinced of the deadly effects of 
alcohol and _ other’ intoxicating 
drinks they cannot fail to estimate 
properly every effort on your part 
to avert such consequences. 


‘penalty at 


Addenda 


Through the instrumentality of the 
more discreet Indians you may be 
furnished with information, not on- 
ly of the places where liquor is to 
be found but of the names of those 
introducing it. If any stimulous 
be necessary to their exertions it 
may be applied by the promisé of 
suitable presents for all such serv- 
ices as shall result in the detection 
of offenders. * * * If by your 
exertions the abominable traffic 
can be prevented even in a partial 
degree will deserve and receive 
the thanks of the government. 


“With a view to your comfort * * 

I will cause a suitable building to 
be erected for your residence and 
another for your interpreter * * * 
at the mouth of the Teton river.” 
(Ft. Pierre.) Drips continued in 
this service for 6 years. 


II 

The first session of the Territorial 
Legislature passed two acts affecting 
intoxicants; the first a very simple 
license law requiring the applicant to 
pay into the county treasury such sum 
as the commissioners should fix, not 
less than ten nor more than one hun- 
dred dollars, and upon producing the 
receipt for such payment the county 
clerk issued a license. The act pro- 
vided penalties for selling without 
such license. 


The other act of this first session 
absolutely prohibited the sale of in- 
toxicants to Indians and fixed the 
imprisonment for such 
sales. 


The third session passed a general 
licensing act, in which it was provid- 
ed that grocers might take license to 
vend liquors, and it seems to have re- 
pealed the imprisonment clause for 


968 


Addenda 


the sale of liquor to Indians and sub- 
stituted a fifty dollar fine. 


An act approved January 4, 1866, 
provided that intoxicated Indians 
should be taken into custody, and kept 
until sober when they should be re- 
quired to disclose where they obtain- 
ed the liquor and parties so charg- 
ed should at once be arrested and 
dealt with according to law. 


A long forward step was taken in 
the act of January 10, 1873 which re- 
quired applicants for license to give 
bond in the sum of three thousand dol- 
lars and to be liable in civil dam- 
ages for any injury resulting from the 
sale of intoxicants by such applicant. 
The same session prohibited the sale 
of liquors upon any election day. 

The act of the next session greatly 
strengthened the civil damage act of 
1873 and provided that any person in- 
jured might recover “all damages 
which may be inflicted upon them in 
person, property or means of sup- 
port.” 

The entire law pertaining to the 
sale of intoxicants was rewritten in 
the Revised Code of 1877. The civil 
damage act was omitted and the bond 
of applicants reduced to five hundred 
dollars. Intoxication was declared no 
defense in. action against teamsters, 
engineers and conductors, nor in mur- 
der cases. 


An act of 1879 fixed a minimum 
license of two hundred dollars, and 
permitted both county and town to 
license. It also made it a misde- 
meanor to sell to habitual drunkards 
and provided for blacklisting such in- 
ebriates. 

The legislature of 1885 absolutely 
prohibited the sale within three miles 
of the University, or near any fair 


Addenda 


ground while an exhibition was in 
progress. 


In 1887 a county option act prevail- 
ed. This act was submitted to an 
election in November 1887 and‘a very 
large portion of Dakota territory vot- 
ed out the saloon. The act provided 
that where counties had voted out 
the sale, injunctions might be invok- 
ed to prevent illegal sales. 


This briefly outlines all liquor leg- 
islation in the territory of Dakota 
during its existence, from March 2, 
1861 to November 2, 1889. 


The territorial courts were not 
much troubled with cases involving 
the interpretation of the liquor laws. 
Only five cases of that nature reach- 
ed the supreme court, and two of 
these involved the construction of 
Federal statutes. 


The first case in the supreme court 
of this character is more notable for 
the parties in interest than for any 
substantial question involved. Theo- 
phile Bruguier was arrested and tried 
for selling one pint of whiskey to 
Struck by the Ree, the important 
chief of the Yanktons. He was con- 


victed, and appealed upon two 
grounds: 1. The indictment did not 
declare the act was “feloniously” 


committed. 2. That Struck by the Ree, 
a man under guardianship of the gov- 
ernment was incompetent to testify. 
The court affirmed the conviction, 
holding that such sale was a misde- 
meanor and not a felony, and that 
“Strike” was a competent witness. 
This was the second case considered 
and decided by the territorial court. 


In another very early case the court 
held that sale made to an Indian, 
whether on or off the reservation, was 
an indictable offense. 


969 


Addenda 


The first case in the supreme court 
arising out of a territorial statute 
arose in Yankton in 1876 and grew out 
of an ambiguity as to the effect of 
an amendment made in 1875 to the 
act of 1873. It was merely a determi- 
nation of the rule for statutory con- 
struction. 

The next case considered by the 
court in construing the territorial law, 
did not reach it until 1888 and involv- 
ed the question of dual licenses. One 
Webster obtained a license from the 
city of Watertown and proceeded to 
do business without consulting the 
county commissioners. He was con- 
victed of selling without a county li- 
cense and the court confirmed the con- 
viction, holding that he must have li- 
censes from both the city and county. 

There was but one other case in the 
territorial court. After the passage 
of the county option act of 1887 a 
question arose as to the law affecting 
sales in counties that had voted out 
sales. The court held that the adop- 
tion of county option did not repeal 
the former statutory provision of pen- 
alties for sales without license. 

Notwithstanding the large Scandi- 
navian population which was ever for 
the rigid regulation and prohibition, 
the saloon was an important element 
in social and political affairs through- 
out the territorial period. With the 
“boom” beginning in 1878 a large in- 
flux of American population came 
from the Mississippi Valley states and 
brought with them a strong support 
for drastic regulation and prohibition. 
From about 1883 forward there was 
a constant propaganda for  prohibi- 
tion, and perhaps two-thirds of the 
area of South Dakota was voted dry. 

The constitutional convention of 
1883 declined to submit to the people 


9 


‘Addenda 


a constitutional prohibition plank, but 
the convention of 1885 did make such 
submission, and the prohibition ar- 
ticle was approved by the people by 
a vote of 15,570 for to 15,337 against. 
Congress refused to admit the state 
under this constitution and the final 
constitutional convention of 1889 re- 
submitted the prohibition article and 
at the constitutional election held Oc- 
tober 1, 1889, this article was approv- 
ed and adopted by a vote of 40,234 
for to 34,510 against, and so prohibi- 
tion became an integral part of the 
State constitution. 


III 

South Dakota was duly admitted to 
the Union of States by proclamation 
of President Harrison, on November 
2, 1889, and it was among the first 
duties of the legislature to enact 
laws to carry the prohibition article 
of the constitution into effect. Such 
an act was passed by an overwhelm- 
ing majority of both houses, and while 
a few votes were recorded against it 
in each branch, there was no attempt 
to delay or defeat its passage. The 
friends of temperance were permitted 
to frame just the act desired and it 
was adopted as the expression of the 
best thought on the subject. 


In general, the act made the first 
offense a misdemeanor, with a fine of 
from one hundred dollars to five hun- 
dred dollars and imprisonment not to 
exceed six months.. Every subsequent 
offense was a felony, and the courts 
were empowered to close by injunc- 
tion every place where liquors were 
illegally dispensed. The act -went in- 
to effect May 1, 1890. 


As speedily as possible the validity 
of the act was tested in the courts 
and, while many angles: of practice 


0 


Addenda 


were adjudicated in a multiplicity of 
cases, the constitutionality of the act 


was affirmed in the case of the State - 


v. Brennan, 3 S. D. p. 29. 


The opponents of prohibition did 
not rest under the restrictions of the 
act. At the opening of the second 
session, Mr. Fred Schnauber, repre- 
sentative from Yankton County intro- 
duced House Bill No. 3, providing for 
a resubmission of the prohibition ar- 
ticle. A fight was precipitated from 
the first moment. Mr. Converse of 
Jerauld instantly moved its indefinite 
postponement, but was defeated 70 to 
52, and it was referred to the Com- 
mittee on Temperance. It did not 
come out of committee until the 45th 
day and then with a divided report, 
the majority recommending indefinite 
postponement, and the minority pass- 
age with amendment. The bill was 
taken up in committee of the whole 
that evening and the minority report 
adopted by a vote of 19 to 44, and 
upon final passage the resolution car- 
ried by 66 to 47 and went over to 
the senate. There also the committee 
divided, the majority report favoring 
passage was adopted by the senate, 
but upon final passage the resolution 
lost by a vote of 18 to 20, seven be- 
ing absent. 

Generally there was good faith 
shown in the enforcement of the law, 
and more or less success was enjoyed. 
In Sioux Falls, Yankton, and the 
Black Hills, no persistent attempt was 
made at enforcement. In these places 
and in some others of less importance, 
a system of monthly fines was impos- 
ed upon dealers which was in lieu of 
license. 

Both parties came into the session 
of 1893 girded for battle. Mr. Fowler 


Addenda 


introduced H. B. No. 4, striking pro- 
hibition from the constitution. It 
went to the Committee on Temper- 
ance who returned a divided report, 
the majority amending the original 
bill to provide inspection of all liquors 
sold, and municipal option. The mi- 
nority moved indefinite postponement. 
The minority report was adopted 44 
to 38, and so the first attempt died. 


The opponents of prohibition how- 
ever were not content to let it go at 
that. There was a strong lobby at 
the capitol upon both sides; the wets 
led by Alfred B. Kittredge and Moses 
Kaufman and the drys by Mrs. Anna 
Simmons and Mrs. S. H. Cranmer. 


On February 6th Hon. D. S. Hoop- 
er, representative from Spink County 
introduced House Resolution No. 208, 
an amendment to the _ constitution 
which provided that any proposed 
amendment to the prohibition article 
should be submitted to the people at 
a special election to be held at least 
sixty days prior to the general elec- 
tion and that there should be equal 
suffrage at such election. This reso- 
lution was in due course referred to 
the Committee on Temperance. After 
the defeat of the resubmission reso- 
lution upon February 2nd the wets 
were busy in attempting to discover 
some method for resubmission that 
would go over, and finally agreed up- 
on what was then known as the Goth- 
enburg plan by which municipalities 
should retain a monopoly of the liquor 
traffic. A majority of the committee 
upon Temperance were induced to 
take Hooper’s House Resolution No. 
208, substitute the proposed Gothen- 
burg plan for the original purpose of 
the resolution and so report it. to. the 
House, while the minority of the com- 


971 


Addenda 


mittee reported in favor of indefinite 
postponement. The majority report 
was adopted after a good deal of ma- 
neuvering. On Thursday, February 
23rd the resolution went to the foot 
of the calendar, already overloaded by 
delayed bills. It could only be ad- 
vanced by a suspension of the rules 
and a two-thirds vote was required 
to accomplish it. Friday and Satur- 
day went by without progress. The 
session would end on Friday, March 
3rd by limitation of law. By Monday 
the situation was becoming desperate. 
The rules might be amended by a 
majority vote, but no amendment 
could be voted the day it was propos- 
ed. At the evening session, on Mon- 
day the 27th light dawned and Mr. 
Lynch offered an amendment to the 
rule, permitting a majority to suspend 
the rules. Bright and early the next 
morning this proposed amendment to 
the rules was up for consideration, 
and the most picturesque filibuster in 
the history of Dakota legislation was 
undertaken by the drys under the 
leadership of Mr. Hooper, in the hope 
to prevent a vote upon the resubmis- 
sion resolution until adjournment 
Thursday evening when it would be 
too late for the senate to act upon 
it. , 

Speaker Lawson was a trained par- 
liamentarian of fine presence, and fer- 
tile mind. Mr. Hooper was an elder- 
ly gentleman of quiet demeanor and 
Chesterfieldian courtesy. Motions, 
roll calls, points of order, and appeals 
from the chair followed in close or- 
der, and were often § interlarded 
with occasional bursts of eloquence. 
It was all exceedingly pleasant and 
gracious; no witness will forget how 
considerately Mr. Hooper, a tall man 
standing at his full height, with a 


Addenda 


genial smile playing over his features, 
would make his point of order, or 
how cordially Speaker Lawson would 
rule against him, or the air of defer- 
ence and apology with which the el- 
der statesman would assert: “From 
the ruling of the speaker I am com- 
pelled to appeal.’ Promptly the re- 
quired number would support the ap- 
peal, the roll would be called, always 
resulting in sustaining the chair. The 
gentleman from Spink, already upon 
his feet, would accept defeat with a 
smile, interpose another dilatory mo- 
tion and still beaming, “Upon that 
motion I demand a roll call.” The 
day had passed and the hour was 
growing late without progress.’ It 
was known that the final issue was 
extremely close, and that it perhaps 
depended upon the vote of Hon. Gun- 
der Stuverud, of Codington, a man of 
very religious temperament, but much 
addicted to drink. In truth Stuverud 
had encouraged both parties, but be- 
cause of his habits the drys placed no 
great dependence upon him. In the 
innumerable roll calls of the day he 
had about equally distributed his fa- 
vors between the contenders. |. 
Finally, at about 10:30 p. m., the 
previous question was _ forced 
through in this wise; The 
previous question was moved and a 
roll call had. A bare majority voted 
favorably. The speaker ruled the mo- 
tion lost because two-thirds were re- 
quired, under the rule, to carry the 
previous question. An appeal was 
taken and the speaker was overruled. 
The roll was called upon the final 
passage of resubmission. Every mem- 
ber was in his place. Stuverud pass- 
ed; the roll was completed and the 
vote stood 41 to 41. Every eye in 
the packed house was turned to Stuve- 


972 


Addenda 


rud. The clerk again called his name 
but he did not respond. “The gentle- 
man from Codington must vote,” an- 
nounced the speaker. “No” thunder- 
ed the big Norwegian, and re-submis- 
sion was lost. 

After this close victory an apathy 
possessed the temperance people 
from which they did not recover for 
a long time. The great financial de- 
pression of 1893 came on diverting 
the attention of every one to the hard 
problems of personal finance and 
when the legislature of 1895 came on 
resubmission went by default. The 
simple question of striking prohibi- 
tion from the constitution was sub- 
mitted to the voters at the election 
in November 1896 and_ prevailed 
31,901 for and 24,910 against. 

Following this death blow to pro- 
hibition, the legislature of 1897 did 
two things in relation to the traffic. 
First, it submitted to the people, to 
be voted on at the election of 1898, 
this amendment: 

“The manufacture and sale of 
intoxicating liquors shall be under 
the exclusive state control and 
shall be conducted by duly author- 
ized agents who shall be paid a 
salary and not commissions. All 
liquors sold shall first be examined 
by a state chemist and the purity 
thereof. established.” 

Second: The legislature enacted a 
“high license” act placing license at 
one thousand dollars, and among 
other things providing for open sa- 
loons without curtains or other ob- 
structions over the windows and with- 
out chairs or tables in the room. Mu- 
nicipal option was provided for. 

The constitutional amendment for 
state control was approved in 1898 by 
a vote of 22,170 for to 20,755 against. 


Addenda 


Governor Lee in his message to the 
legislature of 1899 called attention to 
the duty imposed upon that body to 
enact laws to carry the dispensary 
amendment into effect. 


The legislature, however, saw no 
means of financing the dispensary sys-. 
tem and so submitted to the people 
the question of striking the dispen- 
sary amendment from the constitution.- 
This was approved at the election of 
1900 by 48,673 to 33,927. Thus we 
came up to the beginning of the 
Twentieth Century with only munici- 
pal option and a high license law. 


For the first fifteen years of the 
new century the practical legislation 
pertaining to the sale of intoxicants 
strengthened the high license law, 
placing additional restrictions about 
the business and tended to make the 
securing of licenses difficult for irre- 
sponsible and immoral dealers. The 
supreme court kept pace with the leg- 
islature and by a consistent line of 
decisions upheld the legislative intent 
in every instance. 


“An act of 1907 limited the num- 
ber of licenses to one for three hun- 
dred inhabitants of a municipality 
granting licenses.” 


There was but one notable and 
unique bit of legislation during the 
period. In 1909 there was passed an 
anti-treating act providing: 


“It shall be unlawful for any per- 
son in the state of South Dakota, in 
any place where intoxicating liq- 
our is sold, to treat or give to an- 
other, free drinks of any intoxicat- 
ing liquor whatsoever, either di- 
rectly or indirectly.” 

A small fine was provided for each 
offense against this law. In practice 
it did not appear to be enforceable, 


973 


Addenda 


was generally disregarded and the 
succeeding session repealed the act. 


Throughout this period there was 
a growing sentiment for a return to 
constitutional prohibition, and all the 
time it was more or less of an issue 
before the people and in the public 
press. 


At the session of 1907 an initiated 
act was presented for a county op- 
tion law and was duly submitted to 
the electors at the general election of 
1908, and was defeated by a vote of 
41,405 against to 39,075 for. 


County option was at once re-initi- 
ated and submitted by the legislature 
of 1909 to the electors at the general 
election of 1910 and was again de- 
feated, 55,372 against and 42,416 for. 


The code of 1903 as interpreted by 
the Supreme Court in Briggs v. 
Ghrist, 28 S. D. 562 provided the votes 
of a majority of all voters residing 
in a municipality must be cast in 
favor, to authorize the granting of 
license. Chapter 254 of the laws of 
1913 made a majority of the votes 
cast sufficient. This provision had 
been stricken from the bill by amend- 
ment made upon third reading but 
studiously, or by error, it was includ- 
ed in the enrolled act and became 
law regardless of the design of the 
legislature. Chapter 227 of the laws 
of 1915 repealed the act of 1913, and 
was referred by the liquor men but 
constitutional prohibition made it of 
no consequence. 

In 1913 the liquor interests initiat- 
ed an act making a vote favorable to 
license effective until overthrown by a 
subsequent election hoping to relieve 
themselves of the necessity of peti- 
tioning and fighting for an annual 
election on the subject. The bill 


Addenda 


was overwhelmingly defeated at the 
election of 1914. 

By 1914 the public demand for a 
return to constitutional prohibition 
had become very emphatic and the 
legislature of its own volition submit- 
ted the question to the people to be 
voted upon at the election of 1916. 
A campaign of education followed 
which was for the first time met in 
the open with argument and propa- 
ganda by the opponents of prohibi- 
tion, chiefly through paid advertising 
in the newspapers. The vote was 
65,334 for and 53,380 opposed. 

Instantly a contention arose as to 
the character of the law which should 
be enacted to carry the constitutional 
provision into effect. The promot- 
ers of the prohibition amendment ap- 
peared willing to be rather liberal so 
long as the open saloon was suppress- 
ed but up from the people came a 
strong demand for bone dry prohibi- 
tion. Many who had opposed pro- 
hibition were most insistent in this 
bone dry demand and the session 
did enact a very drastic act which 
was intended to absolutely prohibit 
the use of intoxicants in any way 
except medicinally, in the arts, and 
for communion. It created the office 
of state sheriff whose chief duty has 
been to supervise enforcement of the 
prohibition law. 

Very soon thereafter the federal 
amendment for national prohibition 
was submitted. This was unanimous- 
ly approved by both houses of our 
legislature at the special session of 
1919. 

The foregoing fairly outlines liquor 
legislation affecting the South Dakota 
region for the past century. 


Loucks, Henry L., 1846- ‘ 
Ontario, Canada May 24; 


born 
settled in 


974 


° 


Addenda 


South Dakota 1885; active in farmers 
movements; organizer Farmers Alli- 
ance; populist candidate for governor 
1890; president National Farmers Alli- 
ance; president: State Alliance, candi- 
date for U. S. senate 1924; Author, 
“Great Conspiracy of the House of 
Morgan,” “The New Monetary Sys- 
tem,” “Government Ownership of Rail- 
roads and Telegraph.” 


Loucks, Perry F., 1880- ; born 
Jefferson City, Mo., September 20; 
educated, State College; lawyer; pres- 
ident State Bar Association 1922. 


Lusk, Willard C., 1869- ; born 
Freeport, Illinois, Nov. 6; educated 
State College; publisher Yankton Press 
and Dakotan. 

Lyon, Gen. Nathaniel, 1818-1861; 
born in Connecticut; came to Fort 
Pierre, a captain in Company B. Second 
Infantry. He ‘graduated from West 
Point in 1841. Augustus Meyer thus 
describes him: “He was of average 
size, sandy hair and beard; his voice 
had a distinct nasal twang; he was 
a strict disciplinarian conscientious 
and patriotic and a strong abolitionist. 
He kept very much to himself and 
seemed to pass the time reading and 
writing. He was of a most peculiar 
temperament. While he preserved a 
fatherly attitude toward his company 
and saw to their comfort he was ex- 
acting. The least infringement of rules 
he would punish. He seldom put any 
of his men in the guardhouse but pun- 
ished them by making them do menial 
service, or by marching in front of 
company quarters where he could ob- 
serve them carrying a log or a heav- 
ily loaded knapsack or with a barrel 
over their shoulders with their heads 
sticking out of the top.” 

When the Civil War came on he 


- was promoted and placed in command 


Addenda 


of a force in Southwestern Missouri, 
where he was killed in the battle of 
Wilson’s Creek August 10. It is 
noteworthy that at the outbreak of the 
war a “rebel” camp known as Camp 
Jackson, was set up at St. Louis under 
command of Captain Frost, who had 
come to Fort Pierre with Lyon in 
1855 and resigned to go into the In- 
dian trade with Captain Todd, as 
Frost, Todd and Company. Lyon’s 
first service to the Union cause was 
to “blow up” this camp and put it 
utterly out of commission. 


Mahoney, Rt. Rev. Bernard Joseph, 
Bishop of Sioux Falls, 1875- ; born 
Albany, N. Y., July 24. educated at 
Mt. St. Mary’s College; degree of 
Doctory of Divinity conferred by the 
Pope; Spiritual director of American 
College, Rome for 13 years; consecrat- 
ed bishop of the Diocese of South 
Dakota 1922, 


McCaffree, Charles, 1876- >; born 
Janesville, Iowa, April 9; educated 
Cornell College; came to South Da- 
kota 1879; commissioner of immigra- 
tion 1913-1920. 


McCune, George Shannon, 1873-_ - ; 
born Allegheny, Pennsylvania, Dec. 15. 
Educated at Park Academy and Coe 
College. Spent many years in educa- 
tional work in Korea; president Hu- 
ron College since 1921. 


McKeever, John H., born Clinton, 
Iowa; president S. D. KEditorial 
Association 1919; editor Aberdeen 
News. 

Milligan, William E., 1867- ; born 


Fingal, Ontario, April 8; educated St. 
Thomas Collegiate Institute; resident 
Aberdeen since 1891; republican na- 
tional committeeman from South Da- 
kota 1920-. 


975 


Addenda 


Mount Harney Memorial Association. 
Following the visit of Mr. Gutzon Borg- 
lum (q. v.) to Mount Harney in the 
autumn of 1924, when he reported 
upon the feasibility of a great na- 
tional memorial there, the following 
was enacted’ by Congress, the Dill 
having been prepared by Congressman 
Williamson. 


“That the Mount Harney Memorial 
Association, hereafter to be created by 
the Legislature of South Dakota is 
hereby authorized to carve a memorial 
in heroic figures, commemorative of 
our national history and progress upon 
a suitable exposure of the Harney 
Mountain Range, located within the 
boundaries of the Harney National 
Forest in the State of South Dakota. 
Such association is further authorized 
to select the name, location and design 
of such memorial. Provided that the 
United States should be put to no 
expense in respect to such memorial 
and that the secretary of agriculture 
finds that the location of the site will 
not interfere with the administration 
of the Harney National Forest.” 


The act was approved March 4, 1925, 
by President Coolidge, who from the 
first exhibited deep interest in the pro- 
posal. 


Pursuant to the requirement of the 
foregoing act of Congress the Legisla- 
ture of South Dakota enacted the fol- 
lowing which is Chapter 232, Laws of 
1925. “The Mount Harney Memorial 
Association is hereby created to con- 
sist of such citizens as shall subscribe 
to its bylaws. It shall have an execu- 
tive committee to consist of the Chair- 
man of the Custer State Park Board 
and two others to be chosen by the 
association at a meeting to be called 
for the purpose. Such association 
shall have power to fill vacancies in 


Addenda 


the executive committee as the same 
may occur. Such association shall 
function without cost to the state of 
South Dakota and shall have no power 
to involve the state of South Dakota 
in any contract or any risk of any 
character. 

“Said Mount Harney Memorial 
Association is hereby granted permis- 
sion to cause colossal statues of 
Washington and Lincoln to be carved 
from a ledge near the top of Mount 
Harney, the location for the same to 
be approved by the governor; it being 
understood the title, control of such 
statues when completed shall vest in 
the State of South Dakota, and in 
the carving of such statues the associ- 
ation shall preserve the natural beauty 
of such region unimpaired. 


“The said Mount Harney Memorial 
Association is hereby clothed with 
power to do any and all things neces- 
sary in carrying out the purpose of 
this act, provided that no expense 
or responsibility. is incurred on be- 
half of the state of South Dakota or 
for which the state can be held liable. 


“Said Mount Harney Memorial Asso- 
ciation shall continue in being until 
such statues are completed when its 
books and effects shall be turned over 
to the Custer State Park board and 
the said association shall cease to 
exist.” 

This act became effective upon July 
1, 1925. On August 11, 1925 the Mount 
Harney Memorial Associaton author- 
ized therein was duly formed with the 
following bylaws. 

“The undersigned citizens of the 
United States hereby associate them- 
selves as the Mount Harney Memorial 
Association pursuant to Chapter 232 
of the Laws of 1925 and hereby adopt 
the following bylaws: 


976 


Addenda Addenda 





Courtesy NEA Service 


RUSHMORE ROCK 
Inset, Gutzon Borglum 


977 


Addenda 


I 


This organization shall be known 
as the Mount Harney Memorial Asso- 
- ciation and is created to exercise the 
power conferred by said Chapter 232 
of the Laws of 1925. 


II 


The officers of the association shall 
consist of a president, vice-president, 
secretary and treasurer, who, together 
with three other persons shall consti- 
tute the board of trustees. The pres- 
ident of Custer State Park Board shall 
be president. The members of the 
board of trustees, which shall include 
the two members of the executive 
committee provided by law shall be 
elected by a meeting called for that 
purpose by the Governor; ex-officio 
chairman of the Custer State Park 
Board and who shall also be ex-officio 
chairman of said board of trustees. 
The said board of trustees _ shall 
choose its officers, other than the 
president, from its membership. 


Iil 


Said board of trustees is hereby 
empowered, through its executive com- 
mittee to do any and all things neces- 
sary to carry out the purpose of said 
Chapter 232. They shall serve until 
the next regular meeting after their 
election and until their successors are 
duly elected and qualified. 


IV 


The president shall preside at all 
meetings and shall exercise the usual 
powers of an executive. He shall 
countersign all orders for the payment 
of money, drawn upon the treasurer. 


Vv 


The vice president shall preside in 
the absence of the president and 
shall in case of such absence exercise 


Addenda 


such powers as are conferred upon the 
president. He shall be a member of 
the executive committee. 


VI 
The secretary shall keep a careful 
record of all proceedings of the 
board of trustees and of the executive 
committee. He shall be a member of 
the executive committee. 


VII 

The treasurer shall carefully keep 
the funds of the association, from what- 
ever source derived and shall pay the 
same only pursuant to the order of 
the board, upon warrants drawn by 
secretary and countersigned by the 
president. The board of trustees may 
in its discretion purchase a surety bond 
for the treasurer. 


VIII 

Biennial meetings of the association 
shall be held at the state capital in 
January, on the Wednesday next suc- 
ceeding the organization of the leg- 
islature in odd numbered years, for 
the election of members of the board 
of trustees and for any other business 
that may come before it. Special 
meetings may be called at any time 
by the president or secretary. 


IX 
Meetings of the Board of Trustees, 
or of the executive committee may 
be held at any time upon call of the 
president or secretary. ° 


x 


These by laws may be amended at 
any regular meeting of the association 
by a majority vote of the members 
present. 

XI 


The members of the board of: trus- 
tees to serve until their successors are 
duly chosen and qualified shall be: 


978 


Addenda 


Carl Gunderson, President. 

Peter Norbeck, Vice President. 

Joseph W. Parmley, Secretary. 

George P. Bennett, Treasurer. 

John A. Stanley. 

B. F. Myers. 

Doane Robinson. 

These bylaws are signed by the five 
members of the supreme court, the 
constitutional officers and many citi- 
zens. 

On August 10, Mr. Borglum came 
back to the state and spent two weeks 
examining the rock formation of the 
Harney Range. In this he was accom- 
panied by Senator Norbeck and Colonel 
M. L. Shade, superintendent of the 
state park and others. After the most 
critical examination of the region he 
settled upon Rushmore Rock, three and 
one half miles south west of Keystone 
as the most available for sculptural 
purposes. 

Rushmore is a massive pile of gran- 
ite reaching a height of 6600 feet lo- 
cated upon the north part of the Har- 
ney Range. It stands 850 feet above 
the mountain plateau upon which it 
rests and at the top for three hundred 
feet it is a sheer cliff presenting a face 
about three hundred feet broad. 

Again, later in September Mr. Borg- 
lum returned to Rushmore, bringing 
with. him his expert engineers and 
made a critical examination of the 
quality of the rock. He favored in- 
cluding in the group of statuary, 
Washington, Lincoln, Jefferson and 
Roosevelt. The mountain was duly 
dedicated to this national memorial. 


Other Colossi 


Borglum’s enterprise at Rushmore 
makes comparison with other colossi 
of present interest. The greatest en- 
terprise of the sort of record was the 
colossus of Nero, from which the Col- 
osseum took its name. Its extreme 


Addenda 


height including the pedestal upon 
which the full length figure stood was 
120 feet. The most famous was the 
Colossus of Rhodes, regarded as one 
of the seven wonders of the ancient 
world. This was the full sized figure 
of'a man representing Helios the sun 
god. It was made in sections of cast 
bronze, bolted together and was ninety 
feet high. After standing 56 years it 
was thrown down by an earthquake. 


The most ancient of all colossal 
statuary is the Sphinx, of Egypt. This 
is in the form of a lion with a wom- 
an’s head. Originally this figure was 
66 feet high and the head is 30 feet 
long and 14 feet wide. The body of 
the lion stretched on the ledge is 172 
feet long. The greatest modern colos- 
sus is the Statue of Liberty in New 
York Harbor. This figure is 111 feet 
high and is perhaps the only colossal 
statue that was really in artistic pro- 
portion. . 


Compared with these Borglum’s en- 
terprise proposes busts 200 feet from 
waist to crown which if extended to 
the full figure would make the statues 
about 525 feet high; that is, all the 
features must be in proportion of men 
of that height. That he can keep 
these in proportion and at the same 
time make perfect portraits he dem- 
onstrated at Stone Mountain. 


Nelson, Wilmer D., 1872- ; born 
Mt. Carroll, Illinois, Feb. 25; educated 
Pierre University, Woodcock Hor- 
ological School; president State His- 
torical Society, 1925-27. 


Orvis, Albert H., 1857- ; born 
Felts Mills, New York, May 19; 
lawyer; member special supreme court 
1922. ; 


Porter, William G., 1858- ; born 
Orange Co., Vt., Sept. 4; B. A. Dart- 


979 


Addenda 


mouth, LL. B. Drake; Assistant U. S. 
Dist Atty., S. D., 1898-1907; Solicitor, 
C. M. & St. P. Ry., North and South 
Dakota 1911-1919. 


Richards, Richard Olson, 1866- . 
born in Norway, Jan. 2; republican 
candidate for governor 1904, 1924, for 
U. S. senator, 1920; author of Rich- 
ards Primary law. 


Ringsrud, Amund O., 1854- ; born 
in Norway, Sept. 13; First secretary 
of state, 1889-1893; republican candi- 
date for governor 1896: member of 
board of charities and corrections. 


Rushmore Rock.. See Mount Harney 
Memorial Association. (addenda) 


Schlosser, Arthur R., 1880- ; born 
Lodi, Wis., June 20; superintendent 
S. D. training school since 1911. 


Schlosser, George, 1857- ; born 
Lodi, Wisconsin; newspaper man; 
Secretary National Editorial Associ- 
ation; postmaster Sioux Falls, 8 years. 


Senn, Edward L., 1865- ; born Clin- 
ton, Iowa, Dec. 22; came to South Da- 
kota 1884; long teacher; publisher; 
editor Deadwood Telegram: U. S. Pro- 
hibition Enforcement Officer, 1925. 


Sherwood, Carter P., 1861- ; born 
Whitehall, Wis., Aug. 8; settled in 
Kingsbury County, 1883; editor De- 


Smet News; state food drug commis- 
sioner, 1901-5. 


Sioux Calendar. The Sioux kept 
some sort of account of the past 
through a system of pictographs set- 
ting forth the most notable event, to 
them, of the year. Chiefly these events 
were winter happenings and so these 
calendars are called by them Winter 
counts. The interpretation of the 
earlier counts of course depends upon 
recollection and tradition, and except 


Addenda 


for the more extraordinary events hard- 
ly two Indians will give the same inter- 
pretation to the same pictograph, but 
there are certain events, as the Lewis 
and Clark expedition; the falling stars 
of 1833 and similar happenings from 
which we can check these records and 
find it consistent. Different calendars 
have recorded different events for 
some years while agreeing for other 
years. These pictographs were kept 
upon tanned skins, frequently upon 
the tanned side of buffalo robes. Many 
of the commercial robes of early times 
had them but their white purchasers 
had no suggestion of the import 
of the decorations upon them. The 
earliest definite record begins with the 
winter of 

1775-1776. Standing Bull discovered 
the Black Hills and carried home a 
pine tree of a species not before 
known. 

1776-1777. Many horses were killed 
by some of their own people who were 
jealous because they were fatter than 
their own. 

1777-1778. A man with a vulgar 
name was killed by the Pawnee or 
was frozen to death. Another count 
attributes the discovery of the Black 
Hills to this year. 

1778-1779. The Ponca, not-with-stand- 
ing a treaty of peace came and at- 
tacked the Sioux who repulsed them 
killing sixty. 


1779-1780. Long Pine was killed in 
a fight with the Crow. 
1780-1781. Many died of the small- 


pox and also “The Policeman” 
killed by the enemy. 

1781-1782. Small pox very bad. All 
accounts agree upon this. 


was 


1782-1783. “The Stabber,” a Sioux 
froze to death. Small pox still very 
bad. 


980 


Addenda 


1783-1784. The Mandan and Aricara 
made an attack upon the Sioux and 
were repulsed and 25 were killed; a 
boy was captured by the _ Sioux. 
Another Count calls it “the big fire 
winter.” 

1784-1785. A young man had the 
small pox and was isolated in his tepee 
and commited suicide. Also an Omaha 
woman captive with the Oglala tried 
to escape and they killed her. 

1785-1786. Bear’s Ear, a Brule was 
killed in an Oglala village by the 
Crows, also the Oglala killed three 
lodges of Omaha. 

1786-1787. Broken Legged Duck an 
Oglala went to a Crow village to steal 
horses and was killed. 

1787-1788. The Oglala went out in 
search of the Crow to avenge the 
death of Broken Leg. They did not 
find the Crow but came upon a Man- 
dan village and killed all of them. An- 
other Count calls it the Heyoka man 
behind winter. A heyoka or im- 
becile man would always do the oppo- 
site of what he was told. He was 
with a war party and his company were 
beaten and started to retreat. They 
called to the fool to run away with 
them and he true to form bolted 
among the enemy and was killed. A 
nice question of moral responsibility 
arose among the Sioux in the matter, 
and it was determined that those who 
told him to run away were responsible 
for his death, because aware of his 
obsession they should have ordered 
him to charge the enemy. 

1788-1789. The winter the Crows 
froze to death. It was so cold the 
crows froze in the air and dropped 
dead. Lost Badger, an Oglala was 
killed by Aricara. 

1789-1790. Another very cold winter. 
White Goose was killed by enemies. 


Addenda 


Two Mandan or Gros Ventre killed on 
the ice by Minneconjou. 

1790-1791. So cold and the snow so 
deep they could not hunt and lived 
on roots. All the Indians see the flag. 
First U. S. Flag brought to the Sioux. 
This was a dozen years before the 
Louisiana purchase. 

1791-1792. A Sioux and a Mandan 
met in the middle of the Missouri 
each swimming half way across and 
shook hands and made peace between 
their people. This took place near 
Porn perth olds. N.. Dak: The 
same Mandan afterward killed the 
Dakota with whom he made peace. 
That winter Glue, an Oglala froze to 
death on his way to a Brule village. 

1792-1793. Many women died in 
child-birth. The Dakota and Ree 
fought for a long time. 

1793-1794. Thin Face, a Sioux was 
killed by the Aricara in a battle at 
Rawhide Butte. A Ponca boy, captive 
among the Oglala was killed by his 
own people. 

1794-1795. The good white man came 
with two other white men. This prob- 
ably refers to Trudeau, who spent 
that winter in Charles Mix county. 
A Mandan Chief killed a _ notable 
Sioux Chief and scalped him. 

1795-1796. While surrounded by 
Mandan enemies a Blackfoot Sioux 
went for water for his people. This 
occurred near Forest City Agency. 
Man-that-owns-the-Flute, killed by 


Cheyenne. 

1796-1797. While on the way to a- 
venge The-man-that-owns-the-Flute the 
Dakota killed “The Long Haired Man.” 

1797-1798. An Aricara woman was 
killed by a Dakota while gathering 
Indian turnips. Captured a woman 
from the enemy who told them that 
she was a spirit. Little Beaver and 


981 


Addenda 


three whitemen came to trade. Their 
goods were loaded on three sleds. 
This was probably Registre Loisel, who 
built a trading house below Chapelle 
Creek that winter, which was. still 
standing when Lewis and Clark came. 

1798-1799. Owns the Pole, an Oglala 
brought home many Cheyenne scalps. 
Many women died in child birth. Black- 
foot Sioux killed three Arickara. 

1799-1800. Uncpapa killed two Aric- 
‘ara. The good white man returned 
and gave them guns. 

1801-1802. The Teton joined with the 
Cheyenne in a foray against the Crow 
and captured and destroyed a village 
of thirty lodges. All sick winter. Very 
many deaths from small pox. 

1802-1803. First shod horses seen by 
Indians. Sioux stole shod _ horses. 
Blackfoot Dakota stole American 
horses with shoes on them. Ponka 
attack Oglala and captured a village. 
Sioux go against Ponka and rescue 
captives. 

1803-1804. Peace with the Gros Ven- 
tre. Little Beaver, white trader came. 


Blackfoot steal some _ curleyhaired 
horses from the Assiniboin. 
1804-1805. Calumet dance. Tall 


Mandan born. A Dakota woman who 
had been unfaithful to a whiteman 
she had married killed by a Sioux 
named Ponka. Omaha made peace 
and purchased their people who were 
captives with the Sioux. (No mention 
of Lewis and Clark this year.) 

1805-1806. Sioux council with whites 
near Bad River. This was the Lewis 
and Clark Expedition. Whether the 
error is due to the calendar or to the 
ascription of years by translator is 
not known. Father of American. Horse 
born. 

1806-1807. Black Rock, a Dakota 
killed by the Crow. Dakota killed 


lating it 


Addenda 


an Omaha in the night. Many Eagles 


caught. 
1807-1808. Redshirt killed by Aric- 
ara. He was an Uncpapa. Broken 


Leg, whose leg had been broken by 
a Pawnee bullet in a previous en- 
counter was killed by his old ene- 
mies. 

1808-1809. Little Beaver’s Trading 
house burned. This was most likely 
the Loisel House, on the island be- 
low Chapelle Creek, which burned 
in 1810. It had become an important 
depot of the Missouri Fur Company. 
Blue Blanket’s father was killed by a 
falling tree. 

1809-1810. One Count says Little 
Beaver, a white man, blown up by 
powder in his trading house on White 
River. All of the accounts mention 
this accident in some form. (I think 
this is a bad _ translation. There 
is nothing in the pictograph but 
a small beaver. Indians '___ trans- 
fifty years later  con- 
nected it with the death of Thomas 
L. Sarpy who was blown up in his 
trading house at the mouth of Wound- 
ed Knee on White River, in January 
1832; almost certainly the only acci- 
dent of the nature occurring in the 
region. It is a fine illustration of 
the fallacious nature of traditional 
history, white or red, D. R.) The 
Loisel House burned in 1810 and all 
of these references are perhaps re- 
lated to that disaster. Black Rock, a 
Dakota, who had taken the name of 
his brother who was killed by the 
Crow three years before suffered the 
same fate. 

1810-1811. Red Shirt, a Dakota, kill- 
ed by the Crow while hunting his 
ponies near Old Woman’s Fork. 

1811-1812. Twenty-seven Mandans 
or Gros Ventre surrounded and killed 


982 


Addenda 


by Dakota. Many wild horses secur- 
ed by Dakota’s south of Platte. Very 
little buffalo meat, but. plenty of ducks 
in the fall. 

1812-1813. Big Owl, father of Big 
Waist killed. Dakota first used the 
lariat for catching horses. There is 
no mention of the War with England 
at this time, although the Teton were 
a pretty pawn in it. 


1813-1814. Many died of whooping 
cough. Food scarce and they lived 
on acorns. 

1814-1815. Dakotas went to Kiowa 


village near Scott’s Bluff to make 
peace. The plan was defeated by an 
Oglala who drove his hatchet into 
the brains of a Kiowa. 

1815-1816. Sans Are Dakota built 
earth lodge on Peoria bottom. Plenty 
of Buffalo meat. 

1816-1817. Peace with the Crow. 

1817-1818. LaFramboise built trad- 
ing house at mouth Bad River. 

1818-1819. Many died of smallpox. 
Made a house of old wood winter. 


1819-1820. LaConte built a trading 
store at Fort Pierre. 
1820-1821. Two Arrow built an 


earth lodge. LaConte gave him a 
military uniform. A Dakota named 
Glue froze to death. (This again is 
perhaps a tradition of the freezing of 
Glue in 1791.) 

1821-1822. A large ball of fire made 
a hissing noise. “Star passed by with 
loud noise winter.” Had all the 
whiskey they could drink. This was 
probably the falling of the notable 
Fort Pierre aerolite afterward secur- 
ed by Pierre Chouteau and broken up 


to provide specimens for many mu- 
seums. 
1822-1823. Dog an Oglala stole 70 


horses from the Crow. Another trad- 
ing store built at Fort Pierre. This 


Addenda 


was the building of Fort Tecumseh 
by Kenneth McKenzie for the Co- 
lumbia Fur Company. 


1823-1824. Whites and Dakota fight 
the Ree. This was the Leavenworth 
Expedition to punish the Aricara for 
the Ashley Massacre. (See War.) 
Plenty of Corn, stolen from the Aric- 
ara during the expedition. 


1824-1825. Swan, chief of the Two 
Kettle had all his horses killed by a 
jealous Indian. Cloud Bear killed a 
Sioux a long way off with a bullet 
which he threw at him striking him 
over the heart. The Sioux regarded 
this as “medicine.” 


1825-1826. A great flood at the 
spring break-up of the Missouri 
drowns many Sioux; it was especially 
bad at Whetstone Creek where a vil- 
lage was inundated. 


1826-1827. The brother of the good 
white man came. . (See 1794.) It is 
not possible to identify the man so 
mentioned. Many Sioux died from 
ptomaine poisoning from eating de- 
cayed buffalo meat. Dead Arm, a 
Minneconjou was so named because 
this year he was wounded in the arm 
by a knife stab from a Gros Ventre 
and his arm shriveled. 

1827-1828. Chardon built a trading 
house at the Forks of the Cheyenne. 
The name has been corrupted to Chad- 
ron. 


1828-1829. Many antelope trapped 
in a corral affording a large supply 


of meat. Many Aricara were killed 
that year. 
1829-1830. A Yanktonai was killed 


by the Bad Arrow band. A Sioux was 
found dead in a canoe. 

1830-1831. Mandans killed twenty 
Crow at Bear Butte. They saw 
wagons for the first time. 


983 


Addenda 


1831-1832. Two white men killed by 
a white man at Medicine Knoll Creek 
(below Pierre). (I find no contem- 
porary record of this event.) Red 
Lake’s House, which he had recently 
built was blown up and he was killed 
by the accidental explosion of some 
powder.. (Thisisa true account of the 
death of Thomas L. Sarpy, at his place 
on White River.) See 1809-10 of this 
calendar. A white man called Gray- 
eyes shot and killed a white man 
working for him. This refers to the 
killing of a man named Francois 
Quenel, by Frederick LaBoue, at 
Cherry Creek on the Cheyenne in 
April 1832. See Hist. IX, 154. 

1832-1833. Standing Bull’s horses 
killed. One Horns’ Leg Broken. One 
Horn was a notable Two Kettle. His 
portrait was painted by Catlin. See 
Fourth Eth. 115. 

1833-1834. All calendars agree up- 
on a “Storm of Stars,” referring to 
the extraordinary meteoric display 
seen throughout America on _ the 
morning of November 13, 1833. This 
is a particular date from which all 
calendars can be checked. 

1834-1835. Cheyenne War. Unc- 
papa medicine man killed by the 
Aricara. 

1835-1836. Two warriors killed. 
Lame Deer, a Minneconjou, killed an 
Assiniboin. Lame Deer was still liv- 
ing in 1876. His village was captured 
by General Miles. 

1836-1837. The Breast, father of the 
Two Kettle Chief died... Battle 
with the Pawnee on the ice in Platte 
River. 

1837-1838. A chief named Paints 
His Face Red, with his family killed 
by the Pawnee. Sioux killed 100 elk 
in Black Hills. 


Addenda 


1838-1839. Ironhorn, father of Mrs. 
Frederick Dupree built a dirt lodge on 
Moreau River. Spotted Horse made 
up a War party to avenge the death 
of his uncle, Paints His Face Red. 

1839-1840. Left Handed Big Nose 
killed in Shoshonie War with the 
Arapahoe; an entire village of the 
enemy destroyed. 

1840-1841. Dakota and Cheyenne 
make peace. Sitting Bear, the father 
of Old American Horse stole one hun- 
dred ponies from the Flatheads. 
Feather in the Ear, a Minneconjou 
stole 30 spotted ponies. That seems 
to have been a good year for business. 

1841-1842. Feather in the Ear 
raises a war party. The Oglala in a 
drunken brawl killed Red Cloud’s 
brother whereupon Red Cloud killed 
three of the others. This caused a 
notable split in the band, the Smoke 
family, to which Red Cloud belonged 
making one and Red Bear’s band -the 
other. 


1842-1843. Feather in the Ear kill- 
ed by Shoshonie. 
1843-1844. The Oglala take the 


great medicine arrow from the Paw- 
nee and restore it to the Cheyenne 
to whom it rightfully belonged. 
1844-1845. Male Crow killed by 
Shoshoni. Crazy Horse goes on War 
Path. This was not the Crazy Horse 
of the Custer fight. A party of Man- 
dans wintered in Black Hills. Min- 
neconjous built a pine fort. 
1845-1846. Sioux had a great feast 
at Little Bend. White Bull and 20 
warriors killed by Shoshonie. 
1846-1847. Long Pine killed.. Brok- 
en Leg died. Many legs were broken 
by slipping upon ice which covered 
the earth. 
1847-1848. Two Man, a chief killed. 
Two Minneconjou killed by Assini- 


984 


Addenda 


boin; Big Thunder’s wife bore twins. 


1848-1849. Hump Back, a Minnecon- 
jou, was killed. Crow in the Black 
Hills. . 


1849-1850. Many died from cholera. 
Many horses stolen from Crow by 
Makes the Hole. The Crow stole all 
of the Brule’s horses, said to have 
been from six hundred to eight hun- 
dred. 


1850-1851. Big smallpox winter. 
Many died. 

1851-1852. The Fort Laramie Coun- 
cil. Oglala receive their first govern- 
ment goods. Peace with the Crows. 

1852-1853. A party of Nez Perce, 


with whom the Sioux were at war 
came into Lone Horn’s camp and 
made peace. This was an unusual 
circumstance. 


1854-1855. Spanish striped  blan- 
kets brought by the traders. Ante- 
lope Dung broke his neck in a buffalo 
surround. Grattan Massacre occurred 
near Fort Laramie, resulting from the 
killing of Conquering Bear, by the 


soldiers. This really occurred in 
1853. Harney’s treaty at Fort 
Pierre. The Sioux called Harney Put- 


inska, meaning white beard. 


The foregoing brings the calendar 
down to a time when the Sioux came 
under military surveillance and there- 
after their history is chiefly a matter 
of military record. It will be observed 
that in the main they checked time 
from some trivial incident of neigh- 
borhood notoriety rather than the 
larger events of their existence. 


Squire, Guy P., 1875- ; born De- 
fiance, Ohio, March 24; minister; 
came to South Dakota 1883; built 
five churches; wounded in the Philip- 
pine war; chaplain Fourth South Da- 
kota Infantry on Mexican Border, 


Addenda 


1916; Chaplain 147th Field Artillery 
throughout the World War. 


Sioux Falls Newspapers. Mr. 
Charles H. Craig contributes the fol- 
lowing sketch of the newspapers of 
Sioux Falls: ‘When I came to Sioux 
Falls, May 20, 1878, there were two 
newspapers published here, The Pan- 
tagraph, published by E. W. Caldwell 
and James F. Stahl, and the Independ- 
ent, published by Charles W. McDon- 
ald. At different periods prior to 1881 
the Independent was conducted by 
Fred EK. Everett, William A. Williams 
and L. C. Hitchcock, but it reverted to 
Mr. McDonald who in January 1881 


‘sold the plant to Caldwell and Stahl 


who merged it with the Pantagraph. 
In March 1882 Mr. D. Elwell who had 
come out from New York to manage 
the Queen Bee Mill, purchased the 
Pantagraph. In the fall of 1878 E. 
O. Kimberly and Charles M. Morse 
started the weekly Times. In Febru- 
ary 1879 Kimberly took over the 
Morse interest and Thomas H. Brown 
became financially interested in the 
Times. Kimberly and Brown con- 
ducted the paper until March 1882 


“when they sold it to Mr. Elwell who 


merged it with the Pantagraph. The 
Weekly Press. was started at that 
time, and the Pantagraph merged with 
it. E. W. Caldwell was editor, Thomas 
H. Brown business manager, J. F. 
Stahl foreman of the newspaper of- 
fice and E. O. Kimberly foreman of 
the job office. W.H. D. Bliss, whom 
Mr. Elwell had brought out from New 
York soon succeeded Mr. Brown as 
business manager. In a few months 
the Daily Press was established and 
Bliss and Caldwell took it over. They 
continued to conduct the paper until 
Mr. Bliss died in February 1890. Mrs. 
Bliss succeeded to his interest, with 


985 


Addenda 


Mr. Caldwell in charge of the plant 


until November 1896 when Caldwell 


made over his interest to Mrs. Bliss 
who 30 days later sold the plant to 
the Sioux Falls Press Company form- 
ed by citizens of Sioux Falls, interest- 
ed in the free silver cause, among 
whom were the late C. A. Jewett and 
Charles O. Bailey. In the summer 
of 1881 W. A. Fulmer moved a news- 
paper plant from Hamburg, Iowa, 
bringing with him Hibbard Patterson, 
a printer. The Weekly Argus was 
started August 2, of that year. I as- 
sisted Mr. Patterson with the late 
Charles Elmdorf in the mechanical 
work upon the first issue. 
winter Mr. Fulmer died and his broth- 
-er-in-law, Samuel McKinley came on 
and took charge. In a short time he 
sold the paper to T. S. Goddard and 
in December 1882 W. S. Wynn bought 
it. On March 4, 1885, the day of 
Cleveland’s first inauguration, Mr. 
Wynn started the Daily Argus. The 
Weekly Leader had been established 
by Judge W. W. Brookings, who was 
interested in politics and Peyton H. 
Action was editor. On Sept. 3, 1883 


the Daily Leader was started. In. 


April 1886 Sam T. Clover and Sam 
Daniels bought the Leader which they 
conducted but a short time when Mr. 
Daniels withdrew. In May 1886 Rob- 
ert Buchanan bought the outfit and 
ran it until April 1887 when he sold 
it to the Goddard Brothers who merg- 
ed it with the Argus and brought 
forth the Argus-Leader. The Argus- 
Leader was purchased by Tomlinson 
and Day November 9, 1888; in Octo- 
ber 1900 I went to work as city editor 
and am still (1925) in that capacity.” 


Stanley, John A., 1862- ; born 
West Salem, Wisconsin, Oct. 24; came 
to South Dakota 1879; publisher Lead 


The next: 


Addenda 


Call; secretary Custer State Park 


Board, 1919-. 


Starring, George A., 1882- * born 
Princeton, Illinois, July 13; Rural Or- 
ganization specialist, State College, 
1924-. 


Swartz, Elmer F., 1864- * born. 
Clearfield, Pennsylvania, April 29; law- 
yer; Clerk of Supreme Court since 
1913. 


Tallent, Mrs. Annie D., 1827-1901;. 
born in Livingston County, New York, 
April 14; educated at the Female 
Academy, Lima, N. Y.; came to Black 
Hills in December 1874, the first white 
woman to visit the region; with the 
other members of the Gordon Party 
she was removed from the settlement 
on French Creek near Custer, by the 
military as trespassers upon Indian 
lands and returned to make her per- 
manent residence in 1876. She was 
public spirited and active in affairs 
and wrote and published “Black Hills 
or the Last Hunting Ground of the 
Dakotahs”; a very excellent history 
of the beginning of settlement in the 
Black Hills. Through the promotion 
of Captain C. V. Gardner a fine monu- 
ment to her memory was located a 
few yards from the site of the Gordon 
Stockade in July 1924 and in 1925 the 
Gordon stockade was rebuilt and will 
be maintained by the citizens. 


Tarbell, Wright, 1883- : 
Troy, New York, Oct. 21; 
World War; Chief Clerk 
Representatives, 1919-1925. 


born 
served in 
House of 


Voorhees, John H., 1867- ; born 
South Branch, New Jersey, Feb. 20; 
lawyer, member from South Dakota 
since 1907 of National Commission on 
Uniform State Laws; secretary state 
bar association since 1897. 


986 


Addenda 
Waggoner, Alvin, 1879- ; born 
Cole’s Station, Illinois, Nov. 23; edu- 


cated University of Michigan; mem- 
ber board of regents of education 
since 1920. 


rs) 


Addenda 


Woodruff, Edwin B., 1872- ; born 
Delhi, N. Y., June 3; educated Co- 
lumbia U and_ Berkeley Divinity 
School, dean Calvary Cathedral Sioux 
Falls since 1917. 


7 





~ r. a 
jae eee se ben 
“ - : "> a ~e *% 
od +a 
os a tas . ime ths Larne, 
q e : : - ice Sy" 
ee , > ve 
ok coats AL: , 7 ; . wes 
HS aszgnr : a ahaeb fi, 


: Ne + i 
. y : vi _) 
j ; P c \ 
A niwba Nanbogw = > aritod epenw- RT Eieo ie 
| see thre: : > = a 
1) SRT ESA, { a aS ibe >be avott eloperifte iors! 
tat. Syise bs Sitesi maal -stenitobty lo 9s ane: ig 
‘ . Rts a w Poss . De . oe 
iD Alen sonkgn. . Tolannne 70 Einedat FF 
TGS. pst whet, ie 
——~ 
; ; P 
: ati 
Lani 
" =“) 
° 
! 
r 
A ia er 
ek. 
, 


Fourth State Census 1925 


The fourth census of South Dakota 
was taken as of May 1, 1925, pursu- 
ant to Sections 9884-9897 of the Code. 
The printing necessary had been pro- 
vided by the director through an ap- 
propriation made for the purpose by 
the legislature of 1923 and the enumer- 
ation was made by the assessors 
while engaged in assessing the prop- 
erty of their respective districts. The 
superintendent of the department of 
history is ex-officio director of the 
State census and the work of super- 
vision fell largely to Mr. Lawrence 
K. Fox, assistant superintendent. The 
second and third censuses embraced 
agriculture, but as the federal govern- 


islature of 1923 amended the law to 
relieve the state of this expense. The 
actual compilation of the returns was 
made by a force of 76 college and 
high school students working from 
July 6 to August 8. 


The state census is taken by a card 
system; the enumeration of each in- 
dividual being taken upon a card 
three by five inches and contains in 
addition to the vital record statements 
of the ancestry, extent of education, 
military record, church affiliation, and 
if married name of husband or wife 
and date of marriage; if physically 
defective and length of residence in 


ment has now undertaken an inter- ‘South Dakota. The following is a 
decennial agricultural census the leg- copy of the enumeration blank: 

1925 PA TSLOM Re eg te aa Nes, & 6 BARD ass «UMW ss ee ny Ae. sds 
Card No........-. SOUSA YEN A AO tne te era cin adn a een < « Bano. ccs a + sane 
SOM ++ esse eeeees ease Tatas eet OTLB ET Ct Ne cee se oc elas < s veaie » > 8 te Ward... oe 
CUS? Vein ee ngneae 
“. Do you own your) Y&S..---- 
Bimerieu)......:; HOOUILIG LAGE Ec giacchs, cae Seas: «)0 SEs ace home or farm\No...... 
Single ......---- bP a EEE S (hel Up er, Ghee a. er ANGOSIYY >. sie Pees 
ea 5) Matheriavbirthplace: .. .gatiis sc cehel sce dob eke wacsvccuceccucewatul 
Divorced ....... Mother ae birthuiarss. .ssirt..5.tMeke. .. Algkhe gees sss soas oH Beek 
TRU O be Gan ae 
——— Hrxten tots Md UGAtiOn.. = ot titel. << eis 3 « Graduates Ofs 5... serene coe she tee 
CISL C25 Vs ‘etlcl’e (ove. s 6 6 oe ‘ ee : 
eM itarys Services » Civils Waar. «. sla « Spanishsarec «cs Worlds ain a 
iBiind. ...<.Deat... ARE, 
__ ks sll Teaches LALO sae nte tole Company. aces. Regiment...... Division...... 
I aio... 
es amb MATCH AIIC® Otse Wilt Go tae Laaeess ae ape tcasnepe: «: a) niegedehe Year married..4...:,os- 
Sn eerewret ls StehyrchPaffiliatian: 4 «enc ssc eea o ad beget Cabs oes ceeneaenees 
are you 
naturalized ..... 
Years in U. S.... ROL NLC Cie mites eet ctaia > a) taecie kw «'s sueeaias, + Sarisig ¢ Sofie 9s Assessor 


Wears, ins.) D....: 


The compilation involves classifica- 
tions by age, place of birth and 
through all of the revelations of the 
enumeration. 

All of the cards secured from the 
enumerators are arranged alphabeti- 
cally in a great index from A to Z 
giving access to. information to any 
citizen of the state. 


This card becomes a permanent record. 


For the total expense of the census, 
other than the enumeration there was 
appropriated $6,500 of which $5,532 
has been expended. The balance has 
or will revert. 


The tables following give the chief 
revelations of this Fourth Census of 
South Dakota: ; = 


989 


Fourth State Census 


Population of South Dakota at each census since statehood: 


County 1925 
ALIS UIT me een ee 313 
AUroranatins 2.4. 7534 
Beat Oats, «Sec oi sek 22268 
Bennethise. te... #2 3186 
BONBELOMInGare. oe 11885 
Brookings? in... 17320 
IBEOW Deere Ue eat. 30533 
BYilem (es. * yon Reece 8110 
Buffalo. We isan is 2241 
Bitter. ec eke ove 6438 
Campbell {e8H, <F.O% 5532 
Charles) Mix =i os. 18254 
Clark cree eee | 11364 
Claverra sss he feta E 10569 
Coding tone ne ee 17760 
Corson HHS... FHL 8656 
SCUStEIE wre teeta see 4354 
PAVISON: ere oe 16015 
Davai, s Sum ort ainet oe 15175 
ICU Gtr. cre ie eee rs 9004 
Dewey vow. Fic tee 5682 
DOUgl ASM ete 7156 
Bamunds 42% .. 8. 2: 8743 
Way LV Crea ees 6903 
CR UT uae fee eee 6969 
Grant (i dinniel et ine 11114 
(EEL OLY ae. ere 13091 
Haakon macs eee 4545 
rMamiline+ sess... a5 ek 8232 
TIAN Gree oases oe ke 9960 
HANSON SETS. ae ee 6354 
FTATGING we on eeerie er 3508 
Haghesse tise. eee ee 6860 
ENItChinson eee 13769 
Hyde ect eee: 4000 
Jacksonye. cure. oa 2539 
SOTA mene chee, 6268 
JONES. lo soo. ace earte 3662 
Kine sDuryie cet ae 13068 
Wa Keg cera ne eee 12916 
MaWrenCee tse he ree 14665 
iNCOlN Aa ye eee 14218 
IGRicanee hae ore eee Ao 7432 
MeCook «4454.43 275 10392 
MGEPRersoniess ae cie e 817 

Marshall? es 2422 0.00 9740 
IMPPAC OR rou cere eersce 9486 
MelHetter tac ier es ted coe okey 
VESTICY oy sie ees st eee 8329 
Mimnnenatia. =. sar. 47493 
MVM OOO V4 ccccierdis theca 9974 
Pennington. wees 14624 
Perkinise yo eee eon 
Rotter wo. hatte aoe 5052 
RODeLrtS ah. eee 16255 
SatpoOrnive- <u eee 7704 
SHANNON... ck cae ray le 
Spinka-s.. cbt. S42). 7 eee 16054 
Ua OMe oc th oeits eae 2627 
Sullivaies)..2ortsiew 3611 
AWate (aI Be vate wen 5, bean 4758 
Aig 50) ee ad ee ees eck 14032 
"RUPieT iy sic dic sete le 14876 
ETT OMe tere ersten ave errs ee cee 11951 
Wit IwwOrth oe a ek eee: 8043 
Washabaugh Sa... 2826 
Wateninetone see 2965 
PATI COM. ofrecer ek Me as 16037 
ZFiebach: ats: «A weiss << 4010 
Reservation Indians............... 
COCA Oe taren eeeeere 681560 


1920 


636547 


1915 
231 
6736 
16061 
1488 
11560 
15554 
25969 
6376 
1485 
5894 
4888 
14790 
10670 
9214 
15192 
3272 
3452 
13005 
14235 
8529 
2915 
6639 
6845 
6027 
5265 
10474 
11919 
3553 
7791 
7286 
6316 
4821 
5055 
13095 
2605 
2077 
5275 


583747 


990 


1910 


11348 
4466 


14897 


6607 


583888 


Fourth State Census 


1905 


even caceseecses 


138126 


18542 
455185 


1900 


10379 
12561 
15286 
5401 
1790 
2907 
4527 
8498 
6942 
9316 
8770 


serarenconerene 


13175 
11153 
3839 


saeeeseeegereee 


401570 


1895 


Otecccccsccqee 


330975 


1890 


seeneeeecerenes, 


eeseneeneneeene 


seeeeserenesene 


woccccacceesese 


seenenesepecces 


“1521 
328808 


Fourth State Census 


Population of Incorporated Places 1925, 1920, 1915, 1910: 


1925 
MRIS? f'5'. o dey gs MOUs 6 Wa ORR 3 xa 15035 
I a evar usu eae era he cet ly '« Giese 128 
EIEN, oho ctee sith enki oh Oe as ah cette 6 bo RS 116 
IE 8, eck NS CEES. A ac a WARES 4G ck Cec 481 
PAM RREUTIONEN Viper tse hs o's veh hw 6 2 eR 6 ee 865 
Ne aa a LYALL 
Sek REE SOKO) Tig bs Ay ae AP oh 127 
PREV GI tare as SRS a sce kOe koe 353 
LITT OTC Meret hah ss b-4 Gchh ae Cola ok cbs 204 
MUP COVER rcteid £4 xike eS ss 6 6 SUPRA wae ole 977 
PIENO THEM eT, fs bys S555 68 a as oe GPa se cb ae 966 
ASTIN? 8 igre: Seater 5 COREE CREE ERR oe ea a a Wit 
MMDETESTE Eel hot citchtt sos. o tiaphe « Oe tee 606 
PMSEMUMITEME EAT a (ho Gis 3! ao ole foc eo se Ree etatn cue 365 
PAW tat TEM. als eles 6 6 DORs oe eke 243 
DANE ESE SOMMER cas, Sous s, core bce 58 aReEeTS ae eb Sse 235 
ESR. sol GER nC oe ea 650 
TE GVEIED  6 aie AO Seagal Pn 8 i AU mae 194 
RS ee, SURES iG cea sn o ave kok s os looee 307 
ISSe DUST G1. 99 Rs Op ee 165 
DULCE MIEON OG pied... cl. Bc'ems ss CiSétre se Rae 1244 
Pema tereer CIM WK calc cos cic +o chotie.o. cceceke 1507 
TSS2 3 es ha Fe aOR) ee 163 
ME TIO MOTT 01. cael place 3 S.csasahe woe 0 nee 581 
let ahiélie 2°) GaGa GeO ae 504 
eae SEC Lee, WT fc cia. ss 6. © aveKeUeiel ae. « ako a 609 
MNO WE MOEN ce Rc bcc ee oR ;aURM ene. 00 Gace 769 
TE" TEEN 6 cleaves) Aaa! sil Ale ee 310 
TEETCTIGIS. « 6. 8 quguee DI OReuR GRE ORR AIEEE 307 
eM SE CON CHT- C1 eros Sin bs poh es ose ches) sd: coon os eri le ee 
OPENS ET re Tras ole chy sive 3's '< dative’ cp else 934 
IRE Oal) ° ac.) 3 ee near 621 
IEFR SAU UED oa Agee a A ear a i 
ST APeU NL eC, Sch (ois ete o's 0 8- or akeeele 6.0-ece 115 
UMETOV TEES oe Ghac ts «ols 8:0 6 coe eSBTe eae oes 4613 
Rese CE CMEC cd le Pe. 5) e-oue. 0 0.0 eUpilehs: » oe. see 310 
ISAT MEME MEE eK vg’ cis sss 5,0 eeraiehe sss bo 0 632 
RERUN EET) My A, noel eo 6 sais, sceptelee s. 6%. oie 104 
eam eOONE TNE, a6 5,0 sas wredalitte ts «va ena 700 
ee SAI EYE. 5 1c 5 a we aleve alesse G ceo ace’ iy (a 
at PEE ee ean cs a,c. a's 0 Sis « Sfelith eves. « oes 180 
MERC TOOK othe ie ac aise le e's 0 8 Wehdil a cee os 141 
(OAS TE RWRES Cs ee i re ae 540 
TCLS, Oy oe a ee 339 
MRRP, cock oc so ges o's 0. 5's SBE eEs 00. oc Z!le 2562 
TE EW es Bieter ss Boe. ic oie, o¥acelp 6% 2's @ 94 
Se ae OME oe Rea a) cathy ese le aaemer ahs. o's 8/618 ce 663 
MOEN OSCE et Sed 6. one) speed o.0) «afield. ala. +. 0 ere 559 
OEONITE 5 3 agua ae ene 201 
MRICS TNA LIC IEB Us a tey hrs. «+ clive le: de aie ietepatoce obi abe 1168 
aR CMM COL TWN ay, fo. 0) oecene)< +s cneGetae «a ewe 189 
SRRBEUIIIGO ELT 0 Tiths ci. ln o/c s ce ere shots 6 0 0S are 1521 
NUNN LLOUMEIE TRIED. «cocci. 8 se 08 eich oso shen 270 
Mat aA eS as fo ots al'a. 0. 01,8..6 6" SB LE Bo* 81.0). wis eve itp Mat 
ePID COTA Cea EIN oallaie (slic a eo ehbhthe lee 6 ste e 310 
SUM TEC MEO TENGER Co payS 6. cists oes 8 a eB Sumailie «0 ase 229 
iyi 2.35 eeROBR BWI eeaeecreet tea ere 1279 
bos oe TLa he 7 ale ere er nena eeme 976 
Mert iste ss bile Sos cies kas oS So eae te 475 
SU CPIOTILGMRC CC URES, Clee Wigeisla. os 6 Mabae ls oe bese 630 
OP ofa oe ee. Ee eS oe 553 
Sad SHE © Vey 21 0 aan a 279 
MPEG MEE rE Fb ska n bbe ee eee des 526 
WTAE era eee Bc oo cic pace caskets oa a8 he 450 
NOME END ELI rene eRIGDS ola cya v's so os ah@tetalins oe ayeie 147 
REESE GITWV. OOG 5206s selene, o crx Serdetsars ese os 159 
PEST ee eR oe cS can) oc oe bn bee 348 
iy eens Mey ToL. Wao tcitets co latahopeLolete ae + ere 803 
JEP ANE So Male ec RP ay ENR 5 2 ee 645 
TOMS RNY 9 eee Su GRO COAC CRC ECECIORCR. Oc Parent aca 157 
PO EU Sar Pee SPs sac etkee ove veda so pas es 236 
STIVGLAD Teste RG, yarate ara: sie’ olla MOT ANG ie ree aks 1009 


Fourth State Census 


1920 
14537 


2316 


1109 
1055 


Fourth State Census 


Fourth State Census 


OO ehh rr nnn 
eeeeeoseereeee ee eeeeeereeees 


1925 
Deadwood 2432 
Delle Rapids sical or aN ene 1582 
Delmont’ os. PP ee eae eae 513 
WOlANAL » os cs Soic.c 6 aahoaa Cee eos 663 
TIOLEOTIN 5 och cis ee eee ee oe cin 123 
Drapery a. «se hho see Oe ee ila 
WIUDEEO) ucts ss oc ele s sit kae bs eee ee 269 
Ha PlemButte. | fiir. ccstde oh MERE Te ieee 251 
PUGET cite lice Lee 6 cbole gations Pemeaeeetemetes cate 165 
MGeeMOnt 25 Ce Stevens ae chet ee eee 1092 
HORAN? Fe claves Oh as a coseetch sicko eeeo ote 426 
DOT eae cre acee So nc atalatens Chote CRTC ee 109 
PCE OM Clic atte e cgre ook tee alee eer! oe ae 1319 
MG HEL ON cas =o cett a+ elo aitue aco chee eee 852 
MSIL. iene 2 ee «Sok tes ee Se cee ie 600 
FEM PIC WOO fcc Ps aps whe wie eas tente eG are 104 
BOTW 5 io. ate apa ers chai. aig cee ee a Ae 264 
POSTON lec ces ees apa eters cone aetna, ate HES | 
MUstelline oss Mather Soc tee wie oe eee els gies 585 
ROCHON oh. cic a ee che euerel eel eee Ce 369 
HNUTEC KA. = aisce ots eee tectonchaie ere ele venteete, « ct caetets 1228 
WAIT DUN 5. «= bh oe, croatece encietetabenenecorenertene 130 
Heairfax aR eEs mae oelsnkeee eee 512 
BMGInview ec (Aevs @ 6 ere wie chess eae 163 
ISIC Seiece crn ecg tere cucceperesiclole een onetenete 506 
Warmer’: ). 6)... aes «.slercneacts se cease eee 145 
aK tOn 06 os cain oh cna uscabenerere ete eieeye oe eee 815 
WlaAandreal «(fasts ss cutie a bse cee 1850 
MIOTENGE. | yin se ee hee ah ee CR ee ee 306 
Hort) Pierre’ 4.) Ph es asreies cere ss ee 759 
Mr ankfLOrt™ iA) Siteiecreterore te oho nttaetenercehe vee 443 
Nrederick) (35s fees os eee eee 372 
RPE CIN AN Ho acy hy eeoteeouarehe ones tastes io terete 917 
Hr CG aAle Be. ica ees anctekadse Gi cicacm tn teactenener ats 80 
ULE ON asec cca eee ocrerane aobae Relea ee 209 
Gardens City oF teuwciee Coe ee oe ae 258 
CFATTCTSOM ja en So onkotereues encase ene eee 678 
CFOALV Nake ash cicle eto. teverevere ave fle totaks one ore 533 
CFAV VIG icc a ee reuse Otte Oe ee ee ee 309 
KFCOGUCS i ee cre bee Siayersic.c 6 chee a eee 1002 
Gettysburg 2 Ss ota cae « eteleemeneeer. c.eere 1047 
Glenham occ ea has oa eta Cetin as ene 169 
GOOG WAT ee a eos eae elre eo ees eee 148 
CST ELOLY © are ses ches choc ns cieinl are tee ne reaeer one 1251 
MSPON VILL. oho. te hoteller ie oe ee Tee eee 256 
CSTOCOTME a sce et sass te eee e teeth er 1113 
TIATViSDUL Eo ree ks acs chase ere 205 
SEALY OLA Fekete ne ere eee ee eee 342 
FT ArtrorG We wc eo eas eee bl eae eee 645 
TEAVCL Ciow > wcities se Rieter teks jae eS 327 
BL aAZOl eek eae Opera coe ake cere aceon ke ereeeem 221 
ML OCID  Wioicie oie aha onits ile ve o-sue ele feleveie ciel alauerere 533 
PR OTINY ooaieoie se cine atarerets 0) ole ele eteterarcle siete - 425 
PlerMosa. | Armies ores chs ao eee ee 93 
FL Orreid oc ee ee esse shee chee one eee 475 
PLOTViGk y ecckes SO adacsfajcunle un ele eve totais ionetewe rete 419 
Mretiand. | si Wises Mic cutee sc nus eisai teneuenete 233 
PISA MOLE 1. ee tas ede, cielo a tereae toys esenetete 1224 
Hl City2. 0. nee cee 8 
HL SViewW Ere. cre ie cue Se eee + teenie 97 
ELITCH COCK, Fe ee iced ara ciote, wat tone wlenetonets 331 
ELOSIM OL 8 56 os APs c elere v leile ee tai ete: crcl ine 513 
Hot: Springs (Fe 05 scl es cc alemeretatetans sostore 2447 
TIO VOM ee Beals oe. sx) ake aha IR Se evarenarehe 307 
Howard)... Per. chee se ate chetttete acts ohare 1120 
Mudson” bi AO Se cee awe cee 486 
Humboldt filets eae «ce tte eee 426 
HMurleyore soe iret sete woke ie eeeenatae ets 626 
PET UT OTL Ms oso or etetteee coat ces ches, sone Mie ola onene 10,204 
TMCSLiION 5. ec dt haen ace. eves pice staneetelevenauar tes te 129 
TPSWiICh Ss ce ere cere nce a clateyeeetets waremiats 918 
TREN 6 La ee are ee as ale tes Cee aes eloeeenals 466 
TTOAUOIST ST Pe access oe ore ort ser akeletn sets er tare 641 
wahel =. <<. .« Meet. eo eee senor 310 


1920 1915 
2403 3113 
1677 1538 
518 494 
667 515 
147 133 
173 120 
213 108 
210 78 
209: - 5440 see 
1254 743 
569 605 
136 ‘100 
1470 1546 
872 768 
600 545 
72 78 
257 252 
145: + - - Sa eee 
658 575 
416 308 
1200 968 
530 391 
174 151 
575 232 
709 458 
1929 1688 
290 216 
805 673 
438 428 
424 402 
894 725 
40) 2: Teer? Se 
214 234 
294 254 
715 819 
588 591 
305 320 
695 664 
951 751 
135 139 
157 126 
1067 919 
1273 1028 
193 185 
252 173 
677 703 
293 256 
247 249 
5d3 474 
418 435 
74 77 
460 391 
422 445 
248 245 
1022 700 
308. “coe Pee 
358 261 
419 301 
2141 2132 
271 180 
1325 1169 
470 435 
445 450 
586 531 
8302 6012 
909 702 
446 394 
651 530 
240 162 


Peerterrreny 


Peerernry 


eeeeeneeeees 


Fourth State Census 


TERED) SRS iia ae Sait oS eee TS Tae 
Metrersort. oii Sola ed cel Cas ee 
POLL: Un cha cucbcieee ns, aitin scahe ec atte ers «3 ~ sot 
TPIT DAC. kis wet ei tereic ole co ckARRo ne © els) ae 
ERTL) Pawo mene ne eas Meteirose auiae SRS ia aitettaniOvne 
EATS CHL GY Sea eI Sco ow PRS Sac Pie 
aCe 2A NOES. PEO lots a aie Heed ec ce 
PSO PAVOLOGT BP iis. cies Fan tebe e ces 3 kis 
rue PP OStOne@toe sae oso cne @ RR oa hae 
TOSSES Geek ese S SU ee Sr 


Sete Steteks 6 0 Sis 6 © Ses + OE wo 8 8 Ss ele ef 


“AT GURE” oc6 Ie i i oa Oe Si 
SY TL COTiawe se Pees ois od oe ES ROR Re 
SURREY MER Ne eee, 5.5 | of akeacucte’ <) WMNB a de set's bas 6 
Nore EN TTC eats i re Wane ale sce lede So eee es 
ives Dea as EE Eps ties EE asia Pea sane see a 
PRU MEPan ey AEE Cus. a ees RTL ks Sela 
PMRTN CS TL etree te ati ac tat csr al < o# svel fideo oda 0 ers 
MCR TEN TINS fone i fe cies cons S.5 < dadlbvs oe cole s 
of SY Svan Reads Oi ee 
UAHA OS G0 08 SQA LS) Sa eae, SAPs Ab 2 nee re ea 
Woo Sieg ahi y a Sas She 2. a ee 
CRMC E - Byte 2 ob Sie ed ee es oe 
N26 Te eochnie Gace ios! tee a a ce ee re nae 


RUE SEUECECIMBICL ELL SPOON Wee tc a accle ols 6 ote Mao 610 eaSiere 
Es ES 5 Sener eee ae 
MORO TEE CMe lonal-cee te cect siehece ere Mi oiehe 68 och os 
Ah S87 so, ERS A eo eee ee 
VISES Se TEP gest Oh AP a? 
LODE RRO EC oe 4) 2 
VTE TARERCT CW 1 Me a otc tar ure olcl or slau < 1c Bielic es 
RTE CLIO U8. scsio.e 0 out e atite.s cls 'oes 
SEMPRA 0 Teac hc Voice prielia sb Quata eters ele ce ea 
ER EHOR) 05.525 SRG aS ene 
2 BUSY EI ae Se ae rier oni a ne 
PPA ETON Fo. sts cies sls tases oe to 
1 CANTON lo alee S 26.6 Nee ae ae ne 
Pee NOCTWOOGd «4... ccc cas cece be 
ears TEAC WT a STOWE? ch che wid, 0 aue': Sheaatc 6 eee os 
STSHET I ELLG tN oc oe occas sche cielo ese ee 
COOUSNGES, A Geet eee ee 
ET STI © ole kk. Am ICe Canetti ees iP era ae are 
LOGUE EL i yg Beer oe ae 
MBPT A Mee ee esc cos ole ceva eters os eels 
PMC EN CMe. Ee Rie ies st. ce 4 cc eas anes ez 
Oe ST. ass oo oe eee wae ee 
ETE ee Oct chs se sleis ee et o6 eves 
Tht ML ATES 2, cl che cw cle oe bs aae eae 
SLES ree Feet cle ess 6-2 3is's 6 ee ace si6 0's 
mE ASRRT MET oe cic uso wha acec ewes) o sles 
UPS PUMER OTT TAF Mica dec en eas ene 
= She le aaah 5 SU Ae eee ene ee 
DRED GY 4 258 SS St ee re au See 
SPCR ESCREL CR oer RS sl hc. ssw Sdie ciara die oie ele «ee 
TRIE 2 | Ss Bd, os OR CER a at eee 
MEAP LCRTN CEST coi elise Pav eine» io Shavers: odo tehevere a) oe 
JOULE EES 0 lek SAG i les AAR rn ab na 


ITEM) oe eee es hee Suis sg 6 Sia le ane soa 
FeeGVENIEoe os eos Gee 3 8 Se eRe sb, SERRE 
Tere e LUTOPELCLMEI Na Ce cin co a alshe, Src eel eletene * S8\ = 0 
EL CCLILG LCL Ts cs rtiE Shel lic abel solelsttdtebeia, «Gels 
PTROle ET CIO MUS tebcrrs sca ste uiene eine are 6 ¥ 6 dhecs 
PURELY CC.) 25, he Matera letcucca, ae ece ae oe acai ee 


Fourth State Census 


1920 1915 
527 410 
550 501 
341 254 
287 202 
993 787 
fC Dae OP lige ete ee 
867 566 
408 268 

1008 862 
336 278 
510 426 
499 208 

5013 8128 
325 268 
1126 943 

1074 901 
637 501 
281 301 
454 411 
187 149 
727 428 
DOA oy eee eee 

4144 3949 
535 614 
Sieg <a) | Pe eee 
507 453 
918 760 
309 207 

2215 1940 

1478 956 
167 166 

8478 7785 

3517 1551 
217 170 
519 552 
269 127 
504 288 
661 541 
500 352 
190 192 
305 348 
414 272 
164 119 
BRS ty)* fo a 
372 282 
206 174 
224 163 
176 100 
364 362 
200 163 
455 251 
187 162 

1288 1324 

123 1132 
386 301 
647 404 
400 320 

3209 3010 
803 916 

1242 939 
437 238 
626 355 
192 182 
356 - 324 

5777 4268 
199 96 
330 241 

2755 3122 
ht 5 de ae aden ee 


aeccecerenes 


Fourth State Census 


Fourth State Census 


1925 1920 1915 

OVE Ovyeek' Abe aicticc hak tet eae 365 338 293 
FRO GED ATi eis ee ene ole, cas EE cote eee Ball 347 283 
TROSCOCG aks 3 55 See ahs wie ee rece ete 427 459 320 
FRO SN GE was. s). cus aeetete ane saacchs ante Lee eee et eis 314 301 154 
ROSLVATVMERF S52 ceo RNS boy 5 crete es neu cee siamen neue vets 255 21g 0 os + Oe 
FROSWiGllig orn tu ccatedostius arate oes ane en tone gears 148 180 150 
SPyaUuawr CNGOMUs, 25s. sae ete eee 343 390 253 
LCT ee edenetet ima h.s ote cs cat ci cae tele 1104 1187 1132 
SSrereh a EW ais balestheeine iF. Poe Ea AR Bie te lee 1186 1234 1249 
Sel Vamociehoncas) ttt & chs < s-s i regure chcks MReen a aas ier oe 568 564 646 
S GNC a. c tre eats & cle ere opine pete arene arene 259 264 182 
OCTET AT aa cletets cocve cote ceds vale men en cten ene e 193 206 211 
SUT eas teske dee ithe cee ae ce eee ee 230 216 145 
TOU. ALIS ©. RR. «So bss wus le act ee uerier. 30127 25202 20929 
MIBSELON: cite oe Rae one oo ee Cees 1468 1431 1386 
OOULOs SLOLe? cee. 2 eine oe ee eee 299 305 331 
SOULS SIOUX alls — acc: eee eee 256 195 aha 
SPCALTS Ny reas oe ee ee core eee 1349 1254 921 
if DENGCEM ey cots SRRES. coe cn merats CReetie rte rien 599 637 572 
Springfield, Abe <2 see eee 689 719 695 
Stockholm 9. TAG. ee ae Snes LLORES enced oe 
Strand burg = erence ooo eee ee 124 169 ub iy 
Stratford Sek SSR Sac ce ee eee ee 261 207-21, 2). tee 
Stickney cc S Fiss he sore ie oie ME eee 426 386 312 
ShUPLIS OTe at BRR eS Sak ae oe ee 1448 1250 1029 
Summit . 2k. See a ee ee ee se nice 490 556 536 
TED DOT Sa: Hist Nolieds fous eons lofetio eG aE cae ee 422 428 441 
AMET WO) Ue aes Sone srt tees ees APE OA) 5 een BP 2S, 168 165 aL 
Terry ville eee tee ek Cee eee LT 40) pk eee 491 
Timber’ Liak es Gets.. woe oa ae bo 555 238 
STOPONTOM ete OL RE co bocca chiens een 392 380 438 
FER OESTOY Tate & cic krais elo tet oteh ots LE eee ee 244 183 148 
Abe evORe | seats aati OLA SPER RSG anh n cue 263 295 274 
LEI De ies ae oe ace ee cores 927 970 903 
MIDE PW ce 6 at Ree CASE cee Pe mre ren 45 4 te ey ie 359 S246 7 | eae 
ANU Ea) ey ot: » aaesers en cach SER RR br hts, oP Bei Sar ete Ae eae 265 243 263 
IDwindBrooks b#28 46 a. ms oie 157 141 gL 
BD ay Tut Sean soe Se cre sccs ste, sions teeto ned ackent 1370 1405 1302 
(OR aeC i ae ey oC Rem eT ey Chore Saes 160 141 133 
Wa llevikS pring S Rive c: ctsciete sto eee cos lear 403 374 372 
MV GDleiiaet ack Waele oe eee 524 530 340 
Vierd ongivesri. = cite ccs occas ie ee ee 81 90 89 
Mermillion’ Oo, 3606 on 6 ce ce Gee ee 3410 2590 2376 
NV. LD OL Seeks cto RRS oe ee ie hue eae oe es 709 618 484 
SVSLOTIIVA: MPA cue. Re octets te Oieca tare: ame er cite 425 477 458 
IV BLAS cece. 2's" LS ©) cases hue ere hele Bakers ors tate a 131 144 141 
VATE Td es, o's asc) ous cacavenener cue Teictorel bemedenete.. letere 182 18922... eee 
EVO Saucer silver eRe oa renee os ane not ers 601 600 616 
Ate) bh ake RE See dc cethc ee eee es eae tes 304 314 333 
BVVAOTLOP crete tz) Memenenc cle cleia cite. tebenenekener ciate 1444 1236 906 
IVVIIKONOS, CGN cco tee aecke a eae eee terre 441 451 403 
CULL PRT. cctsia < Meee ara accu acicts ecole RE CE eee 209 224 128 
AVVIRILIAICO. oss RE. oe cae tele actos ale eeie 209 235 218 
AY VAG Wet lh Praag caer Wk BIR od an PUR mile tate A TEL ek crs We 93 118 102 
AVAtErCOWN: “s fte oe ee eran cale) ee uresorenone 10319 9400 8313 
WANDA Viste ciehie cic erent eerste creamer ie remers 1007 979 879 
BVVIGDStGY c, oc lots Ce esate ote a, cede site ae, ae 1687 1800 1640 
WICNtWOrth., hee ee ene ot ae eee 309 360 350 
INVESSINE TON: % GREE cis coc) cco ettees. cleceer (a 728 526 
IWoessine ton -SDpRINSSh «ek < c deeaeree eienere 1414 1618 1142 
WWE LONIK ER eee Reeve oie eee eer iaie ote erste cases 134 164°". 2 yee 
IWNTEGS ct ue | Oe a eos Gres ee wien 521 594 581 
IWihite® loake cys ac cc ccs ee eit eee 570 610 504 
White RIVer sole. 2 ee cd to Cea es 320 41% 52 Sa eee 
sWinite: ROCK stew. enc clas te cee ene cae 319 Sos 384 
WVhITE WOOdY “Cleo fea eee neni 300 339 295 
Willow "iakeés Sae5 o2 oc cle ce ceeeen chonerenees 514 477 398 
IWiTINIOLY eps core Oe net etal cre ieee ote eee 567 617 520 
WANT redre sees eine eet tok aes one ee eee 310 328 301 
BVT TON & 5 Sore RR cat cceaeisah cient esere wee 2203 2000 923 
EVVATC OT fe ET eee ch eta. te ten 221 204.40 Ei Sane 
IWiOISCY raeic sale deere eects hice tee ee ecene 2 454 510 439 
Woonsocket fhhe tet cle Cre ie ee 1203 1368 1201 
Worthing "22. gare Ore. eee erene 274 238 191 
BIST ae a tem elo der tet tara SCC eng hema ae 184390 6. Ab Sat a Oe ee 
VYankt6n) cee st e280. ee eer eran 5D07 5024 4771 
Totals oer ea se eect cea 266744 247617 211801 


994 


eeeeeeenenee 


eeeeenesenen 


Oaceneeeneee 


193467 


Fourth State Census Fourth State Census 


Children, White, under six and from 6 to 20 (school age). 





| Under Six | Six to Twenty 
| Male |Female| Total | Male |Female| ‘Total 

J OTPICEISS a U8) 6 ann gti 8 2 co ene aa er nn 1 1 2 8 6 14 
Se ing 4S en Spee IRE ee ay es: 555 574 1129 1250 1179 2429 
[Pon 1 aie ah Sa ae eee 1580 1538 3118 3335 3218 6553 
BREESE Pete Ne) aca, Sc s7s ao ve ERR ae 226 247 473 445 406 851 
RRP ETSNININIG Ss Wee ah. a Cd os oes GEES «0s 879 834 1708 2063 1867 3930 
EBON S) caiuetets nets sieve oo ops « sceree¥c ea a 1217 1184 2401 2954 2621 5575 
eURANUEE Sle, o. stalniaic s'4 « % econ caieteuar ates ec 2198 2235 4433 4510 4795 9305 
BRE agh sR R oo sks «cd oe Geshe s a 0 eo 581 577 1158 1245 1236 2481 
JESU CGH Ke) alae BEE Ss co 126 94 220 217 200 417 
TEST Se SE ene oa eee ae 409 425 | 834 1057 967 2024 
ERED OOM MME to HAN Sob sc. «os oa. ow PAGE ioe. 505 476 981 1023 992 2015 
PINOT R Bota «cites ss oa REO os 0. 1212 1289 2501 2744 217 5501 
htc 2 qved AO Sa eee ee 842 744 1586 1904 1864 3768 
UOT 9 en SIASSNESS ets ae eas See 649 695 1344 1657 1618 3275 
PESTS IE LOT 5, cheterrs. osFshas <ceis 3} SEUSS « bk 1156 1076 22320 2753 2597 5350 
POSURE COs oes LAR, ale rer aiis: cre te’ a YOR) & Gls xs 692 697 1389 1304 1190 2494 
TEE Te Es ars Yeiicnads 4 tere. och cca ac CNR Ie oe e's 329 Bi ve 666 660 602 1262 
SRE OIL MES aia: CeCeO ET ote sis liar eke «6 0 RONGT oo 0s 1164 1239 2403 2276 2322 4598 
aE oe OND 3S suGhe GF 0 e's OTe oe 0 a 1093 1070 2163 2510 2399 4909 
LOLSTUIG! arp RIES Se 656 633 1289 1592 1462 3054 
TEXEMIKGAY ahs Ans ae eee 361 328 689 685 649 1334 
EE USMY hc Sea EM oes +s oes GUE anes 568 515 1083 1259 1188 2447 
MARE LYMEATLCLS lg 5'o BPE, 5s) ake 0 Senet Bos eos 714 820 1534 1549 1450 2999 
UME OLVCT. ie cEED A» cies Clee <<. GR Eo ciies 468 423 891 947 911 Lob sae 
PELL ESOmM Er Oe ton cia: Wakehes ole sas) voce gS eeaYeNS. «eh ea 556 492 1048 1593 1698 3291 
Pep ESR ILEUM, ov Gs ePelcechs "occde\ ov conse GUE e ee. 6 752 754 1506 1840 1742 3582 
REVI Va TCE Sereda oN, lislchs cin, ave el ene4s Go wiere 2 1018 927 1945 2203 2243 4446 
MeN eUEM SCTE ee whee d oe cas 2 aie oP oo os . 344 315 659 756 710 1466 
TPAMAN ATT ers RAPER Ts wcrc cleta.s of cA bles ole es 615 612 1227 1334 1295 2629 
VEG! 5 a See ee ee er 786 766 1552 1641 1551 $192 
iP LUETETOVS . SQGICNERD Oe eR ee 514 490 1004 1013 924 1937 
IRE TREES (Oa Sioa eee ie 239 251 . 490 579 556 1135 
EDT OM MMU ks ASR | «tolls 6 a. 95 0 aeieie see « 489 606 1095 939 989 1928 
‘ES PUURELECR MRO Oar © by Te geas. Go Caen oo cae 1125 1114 2239 2446 2304 4750 
LERCH) 140. BARRE BOs ee BWA 275 596 657 670 ile yee 
SPREE NM a1 x aR < cools, ous chee a reiemene e's 9s 186 161 347 427 444 871 
ESE! — gyi IRM" eee en eee 437 _ 426 863 1083 1002 2085 
JNOTESE a RENGIC eS eek ee 329 320 649 608 495 1103 
TPT AGC] CICS gga 6 ch Re GRRE: PEE 0k eae 912 902 1814 2105 2030 4135 
Ms We EN cle ac oie, octleiskphe® «3's 797 842 1639 2008 2179 4187 
EU GINCOD gett aise orc -e vo, io ote CSET 8 os 797 759 1556 2159 2255 4414 
SaaCeUy LT cam eyele ser, EME, leeds eo). cl-al)s sveMacphst one. vse 962 937 1899 2279 2077 4356 
TLEVTENSIIY ogc Rg. oe) eee eee ee 549 571 1120 1201 1088 2289 
SEW GLENULOL. TORR Biy 0s by Een anne bees 763 740 1503 1726 1660 3386 
EVEL SOT octet brace, co civ os aialisieie one oe 763 SD 1518 1597 1464 3061 
“USEC “ag ote OS a oe 2 aa Tai 669 1396 1560 1486 3046 
I SSHEV OIE) 2 6 cURRERE Soh en een ne te eee 690 | 673 1363 1527 1427 2954 
THOME ICT. UR SE acco’ s ac 0s slathtole « 4a 286 302 588 562 527 1089 
A TOU MEG eT Mees eh eae ee oda. c.0 che. 6 o28eRERe ops 626 584 1210 1345 1343 2688 
PAT LUA A «SENN « GG) vee. ss 6. v bighetde ais « 3348 2958 6306 6585 6751 13336 
OC Va Pr Pe RM 5 8 5. ts «se ors Wiehewelie. one 685 613 1298 1781 1610 3391 
are TRUST EC OTIC ate ere, oc) S clave bic stue BRafels 9 save 959 1092 2051 2208 2071 4279 
MP TAQ SMe ee eS, ccc os + os inik hers i ones 588 521 1109 1267 1151 2418 
eS G EM sen IRMeNS ie) ocho wie irc. eis Ge iene. ales 407 388 795 824 767 1591 
PLES GKETGLSE | aie A 1) Sie ae a 1008 1026 2034 2677 2077 5254 
Seem NaIES OTR MENS Op8 MN <2) cleo Seatac oo tettehs isl eresev 525 509 1034 1339 1179 2518 
RPT ANNO TT dk cyick a Pehetaee cc's cele ie oa cieeMbe nie 0 26 27 5G) Oc 47 104 
Seen ace eae. ee CIs eet ee ere 1079 22 2201 2483 2307 4790 
Set DLS Vem Nn eo a Rae aye ao se: >: o. erovckaseus.o ae. a's 166 147 313 430 406 836 
SER? 2. oe One, CHOIR SCIORGIE Om Ren lec ae 307 283 590 578 530 1108 
Ce CLE URE a, MAPS) ci coche loa she volo TEMteMls 6 oie 201 190 391 335 287 622 
TNO ah coGteO Ret 5 COCREECRE Ee SeRSED, 0 1 Caner 1033 1071 2104 2417 2336 4753 
“UPC STYES seas A 52 ene ee me A 1035 1052 2087 » 2392 2281 4673 
RETA ATI here RN sled ok cove ORE ol ere'e se 888 846 1734 1911 1798 3709 
PeWOrth . ..b8e te pa aera ike 30 ce PNeien Pas 471 487 958 ST 1193 2324 
“on Seu Bai] ays Rb al gh oe mee em a 52 58 110 97 88 185 
Wie eyS) COG) gh A i cae es on a i i 14 sire 8 25 
SVE EVOLO IMM, cares! cod acea 6 0H ye Get 942 961 1903 2348 2329 4677 
AIC GEER im erate OA er eee RC aa ran Prenrur anaar | 272 -| 244 | 516 544 526 1070 

UALS Se Renee ter oe usta © io ach none « | 47763 | 46896 | 94654 |106556 |103897 |209453 


995 


Fourth State Census Fourth State Census 


Voters, male and female and men of military age. 
Voters Military 
Male Female "Total 18 to 45 
ATMstrone reer ee ee ee 12 6 18 Act 
(A UNOLOGEE is: 0.e sobicn eae eT ee eee 2066 1877 3943 1548 
BP CACORE eda. ©. bic ae bad eee ae ee 6819 5787 12606 5187 
Bene UU erasia oc con tee, ene ee ee 830 429 1359 638 
Bon Homme eivss tw \c hegendm uate webeles Re eteas Mawes neCaeee 3319 2928 6247 2168 
BPOOKINES Bean oi... Ce Ln eo eee 4974 4176 9150 3814 
SUOMI He tae oh cee lee ee aes 8696 7886 16582 6562 
IS DULG IPN cay cick eae ee ek ee ee eee 2414 1982 4396 Vito 
SUE Ont. ae een deo tee eae eee 410 300 710 ay ly § 
TSU GUC eA aR ORs bee oe ee eee 2030 1552 3582 1355 
CAMpPDEH Se we ote. bs ek Ee See 1364 1148 2512 : 1099 
KSA TSS ANE Rae ete oon Gis deet eee cee 4499 3621 8120 3445 
Clank Ai aa eae oe Oe eee eee 3490 2748 6238 2394 
COT re he ae es. anal eke eee eee oe eee 3343 2833 6176 2491 
COOLS CON wears + Deke ioe Ee eee 5200 4835 10025 3664 
COPSOUnSI Sa oo eee ue Oe ee ae eee 2009 1580 3589 1525 
Custer’ he cnt ok so ee bl eee ee 13Te 1050 2423 893 
Ee VASOTM dee alert tee, im ece cece eee eee 4615 4387 9002 3287 
IDV oS Eis. ce eae ian noe Sees AO cee ee tc eee 4185 3534 7719 3124 
DeWeese ecko. ae ee Eee Beare ee 2591 2079 4670 1829 
DEWEY. Monte o he oe alee ae 1140 857 1997 1132 
DOUSTASS 6s eek te ee oe ee ae mee 1893 172) 3614 1424 
Ha ARVs ga ne se eee ee ee i ee 2311 1755 4126 1325 
eT eS Cao oee, © ca Ren eye hic te tem nee eee 2141 1637 3778 1567 
HIG MUNA Sige tint bate wie os eerie oma 2342 1864 4206 1742 
COTM: TE Seer eee at. a anes Oe ae eee a eee 3296 2707 6003 2400 
GREP OLY s (fee i, hw keen es he MEET ee 3637 2868 6505 2472 
Ea ak GOny wee see ease Cette ee eee ee 1390 1015 2405 921 
LEECH TaD DRS Ln OTM Iee Nba, Bee RIR IE Pl alte ah RBIS 2437 1990 4427 1704 
GE: ato Meany ne Pima eae, Pee OR Be eRe 2948 2313 5261 2171 
EET IVS OTL Wee cee ator ccc eee ould a ee ee ee 1794 1545 3339 1556 
EV AT Qin & titers te rales pata hee ere eee 1128 776 1904 765 
Hie hes rte. suche eter Gt Cine ee eee 1976 1751 3776 1390 
ELUTCHINSON. a.s hoe oe eee eee eee 3536 3556 6892 2734 
Ne 01S Wee Oe Dba Se, eee OPE Belen ee eae i Ps c 1199 9441, 2110 898 
JACKSON Mee Lb o picks eee ee oe es 716 582 1298 490 
Oral Pee ca belo teas rie eae ER es en ae 1828 1493 3321 1308 
TONES Acs hae uke. ieee eee eee 1069 810 1879 te 
Kane sbury. ce she eee Reon be eee 3905 3114 7019 2798 
TAR Cre tics oe rane ies ene het te ee ke eee 4371 4191 8562 2636 
TE WTENC Gee te ieee ere tee Lee ee 4639 4007 8646 3155 
LINCOM E sso ees ae eee ee ee nien ike aes 4250 3626 7876 3060 
TUVINAN Pe, 20 Seta ota re len bie eee 1980 1451 3431 1436 
IWeCoo ke son ane be pee ee Dee ee 2987 2545 5532 2159 
MGPHEYSON | voc oe cee a ee ee eae ee 1984 1685 3669 1653 
Marshall O-* 2.49). 6) eee Eee 2650 2065 4715 2113 
IGA C Lee cneree ee ietces edna eee ee 2912 2296 5208 1999 
Mellétte. - sett... ease eee une 931 660 1591 726 
WMETTOY <0; c Se ee ee ee oe ita ene 2423 2016 4439 1754 
Mivinichahsce tn cto eer oe ee Be eee 14455 13440 27892 10572 
MOGI? PR Se Li he Ore roe ole: eee 2800 2400 5200 2091 
PERMINE CON. pe see Rien eee ee cents be ee 4180 3774 7954 2945 
P6Gkins)* 45. 22s: folks ols cece ee eee 2001 1528 3529 1353 
IPOTECI Gee Bae oe ee te Sr aeons 1479 1155 2634 1095 
ROGET See hw Noor ane gaare a cohe eehs bote eeets 4419 3471 7890 3102 
SA NDOPrin ste let earn eee Rane répeg fh 1960 4231 1595 
Shannon 00 tee LE ete eee 174 124 298 100 
SOK ao. Sate eee ok Ce eee 4963 4033 8996 3451 
Stanle Vie: aie oe ieee chante ae ee eee 814 515 1329 515 
SU We AER Sak Sy eR pers ya ry oe hs Me Ay ea 1069 813 1882 Z 871 
"POUUS (ahr ee oie atk ee te een eee 515 378 893 422 
TETTD Deere co teisl thot hereto eh teh Ota on thls ened eancs 3667 2977 6644 2759 | 
Yh) i CR ye on ean a A rR EL le OE 8 4687 3358 8045 3290 
WTO hs Se. Sh eee Ge eee 3754 3155 6909 2500 
Wie wv Ont ht a geter de once ete he EAE eee tate oe ke 1870 1663 3533 1659 
WidsSha DAW AEs ex. soretansexctencke seerelebeus peters 267 124 so 163 
WASHING TON Sita cececds ences one eure ota eke 21 22 43 70 
VAT ton s eae € ote ete ea se eae 4355 3786 8141 3234 
FAGUAGCII Wee ete «fie tenet oy ear Tee 1083 738 1821 764 
Totals ers icatate. ore eee ies 153066 133419 354752 139942 


996 


Fourth State Census Fourth State Census 


Showing number of Males having Military Service: 





Spanish Spanish 

Civil American World Civil American World 

War War War War War War 
PACES TONE) .lealate's «te 3 era Wl dae cee cee 6 2 166 
PRION Sa cen tels costes 4 fj 181 LOTLES IE et ee ees oan 1 6 126 
1 Sy V8 B CR are ee 25 39 714 KITS Diya eet ae 5 9 424 
ERIC LES. oe ee x ie 7 ee WIAIC eS Pe) ee 9 13 395 
Bon Homme ..... 9 6 292 DAWrence 140 13 49 520 
SOE ST eh. 15 25 563 PAN COLM) Set 2 2a 25 14 359 
1EA0 6 yee Ai a 14 SLL 933 FAV AT rst eee es 3 8 180 
ESETRLEE Pereh aac’ s ss ‘si’ 8 6 215 MCCOOK Aeee pt = 8 6 218 
oraloy..'.. 3 Sigh oe 1 2 43 MePherson’ =... 2 8 ay: 
[SVG <3) Sasa 5 28 210 Niershialioaee aero! < 4 7 268 
Campbell e552 esc. 1 3 107 TW EPEWS Rey ve ON cag: na Peg ea ff 32 356 
Coeries. Mix’... 6 18 Aco ee mMmellettecs oes. 1 4 99 
(OS ig CS aie ee ee 6 5 284 BUN CY ONE ee: 5 Zl 223 
(Ut A a ee ee, i rh aS 9 300 Minnehaha) 2s..-; 28 60 1604 
OCIMetOM .).°.'. or 15 39 480 RIGO Yeo ee oe 9 10 221 
ne 3 a2. alee ek BN eto s,s 2 19 43 454 
MOMSEN We sco [2c 0 es 2 23 135 ReCkinsee.. see 1 12 162 
Degiwan .. 5%... 9 20 Bide erate lor)... Ses + S's 3 5 140 
19S daca Ge Si rin 10 5 362 ROOerLS wm mt went: 6 3 373 
raat ee es 8 7 985 SAD DOETI I roti bes le oh 7 4 242 
MEV VIO. cre: «sate ee iui 144 mpannoOneta te 2s: 18 
MMOS: stay Shek. 2 6 179 hep Nall teen trgrins © - emer ib 15 bas 
Bratnas 58-06. 4k it 3 219 Stanley veces st oc 4 9 17 
aeRRIVer htc. 14 39 PPR | Sah LV tieetete, eet Owe on wy 9 172 
MU lof oes sot 3 02's 5 6 239. Todd ............ 1 55 
Meer ee ee 6 oe 5 3 SAPP EAB. ste oth 3 24 369 
CIGROTY. 25 Ss e's ols a 17 995 EIT TLODAMe sist Mee co: 2 LT 340 
Hemkon +... oo. es 2 we 169 LONSRTOvG® ab eReeesuee eee 6 10 306 
ohhh - en 6 8 185 Wa lOOrtin bios oe 2 16 226 
le 0. A ee 8 cf 303 Wasnabauehy e...ke ol 2 18 
eos Perecsvs ; : : ren Washington ..... 
Harding ......... Uomr Yavikton (+ sth ue 2 12 16 488 
32's to ae 5 a poem CABDALI ats fe ss, 6 9 109 
HIteninson ~..). . 3). 4 8 285 ve 
LEG lS 2 alee ae 4 6 135 [sue rot 
ATE VOUS (OT i Paap eee e 1 5 59 Bt o 2 Bf amraene Seales ee ae 438 909 18988 


997 


Fourth State Census 


State of’ Birth. 


half of the entire population were born in South Dakota. 


sented: 

PNAS DELLE eRe is, “wher she Sia icone ee dele et eke 102 
ALASKA ns ie cathe ove ie Beeches: enamine ns Lo 
IATIZ OMA fork chen es 6 ae erences eee 49 
ATKATISAS? ee rats sos so Gite laa ee aaron 427 
COL POVDIA Ticaccathers oc Mate a stavne og etene ane 445 
GWolorado Saree: » smctemal eee es 1,052 
Gonnecticuth sock so see eee ae 212 
DGS WAT Clie td ocase a oes eo ay tehencnte 27 
De ot “COLUM Dida clece ee cement ores oie 33 
BIOTIC ae eee ce a ehociiel Si stoolohe kotencne 90 
Georeia a sais Seis: © cate wrote lean eae pare 131 
ELAW Ay, Sees ick ee aeats eet cool cae cet ele 4 
Tdanoee ck coer isc. eee tee 201 
LUTIONS Se ests ee ees oe ee eee tale 24,694 
TIVQEATIA™ Ui Serer at eee ete ete te a rat ane hele 4,928 
TOW aie eat ce eeteee neta te ie eat ners 64,526 
KANSAS? BSee Aer re race ace enters 3,913 
Kentucky sb are aee cir eee one 1,106 
WOUistana, sos: setae Soya work lete 90 
Maine MURA ECA GS ete eootetel clamatone tates 367 
Marvland.) i m.c5 ie acs cecstels ce atataneten bere es 285 
IMERSSAGHUSEEES Peeks chcistege cist ey meinen mere 643 
UB Yod ow heae wh okeaed 588 Gunes curt cy Put, CeCe, NSCs Oe 4,248 
Minnesota specie cicterclase aletntelnbeenctebel 27,994 
INEISSISSTD Di vgs eee uc etagats eke ic otohevalteleye ls 426 
IMLS SO ULL Wace toessehele erieode cette 7,096 
WROTE Ty ete: se cane ore he Ronee tele le ielens ane tere ss TeooG 

Migrations. 


Fourth State Census 


The following table shows the states in which the native 
born residents of South Dakota were born. 


It will be observed that about one- 
Every state is repre- 


Nebraska se. és < cis 3 Ee eee 21,978 
N@VAGA.  « scmrene 6 aves 9% eles ei ee 96 
New Hampshire }..9. eee 146 
New .Je@rsey wn ctu. oc cs 6 ee eee 347 
New -Mexiéo: -.. .. i. 2. ciate een 322 
New York y.). cis. 5 26> eee eee 5,126 
Worth, Carolina’). < 2s 197 
North Dakota <: 2... 2... ange eee 6,980 
ORIG sits yak clea ee veto ae 4,304 
Oklahoma “gisk wie «. «cvs in ets Ge eee 721 
OYEON. © J oiauieus 3s 6 3 oe & en ee 314 
Pennsylvania  . 4... censor 3,679 
PhilippineSe. <2 23 2s acct ena eee eee 8 
Rhode Island << i) e. eee 67 
South Carolina.’ 36 a. 2+ «see rq 
SOUTH DAKOTA) . an. eee eee 327,618 
TeNnneSSEE a di. ce 's.e © ob. 1s Meee ee ee 675 
TEXAS sks ecne ols.» oeiete 4,6, 155 
UWtah: ss. 6 cise: cis wta.e «ale ene 131 
VeLrMoONt. bsrors cco. dsc ane. opts to) geen ween 445 
Virginia 2.265% .s 0i+8 fae eee 705 
Washing tons” .. 5. «08 nee 564 
Wie Virginians... 0 w« tied oeeeneetnenenen 403 
"WiASCONSIN S540. 26 ccc Ab aueteeeeet eee 22,708 
Wyoming Fe). i242. ons oe ne eee 975 
INO. State eiviens oan. o craicchc cua eee 


The following table compiled by Mr. W. D. Fisher, from the 


Federal Census of 1920, shows, in the first column the number of persons born 
in other states residing in South Dakota and in the second column the number 
of natives of South Dakota residing in other states: 


to S. D from §S. D. 
AlIQDAMA » 2.cie din oes 173 143 
ATION Aw co are ae oF 65 THA 
ATICANSAS Gee eter 576 452 
Calitornidmenen cele 587 12,398 
WOlOTAAO on ee ee one 1,168 3,029 
Connnecticut ....... 360 148 
Delaware vse. ewe le cre 54 33 
DIStaoL. Columplaate 104 436 
HOPI ay Bac atic es Sees 83 528 
(GeOOreiawt votes 204 164 
TGANOP ees fee eee 326 2,980 
inOIS's 2,2 ee ee 30,907 4,456 
ANODE eee toe eee 6,852 799 
LOW aa arc csi o enete 75,036 15,008 
IA Sa Salat acca 4,499 2,037 
ientuck vViaew) eae 1,468 142 
TOUISTAT ame taeee cae 99 145 
MERITICr Peter, eee caeen ee 689 67 
Maryland warren 413 189 
Massachusetts ..... 909 328 
IMT CHT San Se ro oe 5, lao 2,507 
MEINNESOUd. oe tela: 31,258 21,589 
MISSISSID Dine eects 495 104 
MISSOULIM ce caer 8,768 2,107 
I Maen, “AAS BAGS Go. 1,875 12,158 








to S. D from S. D. 

Nebraska: Waar 23,4 8,021 
INGVACal . cesta eee 170 
New Hampshire .... 236 51 
INGwe d Grs@yaee sa eee 533 264 
New Mexico: 3.7. 3) 133 283 
ING WA Or kgs foe 7,182 1,563 
INorthyCarolinas. ace 336 93 
North Dakotam sie 6,608 16,448 
OQniOW os ae eee 6,339 1,068 
Okip homameeae ioe 926 Lou 
Oregon pes seer ee 424 5,701 
Rennsylvania: ~....2. 5,327 644 
Rhodesslande- ee 127 40 
Souths Carolinas eee 665 81 
Tennessee ......... 935 384 
Texas eee Cee 197 1,947 
Uta hoe eae ers 138 417 
IV GrImonthims teen cere 806 94 
Virginia saa see 984 313 
Wists ite CON gee 689 11,150 
Wiest sVireiniaees.e 567 92 
WiISGONSLT Mareiern. eeeeeee 28,482 5,970 
Wiyomines ise = iene subLSbs 3,365 
DOtal Ga. cnc ches eet 262,473 142,628 


998 


Fourth State Census Fourth State Census 


Foreign Born Population: 





1925 1920 1915 1910 

PUD, ee ete ee rete ice ence ee toc ane 628 774 7198 813 
EONS * gate Pf) Beatties SIP KS ote SSS hs Fee 1633 Lg (ys 1789 2167 
TEL BOTW OWES Becis. 2 be tad nen re eee He ac 109 47 34 
sO ee ELOULIN Gets. steels ee eee ie ee whe oes 1615 1951 2253 2395 
LENEOUOL SITES? Oe ae RED AC IC ae aE ee 2000 2158 2340 2535 
LSSTEURIWS a ys 0 8 De a ela i fe 3426 4013 4206 4379 
ISS UUKEY ARDEA CREE epee cera OAIMOG ois Cee LSIAPRES Pgh oem 709 782 §29 965 
ee ICME Perey ences 9S sasNeha-ws cle are le a ales 834 939 897 768 
Tet LOM ee eae, rs, od), Bhd 110 98 84 119 
LAR AY ON Gx SUIT os uh ae ene ao a Aa tae 1021 1219 1318 1802 
Gharlies) Mix... Et cy ease ar AL Ae aOR 1735 1887 1926 2186 
COUBREUS. “25, qo Baserae sees ie NR A ia a a 1122 1274 1488 1769 
CLES? ccs nel SRS SR inl CRN oe ae 1289 1480 i Lb 1783 
RITES UO Mec tete cle ets os cle clare a eve ob, o TRAN os 1615 1845 2036 2134 
MDT Sas ELMER na soc cots aioe yo kis 10s oles Rlgteete 682 813 489 228 
TTC Se Nh ates soci eiv lens Se ahs bes shapes 266 333 274 448 
mINGNESETIA MEE Te Ciot yer crete ce ate esc ko ¢ ee eens 1157 BY 1351 1485 
UVR cicuSrG Ore GRAS Gioia a aero 1791 2589 2904 3275 
“OVEITVERE “3 Gu diSkoeenictA Agu GPeE SRC RCE OR Se 1135 1368 1521 1550 
reat) Waa Pals ee te sn care a cts cle a a's ole chat amelie 416 404 222 29 
Pal ey Ue eee AES oy Seis a) na ice ators ete ae net acu LOO 1141 1225 1324 
Bar eaet NISUES Ent eNT Cl cc ares we ack fob Scho eo dace % ce 1444 1702 1663 2091 
LET TES VGCTeL SF a real det eared rau lea a 432 616 690 849 
erp imemree ee tie os Scere ate eee ce ee eee 592 636 700 904 
eee EMER AL Te A nicee ice ities aes dass ss Soot 1509 1704 1930 2132 
TCE ISVs p< Sige, ofp loos AP PORONCR RNS eclies 1305 1479 =~, 1732 2082 
eet PECe TMNT Leer. he Site his's eels fos 5S 0 ete cleo. 402 451 442 
eA LINES  ) wiel s she tf a sy etudel oS Selah seas 1121 1296 1416 1544 
Rae CL MCC Mears e eoe ccc orice ses. s.scdan ale eeyere wens 641 783 709 832 
LGN OSE os ieee AB Se hee ee ae a ee! 489 538 697 832 
Ate OME eyo) rach cuss odee wists se ehcove gies sere 501 685 971 894 
ET ESUTCS MEET Ach sche: cree et ccenaye. wie a eleie ene 8 ee 528 462 458 714 
FTTH eLTRESCOTT Waa ceelc one cre cia ctia: eco eveielcie #s..¢yehe 1685 2297 2598 2949 
TEI eb2: ¢ 05: Gly Eee a Pe lean Ue > ie 315 384 330 424 
AE YELSSY OGY epee RCC REE eee Lad ON EE 213 240 211 
RUICUEICIMEEET) Coos ees eae ste, hiacels cis es) cis ee 'a0e 556 602 609 623 
Pee ame We fg peecds oS ey wets cue SuesleiltteFoped ete) '«.tey'sr 6 Sail 301 
EME EMERIO TUT: Vom Dar ances ele: sone ciel ofa ceastese’ =: ora 6. 66 1531 1592 1921 2247 
PTR eS cr line. caste ace oreierate’seee > 6 Wate 1137 1405 ; 1519 1599 
MEE VOTO Iss wile ciel sa. t.0- a eb arse Biota ote. chats 2302 2564 4151 4733 
DRE VAs es tos? on Fas orece ue usuere ehone © levee 2220 2477 2804 2818 
fpr tided ewe ct, eters ccc ev sa tis ev erers so soe ele 542 550 837 1323 
URSIS CDINY GER ALE Sycpctleds wie Sale c RuGeO er erbac Got ot 916 ala ear 1386 1532 
RVIMICSTTOT SO TIGmcre a) cnels eta. 0 4.64 ale severe 6.808 ays ks 1381 1707 1783 2141 
PER IEC TAL UL ee ne Mee, task ac Soe, aid: ater gia Such ovehs avd SoM 1226 1434 1426 1608 
Lolgeetlds . = Ae a Grea Bteeerae aero eee 783 964 1088 Li 22 
RUMeeI NES aU Cm Pe tee) cfla. ca. chiki ones wrote, ae wie. @ 0 SP ane 270 335 270 8 
UTTITAYEND 0, 95.5 SN pee ii aaa ae oh oP a be SNL OD 939 1058 1148 
TNE toe Thy ESAT aE RR er TE, aera 5908 5787 6366 5611 
MURCIA R? = ea A eee ico ae 1036 1222 1423 1407 
SEMPRA SLUT ESET) Ge ten oc uaiaiceva, ce cements, se 1ewnSelieliousr ey fiche 1078 1136 1213 1638 
Pe EPaLRE NSS mre oa eet Sire cu avs. Gove oe: 6° 8: sehen a ooemereme 789 960 1058 1818 
TET ELEIE 5 Guseer gee aii ean eee PP nPie 479 444 503 671 
TRESS RA ALES D6 coh SIS thc aa a omer ig aie fra 4 2154 2582 2745 3100 
PeUERTHOT NLM Cdeee scat tichece cvele.s clete sncnsle teres [erereue 644 778 815 861 
SEER eCREL OUI eer tite te a avis. o sc a7 wip on ene ere akeissers 43 22 
SUTURE  Qubiyorbk oeaeiowes DOR ROR ICE ICROIO OR ICCC C 415 1641 1887 2248 
SHEP VERS eter si cie cut cies oie are € areneuee le vieja aieus 199 243 231 1837 
ECE? —ohs SRR Gis SG One® oe i Oar eet 222 227 191 281 
UTMGVBKG! ic SL ig ees i Gate wctetacae icles aoc Clear ae ee 132 112 60 53 
PORE A Sc ee Scie Saas ek Piet Peo b4 1105 1164 898 
DETR EMO TOMI He rere Lacve rare tehetetel arene ete lo lens Seale ONS 2032 2614 2904 2947 
MITC LIM SM i ona! Me ois ele’. e ve. ole a greters ane 1438 1603 2010 Z 2004 
VRE EUCTSC TIER EY cee cle sleek: cheac.e Sele Sidtele cteverets te 1175 1388 1462 2003 
SNe STUD UUUS TL mute rs ai er eran ess ave. cis ersie oer e eens 16 10 
MARTENS COU) cpeie ts, soci ties e ctaie: ote este elsyehelsh ss 2 ul. 
RE TIGEOT Tete ode Bente ere. Lae wks ahs se eee en COLD 2866 3152 3288 
Semeeeee teen se tose reais a e00, 5. 8467 Un 208" ea tone 

Nas AE AL 8 ead Ae Sy oe ah BEER ES 71399 82391 90487 100568 


iene . crera Rae Ae 5 ASUE Ss ae ene cir kcncacr: 10.4 12.9 ee 17.5 


999 


Fourth State Census Fourth State Census 


Foreign Born. Immigration from foreign countries to South Dakota has 
been a negligible quantity from the beginning of the country, and the popula- 
tion of foreign birth is steadily diminishing as the pioneers pass on by death. 
At statehood the number of foreign born was more than one-fourth the entire 
population of the young state; today it is no more than 10 per cent. In all of 
the counties, except three or four on the extreme frontier the number of 
foreign born has reduced in a regular ratio at each census. 


The 71,399 persons of foreign birth reported to the Fourth State Census 
are distributed to the following countries: 


9 CUTS a2 Re 5 PO Sos gia eM CB IN 2c 1,106 MOnte@nesro (o%.%. 2%. sis 07 whe elo eaeneren ‘ul 
WOISTUM:. cea . tae”, ich alone ects ay Ca oe 218 INOP Way =) 25.000 dibetecac doo cin ieee To 25 
ASiolsteyaates” Ge oes” - MME Ca econ eed dite 1,860 Portugal «£3633 53 sos fe eee 6 
Bulearian iis... cae, oe ties See 46 Poland ss 24233 $323.2. ieee ore 484 
Canadaw .... .. sekod< see eee oe 4,393 RUSSIA!» aca sl se de eed eee eee 9,589 
Denmark =e: 5 elces spre on ee eee 5,oD9 Scotland i638 Sob fois 24 ee 719 
Emslandy as. vee cus cee eae Tes 2,726 SOrbia.- as. v sic ae Shs. a ee lo eee eee 49 
WEA Ys coin Ons i> 53 ogee en nutes AW Spain: << i222 beic04 2) 4 eee 2 
Bde gh gYGX stems iy Se Hud cho. dt Sh Ne 0 reden. ..... J... See eee iy’ 
Gernanvin .:<ee. ov ues eh wets 14,988 betdnlas 4 rt . a 
Greece As. eae tee ee eee 297 i roy. ne 19 
Holland? 522s) eee cee 3,065 UPROY 92 tt ass Ges ky 
Ireland eudccoe Ble oe ok See 1,754 . WaleS 2... cc eee eee ce eee e eee cens 250 
LEE Tos eircac akan eee oe rant eee. 333 Others: (sits tiated) tse 986 — 


It should be noted that practically all immigrants from Russia are German 
making the total number of German immigrants 24,577 as against 26,709 of 
Scandinavian birth. 


While it is not pertinent to the census it may be appropriate to remark 
in this connection the almost complete assimilation of the foreign element in 
the general American stock. Distinctions once observed are gradually passing 
from the recollection of the rising generation. 


Ancestry. In this connection the ancestry of the people of South Dakota 
may properly be discussed. Each person enumerated was asked to give his 
national ancestry if he knew it. The result follows: 


AITICAN 3.23 oa che lee eee 248 TEETTELIY 5 sprasies er eutay oh oe eves of widen pectic epoca ann 705 
American. <) cee Se ss ee eee 216,223 Montenéerin® .. y. << \c <.c + seen eee 1 
AUStTIGN” <, ci cRebie aloe Se eee 2,176 Norwegian, , ..c.6.< ox 6 pete eee 60,353 
Beleiane oi Gea ie be bes eee Eee 649 POrtuZeSe@i reeds vnc feo ww oa CREE eEREEnS 4 
BOneMiIan =>. .ck ets occ eee 10,360 POSH. Px apejeckiece 50s Slee ee 1,837 
Bulgarian 3555 4s oe ke ee ae ae 74 RUSSIAN. sceche <5. So wae ghar uae eee 12,717 
Canadian (ie) Sat <a: 5 eee ee 3,202 SCOtGH bei cz «ces oie nh ov vets Seen ‘ 
Dammit shies. cu. co obo Sk oa ae eee 17,264 Sérbian (sc. isiw «sc ~ soe ee eee 

Pmie lish sot ese wick eee 27,079 Spanish ¢ siccicie «00h o's ob ee 74 
BINNISH os. - vis, 1a sane alban mines 3,171 “Swedish... s1<2 000 ele bee 22,582 
Bregich he. a'g PSs oe se Me ELBE b, GTO| & Riots WS Hess ooh eee 2538 
KAOPONOT: 25 Rie ro oh ERE. ae 128,282 |. ivinieiigh* «>: 0!) 6355)47 oe eee "47 
GROCK MH. 5 oc sath ee 6 eee esis 369 karina hme TS 
Pollandish\..on .264)..8 Maee he 11,765 Welsh .......eeeeeeee cere ee eeeee 2,095 
Indian <2). fon bile. oo eee 3.265. .OUNCrs | oe yc ce sie vee eons a ere 11,539 
Trish sek .:22:5.. sees cent ee eee. 28,292 TWITAK NOW. sve ce wo. goieliedeseitelabiga gece eee 56,424 


Colored Population. The Fourth State Census shows the colored population 
to be as follows: 


ENGIANG os cet cagsege 0! é- 8,0 8 © euswonerema Ghee eres eke Cle iey CRITE Re TOTES eT Tea ee tne ie seen 25,01e 
ING BE OES iy iscsinana corners odancnta<ciauenpairomsholionseer ol ee soppemoke wer onene romeo eRe cee rem en eT on em OI rene ual ae eto ate alm ree gmp A 
Others, .Moengolians) 2c See Gos oan, oc atatten on li eteet ot et cl ct ct act ot chretteY ot or clea te cemsr aan 311 

26,377 


1000 


Fourth State Census 


Extent of Education and Illiteracy: 





Fourth State Census 








Persons of 18 Years and Over Over 9} 
Years 1 
Com:mon High Normal | Some College 
School School School Meee elie ay eb, enool f School |, School |. College |, Grads. d's 7 Grads. illiterate 
BeRELLO CECE See es i oe ew iran 22 3 | Berane een oC een etch eno | Berto UT ob) ees Lo 
IOLA, oe em ee LS es eld ee 3338 538 40 54 100 31 
SN ER Die! NEG cP oe a ne Bee 8200 2580 229 598 367 153 
DICTA RE, OA os Oe tis rs e's tees HER 1252 119 12 34 § 112 
OU LE Ce ae es eae Ce 3411 834 140 102 170 78 
PE ge Oe a pe etet 40 1560 189 551 729 69 
ERIN SAN LUMEN TDG fe Boiss, Joss Je. 5 a op cw OS eae 4 4181 565 534 542 323 
MEM MEP PLE, OTe ease ic al i's, alo «, cS RIES Slate 4176 352 26 114 101 101 
TESTA Rev ya cleats Hen | Pat een 527 125 5 26 20 qT 
TECURING. 6 gu clue G68 ett cen ae i ae ee Ae 2274 680 132 61 98 35 
SULIT UUM. hor melt od reso ed iw hie a « ete 2587 131 15 15 at 62 
LO GECLVE ST 1M b=) 10 As ee ee 7296 1155 109 227 148 136 
OEE. | 100. Ag) 0, So en an cea ye 5711 557 59 aa 158 46 
LITERS Ls 6 gb Bes Eee Ie 2 oe ee 4136 688 ak 814 259 49 
BG TT SCOTT Me Ae iis. ola ates cts: o.ace oC or otaeh ahansy 8142 589 120 205 By 84 
CES TIEE es PC ee on td Bahn hese 2 2952 418 52 94 42 123 
PUTT were ,, Sees, OUT Se cacti: Wighe Geral: 2164 131 23 23 28 6 
SAM TOUE DS Tee Ph Ries oc . mrebir dias Phevdt sects 6838 2023 127 302 610 812 
IDR? 9” eu dep ree SEAS Os ee ree ee 6843 835 158 105 174 by 
eT INAUM Se RIE hes ol ka aces Dhol ea oes 4373 432 63 51 75 32 
EMU MMe: DEE Sh, wihs. a! co tha bhi Gl Rie eshe dhade Pekan’ 1617 276 42 46 83 67 
CPR TE et Ne ae 6 Soe. ORO nana eg 3414 395 28 T6F% 24 a2 
LECT CPR ENO SE” | ly SR Saa Se 3896 302 50 69 12 181 
Te Sille a RAPES G5 A Ms Sigal SU a am 2887 646 96 128 133 32 
SUITES 0c See Sars er eee: Sy a ye 3174 573 74 78 50 96 
CASGTRe a GAG Re SP AS ee 5236 824 38 225 57 19 
Poe ESOLCV Mien Rid RS, lateness Mb eM Se thls 5980 691 49 85 151 95 
IRIS ICE E” och alte ee Oe NOTE eRe Pe aera 2006 415 44 54 58 33 
Mt PRN TEN Re aise sae sc Sins peste were ee 3961 426 67 89 64 61 
LEIS Sd See ee Se ae ee ee 4356 807 69 88 86 74 
eta RIMM Fels ce ane wae eal ls 4. cca Ute. 4 ale dls 2818 423 oo 74 83 40 
Sea Cede ene kets ls care SSR NS. 1601 247 17 39 18 30 
Tee AE cs Oey COTA cho” ances gaps, lke: (send oPeaey s sos 2489 973 98 240 207 32 
PINTS TIC Gan wiretcl ee crt wie alleles’ «2s oe 5940 503 58 153 Poi 180 
TET OES” Speetle SR AS are oat aimee One meee obs 1 ged le ipa 1797 308 21 26 65 44 
RESTON octet e tees tai, LC: eye cl wher clare ies ise e-(s 1071 223 35 50 21 15 
Avs i tehel Bicg Sean 6 AS BE eee ke aed a 2730 587 50 145 99 64 
JDCEES) a: TENE Se oe ere ane So ee 1644 278 44 30 48 | 19 
MMe OUTTA a alc ccte ss scael sete suc lace at «55 6 -| 5942 964 96 147 165 56 
MET Re eee Eo) «cals Reeds 2 C.D e Bs 6297 648 148 300 208 67 
1 PRG ETENEES gh oe nen ae) ees OR 5686 raat 248 323 208 322 
OES CHITAUE en Sa ele Se cae eek ie thc ne 6073 1130 130 328 213 81 
DADAM TM ME ed eo ore cede 8S otsbavs ac oit\ aA Siem & 3134 579 62 84 12 ds 
Te Me seu EQ» gels dl aA RRS va, be EP ia ae 4508 380 | 39 133 59 17 
MAP etre r SOTaE ey Aue\, fMRI ce athe Dales eros 3635 226 40 21 59 159 
BUS Tira tt iad ers Ae Pet eG | sada sis. 0 laiie (oo 4086 512 62 110 178 82 
Meade ....... ot Mecin a et eee eee ek 4100 822 a4 139 33 47 
TON PME cron Rice adts flys Ss Be iMbe Lactate ays. 1403 279 20 39 a 41 
SEEPS MMe oy. co iosttes's (als abe lers,'«. KX ¢ at ates Slwne oe 3612 596 54 123 58 90 
Mareen a) pik Steeda. She SIT 20880 4654 8352 1074 1136 137 
MOHAVE sie sh oaks oi sissy. ev eig wis Whi ale tiene 6018 680 112 144 63 40 
MAP GUIPRTUS UE RRA Ce alts ces ca odode) wel e ls, ae 5422 2176 21% 501 501 59 
Plage) CIN ETS oh BRU Led = ee: in 2 Ba A 2828 622 106 78 18 42, 
LENE NC. cesar RL Re 3080 400 yar 82 30 20 
ESE Sea eee tras tees coerce «cc a cree 7210 813 129 116 130 ond 
Sanborn sdeel ad. ets eee eae, « bie ss Teer 3699 464 71 90 123 26 
SU TaRAREL OPEL Wire etre ies 5 Sia cere cles kon Shel ale 4%, ors 106 49 15 6 12 al 
anil Sse ee upg et ae tek ee a 6967 1806 219 362 134 275 
REIPERTNS TV Mm ete cba uch cueka eee tec cle ersten ovo e le 1238 267 39 a2 60 10 
SSE RIE ag , RePub Oa SI as Bes ae a 1534 341 22 62 38 23 
CORGE LE aah AAAS CR che a 746 195 15 12 6 22 
STE are ee tattts fee tiers a ee ee ees es 5595 1144 95 181 147 64 
PRUPNGi es cle Sscee 3 4Asere atic Soetie Aum Be 8718 987 57 172 45 128 
ERECT IMEC Merete ee ic aie Rrrete wll trehed ata oie ie ees 5051 912 112 134 91 87 
AVE Ta) Sr @ 6 hd » laced Penk PAP Eines iy CoS ee ae RE 3381 812 76 165 50 62 
Sse eC CUULET TT Getta eter egee ee ee abars oer aie 237 102 0 1 0 0 
ree COMM ro rel en wen Ste tine. see aie ate 'e'e, #8 138 o2 3 t uf 
SESHOUSRG SEY = ay Gia UPR ie ete een 6473 1024 128 497 221 120 
MCA Clit. ae Me ee ble daileklan tame a cok 1603 152 20 27 34 174 
CRG CATR eee ee SP ae. FS 2 deat jena | 51927 | 5981 | 11157 9514 5970 
| 0.87% 


1001 


Fourth State Census 


Home Owners. Through an inad- 
vertence in the compilation the cen- 
sus return of home tenure is not as 
significant as it should be; due to the 
use of too low an age limit. There 
are in the state however 124,478 fami- 
lies of which 79,764, or 64 per cent, 
own their own homes. 


Marital Condition. The following 
statement indicates the marital condi- 
tions of the adults of South Dakota: 


Married Pierce toc cade eerie 128,404 
IMArried pW OmMeieens ss) tere ei ate 124,478 
Single, SMen ee tis ais ochows oar eee ender 67,076 
Single FWiOMEN: hes» » «dime icien nee 38,477 
Widowed: (Meine: a:.510 deste nee rarer ,06 
Widowed 2Women ~~). scarce eee 12,426 
DiVOECeas Wen si. sce ste cistebn eee ere 1,592 
Divorced] Women Be. ones k eee 1,451 


The curious will ask how four thou- 
sand more married men than married 
women can be. It is probably due to 
the presence in the state of that num- 
ber of men who have families else- 
where. 


Defectives. The defectives shown by 
the Second, Third and Fourth State 
censuses are as follows: 


1925 1915 1905 
Bad) ts. thes «eee 244 164 255 
Dear ere ete a ee 499 375 517 
TULOES maak « aes 759 275 371 
ENSATG: Wet. teers seer 1540 1065 730 


Of these 35 blind persons are in the 
State School for the Blind at Gary; of 
the Deaf about 80 are in the School 
for the Deaf at Sioux Falls; of the 
idotic 436 are in the State Home and 
School for the Feeble Minded at Red- 
field and of the Insane, 104 ‘are in the 
Hiawatha Asylum for Insane Indians 
at Canton and 1284 are in the State 
Hospital for the Insane at Yankton. 


Church Affiliation. The following 
table gives the church affiliation of 
the people, as revealed by the third 
and fourth state censuses. Reserva- 
tion Indians, most of whom are affili- 
ated with some church are not includ- 
ed: 


Fourth State Census 


1925 1915 
AaGVENtistste ere. ooo 2,679 1,858 
Baptists® fie. s hee ee 19,769 16,228 
Christiana aes coe Bree i 6,258 
Christian Science ..... 1,774 1,345 
Congregational 4 31,726 18,904 
DUNK Ar. «ca het orate hetere 71 85 
Hpiscopaliany s+. ..2 mn 11,358 9,239 
Bvangelical: -.+.-.:.7+.'-).1.0 ,24 4,001 
EFriendsi# (2s once ae 351 301 
Greek Catholic ....... 158 379 
Tutheran : «4... 20% se % 151,913 120,949 
Mennonite: cscs. cece ce 4,088 4,755 
Methodists: -- 360025606 80,018 52,839 
Presbyterian: -.3 502868. 29,585 21.699 
Reformed: <.ssse5e6568 12,169 10,169 
Roman - Catholic -+..5.. 97,214 78,769 
Salvation: Army .....% 328 148 
Unitarian- + <s...2.4.%% 234 
United Brethren ..... 757 834 
Universalist +. <4<+-.2.. 121 
Other churches ...... 24,159 11,5386 
No Church relation... 58,068 t 201.642 
No Church given 102,121 ; 
Total’ affiliated 7.22.5 481,426 360,335 
Per cent of population val 61 
Of those credited to “other 
churches” the replies chiefly were 


“protestant” or some equivalent term 
having no denominational significance. 
While the statistics of the several 
churches reveal a marked advance in 
membership during the decade it is 
not likely that it is as much as the 
ten per cent indicated by the census, 
but rather that a fuller disclosure of 
affiliation was made in 1925. As a 
check upon the accuracy of the revela- 
tions of the census the Catholic church 
in 1924 officially reported the Catholic 
population of South Dakota at 97,611 
against the 97,214 who avowed Catholic 
affiliation to the census enumerators. 


Specific Occupations: The Census 
shows the following results for em- 


ployment; all persons over 10 years 
of age: 
Total number of persons: 2.2). ote 500,377 
Men engaged in useful occupa- 

tions” 2". PS SS eee Se eee 223,986 
Women engaged in useful occu- 

Pations yoko eae oe 179,713 
Men not so engaged ..-.... ease 37,858 


Women not so engaged 


The distribution by vocations is as 
follows: 


1002 


Fourth State Census 


Men 
PETITES re 6 ois a ue een Se ee 573 
Agricultural Laborers... 2,932 
AMeTLICOCES iis.cic 573. creuets oes oe B44 
BICOL oh fon teeet otc tte ere e rs Ri 370 
NAYIICOYS cles sy sik iy: «ss: hela. o's 1,242 
LEYS Tig] OFS) ee SARE ee ii eee Si 15223 
IRCKSIMIENS |. fc. ee osc 860 
OAT Oine FLOUSCE .sickes. «. = 60 
IBOOK. DINGErS i we oe ae so 14 
POORER KECCDECD ye usa «os ss oc 505 
SPIGA Ker oo. ot )aecas 0 20 
ESTEE ULOT Une te) cysts, «to ay ae oss. one 763 
Ceminet. makers ........ 41 
APOSTLES, so iss.s cb seis 3,251 
COS ER DUG SS Wb Sea ee 37 
GISALe MAKES Vos occ cece 46 
MOB VINGIN es feiss 6 cea 5 906 
Commercial Travelers... 86 
MOET COLUC LOLS E cfs c.ci- chs «0.00 442 
Wate yaMeN? Foon sie cere os 493 
PSTEELSUS © he! cc0e oe care +. htase 324 
OTE INT@NY™ vole occclskecsitess 6s 60.8 940 
HPTESSTNIGKOEPS! .). 6 cic secu. oc 16 
PPNISOIS CS aioe: ecole @ sue oss 476 
TRSOLe Fetes) G) Gacigieae ae eee 97 
Engineers, stationary .. 703 
Factory operative ..... 195 
IEEE TY Simaee rete cue c's s anees ots 106,361 
LAME OTICES oysse siecle) s% o(%6. 0 es. « 236 
Parness makers, .2....:. Veo 
ISUT Sf eee a) eee 70 
Hotel keepers |.......... 328 
HIGUSEWIVES! 9. .3 ss. 60 
BYE SATAN COs cng o-e\ leis: 6) on o0d es 615 
RUOUPTESI SUS, C78 cc kchae share 67 
iaverers, Common ...s. 19,984 
WECUNMIMIOL SE 56 cualeher cies ste se e-6 631 
UMM VeTINCTA os cya sen ks kr see's 372 
VIET GEITIES Cs 5 cue, cle sv ccansce 33 280 
Manmutacturers ..i......< 110 
TM TAFE SC) gS a er me 401 
CERT AICS stelle ais, sib ee ce & 4,436 
NEBREERE OES) 4,22 6 ok 6 oS. 6 90 
LAGOS eet et rs cate i, elder e se 0 
IY Da SUE a SS Sais ean Ne 194 
POLE ATS) gf eS Ae ce ea 3 
10 LE NOS Se aa 1,091 
TSH DTS ESS oer vee, Ge Se ce ee 31 
MO TEVCIAS Mla. Kas cue ec ie Sie one 837 
ESET DRG Sar en eed) ctelavsyccei soe 1,110 
HnOtOLTAPHeYrs: «2 5.5 «+s 37 
PTIAGSTOVAI S24) sans ct fees « 635 
PPISCELOLS ) is shac cre outs 5 ale ay 
JE Vee WERE) Saas Bey Pied ee ae 569 
COYUEEN RY 0029 ¢ Wey tee ee 2 
Railway employees . 2,966 
TRC AIBCSUALC! os ec cies cree es 479 
POLO SEELOT: - fier ce scc oehsd ghee eis 3,809 


Women 


bo bo 


bo 


826 


Fourth State Census 


Men Women 
SeCretaricsaen oo acre 26 206 
SOT VANS 1s tee es ee ee 116 1,191 
Shoemakers  ...-..:..0e0.% 193 2 
Staler drivers ere eeee 29 3 
Stenoeraphersiy:., 954 on 143 1,440 
SLOCKMCIICas 2. ae 963 68 
SUIdGMtsaeeciees ae eis oe 27,242 28,090 
[PRIIOESHE ae er caee aheks cla ee ot 256 63 
(DEACHErS tac shits were ae 1,498 7,443 
Melereraphers® 20.8.6. .; ie. 116 7 
Telephone Employees «... 298 506 
Wndertakersys o..6 <<) dss 98 3 
WCE DORErSir ect coc oe etn 250 3 
dgdaysbstarel 7A ee ne ee to. eh oie 1,114 


Farm Statistics, 1925. An elaborate 
agricultural census was taken by the 
Federal Census Bureau as of January 
1, 1925, but the results are not avail- 
able, (Sept. 10). The state depart- 
ment of agriculture gathers acreage 
and other farm statistics annually 
through the assessors, a summary of 
which follows: 


Farms—Owners 2.054 0%": 4 Tol? 76.174 
Farms—Renters ......... 34,423 § ? 

PA CEOSPETUALAT TLS trays, oe oo dere ohee ace ote 24,101,202 
Cornetom silave) (acres) cstmene a: 153,206 
GOL neath ts tae as del ee arene 4,389,774 
OSE ASR A. dice cane ORE AIM Filta cee} parade) Bec Inara 2,865,896 
TEENA wie ReneS Pi Mer CBI. CORMRNey we tena ara 909,121 
FENG ameter Reatard oi etsy sia cd cal cio Reese Alkane 188,793 
LARS OCR Rei eet vires ras ne aioe ayn 492,635 
Vaid averssoy, Rug Sua Ree CoA tn Ae.) Ge ape rs 98,925 
NN MOREE OT AIIERE Sane Qe ody (ec 5's ca oi ove hare 2,500,900 
SDC ERS ete itr hare cles 124,789 
OVUTEL Ot ates Peer. par ehcth ter eke tocar, oes tad 24,068 
CRUD RIE) Oe cable SnCu EIR aie ith ites 135,925 
TOUA COGS ah rot cere cent re cashaharate 41,286 
Duca Db Cetsa ey ake 7 ee oh hc os 2,124 
ES GATS Wee Coie, os ede ets ors eee ke bs 1,630 
FASTIN EL EL VI Pe ecole s cottere mcrae el ata otis “ape 148,854 
VV CUE ey cer eee eee ties 1,261,937 
ALLE UL Repent coh eaatcomenaie ne tele oebtae’ atenene 644,287 
PaASGULGm ew ie ie cr eee emt era ae ee 2,921,363 
EISHEISMAITAlTAN GLO C4) em are cen 4,109 
TUR CET CORR ret es ce ec cien aieieiac nese 362,812 
SLO Sie ete chine. tected ict oe 2,669 
IS GES MeN LVS: sieersnae sat hate lenees eee 8,616 
IAI a COW Sere ie tae can eset ce 461,864 
SDEIN Se CaALyGSmer tie fA o chelsea cree 459,529 
(COLES areas octet ce Ores eos eo ees taverns 23,531 
Sle See abc Peper. ater of See rakstor cia: aha oo arelie; che ene 2,208,600 
HUAI WS Sawa aeeeee cierto ito cere chars ate ce eune 298,461 


1003 


re aN 8 RE i ae a WB mL ee 
. 3 a ein fh ° " 
J ; : A ye a 
5 ; > 152 —s) 5 os ‘ hareah 4 la 
evened 37672 dhecr : evened Siete a 


we \20A al age a oe Foes 


i ad a a 
fet. ft pa, Tels edisd ese, Bhi. find) CER lane OE 
= Ea YO Le ete eet Pl res eT Y haste hy 1 ae ee 

ry pon ia AOU EEE TES oO ~ Ore 1a 
— ot ibis eles tts bea Los ret WR of tis 
ee i), Tee a ie ee | ‘ 








F c? (- * 


: oy d PSR MRS  & Ty 
WILL A. BEACH PRINTING CO., SIOUX FALLS, S. D./ 


a8 * toh 





y Z “a ose Me a. 
4 1% re 
. ~ b 1a: 7 
* 4 a hans ‘ & tte > : - ae an 
; ae 
~ e Vk 
- GAs . #* 
: a? 2) ‘ ot! oe 2 
‘ af in 
: i Vests 7 
‘ -_ 
: 3 . 2 { J ‘ a 4 + 
f f P te ae | rom ; nal 225 eee 
y ‘ 1 ee 
. 2 = P £ 4 vA 
f « zs eee +s ff V= 
, ’ ‘ ; ack anc See 
vy C ' ' 
; - 4 
girth i < ~ a . Peta eS 
‘ ij ee’ oe. ‘ 
ts ¥, wan & 
+ 9; i * . 
3 " j yas ees : a Wa 
\s T . 
-* s : 
$ ’ a 
Pi . ‘ 
i a : ? 
. = o? 8 
. _ ; . f 
, = : ede — i 
: tant ; . > 
7 i “if Pre | “2 
> i 
4 
+ * sf? « got iw 
asenen J ae wae b ahaa BR: 
‘ 
(= 
> 
\ ‘ 
. ae ‘ : { fd 
Fie 
i . ‘ is -i q 
% PS > 
s 4 iets 
i “)f, San i, Py 
eee 
“ ' en's 4 nt Ys 
. " 
2 : 
. « fi 
“ v ‘ i 
; . 
. a 
far ‘ 
. . ne 
ee 
. . 
’ st 
a 
» wae a A 
, Nn 2 (ew ae 
t 7 -_ © < 7 
pure Be PP) ae oy Cys 
. ? : 7 ¥ le ’ 
r= S, “ 
d . nd ois or ee a 2) 














"A 





; 
\ 































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Pa 


“ite 
Lina 


i 
7 


oo 


\ 





UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 


3 0112 000590320 





. 14% herd j t { 
} ( } j fF ' 
MOR ’ Pies My ; ; 
' | 4 ‘ j 
Lett é t { fun ' 
) ney he, ; | ' 
Re y j Ha) f ; f 3 j 
4 roy i! 
wig : ' H pu ' f 4 j 
i cs yf yi 4 i { ; 
d rts } , t { 
wasp Fy 4 Co ‘ “a ry 
) I, 





